DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTER-TERRORISM POLICING SYSTEM THROUGH ADAPTATION

OF MULTILATERAL POLICING SYSTEMS IN ADDRESSING THE TRENDS AND

CHALLENGES OF TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIMES IN THE AUTONOMOUS REGION
OF MUSLIM MINDANAO

Introduction

Terrorism and organized crimes evidently have real and direct impact on

individuals and communities. They undermine the basic and fundamental human rights

without any regard. The devastating consequence of these activities become ubiquitous

in the country especially in the areas where the trends and challenges continue to

cripple and enfeeble the current national and local policies and strategies like in the

instant case of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) which has become

the seat bed and central to numerous terror attacks and organized crimes in the country

recent years. Terror- related violence like bombings, extortion, kidnapping, illegal drug

activities, human trafficking have worsened and escalated in different localities in the

ARMM and in addition to these individual costs, terrorism and organized crimes

destabilize and weaken local governments, emasculate civil society, jeopardize peace

and security, and threaten the social and economic development of the region.

With this in mind, it behooves upon the law enforcement agencies to develop an

effective policing system that responds to trends and challenges of terrorism. The

policy must be able to maximize competency and deliver positive and constructive

outcomes given the limited resources and capability. Community involvement and

participatory approach among the different stakeholders, both in the government and

private sector remain to be important with regard to their contribution towards

awareness, crime prevention, deterrence, and increase in the apprehension of

criminals.

There are several policing systems that are in place and are functioning in the

different law enforcement agencies today. However, these systems operate in an

entirely different mechanism with each other and pose an enormous challenge to

implementing agencies whenever there is an attempt to harmonize the dynamics of

each system especially when they do not complement or correspond with each other.

For a policing system to work, it requires not only that officers, supervisors and

command staff should be armed with the right equipment, knowledge of the law, proper

procedures, and defensive protection, but also have as much knowledge about what

tactics and strategies work best to fight crime so that they can make good decisions

while patrolling or carrying out investigations. In the past, police training has been

focused mostly on procedures, the law, physical skills, and use of equipment. Rarely

were police trained in the large body of knowledge about "what works" in crime control

and prevention. Effective policing system also centralizes the role of crime analysis in

everyday policing and scrutinize the dynamics of terror activities, its linkages,

connection and relationship with other crimes.

By understanding how terror activities are geographically and temporally

clustered, as well as which environmental and situational factors can attract

opportunities for crime, police can become more effective in addressing the specific

crime and disorder they face. Hence, effective policing system demands that the law

enforcement agencies need to take advantage of the knowledge about what works to

improve police efforts in crime control, community relations, and internal

management, as well as generate knowledge and analysis within their agencies to

improve their ability to prevent and reduce crime.

Background of the Problem Situation

The research aims to identify the trends and challenges of terrorism and organized

crimes perpetrated in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) using the

Phenomenological approach which is a qualitative method of analyzing the data. The

study proceeds from gathering of information, key indicators through the perception of

focal subject persons of the study and the consequential effects of terrorism through a

survey with the adaptation of trigger and probing questions given to the selected

participants. This analytic method is used by respondents to develop a policy which

may help to prevent and reduce terror activities in the ARMM. A systematic evaluation

of the trends and challenges in the ARMM as identified by the focal persons subject of

the research and the community may be used to develop a multilateral policing system

for effective solutions to the problems, and evaluate the impact of their efforts and

bring about resolution to the underlying conditions at hot spots that lead to recurring

crime problems in the ARMM.

Description of Problem Situation

The data revealed a conclusive account of the existence of terror related activities

in ARMM and recognized the actuality of trends and challenges that persist in the region.

The study showed that there is a premeditated use of or threat to use violence by

individuals or subnational groups to obtain a political or social objective through the

intimidation of a large audience beyond to that of immediate victims. The research

identified that resources on the part of the law enforcement agencies to combat against

terrorism are lacking. The research was also able to establish that the terror activities

resulted to economic instability where the disturbance of peace and security hindered

development and discouraged local and foreign investors. The research also asserted

that central to these terror activities are the widespread sense and experience of

vulnerability, hopelessness and fear of individuals and businesses in different

communities all throughout the region. The developing regions like the ARMM are more

vulnerable to terrorism because they are unlikely to have the resources to adequately

fight terrorism. This problem is often compounded by corruption, poor governance, and

lack of proper judicial systems or rule of law in these part of the nation. Such

institutional shortcomings breed discontent in the population, which in turn can spur

terrorism.

