Shafat Project Report

‘‘HYDRAULIC CHARACTERESTICS OF SOILS”
(Project Report)
Submitted To
RIMT UNIVERSITY
In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
ER.ANUJ SACHAR SHAFAT FAROOQ
ROLL NO.
18010301052
Department of Civil Engineering
RIMT University Mandi Gobindgarh
CONTENTS
S.NO CONTENTS
01 INTRODUCTION
02 OBJECTIVE
03 METHODOLOGY
04 PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES
05 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
06 OBSERVATIONS
07 CONCLUSION
08 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
A material is porous if it contains interstices. The porous material is permeable if the interstices
are interconnected or continuous. A liquid can flow through a permeable material. Electron
photomicrographs of even very fine clays indicate that the interstices are interconnected. However,
the size, cross section and orientation of the interstices in different soils are highly variable. In
general, all the soils are permeable.
The property of the soil which permits flow of water (or any other liquid) through it, called the
permeability. In other words, the permeability is the ease with which water can flow through it. A
soil is highly pervious when water can flow through it easily. In an impervious soil, the
permeability is very low and water cannot easily flow through it.
Permeability is a very important engineering property of soils. Knowledge of permeability is

essential in a number of soil engineering problems, such as settlement of buildings, yield of wells,
seepage through and below the earth structures. It controls the hydraulic stability of soil masses.
The permeability of soils is also required in the design of filters used to prevent piping in hydraulic
structures. The permeability of soil also governs the selection of soil to be used for cores in earth
dams and drains in clay. So it becomes necessary to study on the permeability characteristics of
soil.
OBJECTIVE
 To carry out permeability tests on various soils and to determine the coefficient of
permeability.
 To study the permeability characteristics of soils at different clay contents and water
contents.
 To contribute our results for engineering and planning for structures.
METHODOLOGY
 Various soil samples from different areas of NITC are collected.
 Using sand replacement method, the bulk density of the soil samples was determined.
 Permeability test were conducted on these soil samples by compacting the soil to the bulk
density obtained from the field.
 Different soil samples were prepared by varying the clay content and also by varying the
water content to which the soil is compacted.
 Permeability test were conducted on these soil samples.
PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES
Darcy’s Law
The flow of free water through the soil is governed by darcy’s law. Darcy demonstrated
experimentally that for laminar flow in a homogeneous soil, the velocity of flow (v) is given by,
v = ki
where k = coefficient of permeability, i = hydraulic gradient
the velocity of flow is known as discharge velocity or the superficial velocity.
The discharge q is obtained by multiplying the velocity of flow (v) by the total cross sectional area
of the soil (A) normal to the direction of flow. Thus
q = vA = kiA
The area A includes both the solids and the voids.
Thus the coefficient of permeability is defined as the velocity of flow which would occur under
unit hydraulic gradient.
Determination of coefficient of permeability
The coefficient of permeability of a soil can be determined in the laboratory using constant head
permeability test and variable head permeability test.
1) CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
a) Theory :
The head causing flow is kept constant. Using darcys formula ,the coefficient of
permeability
k=QL/(Aht)
Q= quantity of water flowing in time t ,cm3
L= length of sample , cm
A= cross sectional area of sample, cm2
h = head causing flow cm
t = time interval, s
b) Apparatus :
The coefficient of permeability of a relatively more permeable soil can be determined in
a laboratory by the constant head permeability test. The test is conducted here in an
instrument known as JODH PUR PATTERN PERMEAMETER with accessories . The
apparatus consists of a metallic mould ,having internal diameter 75 mm, effective height
67mm and a capacity of 296 cc. the mould is provided with a detachable extension collar
of 75 mm internal diameter and 30 mm high ,required during compaction of soil. Mould
is provided with a drainage base plate with a recess for a porous stone. The mould is
fitted with a drainage cap having an inlet valve and an air release valve, both having
fitting for clamping.
c) Preparation of specimen:
A known quantity of dry soil is taken with a desired density of compaction. It is mixed
with specified quantity of water and its thoroughly mixed. The soil is then filled in the
permeameter mould and compacted by static or dynamic compaction.
d) Procedure :
The permeameter setup is attach to a constant head reservoir through the drainage cap.
The water is allowed to flow out from the drainage base for sufficient time such that a
steady flow is established. Air at top of the specimen is removed by opening the air vent.
Water is allowed to flow under constant height. The water collected during a specified
time interval is used to calculate the discharge. The head causing flow and the
temperature of water used for test is noted.
2) VARIABLE HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
a) Theory :
Head causing flow changes with time. The time needed for change in head causing flow
from h1 to h2 is noted. The coefficient of permeability is derived using darcy’s law as
k = 2.303aL log10(h1/h2)/A(t2-t1)
a = area of stand pipe, cm2
L = length of test specimen, cm
A = cross sectional area of the specimen, cm2
t2-t1 = time interval for head to fall from h1 to h2, s
h1, h2 = heads causing flow at the beginning and the end of the interval of time, cm
The apparatus and the preparation of test specimen are as discussed in the constant head
permeability test.
b) Procedure :
A pipe is attached to the drainage cap to allow water flow in. The water is allowed to
flow out from the drainage base for sufficient time such that a steady flow is established.
Air at top of the specimen is removed by opening the air vent. The inside diameter of the
stand pipe is measured. The time required for water level to fall from initial head (h 1) to
a known head (h2) is found. The temperature of water used for test is noted.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
VARIATION OF PERMEABILITY WITH WATER CONTENT
(CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST)
SAMPLE NO: 1
SOIL IDENTIFICATION: LATERITE SOIL WITH 5% WATER ADDED
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 01/04/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Dimensions of specimen
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.1786 cm2
Test temperature: 28 0C
Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.5 g/cc
Volume: 296 cm3
Mass of the soil sample taken : 444g
Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise
Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise
Sl no Head Hydraulic Time (s) Quantity Kt (cm/s) K20

