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Walliserops trifurcatus
Animal kingdom Module 11119
• A rigid system!
• DO NOT buck the nomenclature!
• Binomial system Genus species!!!
• Homo sapiens not Homo Sapiens or Homo
sapiens (unless Homo sapiens), etc.
• In scientific literature you read about
Tyrannosaurus rex
• It is, however, a type of tyrannosaur.
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Ranking Ranking
Panthera
Tyrannosaurus rex
Species pardus Species
Panthera Tyrannosaurus
Genus Genus
Felidae Tyrannosauridae
Family Family
Suborder Theropoda
Carnivora Saurischia
Order Order
Mammalia Reptilia
Class Class
Subphylum vertebrata
Chordata Chordata
Phylum Phylum
Animalia Animalia
Kingdom Kingdom
Eukarya Eukarya
Domain Domain
Homologous structures
Relationships
• Tyrannosaurus rex and Panthera pardus
have many things in common.
– Animals, chordates, vertebrates
– Tetrapods, amniotes
• But many things separate them too e.g.
– Skull architecture
– Tooth differentiation
– Skin adornment
– Lactation
Human Cat Whale Bat
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Analogous structures
Analogy
Convergence
Convergence
(a) Tuna
(f) Ichthyosaur
(b) Shark
(c) Penguin
(d) Dolphin
(g) Plesiosaur
(e) Seal
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Modern taxonomy
Species (7)
Classification has moved away from the
simple grouping of organisms according to
• The biosystematic species concept their similarities (phenetics) and has become
is one defined by the diversity of the study of patterns of diversity within an
reproductive relationships. evolutionary context (systematics).
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TAXA
Salamander
TAXA
(outgroup)
Lamprey
Lancelet
Leopard
Salamander
Turtle
Tuna
(outgroup)
Lamprey
Lancelet
Leopard
Hair 0 0 0 0 0 1
Turtle
Tuna
Hinged jaws 0 0 1 1 1 1
Amniotic (shelled) egg 0 0 0 0 1 1
Vertebral column (backbone) 0 1 1 1 1 1 (a) Character table. A 0 indicates that a character is absent; a 1
indicates that a character is present.
Hinged jaws 0 0 1 1 1 1
Turtle Leopard
Hair
Vertebral column (backbone) 0 1 1 1 1 1 Salamander
Amniotic egg
Tuna
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