Hence, the outcome and consequence of the policy must be geared towards

addressing the impact of terrorism through an increased citizen involvement and

participation in the prevention of terror activities and improvement in the apprehension

rate of perpetrators through a system of network where the citizens may actively

support the law enforcement agency without necessarily violating the rule of law and

the basic human rights of every individual. The policy also targets to achieve and

develop a cohesive and coherent legal framework which is relevant, germane,

responsive and supportive to the system of law enforcement so that there is

amalgamation of programs and strategies that addresses the trends and challenges in

the law enforcement and in the legislative in order to break and do away from the
seeming seclusion, multifarious and complex system of addressing the problem

situation.

A. Outcomes of the Prior Efforts to Solve the Problem

The central goal of multilateral policing is for the police to build relationships with

the community through interactions with local agencies and members of the public,

creating partnerships and strategies for reducing crime and disorder. While innovative

policing strategies have traditionally responded to the societal needs in addressing the

terror crimes in the ARMM, it behooves upon the police to develop a more integrated,

relevant and responsive approach in dealing with these crimes as instead of adapting a

modular and cluster method of solving the problem. A closer look at policing systems,

the most widely accepted and recognized strategic measures rely primarily on a diverse

range of tightly focused policing strategies, some of which involve traditional law

enforcement approaches and some of which involve alternative approaches. Some of

which overlap to some extent with other recent innovations in policing, including

community policing, third-party policing, focused deterrence, and hot spots policing. A

classic example would the problem-oriented policing combined with the resource

targeting strategies of hot spots policing with the diverse approaches of community

policing. In the case of community policing, it draws on a variety of approaches to

address crime and disorder issues, including partnerships between police and other

organizations and community groups. However, community policing does not

necessarily involve the intense degree of focus on a specific problem type. Third-party

policing on the other hand involves the mobilization of third parties to assist the police

in solving community problems.

Significance of the Problem Situation

The terrorism and organized crime activities unmistakably devours upon any

effort of the government to improve the socio-political and economic situation in the

ARMM. The result is obvious as the consequence of these activities affect the farmers,

business establishments, investors, peace and security and most especially, to the way

of life of every citizen living in the region. Hence, the urgency of the situation demands

that the problem be addressed as soon possible in order to control the impact of these

crimes to the lives of many citizens in the region who are directly affected by its

devastating consequence.

Public safety necessitates that every person must be able to do and act as

he pleases within the bounds of the law and exercise his freedoms where no form of

any violence or intimidation may restrict or limit. This is the ultimate signification of

the study whereby it aims to restore the balance of peace and security and allow the

citizens and the government to cooperate in the development of the country in an

environment conducive to nation-building and progress. This is however a far cry to the

reality since terrorism and organized crimes continue to destroy the system of

government and instill fear among the citizens. Therefore, there is a need to stress the

importance of the policy to the law enforcement agencies to improve their mechanism

of addressing the trends and challenges posed by terrorism and organized groups,

encourage active involvement by citizen to prevent the widespread and proliferation

of terror activities in the region and propose legislative amendments to existing laws in

order to improve the strategies in addressing the problem situation.

 Specifically, the policy is deemed significant to the following:

Philippine National Police (PNP). The policy will help the law enforcement

agency to develop an integrated and responsive policing system that will address the

terror crimes in the country. The proposed policy may also be used by the law

enforcement agency to revisit and reexamine its existing strategies and measures so

that efforts to counter terror activities may be aligned to improve the response of the

law enforcement against these crimes.

