THE LAW ON PUBLIC OFFICERS

& ELECTION LAW

1st Semester SY 2019-2020

ARMINA DIELLE R. KAPUNAN

THE LAW ON PUBLIC OFFICERS

A. Concepts and Principles - Public Office and Public Officers

1. Definitions
Administrative Code of 1987, General Provisions and Administrative
Procedure
Revised Penal Code, Art. 203

2. Purpose & Nature

a. Public Office, as a Public Trust

1987 Constitution, Art. XI

b. Public Office, not Property

c. Public Office, not a Contract

d. Security of Tenure in Public Office as property for purposes of due process

National Land Titles and Deeds Registration Administration v. Civil

Service Commission, 221 SCRA 145

e. Distinctions

3. Elements
4. Creation of Public Office
5. Kinds/Classifications

Secretary of DOTC v. Mabalot, 378 SCRA 129 (2002)

Dario v. Mison, 176 SCRA 84 (1989)
Mathay v. Court of Appeals, 320 SCRA 703 (1999)
Preclaro v. Sandiganbayan, 247 SCRA 454 (1995)
Maniego v. People, 88 Phil. 494 (1951)
Laurel v. Desierto, 381 SCRA 48 (2002)
 Fernandez v. Sto. Tomas, 242 SCRA 192 (1995)
Segovia v. Noel, 47 Phil. 543 (1925)

B. Eligibility & Qualifications

1. Definitions
2. Nature of right to hold public office
3. Power of Congress to prescribe qualifications
4. Restrictions and construction
5. General and particular qualifications

1987 Constitution
Administrative Code of 1987 (E.O. 929)
Republic Act No. 9225
Labo, Jr. v. Comelec, 211 SCRA 297 (1992)
Frivaldo v. Comelec, 275 SCRA 727 (1996)
Bengzon v. HRET, 357 SCRA 545 (2001)
Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630 (1999)
AJSS v. Calilung, G.R. No 160869, 11 May 2007
Romualdez-Marcos v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 300 (1995)
Poe-Llamanzares v. Comelec, G.R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016
Rodriguez v. Comelec, 259 SCRA 296 (1996)
Lecaroz v. Sandiganbayan, 305 SCRA 396 (1999)

6. Disqualifications

a. General Disqualifications

b. Specific Disqualifications

Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991)

Dela Cruz v. Commission on Audit, 371 SCRA 157 (2001)
Lecaroz v. Sandiganbayan, supra
Flores v. Drilon, 223 SCRA 568 (1993)
Abeto v. Garceza, 251 SCRA 539 (1995)
 Rabe v. Flores, 272 SCRA 415 (1997)
Public Interest Center Inc. v. Elma, 494 SCRA 53 (2006)
Debugaldo v. Civil Service Commission, 237 SCRA 184 (1994)
Civil Service Commission v. Dacoycoy, 306 SCRA 425 (199)
Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, July 15, 2009
Risos Vidal and Lim v. Comelec and Estrada, G.R. No. 206666, Jan. 21,
2015

C. Acquisition of Right or Title to Office

1. By Appointment

PLM v. IAC, 140 SCRA 22 (1985)

Luego v. Civil Service Commission, 143 SCRA 327 (1986)
Regis v. Osmeña, 197 SCRA 308 (1991)
Achacoso v. Macaraig, 195 SCRA 235 (1991)
Marohombasar v. Alonto, 194 SCRA 391 (1991)
Sinon v. Civil Service Commission, 215 SCRA 410 (1992)
Province of Camarines Sur v. Court of Appeals, 246 SCRA 281 (1995)
Gloria v. De Guzman, 249 SCRA 281 (1995)
Matibag v. Benibayo, 380 SCRA 49 (2002)
Erasmo v. Home Insurance & Guaranty Corp., 388 SCRA 112 (2002)
Padilla v. Civil Service Commission, 403 SCRA 116 (2003)
Civil Service Commission v. Dela Cruz, 437 SCRA 403 (2004)
Civil Service Commission v. Darangina, 513 SCRA 648 (2007)
Corpuz v. Court of Appeals, 285 SCRA 23 (1998)
Lapinid v. CSC, G.R. No. 96298, May 14, 1991
Gen. Manager, PPA v. Monserate, 381 SCRA 200 (2002)

