Report 12.52.00 PM PDF

A POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION WITH
MOTOR-GENERATOR PAIR FOR

RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION
SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by
SUAAD MOHAMMED IQUBAL
REAOEEE033
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

ROYAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
Akkikavu, Thrissur - 680604
www.royalcet.ac.in
April 2018
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
5.
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Akkikavu, Thrissur - 680604
www.royalcet.ac.in
Bonafide Certificate
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “A Possible Configuration with Motor-
generator Pair for Renewable Energy Integration”, is a bonafide record of work carried
out by SUAAD MOHAMMED IQUBAL (REAOEEE033) of Eighth Semester Electrical
and Electronics Engineering (2014 admissions) of Royal College of Engineering and Tech-
nology, as a requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Eletrical
and Electronics Engineering of University of Calicut during the academic year 2017-
2018. The seminar has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect
of seminar work prescribed for the said degree.
Seminar Guide Seminar Co-ordinator Head of Department
Date:
Place:
Dedicated to my parents
A Possible Configuration with Motor-generator Pair for Renewable Energy Integration
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every success stands as a testimony not only to the hardship but also to hearts behind it.
Likewise, the seminar has been completed with direct and indirect help of many people and
i would like to acknowledge the same.
First and foremost i take immense pleasure in thanking the Management and respected
Principal, Dr. S. P. Subramanian for providing me with the wider facilities.I express my
sincere thanks to Ms. Amrutha Chemmannur Head of the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering for giving me an opportunity to present this seminar and for timely
suggestions.
I wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to the Seminar coordinators Ms Able
Alex and Ms. Neethu K.S Asst. Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engi-
neering, who coordinated me in right path.Words are inadequate in offering my thanks to
Seminar Guide Ms. Rehana A.M Asst. Professor Department of Electrical and Electron-
ics Engineering, for her encouragement and guidance in carrying out the seminar.
Needless to mention that the teaching and the non-teaching faculty members had been
the source of inspiration and timely support in the conduct of my seminar.I would like to
express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents for their blessings, my class-mates for
their help and wishes for the successful completion of seminar.
Above all I would like to thank the Almighty God for the blessing that helped me to
complete the venture smoothly.
Department of EEE i RCET, Akkikkavu

ABSTRACT
High penetration rates of renewable energy will bring stability problems for the future
power grid. One of the critical issues is lack of inertia. In this paper, a synchronous
motor-generator pair (MGP) system is proposed as a possible solution for renewable en-
ergy integration to enhance inertia and improve grid stability. First, feasibility studies of
MGP on inertia, damping, efciency, and cost are presented. Second, an analytical model
is established based on its rotor angle relation. An active power control scheme based on
voltage phase difference between renewable energy source and grid is then proposed, and
state equations of MGP are derived for small signal stability. Next, two experiments are de-
signed and implemented to verify stable operation and active power regulation of the MGP
system. A single-machine innite bus system is tested to investigate small signal stability
and frequency response of MGP. The results show that the MGP system has a solid base
in physics and is a feasible solution for providing enough inertia and improving small sig-
nal performance in the power grid with high penetration of renewable energy. The paper
concludes with a discussion on future research directions to gain a better understanding of
MGP.
Department of EEE ii RCET, Akkikkavu

Contents
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS vi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Report Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 MOTOR GENERATOR PAIR 4

2.1 Structure of Motor-Generator Pair and Power Grid with High Penetration
of Renewable Energy Using MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Inertia and Damping Level of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Efficiency and Cost of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Hardware 8
3.1 Rotor Angle Relation of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Active Power Control of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Model of Small Signal Stability of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS 13

4.1 Load Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Active Power Regulation Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5 STABILITY SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS 17
6 CONCLUSION 20
Department of EEE iii RCET, Akkikkavu