(cm) gradient of water (cm/s)
(cc)
1 64.4 9.612 10 38 8.949 7.415
x10-3 x10-3
2 57.3 8.552 10 33 8.734 7.236
x10-3 x10-3
3 48.8 7.283 10 26 8.080 6.696
x10-3 x10-3
Coefficient of permeability Kt = 8.588 x10-3 cm/s
Coefficient of permeability K20= 7.116 x10-3 cm/s
SAMPLE NO: 2
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 01/04/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.1786 cm2
Volume: 296 cm3
Sl no Head Hydraulic Time (s) Quantity Kt (cm/s) K20 (cm/s)

(cm) gradient of water
(cc)
1 62 9.254 5 26 12.72 10.539 x10-
x10-3 3
2 58.7 8.761 5 19 9.818 x10- 8.135 x10-3

3
3 49.9 7.448 5 16 9.726 8.058 x10-3

x10-3

SAMPLE NO: 3
SOIL IDENTIFICATION: LATERITAE SOIL WITH 15% WATER ADDED
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 01/04/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.1786 cm2
Volume: 296 cm3
Sl no Head Hydraulic Time (s) Quantity Kt (cm/s) K20 (cm/s)

(cm) gradient of water
(cc)
1 63.8 9.522 10 19 4.516 3.742 x10-
x10-3 3
2 59.2 8.836 10 17 4.355 3.608 x10-3

x10-3
3 53.3 7.955 10 16 4.553 3.772 x10-3
x10-3

SAMPLE NO: 4
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 01/04/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.1786 cm2
Volume: 296 cm3
Sl no Head Hydraulic Time (s) Quantity Kt (cm/s) K20

(cm) gradient of water (cm/s)
(cc)
1 62.9 9.388 410 5 2.940 2.436
x10-3 x10-3
2 59 8.806 1037 19 4.709 3.902
x10-3 x10-3
3 51.9 7.746 872 14 4.691 3.887
x10-3 x10-3

PERMEABILITY OF SOILS COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS SITES OF NITC
1) SOIL SAMPLE IN FRONT OF THE GEO TECHNICAL LAB
FIELD DENSITY BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