Local Government Units. The policy will help the local government units

develop an effective monitoring and responsive counter-terrorism strategies being the

positioned in forefront of a terror situation. This may also help the LGU to create an

anti-terrorism panel or committees at the local level to fight the war against terrorism

through efforts to adopt and implement their local public safety plans that involve

regularly providing information to the authorities pertaining the presence of suspicious

persons and activities in their respective communities. The policy may also press the

necessity of strengthening the barangay as the basic political and economic unit.

Need for Analysis

It must be stressed in the study that there is a constant need to examine and

consider the proposed policy in order to meet the constitutional scrutiny of its validity,

otherwise, it may just be set aside for being contrary to the fundamental law of the

land. A policy cannot go beyond the language of law and must be consistent with the

intent of the letter.

 The policy may also involve some practices that apply formal, noncriminal

controls found in civil law as coercive tools against an intermediate class of non-

offending persons who are thought to have some power over offenders' primary

environments. This is critical in the case of community policing that requires a deeper

analysis so that the basic rights and security of the private individuals and communities

may be protected.

The adaptation of well-known and recognized policing systems must also conform

to the standards and practices set by the different respective law enforcement

agencies. There is no attempt for diminution, much less to derogate an accepted

policing standard. The study aims not to depart from well-known policing models but

to integrate and harmonize, those that may be are of good use and consistent with the

policy direction and eliminate those which may be deemed unnecessary and immaterial

to the cause.

Problem Statement

The study aims to develop an effective and efficient counter-terrorism policing

system with the application and adaption of well-known and recognized policing

systems through a multilateral approach. In particularly, the approach consists of the

following:

1. A system where there is harmony of all concerned agencies of the government,

convening an inter-agency working group of law enforcement, prosecution, other

justice agency officials, local government, social service, and community-based

practitioners;
 2. Increase in the capacity of intelligence units to identify offenders, process

critical and key information as well as behavioral, ideological and political

patterns of individuals and groups;

3. Framing a response to offenders and groups of offenders that uses a varied menu

of sanctions to stop them from continuing their violent behavior;

4. Focusing on social services and community resources to improve efforts on

deterrence and crime prevention;

5. Develop linkages with the INTERPOL to improve the machinery for international

police cooperation and communication against transnational crimes and break of

internationally organized crimes such as terrorism.

Review of Related Literature

The fundamental principles of policing remain as valid today as they were

hundred years ago: keeping the peace, enforcing the law and protecting the property.

While these principles remain central to any society, the nature of society has evolved

and changed, altering bot the challenges facing police forces around the world, and the

mechanism available to combat those challenges (Poschor-Depayso, 2017).

Public expectation has grown; improvements in customer service across both and

public and private sector have resulted in higher citizen expectations. This enhanced

expectation is coupled with an increase in the diversity of roles the police are expected

to perform, especially as some other areas of public service retrench back to the

provision of core services. The environment in which the police operate has also grown
more complex, with continuous news coverage creating a new level of instant

transparency and scrutiny (R.M. Shusta, et.al. 2011).

Community-based Policing. Community policing is one of the best known and certainly

the most widely adopted police innovations. The recent research suggests that close to

100 percent of larger agencies claim to have adopted community policing (Reaves,

2015). Community policing spans a broad range of programs from neighborhood

newsletters and neighborhood substations to foot patrol and neighborhood watch.

Neighborhood watch programs vary in their level of police involvement, but

police are often important in the initial organization and coordination of watch groups.

Community policing definitions typically focus on the important components that

characterize many programs: some level of community involvement and consultation;

decentralization, often increasing discretion to line-level officers; and problem solving

(Eterno, J., &Das, D.K., 2010). Because community policing is focused on close

collaboration with the community and addressing community problems, it has often

been seen as an effective way to increase citizen satisfaction and enhance the

legitimacy of the police.

Police legitimacy is important to consider because of the importance of police

trying to maximize their fairness and citizen perceptions of the legitimacy of their

actions. Tom Tyler’s research focuses on procedural justice in police-citizen encounters

as the key antecedent of legitimacy (J. Tyler, 2004).

