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SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

LAB 5 REPORT
Electromagnetic Induction

Author: Ha Hoang Phuc, ID: 3748017


Groupmates: Nguyen Le Minh Hoang, ID: 3746851
Pham Tien Dung, ID: 3748428
Doan Luong Hoang, ID: 3749795
Pham Trong Nghia, ID: 3749159
Aim of the lab.
Introduction:
In this fifth lab activity, we conducted experiment on Electromagnetic induction process- a process
where electricity is induced by a changing magnetic field. By moving the magnet relative to the
coil, or moving the magnet relative to the magnet, we will change the magnetic field in the presence
of a coil of wire. This happens due to following statement of Michael Faraday: “A changing
magnetic field in the presence of a conductor induces a voltage in the conductor.”, which implies
Electromagnetic induction phenomenon: an emf and a current are induced in the circuit as the
magnetic flux through a circuit charge. (Emf is the term for induced voltage) [1]

We have Faraday’s law of induction as the central principle of Electromagnetic induction:

𝑑Փ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
Where 𝜀 is the induced emf in a closed loop (V);

N is the number of turns (loops) of wire in a coil (turns);

𝑑Փ𝐵 is the magnetic flux through the area of the coil (Wb); [2]

Since this law states the induced emf in a closed loop (the coil) equals the negative of the time rate
of change of magnetic through that coil times the number of loops in that coil, we can derive
induced emf from changing magnetic flux in any loop.

Since our experiment involves moving magnetic field, the alternating emf being induced into the
coil is defined by following equation of Faraday’s motional emf expression:

𝜀 = −𝐵𝑙𝑣

Since our conductor does not move at 90 ̊ to the magnetic field, the angle of 0 ̊ should be added
to above equation, then we have:

𝜀 = −𝐵𝑙𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)

Where 𝜀 is the induced emf in a closed loop (V);

B is the flux density;

𝑙 is the length of the conductor (m);

𝑣 is the velocity at which the magnetic field changes within the conductor (m/s); [3]

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Pre-lab Answers:
The voltage produced in a coil with more turns of wire is bigger than the voltage produced in a
coil with fewer turns of wire. Due to the above equation of Faraday’s law of induction:
𝑑Փ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
We derive from this equation that the induced voltage is directly dependent on the number of
turns of wire in a coil. Hence, the more turns a coil has, the more voltage it induces.

Data Analysis:
Sketching a graph of voltage versus time of North pole through 200 turns of wire run:

Voltage(V) versus Time(s)


Voltage(V)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1.32
0.605
0.055
0.11
0.165
0.22
0.275
0.33
0.385
0.44
0.495
0.55

0.66
0.715
0.77
0.825
0.88
0.935
0.99
1.045
1.1
1.155
1.21
1.265

1.375
1.43
1.485
0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3
Time(s)

Chart 1

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Data Table:
Run Pole Turns Voltage, peak 1 Voltage, peak 2

1 North 200 -0.22 V 0.45 V

2 South 200 0.22 V -0.45 V

3 North 400 -0.44 V 0.88 V

4 South 400 0.40 V -0.88 V

5 North-North 200 -0.42 0.90

6 South-South 200 0.41 -0.88

7 North-North 400 -0.84 1.79

8 South-South 400 0.81 -1.72

9 North-South 200 0.01 -0.01

10 North-South 400 -0.05 0.05

Questions’ Answers:
1. There are 2 peaks of voltage for each run because these 2 peaks represent 2 processes in
the experiment: the magnet goes in and the magnet goes out. As we know in Lenz’s Law:
“the direction of an induced emf is such that it will always opposes the change that is
causing it” [4]. Then, when the magnet goes in, the magnetic flux increases then the
induced emf, which always opposes the motion or change that triggers it, will oppose this
increase of the magnet or the incoming motion of the magnet by decreasing. After that,
when the magnet is leaving, the magnetic flux decreases, the induced emf opposes this by
increasing. For example, in the graph in Data Analysis section, we can see that there are 2
peaks: one is under -0.2V and one is above 0.4. They have opposite direction (one is
positive, and one is negative) as they have opposite motion (decreasing at 0.77s and
increasing at 0.95s) as the magnet does: going in and going out.
2. The magnitude of the voltage in second peak is greater than the magnitude of the voltage
in first peak in every run in the exception for run 9 and run 10_when we stick 2 magnetic

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bars together with their inverse poles. This happens because of the following equation of
Faraday’s motional emf expression that we define in Introduction section:
𝜀 = −𝐵𝑙𝑣
We can observe that the induced emf is directly proportional to the velocity, which is the
main key to this issue. When we first drop the magnet, the velocity is 𝑣0 , which is the
velocity to calculate the magnitude of the induced voltage |𝜀| of the first peak.
As the magnet is dropping, the velocity increases according to this equation of kinematics:
v = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡[𝟓]. Then, after a short period of time 𝑡, the velocity increase from 𝑣0 to v with
the acceleration of force of gravity, g = 9.8 m/𝑠 2 , [6] which is the after velocity to calculate
the magnitude of voltage |𝜀| of the second peak. Hence, the magnitude of induced emf of
the second peak is always higher than the magnitude of induced emf of the first peak.