Calibration for bulk unit weight of sand
Sl no Observations and calculations values
Observations
1 Volume of calibrating cylinder, Vc (cc) 1178.09
2 Weight pouring cylinder filled with sand, W1 (kg) 6.692
3 Weight pouring cylinder after pouring sand into the 4.730
calibrating container and cone, W3 (kg)
4 Mean weight of sand in the cone, W2 (kg) 0.364
Calculations
5 Weight of sand in calibrating container, Wc = W1-W3-W2 1.598
(kg)
6 Bulk unit weight of sand, ϒs = Wc/Vc (g/cc) 1.356
Dry unit weight of soil

Sl Observations and calculations Values
no
Observations
1 Weight of excavated wet soil from hole, Wews (kg) 1.190
2 Weight of pouring cylinder filled with sand, W1 (kg) 6.692
3 Weight of pouring cylinder after pouring sand in to the 5.354
hole and cone, W4 (kg)
Calculations
4 Weight of sand in the hole, Wh = W1-W4-W2 (kg) 0.974
5 Volume of sand in the hole, Vh = Wh/ ϒs (cc) 718.289
6 Bulk Unit weight of soil, ϒb = Wews/Vh (g/cc) 1.657
Bulk Unit weight of sample soil ,ϒb = 1.657 g/cc

VARIABLE HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
SAMPLE NO: 5
SOIL IDENTIFICATION: SOIL SAMPLE IN FRONT OF GEOTECHNICAL LAB
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 24/03/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.178 cm2
Test temperature: 280C
Volume: 296 cc
Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2
Mass of the soil sample taken : 488.395g
Sr. no Initial final height Head loss Time Kt (cm/s)
height h1 h2 (cm) from h1 to interval
(cm) h2 (cm) for h1 to h2
(s)
1 71.8 63 8.8 75 4.673 x10-4
2 71.8 63 8.8 76 4.611 x10-4
3 71.8 63 8.8 77 4.552 x10-4
4 71.8 63 8.8 78 4.493 x10-4
5 71.8 63 8.8 78 4.493 x10-4

2) SOIL SAMPLE NEAR ARCHITECTURE BLOCK

Sr. Observations and calculations values
no
Observations
Calculations
(kg)

Sl no Observations and calculations Values
Observations
Calculations

SAMPLE NO: 6
SOIL IDENTIFICATION: SOIL SAMPLE NEAR ARCHITECTURE BLOCK
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 24/03/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.178 cm2
Volume: 296 cc
Mass of the soil sample taken : 428.30 g
Sl no Initial final height Head loss Time Kt (cm/s)
(s)
1 71.8 63 8.8 58 6.043 x10-4
2 71.8 63 8.8 61 5.745 x10-4
3 71.8 63 8.8 66 5.310 x10-4
4 71.8 63 8.8 68 5.154 x10-4
5 71.8 63 8.8 70 5.007 x10-4

3) SOIL SAMPLE IN FRONT OF OAT

Observations
Calculations
(kg)

Observations
Calculations
SAMPLE NO: 7
SOIL IDENTIFICATION: SOIL SAMPLE IN FRONT OF OAT
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 24/03/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.178 cm2
Volume: 296 cc
Mass of the soil sample taken: 394.03 g
(s)
1 71.8 63 8.8 75 4.673 x10-4
2 71.8 63 8.8 75 4.673 x10-4
3 71.8 63 8.8 75 4.673 x10-4
4 71.8 63 8.8 75 4.673 x10-4
5 71.8 63 8.8 75 4.673 x10-4

4) SOIL SAMPLE BEHIND NLHC

Observations
Calculations
(kg)

Observations
Calculations
SAMPLE NO: 8
SOIL IDENTIFICATION: SOIL SAMPLE BEHIND NLHC
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 24/03/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.178 cm2
Volume: 296 cc
(s)
1 71.8 63 8.8 29 1.209 x10-3
2 71.8 63 8.8 30 1.168 x10-3
3 71.8 63 8.8 30 1.168 x10-3
4 71.8 63 8.8 30 1.168 x10-3
5 71.8 63 8.8 30 1.168 x10-3

5) SOIL SAMPLE NEAR CHEMICAL BLOCK

Observations
Calculations
(kg)