REFERENCES
Department of EEE iv RCET, Akkikkavu

List of Figures
2.1 Structure of MGP and the grid-connection way for renewable energy . . . . 4
2.2 Conguration of high penetration renewable energy grid system based on MGP. 5
2.3 Grid-connection ways for a wind farm using MGPs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Energy conversion of traditional thermal power unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 Energy conversion of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 Rotor angle relation of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Change of rotor angle when active power increases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Time phasor space vector diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Control system block diagram of active power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1 Experimental platform of MGP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.2 Circuit of load experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3 Active power curve of load experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.4 Experimental circuit of active power control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.5 Active power curve when regulating the phase angle between renewable
energy source and the grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1 Single-machine innite bus system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.2 Movement of dominant eigenvalues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.3 Comparison of damping ratios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.4 Frequency response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Department of EEE v RCET, Akkikkavu

List of Symbols and Abbreviations
MGP Motor Generator Pair

PMSG Permanent magnet synchronous generator
DFIG Doubly fed induction generator
Department of EEE vi RCET, Akkikkavu

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The penetration rate of renewable energy is generally dened as the ratio of active
power actually generated by renewable energy to total load demand. Increasing the pene-
tration rate fundamentally changes the conguration of the power grid. This will impact the
power system in the future and will present a signicant challenge in terms of its stability.
The synchronous generator plays a critical role in the stability of the traditional
power grid because inherent inertia is provided by its rotor to support frequency response,
and damping control is achieved by its excitation system to restrain oscillation in dynamic
processes of the power system. These advantages are fundamental to maintaining fre-
quency,rotor angle, and voltage stability. However, synchronous generators in the future
will be gradually replaced by renewable energy sources, leading to lack of inertia and syn-
chronization, which is negative to stable operation. In the case of wind power, the rotor
speed of the induction generator is coupled with grid frequency, but it only has limited and
slow inertia response. Similarly, the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
connected to the grid via a converter in wind generation is completely decoupled from grid
frequency, and the inertia response is almost zero. Lastly, the stator of doubly fed induc-
tion generator (DFIG) is directly connected to the grid, but it can only provide very limited
inertia response through specic control strategies. These examples demonstrate the specic
problems related to wind; for other renewable energies that do not use rotary machineries,
such as photovoltaics, the inertia response is not relevant.
Research to date has focused on two main aspects:analyzing the inuence factors
and action mechanisms, and studying the control schemes to enhance stability. Some stud-
ies show that there is still a degree of uncertainty as to whether renewable energy sources
have positive or negative effects on stability. Other studies state many factors that can lead
to all kinds of stability problems, including type of wind turbines, location, penetration
Department of EEE 1 RCET, Akkikkavu

rates, uctuation, control strategies of converters and their dynamic interaction with grid and
even fault types.
A control method called virtual inertia or virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is

proposed. It mainly uses energy stored in the rotor of a wind turbine, or in an auxiliary en-
ergy storage system of a photovoltaic system to provide enough inertia response so that the
converter can mimic the synchronous generators. However, it is important to note that the
VSG is essentially a converter that has no ability to support high short circuit current when
large disturbance events happen. As such, its overload and transient voltage supporting
abilities are not as good as synchronous generators.
The primary frequency response to achieve inertia response is studied by curtailing

the power output of wind turbines to have a 5% to 10% margin.Simulations show that this
can shorten the response time between nadir and settling frequency and improve frequency
after restoration. However, large-scale wind turbines operating in this way will not be cost-
effective. A multi-terminal DC transmission system is used to regulate frequency. Two
methods are used: 1) Sharing inertia response among different AC grids by synchronous
generators to ensure that disturbance in one area can be distributed over the whole sys-
tem, and 2) changing overall DC voltage level to achieve active power exchange, which is
essentially similar to virtual inertia control.
Since synchronous generators and synchronization are critical to stability, this pa-
per proposes a synchronous motorgenerator pair (MGP) system as a new method to connect
renewable energy to the grid. This method will not only enhance the stability of the sys-
tem, but represents a new conguration for the future power system with high penetration of
renewable energy.
1.1 Report Organization

