Astrolabe

An astrolabe is a two-dimensional model of the celestial sphere.

Astrolabes were forerunners of mechanical clocks, and looked somewhat

like watches. With a set of tables, the observer could determine the day
and hour for a fixed location by the position of the stars. With the
addition of a sighting-rule, called an alidade, an astrolabe could be used
as a surveying instrument. The rule could be moved across a scale to
measure elevation. Navigational astrolabes marked celestial altitudes (the
altitude in degrees above the horizon).
Telescope
he definition of a telescope is an optical instrument that makes far away objects look closer by
using a special arrangement of lenses and mirrors. An optical instrument you use to look at the
stars that makes the stars appear closer is an example of atelescope.
 Transit
The transit and theodolite are used by the surveyor to measure both horizontal and
vertical angles. While the purpose of the two is similar, as a general rule a theodolite
is more accurate than a transit. However, there is no specific rule as to when one
definition ends and the other begins. Generally, these instruments have a minimum
accuracy of one minute of angle and some very precise theodolites will measure
angles to an accuracy of one-tenth of a second of angle. To put these accuracies into
perspective, at a distance of one mile, one minute of angle covers about 1.5 feet. At
a distance of one mile, one-tenth of a second of angle covers about 0.003 feet.
Semicircumferentor
a surveying instrument used for angle measurements. It consists of a semicircular limb divided into
180 degrees and sometimes subdivided into minutes. The limb is subtended by the diameter with
two sights at its ends. In the middle of the diameter a "box and needle" (compass) is fixed. On the
same middle the alidade with two other sights is fitted. The device is mounted on a staff via a ball
and socket joint. In effect the device is a half-circumferentor. For convenience, sometimes another
half-circle from 180 to 360 degrees may be graduated in another line on the limb.
 Plane
Table
an instrument consisting essentially of a drawing board on a tripod with a
ruler pointed at the object observed and used for plotting the lines of a
survey directly from observation
 Dioptra
It was an amazing surveying instrument which was suitable for the precise
measurement of horizontal, vertical and angular distances between two celestial or
terrestrial points. With repetitive use of the instrument it was possible "in geography to
chart islands and seas, in astronomy to calculate the distances of stars and forecast
eclipses, in building to execute complicated structural work...".
It consisted of a stand which had a horizontal toothed base that could be rotated with
the help of an endless screw. A precise system of aiming (theodolite) could be placed
on the base which consisted of a vertical calibrated semicircular disc that could be
turned in precision with the help of an endless screw and of horizontal calibrated disc.
This disc was placed at the edge of the semicircular disc and had a crisscross turning
aiming device. The operator of the instrument could aim any point in space and mark
his angle position.
 Roman Groma
The groma or gruma was a Roman surveying instrument.[1] It comprised a vertical staff with
horizontal cross-pieces mounted at right angles on a bracket. Each cross piece had a plumb line
hanging vertically at each end. It was used to survey straight lines and right angles, thence squares
or rectangles. They were stabilized on the high ground, and pointed in the direction it was going to
be used. The helper would step back 100 steps and place a pole. The surveyor would tell him where
to move the pole and the helper would set it down.
Libella
The chorobates (see above) was already equipped with a plumb line.
Another levelling instrument used by the Romans was the simple libella. It consisted of a frame in the
shape of the letter A, with the addition of a horizontal bar on top (see photo). From the apex a
plumbline was suspended that coincided with a mark on the lower crossbar when the instrument was
level. Other marks could have been added to indicate other slopes, but there is no evidence that this
was done (Hauck, 1988:43).
Vernier
A surveyor uses a compass to determine the direction of a line. the compass needle points to the
MAGNETIC NORTH POLE and by turning the compass in the direction of the line being
surveyed, the direction of the line can be observed. Although there are many varieties of
compasses, they all fall into two main categories: either a "plain" compass or a "vernier"
compass.

A plain compass has no adjustment and always reads magnetic north.

A vernier compass has an adjustable scale that allows for the "setting off" of the magnetic
declination and the compass can then directly read true north.
Compass
A surveyor uses a compass to determine the direction of a line. the compass needle points to the
MAGNETIC NORTH POLE and by turning the compass in the direction of the line being
surveyed, the direction of the line can be observed. Although there are many varieties of
compasses, they all fall into two main categories: either a "plain" compass or a "vernier"
compass.

A plain compass has no adjustment and always reads magnetic north.