Observations
Calculations
SAMPLE NO: 9
SOIL IDENTIFICATION: SOIL SAMPLE NEAR CHEMICAL BLOCK
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 24/03/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.178 cm2
Volume: 296 cc
(s)
1 73.8 56.4 17.4 9 8.008 x10-3
2 73.8 56.4 17.4 9 8.008 x10-3
3 73.8 56.4 17.4 9 8.008 x10-3
4 73.8 56.4 17.4 9 8.008 x10-3
5 73.8 56.4 17.4 9 8.008 x10-3

VARIATION OF PERMEABILITY WITH CLAY CONTENT IN THE SOIL

SAMPLE NO: 10
SOIL IDENTIFICATION: PURE LATERITE SOIL + 10% MARINE CLAY ADDED
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 24/03/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.178 cm2
Volume: 296 cc
Mass of laterite soil taken: 399.6 g
Mass of marine clay taken: 44.4g
(s)
1 71.8 63 8.8 17 2.0616x10-
3
2 71.8 63 8.8 18 1.9471 x10-

3
3 71.8 63 8.8 18 1.9471 x10-

3
4 71.8 63 8.8 19 1.8446 x10-

3
SAMPLE NO: 11
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 24/03/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.178 cm2
Volume: 296 cc
Mass of marine clay taken: 66.6 g
(s)
1 71.8 63 8.8 24 1.4603 x10-
3
2 71.8 63 8.8 25 1.4019 x10-

3
3 71.8 63 8.8 26 1.3480 x10-

3
4 71.8 63 8.8 25 1.4019 x10-

3
SAMPLE NO: 12
SOIL IDENTIFICATION: PURE LATERITE SOIL + 17.5% MARINE CLAY ADDED
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 24/03/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.178 cm2
Volume: 296 cc
(s)
1 71.8 63 8.8 39 8.9866 x10-
4
2 71.8 63 8.8 39 8.9866 x10-

4
3 71.8 63 8.8 40 8.7619 x10-

4
4 71.8 63 8.8 40 8.7619 x10-

4
Coefficient of permeability K20= 7.352x10-4 cm/s
SAMPLE NO: 13
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 24/03/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.178 cm2
Volume: 296 cc
(s)
1 71.8 63 8.8 63 5.563 x10-4
2 71.8 63 8.8 64 5.476 x10-4
3 71.8 63 8.8 65 5.392 x10-4
4 71.8 63 8.8 65 5.392x10-4
SAMPLE NO: 14
TEST NO: 1
DATE: 24/03/2011
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter: 7.5 cm
Length: 6.7 cm
Area: 44.178 cm2
Volume: 296 cc
Mass of laterite soil taken: 333 g
Mass of marine clay taken: 111 g
(s)
1 71.8 63 8.8 98 3.5763 x10-
4
2 71.8 63 8.8 99 3.540 x10-4

3 71.8 63 8.8 98 3.5763 x10-
4
4 71.8 63 8.8 99 3.540 x10-4

OBSERVATIONS
permeabilty vs water content

10
9
permeability x10-3 cm/s
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
water content %
permeability vs clay content

25
20
permeability x 10-4 cm/s
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
clay content %
From the graph between permeability and water content, it was observed that there is an initial
increase in permeability when water content increases and reaches a maximum and then the
permeability is decreased with further increase in water content. When water content was
increased beyond 20% the permeability of the soil was found to be very low.
From the graph between permeability and clay content, it was observed that the permeability go on
decreasing with increase in clay content. The decrease in permeability was found to be very rapid
when the clay content was increased beyond 20%.
Soil samples collected from various sites of NITC has the coefficient of permeability values in the
range 10-3 to 10-4 cm/s. From the typical coefficient of permeability values, it can be seen that
these soil belongs to fine sand and loose silts having fair drainage properties.
CONCLUSION
 Coefficient of permeability with water content :