The organization of this paper is as follows. Section II introduces the MGP struc-
ture and presents a possible future grid conguration based on MGP systems. Then inertia
and damping level of MGP is investigated, as well as its efciency and cost issues. In Section
III, an active power regulation method is proposed using rotor angle and the internal electro-
magnetic relationships of MGP. Based on the analysis above, a small signal model of MGP
is described. In Section IV, two experiments are presented to show that MGP can achieve
steady operation with load, and to verify the active power regulation strategy. In Section
V, a single-machine innite bus system is simulated for small signal stability and transient

stability. Section VI draws conclusions and discusses further works to better understand
MGP.

Chapter 2
MOTOR GENERATOR PAIR
This section provides an introduces the MGP structure and presents a possible
future grid conguration based on MGP systems. Then inertia and damping level of MGP is
investigated, as well as its efciency and cost issues.
2.1 Structure of Motor-Generator Pair and Power Grid

with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Using MGP
The proposed MGP system based on synchronous machines is depicted in Fig

2.1. The motor and the generator of MGP are synchronous machines. Power generated
by renewable energy, converted to 50 Hz by its inverter, is then converged to drive the
synchronous motor. The shafts of the two machines are coupled so the motor can drive
the generator, which means that the synchronous motor replaces traditional steam turbine
or water turbine as a primary mover.Both machines operate in the same rated speed, so the
generator can be directly connected to the power grid similar to a traditional power plant.
Figure 2.1: Structure of MGP and the grid-connection way for renewable energy

Using MGP, a possible conguration of the power grid with high penetration of
renewable energy is shown in Fig. 2.2. Only a few traditional generators exist in this grid.
One part of renewable energy can use MGP to provide inertia for stability, and another part
can still be directly connected to the grid in the traditional way. In the case of a wind farm,
for example,wind turbines can choose different ways of connection, shown in Fig. 2.3, to
achieve grid-connection.
Figure 2.2: Conguration of high penetration renewable energy grid system based on MGP.
In Fig. 2.3, some wind turbines converge to drive MGP as a unit. The number
of units and rated power of each unit depend on operation stability, scale of wind farms,
electric machine design, etc. For all types of renewable energy in a power system, shown
in Fig. 2.3, the proportion of the two gridconnection ways needs to be optimized in terms
of a number of factors, such as inertia level, reliability, and cost.
Figure 2.3: Grid-connection ways for a wind farm using MGPs.
It can be seen from Fig. 2.3 that with MGP, the future renewable energy power
system looks quite similar to today’s grid dominated by synchronous generators. In this

conguration, the advantages of synchronous machines in inertia, operating functions, and
control methods can be kept in tact for grid stability.
2.2 Inertia and Damping Level of MGP

A 600 MVA/22 kV thermal power unit simulated by a four mass-spring system
is chosen here to analyze inertia and damping level of the MGP. The shaft parameters of
a traditional thermal power unit are given in Table I. For MGP, the synchronous motor
replaces the traditional steam turbine cylinders as a primary mover. It has the same capacity
as the synchronous generator. The shaft parameters of the MGP are shown in Table II.
Comparing Table I with Table II, we nd that the total moment of inertia and damp-
ing torque coefcient of the thermal power unit are 22,713.22 kg·m2 and 2270.06 N·m·s/rad
while the MGP is capable of reaching 14,988.34 kg·m2 and 1498 N·m·s/rad, respectively,
accounting for more than 65 percent of the former.
The preliminary estimation shows that the inertia and damping level of MGP are
considerable for renewable energy. It is worth mentioning that the inertia of MGP is real
compared with the virtual one achieved by the converter control.
2.3 Efficiency and Cost of MGP

Energy conversion relationships of a traditional thermal power unit and an MGP
are shown in Fig. 2.4 and Fig. 2.5.
Figure 2.4: Energy conversion of traditional thermal power unit.
In general, efciency of a large hydrogen-cooled generator is more than 98% at

normal rating, so an MGP with two synchronous machines can reach 96% or even higher.
When comparing the MGP with a traditional thermal power unit, the commonality is the
loss of the synchronous generator. However, efciency and cost for both will be very different
when considering the primary mover, especially when both operate under 50% of normal