a. Appointment by the President

1987 Constitution, Art. VII, Sec. 16

Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 (1987)
Calderon v. Carale, 208 SCRA 254 (1992)
Aytona v. Castillo, et al., G.R. No. L-19313, Jan. 19, 1962
 A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC, Nov. 9, 1998
Velicaria-Garafil v. Office of the President, G.R. No.203372, June 16,
2015
De Castro v. Judicial & Council, G.R. No. 19002, Mar. 17, 2010
IN RE: Hon. Mateo Valenzuela, G.R. No. 79974, Dec. 17, 1987
IN RE: Hon. Placido Vallarta, G.R. No. 79974, Dec. 17, 1987

b. Appointment under Civil Service Qualification Standard

1987 Constitution, Art. IX-B

Juco v. NLRC, 277 SCRA 528 (1997)
EIIB v. Court of Appeals, 299 SCRA 373 (1998)
Chua v. Civil Service Commission, 206 SCRA 65 (1992)
Cuevas v. Bacal, 347 SCRA 338 (2000)
PAGCOR v. Rilloraza, 359 SCRA 525 (2001)
Luego v. Civil Service Commission, supra
Aquino v. Civil Service Commission, 208 SCRA 240 (1992)
Delos Santos v. Mallare, 87 Phil. 288 (1950)
Tria v. Sto. Tomas, 199 SCRA 833 (1991)
Griño v. Civil Service Commission, 194 SCRA 458 (1991)
Civil Service Commission v. Salas, 274 SCRA 414 (1997)
Obiasca v. Basallote, G.R. No. 176707, February 17, 2010
Province of Camarines Sur v. Beatrice Gonzales, G.R. No. 185740, July
23, 2013
CSC Resolution 0001156, Carmencita Reyes re appointment of
Provincial
Administrator, May 12, 2000

2. By Election

3. De Facto and De Jure Officers

a. Definitions

b. Elements

Dimaandal v. COA, 291 SCRA 322 (1998)

Menzon v. Petilla, 197 SCRA 251 (1991)
 Malaluan v. COMELEC, 254 SCRA 397 (1996)
Flores v. Drilon, 223 SCRA 568 (1993)
Torres v. Ribo, 81 Phil. 44 (1948)
Tuanda v. Sandiganbayan, 249 SCRA 342 (1995)
Monroy v. Court of Appeals, 20 SCRA 620 (1967)
Gen. Manager, PPA v. Monserate, 381 SCRA 200 (2002)
Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991)

c. Remedy to Question Title

Quo Warranto (Rule 66)

Torrosa v. Singson, 232 SCRA 553 (1994)
Mendoza v. Allas, 302 SCRA 623 (1999)
Romualdez v. Civil Service Commission, 225 SCRA 285 (1993)

D. Powers, Duties & Responsibilities of Public Officers

1. Powers & Duties

a. Source of Power and Authority

b. Construction of power and duties

c. Delegation of Power

d. Scope of Authority

1987 Constitution, Art. XI, Sec. 1, 17 and 18

e. Specific duties

Republic Act No. 6713

Morfe v. Mutuc, G.R. No. L–20387, Jan. 31, 1968
Rabe v. Flores, 272 SCRA 415 (1997)
PAGC v. Pleyto, G.R. No. 176058, March 23, 2011

f. Norms of Conduct

Republic Act No. 6713

Samson v. Restrivera, G.R. No. 178454, March 28, 2011

2. Rights & Privileges

a. Right to office

Republic Act No. 6758

COA Government Auditing Rules & Regulations, Sec. 2671

Baybay Water District v. Commission on Audit, 374 SCRA 482 (2002)
Rodrigo v. Sandiganbayan, 303 SCRA 309 (1999)
Tejada v. Domingo, 205 SCRA 138 (1992)
Santos v. Court of Appeals, 345 SCRA 553 (2000)

b. Security of Tenure

Republic Act No. 6656

Tabora v. Montelibano (98 Phil 800, 1955)
Lacson v. Romero (92 Phil 956, 1955)

c. Right to compensation

d. Rights under the Civil Service Law & the Rules under the Administrative Code of 1987

e. Personnel Actions

- Promotion

Section 13, Omnibus Rules Implementing Book V, E.O. 292

Panis v. Civil Service Commission, 229 SCRA 589 (1994)

Divinagracia v. Sto. Tomas, 244 SCRA 595 (1995)
Santiago, Jr. v. Civil Service Commission, 178 SCRA 102 (1989)
Abila v. Civil Service Commission, 198 SCRA 102 (1991)
Medenilla v. Civil Service Commission, 194 SCRA 278 (1991)
Lustero v. IAC, G.R. No. 74814, July 16, 1991

- Transfer

People v. Reyes, 247 SCRA 328 (1995)