Neutrality is a key element of procedural justice. Citizens tend to view a

situation as fairer when officers are transparent about why they are resolving a dispute
in a particular way. Individuals want to be treated with dignity and respect. Citizens

are more likely to view an interaction as fair when they trust the motives of the police.

Citizens will view the action taken as fairer if the officer shows a genuine concern for

the interests of the parties involved (Delfem, M., 2011).

Survey and observational research generally suggests that when officers

incorporate these components of procedural justice into their interactions with citizens

and suspects, citizens are more likely to comply with police directives and the law

because they see the police as more legitimate. These increases in legitimacy thus have

the potential to reduce crime by increasing compliance behavior, although no studies

to date have examined this issue directly. More research, however, is needed on this

topic, as no research to date shows that a police intervention focused on increasing

procedural justice (e.g., a training) is associated with reduced crime or increased

compliance behavior (Nagin & Telep, 2017).

The connection between legitimacy perceptions and compliance behavior

suggests a possible link between community outreach efforts that increase levels of

legitimacy and reduced crime. As observed in one of the studies, it found out that the

capacity of police legitimacy to prevent crime is something community policing may

well be effective at creating (Sherman and Eck, 2002). For example, door-to-door visits

by officers seem to be an effective approach for both increasing citizen satisfaction and

reducing levels of victimization. It was also found out that efforts by police in a target

neighborhood in Houston to initiate more positive, informal contacts with citizens led

to lower rates of victimization (Wycoff, Pate, Skogan, and Sherman, 1985).

 The program focused on the quality of police-citizen interactions. Aspects of

community policing can be combined with other successful interventions in ways that

may increase their overall effectiveness. In one case, it was described that a

community-oriented approach to hot spots policing focused on community consultation

on the tactics used in hot spots and efforts to ensure that hot spots policing strategies

do not damage police-resident relationships (Braga and Weisburd, 2010). And to note

the specific observation, the study suggested that dealing with hot spot locations in a

collaborative and transparent way has great potential to improve police-community

relations and enhance overall police legitimacy.

Another study by some prolific security managers,) was conducted to make a

systematic review and examine the impact of community policing on crime and

disorder, fear of crime, legitimacy, and citizen satisfaction. Their results suggest a

small impact on violent crime, a nonsignificant impact on property crime, and a small

effect on fear of crime. Thus, community policing is only weakly related to reducing

crime, at least in the short term, which is why we have not listed community policing

under the idea of what really works for reducing crime. Community policing was

associated with larger, significant positive benefits for citizen satisfaction, perceived

disorder, and police legitimacy (Gill, et.al., 2014).

Community policing programs, therefore, may be one way for the police to

incorporate principles of procedural justice into their interactions with citizens and as

a result improve police-community relations. Based on its process model, it could be

the case that community policing has a small impact on crime in the short-term, but a

more substantial long-term positive relationship through increased levels of legitimacy

and satisfaction, although future research is needed on these linkages. These enhanced

citizen perceptions of police legitimacy may contribute to increased compliance with

the law and reduced crime (J. Tyler, 2004).

Again, as noted above, these linkages have not been tested in intervention

research to date, and so it is difficult to reach any strong conclusions about the

relationship between community policing and long-term crime reduction. In a related

systematic review, it was examined that police interventions designed to enhance

procedural justice and increase citizen perceptions of police legitimacy (Mazerolle,

Bennett, Davis, Sargeant, and Manning, 2013). They focused on interventions that

incorporated at least one component of procedural justice such as in the case of

participation, neutrality, dignity, respect and trustworthy motives. Their findings

suggest the promise of police efforts to enhance legitimacy, although their review

covered a range of studies, most of which included multiple kinds of interventions,

making it difficult to disentangle the specific impact of procedural justice. There was

evidence that these interventions increased citizen satisfaction, cooperation, and

levels of procedural justice. The overall effect of these programs on perceptions of

legitimacy was large, but not statistically significant, indicating variability across

studies. The impact of these interventions on reducing reoffending was also mixed

(Mazerolle, Antrobus, Bennett, and Tyler, 2013).