Figure 2.5: Energy conversion of MGP
rating. For a traditional power plant, which burns coal to provide thermal energy for steam
turbines, as shown in Fig. 2.4, the combustion stability of the boiler decreases signicantly,
which is a main limitation for it to achieve depth peak load cycling. On the other hand,
the MGP follows the conversion mode of electrical to mechanical energy and then back
to electrical energy, as depicted in Fig. 2.5. This means the total efciency and cost will
improve because the energy conversion from wind to electricity is not affected by a derated
operation.
When comparing MGP and VSG in terms of increased penetration of renewable

energy, VSG needs a large-scale energy storage system to provide enough inertia energy.
Thus, the MGP cost will be far less because it does not rely on expensive battery storage
systems while providing the same inertia energy.
Fig. 2.3 indicates that it is not necessary for all renewable energies to be connected
to the grid by MGP. Moreover, synchronous machines can be acquired from replaced and
retired power plants to avoid re-investments. Another merit is that both sides of the MGP
can compensate for reactive power instead of some existing compensation equipment.
Preliminary analysis concludes that MGP has high efciency and its costs will not
increase too much.

Chapter 3
Hardware
3.1 Rotor Angle Relation of MGP

The rotor angle characteristic is very important for synchronous machines to achieve
different operation and control modes. In MGP, shafts of two synchronous machines are
coupled and their rotor angles are depicted in Fig. 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Rotor angle relation of MGP
It can be seen from Fig. 3.1 that the internal voltages ˜ EM and ˜ EG rotate at
the same speed and in the same direction under steady state operation. M and G are rotor
angles of motor and generator. uMG is the phase difference between two stator voltages, ˜
UM and ˜ UG. The relation between two rotor angles can be expressed as
The rotor angle relation will help to better understand other characteristics of MGP.

3.2 Active Power Control of MGP

The MGP can still use an excitation system for reactive power control. But for
active power, it is necessary to nd an appropriate control method because the primary mover
now is a synchronous motor. This is particularly important for MGP to adapt to uctuations
in renewable energy.
The relation depicted in Fig. 3.2 shows the change of rotor angles when active
power increases. Here, M and G will rst increase and then reach steady state. It is equivalent
to changing the phase of ˜ UM if ˜ UG is chosen as reference, which is also equivalent to
changing uMG.
Figure 3.2: Change of rotor angle when active power increases.
To better understand the physical principles of the MGP and design a detailed
control method, the stator ux linkage equations and electromagnetic torque equation of
synchronous motor are as follows. All quantities involved are expressed in per unit under
d-q reference frame.
where Md and Mq are d-axis and q-axis components of the stator ux linkage; LMd
and LMq are components of the stator inductance; iMd and iMq are components of the
stator current; LMad and LMaq are components of the mutual inductance between stator
and rotor windings; iMfd is the eld circuit current; iMkd and iMkq are components of the
amortisseur circuit current; TMe is the electromagnetic torque of synchronous motor.
Equation (2) can be rewritten as
where LM is the leakage inductance of stator winding such that
where Mgd and Mgq are d-axis and q-axis components of the air-gap ux linkage.
iMd and iMq can be obtained from (5), so the electromagnetic torque can be ex-
pressed as

A time phasor space vector diagram is depicted to establish arelationshipbetween

˜ UM and 1 ( ˜ UG ischosenasreference), as shown in Fig. 3.3.
Figure 3.3: Time phasor space vector diagram.
In Fig. 3.3, ˜ Fa is the magnetomotive force of stator; ˜ Ff is the eld magnetomo-

tiveforce of stator; ˜ F is the synthesized magnetomotiveforce. 1 is the angle between ˜ F
and ˜ Fa. So the following equation can be obtained
By substituting (7) into (6), the electromagnetic torque is expressed as
In general,— ˜ Mg—changes slowly because of damping windings[28].Therefore,

the electromagnetic torquecanbe quickly controlled by regulating uMG (phase of ˜ UM) if
— ˜ M— is kept constant. The control system block diagram is shown in Fig. 9.
Figure 3.4: Control system block diagram of active power.