A vernier compass has an adjustable scale that allows for the "setting off" of the magnetic
declination and the compass can then directly read true north.
Gunter’s Chain
This is an example of a "chain" that is normally 66' long consisting of 100 links. A
"chain" of 66' can also be described as being 4 poles of 16.5'.

Other tools used by a surveyor to measure distance can be a steel tape of lengths of up to 500'
and the modern electronic distance measuring devices that can measure distances in excess of
several miles with the use of reflector prisms.

In fact, the first men to land on the moon left behind a grouping of reflector prisms that allowed
surveyors and scientists to measure the distance from the earth to the moon to an accuracy of just
a couple of feet.

Chorobates
The chorobates was a bench with weighted strings on its sides for measuring the ground's angle on a
system of notches, and a short channel in the centre, likely for testing the direction of the water flow
(O'Conner, 1993: 45). It was mostly used for the levelling of aqueducts. It was probably too unwieldy for
general levelling (Dilke 1971:76).
It was also probably too unwieldy to use in the construction of tunnels, being too big to manoeuvre
easily in confined spaces. See the illustration of a chorobates.

Merchet
A merkhet is a device which was used in Ancient Egypt for the purpose of telling time at night. Merkhets were
extremely accurate, and could be used to make astronomical observations in addition to to keeping time.
Several extant merkhets are on display at museums with collections of Egyptian artifacts, and numerous works
of Egyptian art depict the use of merkhets. It has been suggested that these instruments were probably used in
the construction of temples and tombs to align the structures in particular ways.
Leveling Rod
A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used with
a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of points above
a vertical datum. It cannot be used without a leveling instrument
 Theodolite
The transit and theodolite are used by the surveyor to measure both horizontal and
vertical angles. While the purpose of the two is similar, as a general rule a theodolite
is more accurate than a transit. However, there is no specific rule as to when one
definition ends and the other begins. Generally, these instruments have a minimum
accuracy of one minute of angle and some very precise theodolites will measure
angles to an accuracy of one-tenth of a second of angle. To put these accuracies into
perspective, at a distance of one mile, one minute of angle covers about 1.5 feet. At
a distance of one mile, one-tenth of a second of angle covers about 0.003 feet.
Measuring Tape
A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure distance.
It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It
is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in
pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or corners. Today it is ubiquitous, even
appearing in miniature form as a keychain fob, or novelty item. Surveyors use tape measures in
lengths of over 100 m.
 Tripod

A surveyor's tripod is a device used to support any one of a number of surveying instruments,
such as theodolites, total stations, levels or transits.
 Plumb Bob
A plumb bob is a pointed weight attached to the end of the string, and is used to find a vertical
reference line called plumb. Plumb is the vertical equivalent to a spirit level. Plumb bob have been
around for thousands of years, dating back to Ancient Egypt. The tool is also used in surveying, allowing
the user to find nadir (the local vertical direction pointing towards gravity), and in tools such as steel
tape and theodolites.
Hub
Surveying Term Hub and Tack is used to describe the process of a surveyor determining
points by placing wood hubs. Once the hub is driven in the ground, a metal tack is placed in the
top of the hub to give a pinpoint location of a point.

Dumpy Level
The surveyor uses a level to determine elevations. Levels fall into three broad categories: a
"dumpy" level, a "Wye" (or 'Y') level, and "automatic" level. As with all tools of the surveyor,
there are various degrees of accuracy within each category of level.

A "dumpy" level has a telescope with cross hairs permanently mounted in a pair of arms.
Marking pins

Sadyang kay buti ng ating Panginoon

Magtatapat sa habang panahon
Maging sa kabila ng aking pagkukulang
Biyaya Niya’y patuloy na laan

Katulad ng pagsinag ng gintong araw

Patuloy Siyang nagbibigay tanglaw
Kaya’t sa puso ko’t damdamin
Katapatan Niya’y aking pupurihin

Chorus
Dakila Ka O Dios tapat Ka ngang tunay
Magmula pa sa ugat ng aming lahi
Mundo’y magunaw man maaasahan Kang lagi
Maging hanggang wakas nitong buhay

Kaya O Dios ika’y aking pupurihin

Sa buong mundo’y aking aawitin
Dakila ang Iyong katapatan
Pag-ibig Mo’y walang hanggan

Repeat Chorus

Ahhh…

Coda
Dakila Ka O Dios sa habang panahon
Katapatan Mo’y matibay na sandigan
Sa bawat pighati tagumpay man ay naroon
Daluyan ng pag-asa kung kailanga’y hinahon
Pag-ibig Mo’y alay sa’min noon hanggang ngayon
Dakila Ka O Dios