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CHEMISTRY PROJECT ON FORMATION

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OF BIODIESEL
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Chemistry Project on Formation Of Biodiesel
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content/uploads/2019/02/Chemistry-Project-on-
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Formation-Of-Biodiesel.pdf)
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Acknowledgement
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Certificate
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What is Biodiesel?
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Uses of Biodiesel
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Preparation of Biodiesel
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Reactions involved
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Biodiesel fuel features
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 Disadvantages of Biodiesel

Bibliography

What is Biodiesel ?

Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of short

chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters, made by transesterification of vegetable
oil or animal fat (tallow), which can be used (alone, or blended with
conventional petrol diesel) in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles. Biodiesel is
distinguished from the straight-vegetable oil (SVO) (sometimes referred to
as “waste vegetable oil” “WVO” “used vegetable oil” “UVO” “pure plant oil”,
“PPO”) used(alone, or blended) as fuels in some converted diesel
vehicles.”Biodiesel” is standardized as mono-alkyl ester and other kinds of
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diesel-grade fuels of biological origin are not included.
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Uses of biodiesel
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Biodiesel fuel is a renewable energy source that can be made from soy beans
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grown for fuel, or from cooking oils recycled from restaurants. This means it
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is a renewable resource unlike petroleum-based diesel.
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There is an excess production of soybeans in the United States; therefore
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biodiesel is an economic way to utilize this surplus.
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Biodiesel is less polluting than petroleum diesel. Compared to petroleum
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diesel, biodiesel produces less soot (particulate matter), carbon monoxide,
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unburned hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide.
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The absence of sulfur in 100% biodiesel should extend the life of catalytic
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 Biodiesel fuel can also be used in combination with heating oil to heat
residential and industrial buildings. This can reduce dependence on non-
renewable and increasingly expensive heating oil.

Biodiesel burns cleaner & is made of non-toxic chemicals so it does not give
out poisonous fumes, unlike the ordinary fuel.

Instructions to Prepare Bio Diesel

Requirements:

Vegetable oil

Antifreeze (Methanol)

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Lye (NaOH)
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Blender
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Scales
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Plastic containers
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Funnels
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Plastic bottle with lid
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Duct tape
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Thermometer
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Steps Involved:
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1. Step 1: Measure out 200 ml of antifreeze and put it in one plastic
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container.
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2. Step 2: Add in lye so that the antifreeze is absorbed.
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 3. Step 3: Cover container and mix well by shaking it. It is mixed when it
starts to feel warm and is foamy. The mixture has now become sodium
methoxide.
4. Step 4: Blend 1 liter of vegetable oil with the sodium methoxide in a
blender for 20 minutes.
5. Step 5: Pour mixture into a bottle and wait 8 hours until the byproduct,
glycerin, separates form the biodiesel. The glycerin will be on the solid on
the bottom.
6. Step 6: Separate out the biodiesel by pouring into a glass bottle.
7. Step 7: Prepare a wash bottle by poking a small hole in the corner of the
bottle and covering it with duct tape.
8. Step 8: Wash the biodiesel by pouring it into the wash bottle and adding
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9. Step 9: Repeat the washing process until the biodiesel is clear. This may
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need to be done numerous times over the course of a week to complete
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Reactions involved
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Transesterification:
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Animal & plant fats & oils are typically made of triglycerides which are esters
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of free fatty acids with the trihydric alcohol, glycerol. In the
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transesterification process, the alcohol is deprotonated with a base to make
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it a stronger nucleophile. Commonly, ethanol or methanol is used. As can be
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seen, the reaction has no other inputs than the triglyceride & the alcohol.
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Normally, this reaction will precede either exceedingly slowly or not at all.
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Heat, as well as an acid or base are used to help the reaction more quickly.
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Biodiesel is a much cleaner fuel than conventional fossil-fuel petroleum
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 diesel