Vinzons-Chato v. Natividad, 224 SCRA 787 (1995)
 Vinzons-Chato v. Zenorosa, 344 SCRA 18 (2000)
Cuevas v. Bacal, supra
- Detail

Republic v. Court of Appeals, 182 SCRA 721 (1990)

CSC v. Pacheco, G.R. 178021, Jan. 25, 2012

- Reassignment

Fernandez v. Sto. Tomas, supra

Teotico v. Agda, 197 SCRA 675 (1991)
Cariño v. Daoas, 380 SCRA 355 (2002)
Pastor v. City of Pasig, 382 SCRA 232 (2002)
- Reinstatement

Cristobal v. Melchor, 78 SCRA 175 (1977)

Sabello v. DECS, 180 SCRA 623 (1989)
Monsanto v. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 (1989)
Cabagnot v. Civil Service Commission, 233 SCRA 59 (1993)
Gloria v. de Guzman, supra
- Reemployment

f. Right to Self-organization

Executive Order No. 180

Tupas v. NHA, 173 SCRA 35 (1989)
SSS v. CA, 175 SCRA 686 (1989)
Bangalisan v. CA, 276 SCRA 617 (1997)
GSIS, Garcia v. Kapisanan ng mga Mangagawa sa GSIS, G.R. No.
170132, Dec. 6, 2006

g. Other Rights - Leaves of Absence, Retirement, Insurance

Borromeo v. Civil Service Commission, 199 SCRA 911 (1991)

Lopez v. CA, 215 SCRA 512 (1992)
Santos v. Court of Appeals, 345 SCRA 553 (2000)
Cena v. Civil Service Commission, 211 SCRA 179 (1992)
Rabor v. Civil Service Commission, 244 SCRA 614 (1995)
 GSIS v. COA, 441 SCRA (2004)
Vital-Gozon v. Court of Appeals, 212 SCRA 235 (1992)
Mancenido v. Court of Appeals, 330 SCRA 419 (2000)
People v. Jalosjos, 324 SCRA 689 (2000)
Neri v. Senate, G.R. No. 180643, March 25, 2008

3. Disabilities & Inhibitions

a. Under the Constitution

b. Under existing laws

4. Liabilities

a. In general

b. Administrative liability

c. Civil liability

d. Criminal Liability

Republic Act No. 6713

Civil Code Arts. 27, 32, 34
Administrative Code Book I, Sec. 38-39
Revised Penal Code, Title VII
Republic Act No. 3019
Republic Act No. 1379
Cojuanco v. Court of Appeals, 309 SCRA 602 (1999)
Tecson v. Sandiganbayan, 318 SCRA 80 (1999)
Ocampo v. Office of Ombudsman, 322 SCRA 17 (2000)
Rodrigo v. Sandiganbayan, 303 SCRA 309 (1999)
Lacson v. Executive Secretary, 301 SCRA 298 (1999)

E. Termination of Official Relations

Republic Act No. 6713

Republic Act No. 7160
1. Expiration of Term
Achacoso v. Macaraig, supra
Lecaroz v. Sandiganbayan, supra
Gloria v. De Guzman, supra

2. Retirement
3. Death or Permanent Disability
4. Resignation
Ortiz v. Comelec, 162 SCRA 812 (1988)
Estrada v. Arroyo, 353 SCRA 452 (2001)
Republic v. Singun, G.R. No. 149356, March 14, 2008

5. Acceptance of Incompatible Office

Public Interest Center v. Elma, 494 SCRA 53 (2006)
6. Abandonment of Office
Canonizado v. Aguirre, 351 SCRA 359 (2001)

7. Prescription of Right to Office

8. Removal
Aquino v. Civil Service Commission, 208 SCRA 240 (1992)
Fabella v. Court of Appeals, 282 SCRA 256 (1997)
Aguinaldo v. Santos, 212 SCRA 768 (1992)
Carpio-Morales v. CA and Binay, G.R. 217129-27, Nov. 10, 2015
Salalima v. Guingona, Jr., 257 SCRA 55 (1996)
Gloria v. Court of Appeals, 306 SCRA 287 (1999)
Secretary of Education v. Court of Appeals, 342 SCRA 40 (2000)
Hagad v. Gozo-Dadole, 251 SCRA 242 (1995)
The Sangguniang Barangay of Barangay Don Mariano Marcos v.
Martinez, G.R. No. 170626, March 3, 2008

9. Impeachment
1987 Constitution, Art. XI
Francisco, Jr. v. House of Representatives, 415 SCRA 44 (2003)

10. Abolition of Office

 Canonizado v. Commission on Audit, 226 SCRA 356 (1993)

