MECHANICS

OF MATERIALS
 STRESSES

Stress is defined as the strength of a

material per unit area.
Stress (S) is equal to the force (P) on
a body divided by area (A).
 AXIAL STRESSES

Axial stress is the stress developed under the

action of the forces acting axially or
perpendicular to the resisting area.
Axial stress is sometimes called tensile stress
(due to tensile load) or compressive stress (due
to compressive load)
 SHEARING STRESSES

Shearing stress is the stress developed

when the force is applied parallel to the
resisting area.
 BEARING STRESSES

Bearing stress is the stress developed in

the area of contact between two bodies.
The force is perpendicular to the area of
contact.
Stress & Strain Problem 1

An iron column of annular cross-

section has an outer diameter of
200mm and is subjected to a
force of 75 kN. Find the thickness
of the wall if the allowable
compressive stress is 10 MPa.
Stress & Strain Problem 1

Answer: 12.75 mm
Stress & Strain Problem 2

What is most
nearly the stress
at surface S of the
cylindrical object
shown? The
specific weight of
the material is
76.9 kN/m3?
Stress & Strain Problem 2
𝐹𝐿 = 15 𝑘𝑁

𝑊 = 𝛾𝑜 𝑉𝑜

𝑷𝒔

Answer: 250.7 kPa

Stress & Strain Problem 3

A 20mm diameter rivet lap joints

two steel plates together. If the
beating stress of the plate is
limited to 120 MPa while the
shearing stress of the rivet is
limited to 60 MPa, determine the
minimum thickness of each plate.
Stress & Strain Problem 3
Shearing of Rivet:

Shearing of Plate (bearing stress):

Answer: 7.85 mm
Stress & Strain Problem 4

For the element of plane stress

shown, find the principal stresses.
 Stress & Strain Problem 4
𝝉

𝐏𝟏

𝒓 = 𝟓𝟎
−𝟑𝟎, 𝟎
𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒓 = 𝟓𝟎 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑃1 50 MPa, 40 MPa 𝒓 = 𝟓𝟎

𝑃2 −10 MPa, −40 MPa 𝝈 𝑪 𝟐𝟎, 𝟎 𝟕𝟎, 𝟎

𝐏𝟐

Answer: σmax= 70 MPa; σmin= -30 MPa

 DEFORMATION DUE TO LOADING

Strain is defined as change of length

per unit length.
 HOOKE’S LAW

Hooke’s Law on axial deformation states

that “within the elastic limit of the body,
stress is proportional to strain”.
DEFORMATION DUE TO WEIGHT
 POISSON’S RATIO

The ratio of the

magnitude of the lateral
strain to the magnitude
of the longitudinal strain
is called Poisson’s ratio.
 THERMAL DEFORMATION

If the temperature of an object is changed,

the object will experience length, area and
volume changes. The magnitude of these
changes will depend on the coefficient of
linear thermal expansion, α.

∆𝐋 = 𝛂𝐋𝐨 𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐭 𝟏
∆𝐀 = 𝛉𝐀𝐨 𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐭 𝟏
Thermal Stress: Note: 𝛉 = 𝟐𝜶
𝐒𝐭𝐡 = 𝛂𝐄 𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐭 𝟏 ∆𝐕 = 𝜷𝐕𝐨 𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐭 𝟏
Note: 𝜷 = 𝟑𝜶
Stress & Strain Problem 5

A horizontal beam carries a

triangular distributed load over
section AB. The horizontal
beam has a mass of 148
kg/m. the beam is simply
supported at point B. The
cantilever end BC is
restrained by a thin aluminum
rod, CD. The aluminum rod
has a cross-sectional area of
3.25 cm2 and a modulus of
elasticity of 6.9 x 1010 Pa.
What is the change in length
of the aluminum rod CD?
Stress & Strain Problem 5

𝐅𝐋 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝐤𝐍
1m 1.75 m 3.25 m

B
Bx
By

𝐅𝐖 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐍 𝐅𝐂𝐃

Answer: 6.27 mm
Other Stresses Problem 6

The glass window shown is subjected to a

temperature change of 0°C to 50°C. The
coefficient of thermal expansion of the
glass is 8.8 x 10-6 /°C. What is the change
in area of the glass?