1. Biodiesel burns up to 75% cleaner than petroleum diesel fuel.

2. Biodiesel reduces unburned hydrocarbons (93% less), carbon monoxide
(50% less) & particulate matter (30% less) in exhaust fumes, as well as
cancer-causing PAH (80% less).
3. Sulphur dioxide emissions are eliminated (biodiesel contains no Sulphur).
4. Biodiesel is a plant-based & using it adds no extra CO2 greenhouse gas to
the atmosphere.
5. The ozone-forming (smog) potential of biodiesel emissions is nearly 50%
less than petrol-diesel emissions.
6. Nitrogen oxide emissions may increase or decrease with biodiesel but
can be reduced to well below petrol-diesel fuel levels.
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7. Biodiesel exhaust is not offensive & doesn’t cause eye irritation.
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8. Biodiesel can be mixed with petrol-diesel in any proportion, with no need
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9. With slight variations depending on the vehicle, performance & fuel
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economy with biodiesel is the same as with petrol-diesel.
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Biodiesel’s fuel features
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Power: One of the major advantages is the fact that it can be used in exiting
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engines & fuel injection equipment (no modification required) without
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negative impact to operating performance.
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Fuel availability/economy: Virtually the same MPG rating as petrol-diesel &
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the only alternative fuel for heavyweight vehicles requiring no special
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dispensing & storage equipment.
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 Production/Refining: Can be done at home (wasted veggie oil) & farms
(virgin oils from seeds), being the only alternative fuel that can boost of a
zero total emissions production facility. By selling the simultaneously
produced glycerol, the cost of BD is basically the same cost of the oil used to
make it.

Storage: Readily blends & stays blended with petrol-diesel so it can be

stored & dispensed wherever diesel is stored or sold.

Combustibility/Safety: Biodiesel has a very high flash point (300⁰F) making

it one of the safest of all alternative fuels. Lubricity: The only alternative fuel
that can actually extend engine life because of its superior lubricating &
cleaning properties. The present “low sulphur” diesel fuel is badly wearing
the injection pumps of not protected diesel engine.
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Usage: Biodiesel fuel can generally be used in existing oil heating systems
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and diesel engines without modification, and it can be distributed through
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existing diesel fuel pumps. This is an advantage over other alternative fuels,
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which can be expensive to use initially due to high cost of equipment
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modifications or new purchases. Biodiesel provides almost the same energy
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per gallon as petroleum diesel.
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Environment Impact: The only renewable alternative diesel fuel that
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actually reduces major greenhouse gas components in the atmosphere. The
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use of biodiesel will also reduce the following emissions: carbon monoxide,
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ozone-forming-hydrocarbons, hazardous diesel particulate, acid rain-
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causing sulphur dioxide, lifecycle carbon dioxide.
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Disadvantages of Biodiesel
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1. Biodiesel is currently about one and a half times more expensive than
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source of oil is the soybean, which only is only 20% oil. However, the
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 costs of biodiesel can be reduced by making biodiesel from recycled
cooking oils rather than from new soy beans, or by making it from plant
matter with higher oil content.
2. It takes energy to produce biodiesel fuel from soy crops, including the
energy of sowing, fertilizing and harvesting.
3. Biodiesel fuel can damage rubber hoses in some engines, particularly in
cars built before 1994. You should check with the manufacturer before
using biodiesel to see if you need to replace any hoses or rubber seals.
4. Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine. This dirt then collects in the fuel
filter, which can clog it. Clogging occurs most often when biodiesel is first
used after a period of operation with petroleum diesel, so filters should
be changed after the first several hours of biodiesel use.
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Bibliography
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All the information in the project has been gathered from < (HTTPS://THECH
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Chemi
Chemistry Project on Antacids
stry% Contants Acknowledgement Antacids Action mechanism Indications Side effects Some
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commonly used antacids Aluminium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Calcium
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carbonate Sodium bicarbonate Bismuth subsalicylate Investigatory experiment
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Bibliography   ANTACIDS An Antacid is any substance, generally a base or basic salt,
%20F which neutralizes stomach acidity. They are … Continue reading
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