11. Reorganization
12. Conviction of Crime
Garcia v. Commission on Audit, 226 SCRA 356 (1993)

13. Recall
Garcia v. Comelec, 227 SCRA 100 (1993)
Angobung v. Comelec, 269 SCRA 254 (1997)

14. Disciplinary Measures

Ombudsman v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 168079, 17 July 2007
Marohomsalic v. Cole, G.R. No. 169918, 27 February 2008
Joson v. Torres, 290 SCRA 279 (1998)
Socrates v. Sandiganbayan, 263 SCRA 775 (1996)
Layus v. Sandiganbayan, 320 SCRA 233 (1999)
Castro v. Gloria, 363 SCRA 417 (2001)
Caniete v. Secretary of Education, 333 SCRA 849 (2000)
Nalupta, Jr. v. Tapec, 220 SCRA 505 (1993)
Office of the Court Administrator v. Librado, 260 SCRA 624 (1996)
Office of the Court Administrator v. Judge Veneracion, 334 SCRA 145
(2000)
RTC Makati Movement Against Graft and Corruption v. Dumlao, 247
SCRA 108 (1995)
Nieva v. Alvarez-Edad, 450 SCRA 45 (2005)
Civil Service Commission v. Dacoycoy, supra
Santos v. Macaraig, 208 SCRA 74 (1992)
Garciano v. Oyao, 102 SCRA 195 (1981)

ELECTION LAW

A. Suffrage

1987 Constitution, Art. V, Sec. 4. Art. XVII, Sec. 2, 3 & 4, Art. VI, Sec.
32, Art. III, Sec. 16
R.A. 6735
 Lacson v. Posadas, 72 SCRA 168 (1976)
Pangutan v. Abubakar, 43 SCRA 1 (1972)
Taule v. Santos, 200 SCRA 512 (1991)
Romualdez v. RTC, Tacloban, G.R. No. 104960, Sept. 14, 1993
Badelles v. Cabili, 27 SCRA 113 (1969)

B. Powers of the Commission of Election

1987 Constitution
Omnibus Election Code
Republic Act No. 8436
Gallardo v. Tabamo, 218 SCRA 253 (1994)
Tan v. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 353 (1994)
Montejo v. COMELEC, 242 SCRA 415 (1995)
Herrera v. COMELEC, 318 SCRA 336 (1999)
Matsura v. COMELEC, 285 SCRA 443 (1998)
Bañaga, Jr. v. COMELEC, 336 SCRA 701 (2000)
Aggabao v. COMELEC, 449 SCRA 400 (2005)
Poe v. Macapagal-Arroyo, 454 SCRA 142 (2005)
Legarda v. De Castro, 454 SCRA 242 (2005)
Sarmiento v. COMELEC, 212 SCRA 307 (1992)
Zarate v. COMELEC, 318 SCRA 606 (1999)
Municipal Board of Canvassers v. COMELEC, 414 SCRA 273 (2003)
Alvarez v. COMELEC, 353 SCRA 434 (2001)

C. Political Parties

1987 Constitution, Art. VI, Sec. 5(2), Art. IX-C, Sec. 2(5)
Omnibus Election Code, Sec. 60
Republic Act No. 7941
Veterans Fed. Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 136781,Oct. 6, 2000
Ang Bagong Bayani v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001
Banat v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 179271, April 21, 2009
D. Requirements Before Election

Omnibus Election Code

1. Registration of Voters
AKBAYAN-YOUTH v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318 (2001)
Romualdez v. RTC, 226 SCRA 408 (1993)
Siawan v. Inopiquez, 358 SCRA 10 (2001)
Mercado v. Dysangco, 385 SCRA 329 (2002)

2. Precincts and Polling Places

3. Certificates of Candidacy
Gador v. COMELEC, 95 SCRA 431 (1980)
Conquilla v. COMELEC, 332 SCRA 861 (2000)
Go v. COMELEC, 357 SCRA 739 (2001)
De Guzman v. Board of Canvassers, 48 Phil 211 (1925)
Villarosa v. COMELEC, 340 SCRA 396 (1999)
Sanciangco v Roño, 137 SCRA 671 (1985)
PNOC-EDC v. NLRC, 222 SCRA 831 (1993)
Quinto v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 18969, Dec. 1, 2009 & Feb. 22, 2010