In Fig. 3.4, the angle difference of rotor positions can be measured and the rotor
angles can be calculated according to the operation state. An active power control loop is
used to calculate reference current in the d-q reference frame. A reference voltage vector
generated from the current control loop is sent to the space vector pulse width modulation
to control the active power. From a physics explanation point of view, the phase of stator
voltage will affect the phase of the stator magnetomotive force, leading to change of the
quadrature axis armature reaction. As a result, the energy conversion from the electromag-
netic to mechanical also changes.
3.3 Model of Small Signal Stability of MGP

Based on the analysis in parts A and B of this section, two basic conclusions can
be drawn:
1) Electromagnetic torque of synchronous motor in MGP is equivalent to mechan-

ical torque of a steam turbine in a traditional generation unit. Controlling uMG and con-
trolling valves can achieve the same goal of regulating active power.
2) Though MGP has two synchronous machines, they are coupled by one mechan-
ical shafting. There is a linear relationship between the two rotor angles if the input power
of MGP (electromagnetic torque of synchronous motor) is constant.
So MGP’s output characteristics are similar to that of synchronous generator and

G can still be used for state equations of small signal stability; however, some changes
brought by the synchronous motor should be considered.
The equations of motion of two synchronous machines in per unit are described as
where p is the differential operator d/dt; M and G are speed deviations; Tm is

mechanical torque; KMD and KGD are damping torque coefcients; HM and HG are inertia
constants; M0 and G0 are rated angular velocity.
The speed of the two synchronous machines is equal because of one shaft. The
same capacity and structure ensures that the inertia constant and damping torque coefcients
are also the same. By adding (9) to (10), the linearized state equations of MGP represented
by and G can be written as
where is speed deviation of MGP; KD and H respectively represent damping

torque coefcient and inertia constant of one synchronous machine; KS is synchronizing
torque coefcient; TMe is electromagnetic torque deviation of synchronous motor.

Equation (11) is the main difference between MGP and traditional generators. It is
easy to get other state equations with more state variables when considering the excitation
system.
It can be seen from above analysis that MGP provides a conguration for the power
grid with high penetration of renewable energy, in which synchronous machines are still
core elements. Most operation theories can be used, which brings convenience for stability
control.

Chapter 4
EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS
In this section, a prototype of an MGP is built to demonstrate its feasibility and

that of active power control, as shown in Fig. 4.1. Experimental parameters are given in
Table III.
Figure 4.1: Experimental platform of MGP.
4.1 Load Experiment

This experiment is designed to demonstrate the ability of stable operation of MGP
when load changes. The experimental circuit is shown in Fig. 4.2. In order to focus on load
changing and to simplify the control system, the synchronous motor is connected directly
to the grid instead of a converter. So in this experiment, the MGP is started by an auxiliary
DC motor. In fact, there are two other better methods to start the synchronous motor,
asynchronous start-up and variable frequency start-up. They are recommended for MGP in
practical applications considering the design difculties of large DC motors and cost.
The DC motor drives the MGP system to reach rated speed and will be cut out of