While community policing programs are one way to incorporate procedural

justice into policing, they are not the only possible approach. As an example, if found

that even brief procedurally just police-citizen encounters during random breath

testing for drunken driving could enhance citizen perceptions of police legitimacy.
Findings here, however, are inconsistent, as a study using a similar intervention in

Scotland found positive impact of the procedural justice intervention (MacQueen &

Bradford, 2015).

Finally, a study looked specifically at the effectiveness of neighborhood watch

programs and found overall that neighborhood watch is associated with a significant

crime reduction, suggesting further crime control benefits for this type of community

policing program. Prior narrative reviews of the literature were less supportive of the

benefits of neighborhood watch programs, but found that the programs were associated

with a crime reduction of between 16 and 26 percent (Bennett and colleagues, 2008).

Third-party Policing. This policing system describes police efforts to persuade

or coerce non-offending persons to take actions which are outside the scope of their

routine activities, and which are designed to indirectly minimize disorder caused by

other persons or to reduce the possibility that crime may occur. The practice applies

formal, noncriminal controls found in civil law as coercive tools against an intermediate

class of non-offending persons who are thought to have some power over offenders'

primary environments (Pakes, F.J., 2010).

The police use coercion to create place guardianship that previously was absent,

so as to decrease opportunities for crime and disorder. We link the theoretical bases of

crime prevention to the theory of third-party policing, and examine gaps in traditional

policing that have led to a formalization of policing through third parties (A. Crawford,

2009).
 Evidence-based Policing. This policing system states that officers, supervisors

and command staff should not only be armed with the right equipment, knowledge of

the law, proper procedures, and defensive protection, but also have as much knowledge

about what tactics and strategies work best to fight crime so that they can make good

decisions while patrolling or carrying out investigations.

In the past, police training has been focused mostly on procedures, the law,

physical skills, and use of equipment. Rarely were police trained in the large body of

knowledge about "what works" in crime control and prevention. Evidence-based policing

also centralizes the role of crime analysis in everyday policing. By understanding how

crime geographically and temporally clusters, as well as which environmental and

situational factors can attract opportunities for crime, police can become more

effective in addressing the specific crime, disorder, and traffic problems they face. The

bottom line: Police need to take advantage of the knowledge about what works to

improve police efforts in crime control, community relations, and internal

management, as well as generate knowledge and analysis within their agencies to

improve their ability to prevent and reduce crime (P. Sherman, 1998).

In evidence-based policing, officers should use tactics and strategies that have

been shown to be effective in reducing, preventing, controlling, and detecting crime,

doing as little harm to people as possible. Many patrol tactics have already been

evaluated through reliable, rigorous analysis. Some tactics and organizational practices

work better than others in preventing crime, improving officer health, or improving

community satisfaction with the police. There are a number of generalizations from
research that officers can apply in many different settings to improve their overall

effectiveness (M. Haberfeld, & I. Cerrah, 2008).

The police, like many organizations in education, medicine, social services, and

emergency response, may not always use information about the most effective tactics

when making decisions. Sometimes knowledge from research fails to become translated

or disseminated into everyday police practice. In some cases, information may not be

available about whether a particular police tactic is effective, or whether a useful

tactic might also have collateral consequences. For example, many traditional

investigative strategies that police have used for years have not been tested for their

effectiveness in reducing crime or improving clearance rates.

There are also organizational cultures and systems that reinforce approaches and

styles of policing that are less effective but are ingrained in police work. These define

the police role as a focus on responding to calls and making reactive arrests. Although

we now know that these two activities alone may not reduce, prevent, or control crime,

these systems are fixtures in policing and are difficult to change. In these modules, we

only cover research related to crime control and prevention, but officers should note

that there is research on many different aspects of policing, including improvement of

community and citizen relationships, internal management, disparities and discretion,

police technology, shift length, and how officers can improve their physical and mental

well-being (Dempsey, J.S., 2008).

