Di Pa Final

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE
CAVITE
EFFICACY OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY INTERNS IN

CONTROLLING SCATTERED RADIATION AFFECTING QUALITY
OF RADIOGRAPHS IN SELECTED HOSPITALS IN CAVITE
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty

of the School of Radiologic Technology
Emilio Aguinaldo College-Cavite
In Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Technology
CARLOS, KLIFFORD L.
DELA CRUZ, JOHN ARRDIE G.
ANGELES, VAL NORENZ L.
SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

CAVITE
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis hereto entitled:

prepared and submitted by Klifford L. Carlos, Val Norenz L. Angeles, John

Arddie G. Dela Cruz has been reviewed and recommended as partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Technology.
CHARMAINE KELLY O. POSADAS, RM,BSM,MPH

Research Adviser
Accepted and approved by the Panel of Examiners following a successful Oral

Defense on (Date of Defense) with a grade of _________.
Chairman
Panel Member Panel Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Technology.
YOLANDA C. MAGNAYE, RRT, MAEd

Dean, School of Radiologic Technology

CAVITE
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
I/We hereby declare that the thesis entitled:

is my/our own work and that, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, contains
no material previously published or written by another person nor material to which
to a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or
diploma of a university or other institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgement is made in the text.
I/We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our
work, eventhough we may have received assistance from others on style,
presentation and language expression.
Klifford L. Carlos John Arddie G. Dela Cruz

Signature over Printed Name Signature over Printed Name
Val Norenz L. Angeles

Signature over Printed Name
Date of Completion: _________________________

(mm/dd/yyyy)
Attested by:
CHARMAINE KELLY O. POSADAS, RM,BSM,MPH Date of Completion:

Research Adviser’s Signature (mm/dd/yyyy)

CAVITE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This undergraduate thesis would not have been possible without the support
of many people.
The researchers wish to express their sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude
to the following persons who in one way or another exerted effort, offered full
assistance, encouragement and inspiration in making this study.
To Ms Charmaine Kelly O. Posadas, RM,BSM,MPH who was abundantly

helpful and offered invaluable assistance, support and guidance. Deepest gratitude
is also due to the members of the panel of examiners, Mrs. Yolanda C. Magnaye,
RRT, MAEd, Mr. Darwin B. Reyes, RRT, MAEd MSRT and , without their
knowledge and assistance this study would not have been successful.
Special thanks Mrs. Alicia P. Francisco for sharing her knowledge and
invaluable assistance.
The researcher would also like to thank the Faculty Members for providing
the instructions and laboratory facilities.
The researchers wishes to express their love and gratitude to their beloved
family; for their understanding and endless love, through the duration of this study.
Above all, the researchers would like to give their sincerest and warmest
appreciation, to the Lord and Saviour ALMIGHTY GOD, who is the source of their
strength, knowledge and skills, who always hears their prayers, guides their path,
and never left their side throughout their journey in life.
Klifford L. Carlos
John Arddie G. Dela Cruz
Val Norenz L. Angeles

CAVITE

CAVITE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i
APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………….…. ii
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ……………………………………….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………….. iv
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… v
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………... vi
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………….. vii
LIST OF APPENDICES …………………………………………………… ix
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………..
Background of the Study …………………………………………
Statement of the Problem …………………………………………
Hypothesis …………………………………………………………
Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………
Significance of the Study……………………………………………
Scope and Limitation of the Study………………………………
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………
Review of Related Literatures
METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………
Research Design ……………………………………………………
Research Locale ……………………………………………………
Research Participants/Respondents ………………………………
Sampling Technique …………………………………………………
Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………………
Research Instrument …………………………………………………
Data Analysis …………………………………………………………….
RESULTS ………………………………………………………………………….
Data Presentation and analysis.…………………………………………
DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………………..
Interpretation of the results ……………………………………………..
Conclusion (Possible Implications) …………………………………….
Recommendation ………………………………………………………..
References ………………………………………………………………..
Appendices ……………………………………………………………….

CAVITE
LIST OF TABLE
Table Page No.
1 Demographic profile of respondents in terms of sex and internship

Level
2 Performance of radiologic technology interns on controlling sfcattered

radiation using limiting devices such as filtration, beam restricting
devices, grids and air gap technique
3 Relationship of the demographic data of the respondents and their

application ini controlling scattered radiation using limiting devices
such as fiktration, beam restricting devices, grids and air gap tehcnique
…………

