Computer Network

nd
DIT PART 2
 Composed By:
Mity Ali Murad
MEMON
 DEFINITION OF COMPUTER NETWORK
A computer network is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by
communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.

TYPES OF NETWORK:
PAN:

Personal area network: used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones,
PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles.

LAN:

Local area network: A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a
limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely
positioned group of buildings.

MAN:

Metropolitan area network: A Metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that
usually spans a city or a large campus.
WAN:

Wide area network: A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic
area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances, using a communications channel
that combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables, and air waves.

Internetwork:

An internetwork is the connection of multiple computer networks via a common routing technology
using routers. The Internet is an aggregation of many connected internetworks spanning the Earth.

Internet:

A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting
of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.

Or

Internet is used in short for “Inter connected networks”. Is the global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide?

Basic Network Terminologies

DATA:

Derived from Latin word “datum” which means time. Data is raw facts of things. No contextual
meaning. Just number and text.
 Transmission Modes in Computer Networks
Transmission mode refers to the mechanism of transferring of data between two devices connected
over a network. It is also called Communication Mode.

There are three types of transmission modes.

SIMPLEX Mode

In this type of transmission mode, data can be sent only in one direction.

Examples of simplex Mode are loudspeakers, television broadcasting, television and remote,
keyboard and monitor etc.

HALF DUPLEX Mode

Half-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted in both directions on a signal
carrier, but not at the same time.

For example, on a local area network.

Example of half duplex is a walkie- talkie in which message is sent one at a time but messages are sent
in both the directions.
FULL DUPLEX Mode

In full duplex system we can send data in both the directions as it is bidirectional at the same time in
other words, data can be sent in both directions simultaneously.

Example of Full Duplex is a Telephone Network in which there is communication between two
persons by a telephone line, using which both can talk and listen at the same time.

Elements of Data Communication System

The basic elements of data communication system are as follows:

Sender/Transmitter
A device used for sending data or messages is called sender. I.e. Computer, telephone/Fax machine etc.

Message
The message is the data or information that is to be transmitted i.e. text, numbers, pictures, sounds
and videos etc.

Medium or Communication Channel

The path through which data is transmitted from one place to another is called medium. I.e.
telephone line, fiber optics etc.

Receiver
A device used for receiving messages is called Receiver. I.e. computer, telephone/fax machine, printer
etc.

Encoder and Decoder: The encoder and decoder are used in communication systems to convert
signals from one form to another.
 Topology
The physical layout of a network is called network topology.

OR

The study of geometrical properties and spatial relations unaffected by the continuous
change of shape or size of figures.

Main Types of Physical Topologies

Star topology: A star topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all nodes
are individually connected to a central connection point.
Bus topology: A bus topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all the nodes
are connected to a single cable.

Or

A bus network is a network topology in which nodes are directly connected to a common half-duplex
link called a bus topology.
Ring topology
A ring topology is a network configuration in which device connections create a
circular data path.
Mesh topology
Mesh topology is a type of networking where all nodes cooperate to distribute
data amongst each other.
 Networking Devices
Node
A node is any physical device within a network of other tools that's able to send, receive,
or forward information. ... Modems, switches, hubs, bridges, servers, and printers are
also nodes, as are other devices that connect over Wi-Fi or Ethernet.

Routers
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Data
sent through the internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets.

Switches
A network switch is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by
using packet switching to receive, and forward data to the destination device

Hubs
An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, multiport repeater, or simply hub is a
network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making them
act as a single network segment.

Modems
A combined device for modulation and demodulation, for example, between the digital
data of a computer and the analogue signal of a telephone line.

Multiplexer
In electronics, a multiplexer, also known as a data selector, is a device that selects between
several analog or digital input signals and forwards it to a single output line. A multiplexer of
inputs has select lines, which are used to select which input line to send to the output.

Bridge
A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single aggregate network
from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network
bridging. Bridging is distinct from routing.

NIC Card
A network interface controller is a computer hardware component that connects a
computer to a computer network. Early network interface controllers were commonly
implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus.

Repeater
In telecommunications, a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover
longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction.
B-router
A bridge router or brouter is a network device that works as a bridge and as a router. The
brouter routes packets for known protocols and simply forwards all other packets as a bridge
would. Brouters operate at both the network layer for routable protocols and at the data link
layer for non-routable protocols

Gateways
A gateway is a piece of networking hardware used in telecommunications for
telecommunications networks that allows data to flow from one discrete network to another.

Network Media Types

There are two main types of network media:

Guided
Guided media, which are those that provide a conduct from one device to another, include twisted
pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable.

Types of guided media

Twisted pair cable
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together
for the purposes of improving electromagnetic compatibility.
Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable or coax is a type of electrical cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular
insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an
insulating outer sheath or jacket.

Fiber optics
A fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable,
but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light.
 Transmission Media
The media over which the information between two computer systems is sent, called transmission
media. Transmission media comes in two forms.

UN Guided Media
Unguided Media transport electromagnetic waves without using in physical conductor.

This type of communication is often referred to as a wireless communication.

Signals are normally broadcast through air and thus are available to anyone who has a device capable
to receiving them.