Hot Spot Policing. The hot spots policing strategies focus on small geographic

areas or places, usually in urban settings, where crime is concentrated (Braga, et. al.,
2012). Although there is not a common definition for “hot spots,” they are generally

thought of as small places in which the occurrence of crime is so frequent that it is

highly predictable, at least over a one year period (Sherman,1995). Through hot spots

policing strategies, law enforcement agencies can focus limited resources in areas

where crime is most likely to occur. The appeal of focusing limited resources on a small

number of high-activity crime areas is based on the belief that if crime can be

prevented at these hot spots, then total crime across the city might also be reduced.

The units of analysis in hot spots policing vary in size. Hot spot areas can include

very small units of analysis such as buildings or addresses, block faces, or street

segments, or bigger units such as clusters of addresses, block faces, or street segments.

There are also several crime mapping techniques that can be used to identify and test

for crime hot spots. Hot spots can also be displayed in diverse formats, including point

mapping and spatial ellipses. There is no set standard for identifying and defining crime

hot spots; rather, a combination of technology and police officer or crime analyst

experience and knowledge contribute to the mapping and targeting process (Eck, et al.

2005).

Recent interest in hot spots policing is due in part to changes and innovations in

policing that have occurred over the last three decades and the emergence of

theoretical perspectives in criminology suggesting the importance of ‘place’ in

understanding crime. The observation that the distribution of crime varies within

neighborhoods and is not spread evenly across areas has existed for some time (Braga,

et. al., 2012). However, with the emergence of powerful computer hardware and
software capable of carrying out sophisticated spatial analyses, crime analysts in police

departments are now able to identify and track spatial concentrations of crime.

Moreover, police reforms like Compstat revealed the strong linkages between

spatial analyses of crime patterns and police operations meant to disrupt those

patterns. Criminologists have also relied on spatial analysis tools to point out that much

of the crime in a community is committed in a small number of criminogenic places.

Three related theoretical perspectives influenced the study of place-based

crime: rational choice theory (Cornish and Clarke, 1987), routine activity theory (Cohen

and Felson 1979), and environmental criminology (Brantingham and Brantingham,

1991). Rational choice theory assumes that offenders are self-interested and weigh the

costs and benefits of offending before making the choice to offend. Routine activity

theory suggests that crime is the convergence in time and space of a motivated

offender, a suitable target, and a lack of capable guardianship. Environmental

criminology is concerned with criminal events and the importance of the characteristics

of the places where crime happens (Braga, 2007). Hot spots policing emerged, in part,

from these criminological theories.

Hot spots policing relies primarily on highly focused, traditional law enforcement

strategies. A visual representation of the relationship between the diversity of the hot

spots policing approach and its level of focus compared to other policing strategies,

such as community-oriented and problem-oriented policing, can be found in (Weisburd

and Eck, 2004).

 Hot spots policing can adopt a variety of strategies to control crime in problem

areas, including order maintenance and drug enforcement crackdowns, increased gun

searches and seizures, and zero-tolerance policing. These strategies can be categorized

into two fundamentally different types of approaches (Braga, et al. 2012). The first

approach, problem oriented policing, represents police-led efforts to change the

underlying conditions at hot spots that lead to recurring crime problems. It requires

police to look past traditional strategies and include other possible methods for

addressing crime problems (Weisburd and Eck, 2004).

The second approach relies primarily on traditional policing activities, such as

vehicle patrols, foot patrols, or crackdowns concentrated at specific hot spots to

prevent crime through general deterrence and increased risk of apprehension.

Problem-oriented policing. This system of policing is an analytic method used

by police to develop strategies that prevent and reduce crime. Under the model, police

agencies are expected to systematically analyze the problems of a community, search

for effective solutions to the problems, and evaluate the impact of their efforts

(National Research Council, 2004).

This represents police-led efforts to change the underlying conditions at hot

spots that lead to recurring crime problems. It also requires police to look past

traditional strategies and consider other possible approaches for addressing crime and

disorder. Today, it is one of the most widely used strategies among progressive law

enforcement agencies (Weisburd and Eck, 2004).

 This model approach was first advanced by Herman Goldstein (1979), who argued

that the standard model of policing which is primarily reactive and incident driven

should be replaced with a more proactive approach to identifying and targeting

problems that contribute to crime, disorder, and other community issues. Eck and

Spelman (1987) later developed a framework for implementing the model through the

use of the SARA (for Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment) model, which is

discussed below. SARA is just one of numerous potential methodologies for

implementing the model in practice.