Figure 4.2: Circuit of load experiment.
service after the synchronous motor is connected to the grid. The load is then connected
to the synchronous generator at which time its terminal voltage is regulated to rated value.
The active power transmitted from the grid to the load via MGP is shown in Fig. 4.3.
In Fig. 4.3, the blue line indicates active power of the synchronous motor absorbed
from the grid; the red line indicates active power of the generator consumed by the load.
We see that MGP can realize stable power transmission under constant load. When the
load resistance is reduced, both active power of the motor and the generator go up nearly in
parallel, which means that the loss of MGP is close to constant and the increased power of
the motor is almost 100% transmitted to the load.
Figure 4.3: Active power curve of load experiment.
It is important to note that the energy transmission efciency in this experiment

is relatively low. This is because the capacity of electric machines used here is small, so
the proportion of total loss is high—mainly mechanical loss consumed by shafts. However,
this will not be a problem when using large synchronous machines in practical applications.
For example, in a synchronous generator of 200 MW, its mechanical loss is about 1332 kW
and the total loss is nearly 3404 kW, accounting for only 0.67% and 1.7% of rated power,
respectively.

4.2 Active Power Regulation Experiment

Based on the physical principle analyzed in Section III, this experiment is designed
to verify that MGP can realize active power regulation just like a steam turbine does by
regulating its valves. An open loop experimental system is designed, as shown in Fig.
4.4. A programmable grid simulator provides a constant voltage phase as reference. An
inverter generating constant power is used here to mimic renewable energy sources without
considering uctuation. The synchronous motor can be started up by DC motor or by the
inverter in this experiment.
Figure 4.4: Experimental circuit of active power control.
First, the synchronous motor is connected to the inverter (the source). In this step,
it rotates in rated speed. Then, the eld voltage is regulated and the MGP is connected to the
programmable grid simulator (the grid). The stator voltages of the MGP, ˜ UM and ˜ UG,
respectively, represent output voltage of renewable energy source and power grid. So, the
phase of output voltage of the inverter (the phase of ˜ UM) is equal to the phase difference
between the renewable energy source and the grid because the phase of ˜ UG is xed by the
programmable grid simulator as a reference. Finally, the voltage phase of the inverter is
gradually regulated and the active power goes through the MGP, as shown in Fig. 4.5.
Figure 4.5: Active power curve when regulating the phase angle between renewable energy
source and the grid.

In Fig. 4.5, at rst the MGP has no power exchange with the grid before the syn-
chronous generator is connected to the grid. The power absorbed by the MGP is about 24
W, which is mainly used for rotation. After grid-connection, the phase of output voltage of
the inverter is regulated continuously, which is equivalent to regulating the phase difference
between the renewable energy source and the grid. It can be seen from Fig. 14 that the
active power transmitted by MGP also increases.
This experiment proves that phase regulation can be an effectivemethodforcontrol-

lingactivepower.Thisisnecessary for MGP to adapt to the random of renewable energy.

Chapter 5
STABILITY SIMULATION AND

ANALYSIS
In this section, a single-machine innite bus system is tested in DIgSILENT to

investigate the effects of MGP on grid stability. As shown in Fig. 5.1, the equivalent single-
machine consists of four thermal power units and of a capacity of 353 MVA each. The
wind farm connected to the innite bus with and without MGP are simulated, respectively,
at a penetration rate of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%.
Figure 5.1: Single-machine innite bus system.
First, small signal stability is tested and the dominant eigenvalues and damping
ratios are calculated in Table IV. The movement of dominant eigenvalues and comparison
of damping ratios are presented in Fig. 5.2 and Fig. 5.3, respectively.
In Fig. 5.2, for the wind farm connected to the grid in a traditional way (without
MGP), the dominant eigenvalues gradually move to an imaginary axis with an increased

Figure 5.2: Movement of dominant eigenvalues.
Figure 5.3: Comparison of damping ratios.
penetration rate. The damping ratio also decreases and has a bigger drop when the pen-
etration rate is high. After using MGP, the dominant eigenvalues at different penetration
rates all move to the left and the damping ratio increases, as shown in Fig. 5.3. The gure
clearly indicates that MGP can effectively improve small signal stability especially at higher
penetration rates.
Then, a transient event in 300 MW generation loss is simulated to demonstrate the

effects of MGP on inertia. The frequency response is shown in Fig. 18 in per unit.
The frequency immediately declines because of imbalance between load and gen-
eration. With increased penetration rates, the initial rate of change of frequency becomes
higher and higher because the inertia decreases. The frequency nadir is about 0.974 p.u.
when penetration rate is 75%. After using MGP, the rate of change of frequency is obviously
improved in every penetration rate, and the frequency nadir is raised to 0.985p.u.,which is

Figure 5.4: Frequency response.
a signicant rise compared to the scenarios without MGP.

Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
This paper proposes the MGP system based synchronous machines to provide a
possible future power grid solution with high penetration of renewable energy and to en-
hance its stability. First, inertia and damping level, and efciency and cost of the MGP
are discussed. Then, rotor angle relation, active power regulation, small signal stability,
and frequency response are analyzed and veried through experiments and simulation. The
preliminary conclusions are as follows:
1) MGP is feasible in principle due to its solid physics base to operate in steady
state with load and grid-connection.
2) MGP can make a signicant contribution to the stability of the grid. Its inertia
and damping level, which actually exists, is about 65% of thermal power unit under the
same capacity. It can effectively provide inertia for frequency response and improve small
signal stability.
3) MGP has acceptable cost and high efciency.
4) MGP has some other distinct merits. A power grid dominated by synchronous
machines makes it reliable and more capable of supporting higher short circuit current and
voltage control.
MGP is a possible technical solution for the stability of renewable energy power
systems with high penetration levels. Further studies will focus on, for example, stable
operation and feedback control strategies of MGP to deal with random of renewable en-
ergy, quantitative cost estimation compared with other solutions, capacity optimization for
renewable energy using MGP to achieve grid-connection, excitation system and reactive
power control for both sides, coordination control of MGPs, and models and analysis of
small signal and transient stability for large grid and a range of different cases.

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A POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION WITH

MOTOR-GENERATOR PAIR FOR

SUAAD MOHAMMED IQUBAL

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Seminar Guide Seminar Co-ordinator Head of Department

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS vi

2 MOTOR GENERATOR PAIR 4

4 EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS 13

5 STABILITY SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS 17

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3.1 Rotor angle relation of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.1 Experimental platform of MGP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.1 Single-machine innite bus system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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List of Symbols and Abbreviations

MGP Motor Generator Pair

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A control method called virtual inertia or virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is

The primary frequency response to achieve inertia response is studied by curtailing

1.1 Report Organization

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MOTOR GENERATOR PAIR

2.1 Structure of Motor-Generator Pair and Power Grid

The proposed MGP system based on synchronous machines is depicted in Fig

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Figure 2.3: Grid-connection ways for a wind farm using MGPs.

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2.2 Inertia and Damping Level of MGP

2.3 Efficiency and Cost of MGP

Figure 2.4: Energy conversion of traditional thermal power unit.

In general, efciency of a large hydrogen-cooled generator is more than 98% at

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Figure 2.5: Energy conversion of MGP

When comparing MGP and VSG in terms of increased penetration of renewable

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3.1 Rotor Angle Relation of MGP

Figure 3.1: Rotor angle relation of MGP

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3.2 Active Power Control of MGP

Figure 3.2: Change of rotor angle when active power increases.

Equation (2) can be rewritten as

where LM is the leakage inductance of stator winding such that

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A time phasor space vector diagram is depicted to establish arelationshipbetween

Figure 3.3: Time phasor space vector diagram.

In Fig. 3.3, ˜ Fa is the magnetomotive force of stator; ˜ Ff is the eld magnetomo-

By substituting (7) into (6), the electromagnetic torque is expressed as

In general,— ˜ Mg—changes slowly because of damping windings[28].Therefore,

Figure 3.4: Control system block diagram of active power.

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3.3 Model of Small Signal Stability of MGP

1) Electromagnetic torque of synchronous motor in MGP is equivalent to mechan-

So MGP’s output characteristics are similar to that of synchronous generator and

where p is the differential operator d/dt; M and G are speed deviations; Tm is

where is speed deviation of MGP; KD and H respectively represent damping