Unguided signals can travel from source to destination in several ways.

Types of Unguided Media

Three Types:
Ground propagation
In ground propagation radio waves travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere hugging the
earth/data.

Sky propagation
In sky propagation, higher frequency radio waves radiate upward into the ionosphere where they
back to the earth.

Line of sight propagation

In line of sight propagation, very high frequency signals are transmitted in straight line directly from
antenna to antenna.

Wireless Transmission
Only sender send the information but receiver not the output that is called wireless
transmission.
Wireless Communication
Wireless communication is the transfer of information or power b/w two or more points that are not
connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technology use radio.

Or

Sender sends the information that receiver give the information that receiver output the
sender for sends the information that is called Wireless Communication.
 Radio Transmission
Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are
electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz and 300 gigahertz.

Ind
Infrared signals rare can use be used for short range communication is a closed area using
line of sight propagation. 300 GHz to 400 THz

Types of Connectors

RJ 45

An unkeyed 8P8C modular connector, often found on Ethernet cables.

BNC

Bayonet Neill–Concelman) is a common type of RF connector used for coaxial cable. It is used with
radio, television, and other radio-frequency electronic equipment, test instruments, video signals, and
was once a popular computer network connector.

RJ 11

Registered jack (RJ) the standard designs for these connectors and their wiring are named RJ11, RJ14,
RJ21, RJ48, etc. Many of these interface standards are commonly used in North America, though some
interfaces are used worldwide.

OSI Model
Introduction

Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is an
abstract description for layered communications and computer network protocol design. It was
developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) initiative. In its most basic form, it
divides network architecture into seven layers, which, from top to bottom, are the Application,
Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and Physical Layers. It is therefore often
referred to as the OSI.
Seven Layer Model
Data, Protocol & Activities
 PROTOCOLS IN NETWORKING
Communications protocol

Ftp
File Transfer Protocol is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another
host.

HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia
information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.

NNTP
Network Ne ws Transfer Protocol is an Internet application protocol used for transporting Usenet
news articles (netnews) between news servers and for reading and posting articles by end user client
applications.

NetBIOS
Network Basic Input/output System

TCP
Transmission Control Protocol TCP is for communication between applications. If one application
wants to communicate with another via TCP, it sends a communication request. This request must be
sent to an exact address. After a "handshake" between the two applications, TCP will set up a "full-
duplex" communication between the two applications. The "full-duplex" communication will occupy
the communication line between the two computers until it is closed by one of the two applications.

IP
Internet Protocol the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a network communication
protocol. It can be used as a communications protocol on private networks and it is the default
protocol in use on the internet.

Ethernet
Ethernet is a widely deployed LAN technology. This technology was invented by Bob Metcalfe and
D.R. Boggs in the year 1970. Ethernet used by sharing the information and media has high probability
of data collision.
Digital Signals
Digital signals are discrete in nature and represent sequence of voltage pulses. Digital signals are used
within the circuitry of a computer system.

Analog Signals
Analog signals are in continuous wave form in nature and represented by continuous electromagnetic
waves.

Transmission Modes
Transmission mode refers to the mechanism of transferring of data between two device connected
over a network. It also called Transmission Modes.

The binary data in the form of 1s and 0s can be sent in two different modes: Parallel and Serial.

Parallel Transmission:
Parallel transmission, transmitting server bits of data simultaneously using multiple lines (8,
16, 32, and 64). The pathways between the CPU and memory, and they used to be between
the CPU and peripheral device.
Serial Transmission
Serial transmission sends data bits one after another over a single channel. In
serial transmission, bits are sent one after another in a queue manner. Serial transmission requires
only one communication channel.

Wireless Communication
Wireless communication is the transfer of information or power b/w two or more points that are not
connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technology use radio.
 Server
A computer or computer program which manages access to a centralized resource or service in
a network.

Clients
In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other
programs or devices, called "clients".

Client–server model
In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides mode functionality
for other programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the clientserver.

Telecommunications network
A telecommunications network is a collection of terminal nodes in which links are connected
so as to enable telecommunication between the terminals. The transmission links connect
the nodes together.

Telecommunication
Communication over a distance by cable, telegraph, telephone, or broadcasting.
Or
The branch of technology concerned with telecommunication

Or
A message sent by telecommunication.

Types of telecommunication
 E-mail.
Messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more
recipients via a network.

 Fax.
Fax, sometimes called telescoping or telefax, is the telephonic transmission of scanned
printed material, normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output
device.
 Instant messaging.
Instant messaging technology is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission
over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network. Short
messages are typically transmitted between two parties, when each user chooses to
complete a thought and select "send".
 Radio.
The transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves of radio frequency, especially
those carrying sound messages.
Or
Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are
electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz and 300 gigahertz.
 Satellite.
A celestial body orbiting the earth or another planet.
 Telegraphy.
The science or practice of using or constructing communication systems for the
transmission or reproduction of information.
 Telephony.
The working or use of telephones.
Artificial satellites
In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object that has been intentionally placed into
orbit. These objects are called artificial satellites.

Natural satellite
A natural satellite, or moon, is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits
a planet or minor planet. In the Solar System there are six planetary satellite systems
containing 205 known natural satellites.