The model’s interventions can take on many different forms and will vary

depending on the specific problems being combated. One of the most popular methods

for implementing the model in practice is a four-step process known as the SARA model.

In the first step, Scanning, police rely on several different sources to identify

and prioritize potential problems associated with crime and disorder in a jurisdiction.

This can include identifying problems of concern to the community, confirming that the

problem exists, figuring out the consequences of the problem, and determining how

frequently the problem occurs.

Once the problem is identified, the next step is Analysis. This stage of the process

involves identifying and analyzing relevant data to learn more about the problem,

including potentially narrowing its scope and figuring out possible explanations why the

problem is occurring. This information is essential for selecting the most effective and

appropriate response to the problem, which occurs in the next step. During the third

step, Response, police and their partners select one or more responses or interventions
based on the results from the Analysis conducted in the previous step. A response plan

is outlined that includes the nature of each response, the specific objectives these

responses are intended to achieve, and the responsibilities of the various partners

involved in implementing the response. Once the response is selected, it is

implemented by the police and their partners.

Finally, the Assessment step involves evaluating whether the responses were

implemented in a way that was consistent with the Response plan, and whether the

responses achieved their intended effects. Thus, the assessment phase includes both

process evaluation and impact evaluation components.

The approaches can take on a variety of forms. Strategies may focus on crime

hot spots or they may target nongeographic concentrations in crime and other

problems, including repeat offenders, repeat victims, and repeat times. The key

ingredients in model are the selection of a narrowly defined problem type and the

application of a wide range of targeted responses intended to reduce the incidence or

severity of that problem type. Other important ingredients include the inclusion of

partners outside of the police agency and the central role of data and information in

selecting a problem type, analyzing it, evaluating the responses, and adjusting as

needed (White, M., 2007).

The model relies primarily on a diverse range of tightly focused policing

strategies, some of which involve traditional law enforcement approaches and some of

which involve alternative approaches. The model overlaps to some extent with other

recent innovations in policing, including community policing, third-party policing,

focused deterrence, and hot spots policing. Nonetheless, model’s central elements are

distinctive.

Problem-oriented policing combines the resource targeting strategies of hot

spots policing with the diverse approaches of community policing. Community policing

draws on a variety of approaches to address crime and disorder issues, including

partnerships between police and other organizations and community groups. However,

community policing does not necessarily involve the intense degree of focus on a

specific problem type like the model. Third-party policing involves the mobilization of

third parties to assist the police in solving community problems. Hot spots policing

strategies rely mostly on traditional law enforcement approaches. However, police

powers and resources are directed toward dealing with a specific crime-ridden area or

group of offenders (National Research Council 2004, 249).

Finally, focused deterrence strategies often rely heavily on problem-oriented

policing approaches, but they have several distinctive elements that fall outside the

most common definitions of the model (Weisburd and Eck, 2004).

PESTEL Analysis

A P.E.S.T.E.L. analysis is an acronym for a tool used to identify the macro

external forces facing an organization. The letters stand for Political, Economic, Social,

Technological, Environmental and Legal. In a policy development, before any kind of

strategy or tactical plan may be implemented, it is fundamental to conduct a situational

analysis. A policy direction that successfully monitors and responds to changes in the

macro-environment is able to endure and tolerate competitive advantages and benefit

from an analytical perspective, the points of view of the factors that affect the policy

creation and development.

This analytical method may help the proponents in dealing with the different

factors that affect the policy development in order to create a more responsive policy

that addresses the trends and challenges of terrorism and organized crimes in

Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao.

Political Factors. These determine the extent to which government and its

actions may impact the policy direction. This would include political policy and stability

as well as trade, fiscal and taxation policies. In policy development, political factors

play an important role the in its inception and implementation. A policy requires strong

linkages, relations and associations with the different stakeholders so that a more

cohesive and unified approach may be developed. In a counter-terrorism policing

development, the coordination between the local government and law enforcement

agencies must be strong. It is also incumbent upon the local government to adhere to

an established policy so that any change in political structure would not result to

disintegration and collapse of a policy already in place.