Answer: 21.12 cm2

Other Stresses Problem 7

A 5 m long steel bar with a

cross-sectional area of 0.01
m2 is connected to a spring
as shown. The spring has a
stiffness of 2 x 108 N/m and is
initially undeformed. The bar
is fixed at its base. The
temperature of the bar is
increased by 70°C. Steel has
a modulus of elasticity of 210
GPa and a coefficient of
thermal expansion of 11.7 x
10-6 /°C. What is the resulting
force in the spring?
Answer: 554.81 kN
Other Stresses Problem 8

10 km of steel railroad track are placed

when the temperature is 20°C. The linear
coefficient of thermal expansion for the
rails is 11 x 10-6 /°C. The track is free to
slide forward. How far apart will the ends
of the track be when the temperature
reaches 50°C?

Answer: 10.0033 km
 TORSIONAL STRESS ON SHAFTS
Torsional Stress (solid shaft)

𝑻𝒓
𝝉=
𝑱
π 4 π
Polar moment of Inertia, J = D = D4o − D4i
32 32

Angle of twist

𝑻𝑳
𝜽=
𝑱𝑮
G → modulus of rigidity
𝐄 = 𝟐𝐆 𝟏 + 𝛍
 TORSIONAL STRESS ON SHAFTS
Torsional Stress (Hollow shaft/Shell)

𝑻
𝝉=
𝟐𝑨𝒎 𝒕
𝐴𝑚 → 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑡 → 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
Shear flow

𝑻
𝒒 = 𝝉𝒕 =
𝟐𝑨𝒎
Other Stresses Problem 9

A steel pipe fixed at one end is subjected

to a torque of 100 kN-m. Steel has a
modulus of elasticity of 2.1 x 1011 Pa and a
Poisson’s ratio of 0.3. What is the resulting
angle of twist, α, of the pipe?

Answer: 0.012 rad or 0.7°

Other Stresses Problem 10

An aluminum (shear modulus = 2.8 x 1010

Pa) rod is 25 mm in diameter and 50 cm
long. One end is rigidly fixed to a support.
What torque must be applied to twist the
rod 4.5° about its longitudinal axis?

Answer: 168.7 N-m

Other Stresses Problem 11

A structural steel tube with 203 mm x 203

mm square cross section has an average
wall thickness of 6.35 mm. The tube
resists a torque of 8 N-m. What is the
average shear flow?

Answer: 103.44 N/m

Beams Problem 12

A beam has a triangular cross section as

shown. What is the maximum compressive
stress in the beam?
Beams Problem 12
𝑾 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑵

𝐑 𝐀 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐑 𝐁 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝐕 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
M=Area 𝐕=𝟎
Shear Diagram V=0
5m M=Area
𝐕 = −𝟒𝟎𝟎

Answer: 31.25 MPa

Beams Problem 13

The shear diagram for a simply supported

beam is as shown. What is the maximum
moment in the beam?
Beams Problem 13

𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐

𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏

Answer: 490.56 N-m

Beams Problem 14

For the beam shown, find the bending

moment, M, at x = 3 m.

Answer: 9 kN-m
Beams Problem 15

A simply supported beam supports a

triangular distributed load as shown. The
peak load at the right beam is 5 N/m. What
is the bending moment at a point 7 m from
the left end of the beam?

Answer: 29.73 kN-m

 COLUMNS
Critical Load or Euler Load

𝝅 𝑬𝑰 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷𝒄𝒓 = 𝟐 𝑷𝒄𝒓 =
𝒍 𝒌𝒍 𝟐
Fixed ends Frictionless/Unpinned ends

Critical Stress Slenderness ratio

𝑷𝒄𝒓 𝒍
𝝈𝒄𝒓 = 𝑺𝑹 =
𝑨 𝒓
Note:
r – radius of gyration
SR ranges 80 to 120
Columns Problem 16

A rectangular steel bar

supports a concentric
load of 58.5 kN. Both
ends are fixed (i.e. built
in). If the modulus of
elasticity is 210 GPa,
what is the maximum
length the rod can be
without experiencing
buckling failure?
Answer: 1.26 m
Beams Problem 17

A square steel column with a solid cross

section is pinned at both its base and top.
The column is 5 m in height and supports
a load of 3.5 MN. The modulus of elasticity
of the steel is 210 GPa. What is the
minimum cross-sectional size to avoid
buckling?

Answer: 15 cm x 15 cm
Beams Problem 18

What is the Euler

buckling load for a 10 m
long steel column
pinned at both ends and
with the given properties
and cross section?
Ix′x′ = 3.7x106 mm4
E = 200 GPa

Answer: 43.1 kN
“The more I PRACTICE,
the Luckier I get.”
-Gary Player