100 (or so) THINGS TO KNOW FOR THE 2010 PHYSICS REGENTS

MATH AND METHODS

1. Identify (underline) the variables and key words in each problem statement
2. Know units - they count - For practice, rewrite the Reference Table with units for each equation
3. For free response questions, write the equation, substitute with units and final answer with units
4. Vectors include velocity displacement, acceleration, force, momentum, electric field, and magnetic field.
5. Scalars (no direction) include speed, distance, mass, time, work, energy and power
6. Know powers of ten 100=1...see the table
7. Know direct, direct square, inverse, and inverse square relationships
8. The y variable divided by the x variable defines the meaning of the slope -- “the physical meaning”
9. Add vectors tip to tail
10. Resultant of any two vectors fall between max at (sum) and min (difference)
11. Vector sum is zero if the third vector is less than or equal to the sum of the other two vectors
12. Calculate vectors by the Pythagorean theorem and SOHCAHTOA
13. The equilibrant (balancing force) is equal and opposite of the resultant
MECHANICS
1. At rest means v=0m/s
2. Constant speed implies a=0m/s2 which implies Fnet
3. Slope of displacement v. time is speed. Slope of speed v. time is acceleration
4. Decreasing speed is deceleration is acceleration in the opposite direction.
5. “Freefall” is “dropped” is “fall from rest” meaning Vi=0m/s and a=9.8m/s2 down.
6. The only acceleration of a projectile is 9.8m/s2 vertically down
7. The horizontal speed of a projectile is constant
8. Time connects vertical motion to horizontal motion
9. Centripetal acceleration (force) is towards the center
10. Objects released from a circle continue along the tangent from the circle
11. Inertia is mass
12. Weight always acts down. Mass does not depend upon position (altitude), weight does
13. In F=ma, F means net (total) force
14. Net force (Resultant force or Sum of the forces) is in the same direction as acceleration
15. For every applied force there is an equal and opposite reaction force
16. Concurrent means the same place at the same time
17. Force parallel is FgsinForce perpendicular is Fgcos
18. Force horizontal is FcosForce vertical is Fsin
19. Friction opposes relative motion between the objects in contact (opposes the direction of velocity)
20. Friction does not conserve mechanical energy- it transforms energy to heat
21. Friction does not depend on surface area
22. Kinetic energy can be transformed into potential energy (gravitational or elastic (spring))
23. Work and energy can be interchangeable
24. Power is the time rate of work ---Watts.
25. Heat (Internal energy or Q) can be generated by mechanical energy 'lost' to friction
26. Universal gravitation is an inverse square relationship
27. Both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved in elastic collisions
28. Momentum is conserved in ALL collisions
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
1. Charges distribute evenly when objects touch (conduction)
2. Opposites attract and redistribute as they get close (induction). Neutral objects are attracted to charged objects.
3. Net charge means the excess or deficiency of electrons.
4. Electrostatic fields are based on the direction a positive test charge would move
5. Electrons and electron current move away from negative toward positive.
6. Current flows in closed paths with a power source.
7. Electrostatic force is an inverse square relationship
8. Voltage is potential difference is potential drop is drop in potential
9. Parallel plates form parallel (uniform) electric fields
10. Short, thick, cold wires have low resistance (Resistivity of metals is in the Table)
11. Series circuits have the same current throughout
12. Resistance in series circuits is the sum - always greater than largest resistor
13. Parallel circuits have the same voltage throughout
14. Resistance in parallel circuits is added as reciprocals - always less than the smallest resistor
15. Current into a junction equals current leaving a junction
16. Electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular
17. Forces on electrons and on current in a wire are perpendicular to the magnetic field
18. In a solenoid, more turns, more current and more iron in the core increase magnetism
19. Opposite magnetic poles attract.
20. There are no magnetic monopoles – only dipoles.
21. Magnetic fields are from north to south outside the magnet
22. A galvanometer can be made into an ammeter or a voltmeter
23. Ammeters connect in-line with (series with) a resistor
24. Voltmeters connect across (parallel with) a resistor
25. A changing electromagnetic field can produce a potential difference and a current in a wire
26. The fundamental charge and the subatomic masses are on the front of the reference table.
27. Transformers transmit power through changing magnetic fields/flux
WAVES AND LIGHT
1. Model wave phenomena based on a rolling wave approaching you far out in the ocean
2. Waves transfer energy only, not matter
3. A full wavelength measures from crest to crest or trough to trough.
4. Mechanical waves need a medium, electromagnetic waves do not. (Radio waves are electromagnetic)
5. Transverse waves (such as light) vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation
6. Longitudinal waves (such as sound) vibrate in line with the direction of propagation
7. Constructive interference is from 2 waves in phase
8. Greater wavelength, greater distance, or smaller slit spacing increase diffraction effects.
9. Resonance causes objects to vibrate at their fundamental frequency (Opera glass, Musical instrument)
10. Color and pitch are frequency. Loudness and brightness are amplitude.
11. Doppler Effect causes red shift and sonic boom
12. High index of refraction means high optical density means slow speed
13. Measure angles with respect to the normal (perpendicular) line
14. FAST - fast to slow medium bend toward the normal/SOFA - slow to fast medium bend away from normal
15. Light bends and focuses in lenses due to refraction
16. Memorize the picture of refraction and dispersion through a prism.
MODERN PHYSICS
1. Einstein’s photoelectric effect is evidence of the particle nature of light.
2. Compton demonstrated that the photon (quantized particle of light) has energy and momentum
3. Modern physics of Planck, Einstein, etc. shows that light has a particle nature
4. Modern physics of de Broglie shows that matter has a wave nature
5. Rutherford demonstrated that matter is mostly empty space
6. Bohr demonstrated electrons falling to lower energy levels release photons of light. (Jump up – absorb)
7. Nuclear forces are stronger than electrostatics or gravitation
8. Grand Unification Theory tries to combine all the forces and mass energy into one
9. Always conserve mass number – neutrons and protons (top)
10. Always conserve atomic number – protons (bottom)
11. Fission splits big things apart. Fusion smooshes small things together
12. Quarks come in threes to make an integer charge in baryons
13. The antimatter particles have a bar (or asterisk) above them ...they have opposite spin and charge
14. Quark with another antiquark is a meson. Quark with its own antiquark annihilates and releases energy.
15. Protons and neutrons are made of three quarks
16. The proton is up, up, down. The neutron is up, down, down
17. Leptons exist alone such as an electron or a neutrino
18. Mass defect (missing mass) times speed of light squared equals binding energy (E=mc 2)
19. Use the E=mc2 equation with kg and J. Use the front of table for u and MeV.