In run 9 and run 10, due to fluctuation of induced voltage, the magnitude of the voltage in
the first peak is equal to the one in the second peak.

3. Sketching a graph of the voltage versus time of 2 runs where one run has the north pole of
the magnet dropped first and another run has the south pole of the magnet dropped first:

Voltage(V) versus Time(s) of 2 runs


voltage (V)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.09

0.255
0.06
0.075

0.105
0.12
0.135
0.15
0.165
0.18
0.195
0.21
0.225
0.24

0.27
0.285
0.3
0.315
0.33
0.345
-0.1 0.36
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
time (s)
Voltage S Voltage N

Chart 2

From above graph, we can observe that both graphs of 2 runs have 2 peaks, one peak is
negative, and one peak is positive. Moreover, the second peak in each run has a higher
magnitude of the voltage than the first peak’s one. However, the graph of run which has
the north pole of the magnet dropped first experiences the positive direction in the first
peak and the negative direction in the second peak while the graph of run from north pole
witness the opposite incidence.

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In Data Table section, we receive the same results, where the run 1 with north pole dropped
first has the negative voltage at -0.22V in first peak and positive voltage at 0.45V in the
second peak. And the run 2 with south pole dropped first has the positive voltage at 0.22V
and negative voltage at -0.45V.
Though the graph and the data from above section suggest the similarity in magnitude of
the voltage in both runs, but there is a happening difference, which is attributed to the
different strength of magnetic field [7]. As north pole and south pole have different
strengths of magnetic field, hence, the induced voltages in 2 runs are different in style:
North pole first run is upside-down and South pole run is downside-up.
4. Due to theoretical explanation, the maximum voltage for the coil with more turns is
higher than the maximum voltage for the coil with fewer turns. As we can observe from
Faraday’s law of induction:
𝑑Փ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
Hence, the induced emf in the second peak, or the maximum voltage, is directly
proportional to the number of turns of wire in that coil. That means the more turns the coil
has, the higher maximum voltage is.
Due to graphical explanation, from Data Table section, we have, for example, the voltage
in the second peak of run 1 with 200 turns in the coil is 0.45V. Then, when we double the
number of turns in that coil to 400, the value of the maximum voltage of run 1 is also
doubled, from 0.45V with 200 turns to 0.88V with 400 turns.
5. My results do support my prediction.

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have conducted experiment related to electromagnetic induction by moving the
magnet relative to the coil in order to change the magnetic field. Since that, we can measure the
change in magnetic and the induced voltage by censors and by theoretical law of Faraday about
induction: “A changing magnetic field in the presence of a conductor induces a voltage in the
conductor.”:
𝑑Փ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
This equation helps us understand the relationship between the value of the induced voltage and
the magnetic field’s strength, the number of turns (loops) and the velocity in which the magnetic
flux change. Besides, to solve the questions in this report, we learn about Lenz’s law, too: “the
direction of an induced emf is such that it will always opposes the change that is causing it”

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Reference:
[1], [3] AspenCore, “Electromagnetic Induction”, Electronics Tutorials, para. 7-11, 2018.
[Online]. Available: Electromagnetic Induction. [Accessed: Jan 5, 2019].

[2] Peripitus, “What is Faraday’s law?”, Khan Academy, para. 3, 2018. [Online]. Available:
What is Faraday's law? (article) | Khan Academy. [Accessed: Jan. 5, 2019].

[4] AspenCore, “Electromagnetic Induction”, Electronics Tutorials, para. 4, 2018. [Online].


Available: Electromagnetic Induction. [Accessed: Jan 5, 2019].

[5] T. Henderson, “Acceleration”, the Physics Classroom, para. 3, 1996-2018. [Online].


Available: Acceleration. [Accessed Jan 5, 2019:].

[6] T. Henderson, “The acceleration of gravity”, the Physics Classroom, para. 1, 1996-2018.
[Online]. Available: Acceleration of Gravity. [Accessed Jan 5, 2019:].

[7] AspenCore, “Electromagnetic Induction”, Electronics Tutorials, para. 2, 2018. [Online].


Available: Electromagnetic Induction. [Accessed: Jan 5, 2019].

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Risk Assessment:
Risk Assessment Task Name: Lab 5: Electromagnetic induction
Assessor(s): Ha Hoang Phuc Date: 5/1/2019
Those at Students, Lectures
risk:
Risk: Risk Rating Unlikely
Process/Job Experiment lab 2
Description:
Task Hazards Controls Already Action (Hierarchy
In Place of Control)
Using the 1.2 Pasco Can be fallen on Put it on the center to PPE
Track students’ toes make sure it cannot be
fallen out

Using the cart Can be fallen on Wear shoes and store PPE
students’ toes it on the center of
table when doing data
analysis on tablet

Pasco carts Can be slipped Put the track on the Administration, PBE
out of the track center of the table
when experiment with
the carts
Block with eye hook Can be dropped Install it carefully on Administration, PBE
the track to make sure
it cannot be fallen out

Hooked Mass set Can be dropped Hanging it carefully Administration, PBE


on your toes and make sure the cart
is on the center of the
table when put it on

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