In the ARMM, the political structure is diverse since there is the traditional

politics, where the elected local government officers run the political government and

the tribal or ethnic and religious political system that are also present and active in the

same geo-political territory. Because of this, it is important to consider the different

political systems that are in place to ensure participation and involvement by these

systems to the success of a policy.

 Economic Factors. These factors impact on the economy and its performance,

which in turn directly impacts on the policy creation and its economic sustainability.

Factors include borrowing capacity of the government to support the implementation

of projects and initiates that require fiscal and financial support, employment of

personnel both uniformed and non-uniformed in organizational administration and field

operation, as well as other costs for the overall implementation of the policy. In the

case of Marawi City, over 200,000 residents, 80 % of its populace fled the city and sought

refuge to the nearby cities and municipalities after the war broke between the

government forces and the local terrorists. This displacement resulted to the collapse

of the economic activities in the same locality. The foreign investors also shied away

from investing in the ARMM because of the civil unrest. Because of this, the local

government is paralyzed to implement fiscal reforms that would ensure success of any

policy.

In the development of a counter-terrorism policing system, it is equally

important to consider the economic factors in order to determine its feasibility and

success. The policy development must relate to the capacity of the local government

to support it with fiscal reforms necessary to carry out the programs. Hence,

Social Factors. These factors focus on the social environment and identify

emerging trends. This helps will proponents to further understand their needs and wants

moving forward towards the successful implementation of the policy, including its

sustainability and acceptance by the society.

 Terrorism is socially a very broad concept. The role of typology is to subdivide

the field into categories which are more manageable for research and analysis. One

basic distinction is between state and factional terror. There is of course a very

considerable historical and social science literature on aspects of state terror. In view

of the sheer scale of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and mass terror that have

been and are being committed by regimes, this is a more severe problem for humanity

than the containment and reduction of factional terror by often very tiny groups. And

it is important to observe that historically, state terror has often been an antecedent

to, and, to varying degrees, a contributory cause of, campaigns of sub-state terrorism.

And once regimes come to assume that their ends justify the means they tend to get

locked into a spiral of terror and counter-terror against their adversaries.

Another important distinction is between international terrorism, involving the

citizens of two or more states, and domestic or internal terrorism which confines its

activities within the borders of a specific state or province. Terrorism analysis based

entirely on international incident statics cannot provide an accurate picture of world

trends in terrorism because it excludes well over ninety percent of terrorist activity

around the globe. A further complication is that almost all prolonged domestic terrorist

campaigns have an international dimension. In most cases their leaders expend

considerable effort seeking external sources of political support, cash, weapons, safe

haven, and other useful assets, from friendly governments and political movements as

well as from their own diasporas. No broad categorization can do full justice to the

variety and complexity of the modern phenomena of terrorism but a comprehensive

review of the social science literature on terrorism reveals abundant evidence of

currently active groups involved in terrorist activity motivated by nationalism,

separatism, racism, vigilantism, ultra-left ideology, religious fundamentalism,

millennialism, and single-issue campaigns.

Technological Factors. These factors consider the rate of technological

innovation and development that could affect the policy development. Factors could

include changes in digital or mobile technology, automation, research and

development. There is often a tendency to focus on developments only in digital

technology but may also include innovations od traditional methods which may only

require further enhancement and application of new technologies as to make them

more relevant and adaptive to the changing environment.

Environmental Factors. These factors relate to the influence of the surrounding

environment and the impact of ecological aspects. With the rise in importance of

environmental sustainability, responsibility which are becoming more important.

Factors include environmental procedures, waste disposal and sustainability of the

proposed policy against the demands of more environmentally-friendly strategies.

Legal Factors. A policy must comprehend what is legal and allowed within the

territories of which it operates. It must also be aware of any change in legislation and

the impact this may have on policy direction. Factors include relevant statutes,

executive orders, standing administrative orders and policies, safety and security

regulations, as well as international regulations and restrictions.