The value of the coefficient of permeability is maximum at around 10% for the laterite soil
taken. The coefficient of permeability of the soil increases with increase in water content,
for a water content below 10% and for above 10% it decreases. The reason for increase in
permeability with increase in water content upto 10% is that the air voids in soil are filled
with water and thus the degree of saturation of soil is increased. At around 10% water
content the soil is fully saturated and hence maximum permeability is obtained. When
water content is increased about 10 % the flocculated structure of soil is changed to
dispersed structure. Hence the water can’t easily flow through the soil.
 Coefficient of permeability with clay content:
As expected, when the clay content in the soil is increased the coefficient of permeability
of the soil is decreased. Clay being highly cohesive and having very fine particles, it
won’t allow the water molecules to pass through the soil easily. When the amount of
bulky, cohesionless particles is large compared with that of fine grained clayey particles,
the bulky grains are in particle-to-particle contact. The space between the bulky grains is
occupied by the clayey particles making soil less permeable.
 Soil sample collected from various sites of nitc was analysed, there was no much difference
in the soil type but the density of the soil was different in different area. The values of the
coefficient of permeability obtained for the soils were also varying in an irregular manner.
So we concluded that the coefficient of permeability not only depend upon density but also
other factors like soil structure, water content, void ratio, particle size etc.
By comparing the coefficient of permeability values obtained, the soil collected near
Chemical block having high value 6.635 x10-3 cm/s and the soil collected in front of
geotechnical lab is having low 3.781 x10-4 cm/s. From this observation we can conclude that
the soil infront of geotechnical lab is less pervious than the soil collected near chemical
block.
REFERENCE
DR. K.R.ARORA., “SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING”, (2008)

CASAGRANDE A., “CLSSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS”, VOL 113,
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG

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‘‘HYDRAULIC CHARACTERESTICS OF SOILS”

Permeability is a very important engineering property of soils. Knowledge of permeability is

Determination of coefficient of permeability

2) VARIABLE HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST

Sl no Head Hydraulic Time (s) Quantity Kt (cm/s) K20

Sl no Head Hydraulic Time (s) Quantity Kt (cm/s) K20 (cm/s)

2 58.7 8.761 5 19 9.818 x10- 8.135 x10-3

3 49.9 7.448 5 16 9.726 8.058 x10-3

Coefficient of permeability Kt = 10.754 x10-3 cm/s

Sl no Head Hydraulic Time (s) Quantity Kt (cm/s) K20 (cm/s)

2 59.2 8.836 10 17 4.355 3.608 x10-3

Coefficient of permeability Kt = 4.475 x10-3 cm/s

Sl no Head Hydraulic Time (s) Quantity Kt (cm/s) K20

Coefficient of permeability Kt = 4.114 x10-3 cm/s

1) SOIL SAMPLE IN FRONT OF THE GEO TECHNICAL LAB

FIELD DENSITY BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

Dry unit weight of soil

Bulk Unit weight of sample soil ,ϒb = 1.657 g/cc

Coefficient of permeability Kt = 4.564 x10-4 cm/s

FIELD DENSITY BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

Dry unit weight of soil

VARIABLE HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST

Coefficient of permeability Kt = 5.412 x10-4 cm/s

FIELD DENSITY BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

Dry unit weight of soil

Coefficient of permeability Kt = 4.673 x10-4 cm/s

FIELD DENSITY BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

Dry unit weight of soil

Coefficient of permeability Kt = 1.176 x10-3 cm/s

FIELD DENSITY BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

Dry unit weight of soil

Coefficient of permeability Kt = 8.008 x10-3 cm/s

VARIABLE HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST

2 71.8 63 8.8 18 1.9471 x10-

3 71.8 63 8.8 18 1.9471 x10-

4 71.8 63 8.8 19 1.8446 x10-

2 71.8 63 8.8 25 1.4019 x10-

3 71.8 63 8.8 26 1.3480 x10-

4 71.8 63 8.8 25 1.4019 x10-

2 71.8 63 8.8 39 8.9866 x10-

3 71.8 63 8.8 40 8.7619 x10-

4 71.8 63 8.8 40 8.7619 x10-

2 71.8 63 8.8 99 3.540 x10-4

4 71.8 63 8.8 99 3.540 x10-4

permeabilty vs water content

permeability vs clay content

 Coefficient of permeability with water content :

DR. K.R.ARORA., “SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING”, (2008)

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