4. Disqualification
Marquez v. COMELEC, 243 SCRA 538 (1995)
Caasi v. CA, 197 SCRA 229 (1990)
Pamil v. Teleron, 86 SCRA 413 (1978)
Fermin v. COMELEC, Dec. 18, 2008
Diangka v. COMELEC, 323 SCRA 887 (2000)
Jurilla v. COMELEC, 232 SCRA 758 (1994)
Domino v. COMELEC, 310 SCRA 546 (1999)
Bautista v. COMELEC, 414 SCRA 299 (2003)
Salcedo v. COMELEC, 312 SCRA 447 (1999)

5. Campaign and Election Propaganda

Republic Act No. 9006
 a. Campaign and Propaganda

Penera v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 181613, Sep 11, 2009

Penera Case, Nov. 25, 2009
Chavez v. COMELEC, 437 SCRA 419 (2004)
ABS-CBN v. COMELEC, 323 SCRA 811 (2000)
SWS v. COMELEC, 351 SCRA 497 (2001)

b. Electoral Contributions and Expenditures

Halili v. CA, 83 SCRA 633 (1978)

Pilar v. COMELEC, 245 SCRA 759 (1995)

6. Election
a. Preliminary Considerations

]b. Casting of Votes and Absentee Voting

Republic Act No. 9189

Republic Act No. 7166
Republic Act No. 8045

Libanan v. HRET, 283 SCRA 520 (1997)

De Guzman v. Sison, 355 SCRA 69 (2001)

c. Postponement of Election

Basher v. COMELEC, 330 SCRA 736 (2000)

Cawasa v. COMELEC, 383 SCRA 787 (2002)

d. Failure of Elections

Carlos v. Angeles, 346 SCRA 571 (2000)

Batabor v. COMELEC, 434 SCRA 63 (2004)
Benito v. COMELEC, 349 SCRA 705 (2001)
Sanchez v. COMELEC, 114 SCRA 454 (1987)
Hassan v. COMELEC, 264 SCRA 125 (1996)
Sardea v. COMELEC, 225 SCRA 344 (1993)
 Mitmug v. COMELEC, 230 SCRA Suppl. (1994)
Tan v. COMELEC, 417 SCRA 532 (2006)
Mutilan v. COMELEC, 520 SCRA 152 (2007)

e. Special Elections

Tolentino v. COMELEC, 420 SCRA 438 (2004)

f. Counting of Votes

Republic Act No. 7166

Republic Act No. 6646
Loong v. COMELEC, 305 SCRA 832 (1999)
Dojillo v. COMELEC, 496 SCRA 484 (2006)

g. Canvassing and Proclamation

Republic Act No. 7166

Batas Pambansa Blg. 222
Librados v. Casar, 234 SCRA 13 (1994)
Pimentel v. COMELEC, 140 SCRA 126 (1998)
Brillantes v. COMELEC, 432 SCRA 269 (2004)
Samad v. COMELEC, 224 SCRA 631 (1993)
Ong v. COMELEC, 216 SCRA 866 (1992)
Navarro v. COMELEC, 396 SCRA 620 (2003)
Patoray v. COMELEC, 249 SCRA 440 (1995)
Barbers v. COMELEC, 460 SCRA 569 (2005)
Quilala v. COMELEC, 188 SCRA 902 (1990)
Tugade v. COMELEC, 57 SCRA 325 (2007)

h. Election Contests

Republic Act No. 7166

Sampayan v. Daza, 213 SCRA 807 (1992)
Republic of the Philippines v. Dela Rosa, 232 SCRA 785 (1994)
Tan v. COMELEC, 507 SCRA 352 (2006)
Roquero v. COMELEC, 289 SCRA 150 (1998)
 Dagloc v. COMELEC, 321 SCRA 273 (1999)
Roces v. HRET, 469 SCRA 681 (2005)
Gatchalian v. CA, 245 SCRA 208 (1995)
Pahilan v. Tabalda, 230 SCRA 205 (1994)
Enojas v. Gacott, 322 SCRA 272 (2000)
Garcia v. HRET, 312 SCRA 352 (1999)
Peña v. HRET, 270 SCRA 340 (1997)
Saquilyan v. COMELEC, 416 SCRA 658 (2003)
Soller v. COMELEC, 339 SCRA 685 (2000)
Samad v. COMELEC, supra
Arroyo v. HRET, 246 SCRA 384 (1995)
Legarda v. De Castro, 454 SCRA 242 (2005)
Idulza v. COMELEC, 454 SCRA 242 (2004)
Jalosjos v. COMELEC, GR No. 193237 and 193336 (2012)
Marquiling v. COMELEC, GR No. 195649 (2013)
Reyes v. COMELEC, GR No. 204264 (2013)

i. Election Offenses

Pimentel v. COMELEC, supra

j. Computerization of Elections

Republic Act No. 9369