CAVITE
Chapter One
Introduction and Background of the study
Dating back 1895, a German physicist named Wilhelm Conrad roentgen
discovered a new type of energy and named it x-ray. By performing lots of test with
his newly discovered mysterious rays, he determined that it had a degree of
penetrative power depending on the materials density. The ability to take an x-ray
was a huge advancement in the medical field. It allowed for the diagnosis of
fractures, broken bones, ailments and many more.
When an x-ray beam enters a patient’s body, a large portion of the photons
engage in Compton interaction and produce scattered radiation. Some of this
scattered radiation leaves the body in the same general direction as the primary
beam and exposes the image receptor. This scattered radiation reduces image
contrast. The degree of contrast loss depends on the scatter content of the radiation
emerging from the patient’s body. In most radiographic and fluoroscopic
procedures, the major portion of the x-ray beam leaving the patient’s body is
scattered radiation. This, in turn significantly reduces contrast. (Sprawls, 1995).
Scattered radiation from Compton interaction can create a serious radiation
exposure hazard in radiography and particularly in fluoroscopy. Two types of x-rays
are responsible for the optical density and contrast on a radiograph, those that pass
through the patient without interacting and those that are scattered within the
patient through Compton interaction. X-ray that exits from the patient are remnant x-

ray and those that exit andEMILIO AGUINALDO
interact COLLEGE
with the image receptor are called image-
CAVITE
forming x-rays. Primarily,
three factors contribute to increased scatter radiation; increased kVp, increased x-
ray field size, and increased patient thickness.
Scattered radiation has long been recognized as a main cause for degraded
image quality in projection imaging as it decreases he image contrast and contrast-
to-noise ratio for the object being detected or visualized (Boone, 2000). Since then,
various techniques have been investigated and implemented to control scattered
radiation during image acquisition, the most practical of which being the beam
restrictors, the air-gap technique and the anti-scatter or radiographic grids.
Beam restricting devices are designed to control and minimize scatter radiation
by limiting the x-ray field size to only anatomy of interest. Limiting the beam to focus
only on the area of interest not only reduces irradiation of other tissues but also
reduces scatter radiation, patient dose and it also improves image contrast. Ideally,
only those x-rays that do not interact with the patient should reach the image
receptor. The air gap technique is a technique in radiography that reduces scattered
radiation by increasing the distance between the patient and the detector. However,
air gaps may lead to an increased in patient dose, reduce field-of-view, and
increase focal spot blurring-effect. Grid, both stationary and moving, function to
remove a large percentage of scattered (primary Compton) radiation from the
remnant beam before it reaches the image receptor, thereby improving radiographic

EMILIO
contrast, but necessitate an AGUINALDO
increase COLLEGE
in exposure (Saia, 2008). It has been widely
CAVITE
used in many
radiographic and fluoroscopic procedures with conventional S/F or image intensifier
based imaging systems. Even after transitioning from analog to digital imaging
techniques. The main advantage of the radiographic grid is its simplicity. Grids
reject scattered radiation effectively, but also they attenuate a substantial fraction of
the primary x-rays resulting in a substantial loss of information and an increased
relative noise level in the image (Liu, 2002).
As scattered radiation increase the radiograph loses contrast and appears grey
and dull. One of the most important characteristic of image quality is contrast; the
visible difference between the light and dark areas of an image contrast is the
degree of difference in OD between areas of radiographic image. Contrast
resolution is the ability to image and distinguish soft tissue. Even under the most
favourable condition, must remnant x-ray are scattered. (Bushong,2009)
The radiographer must strive to minimize the quantity of scatter that reaches
the IR, restrict the x-ray beam size to size of the anatomical structures required to
demonstrate in the image, do not leave collimators open to extend beyond IR size
and always remember that the objective is to decrease patient radiation dose, and
achieve optimum contrast. Furthermore, radiographic images are such that slight
differences in quality do not necessarily rule out the diagnostic value of the image.
Radiologist can ordinarily make satisfactory adjustment by reason of their
experience and knowledge (Martensen, 2011), although passing less than optimal

images may compromiseEMILIO AGUINALDO
the diagnosis COLLEGE
and treatment and result in additional
CAVITE
imaging at a higher expense and radiation dose to patient.
Radiographer must conscientiously avoid unnecessary radiation exposure not
only to keep patient dose to an absolute minimum but also to produce quality
radiograph with the desired contrast. Radiographer must follow the ALARA Principle
(As low as reasonably achievable) as they carry out their task. The researchers
choose this topic to know the knowledge of radiologic technology interns in
controlling scattered radiation affecting contrast of radiographs. The researchers
want to know how the interns are capable of producing quality radiographs, how
knowledgeable interns are when it comes to the effects of scattered radiation in
quality of radiographs and how they control such things.

CAVITE
Statement of the problem

This study aims to know the efficacy of radiologic technology interns in
controlling scattered radiation affecting quality of radiographs in selected hospitals
in Cavite.
Specifically, it will answer the following:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;
1.1 Internship level
1.2 Sex
2. How effective does the radiologic technology interns controls scattered
radiation using limiting devices such as;
2.1 Filters
2.2 Beam restricting devices
2.3 Grid
2.4 Air-gap technique
3. Is there a significant relationship between the respondent’s demographic
profile and their efficacy in controlling scattered radiation affecting quality of
radiographs.
Hypothesis

The below hypothesis EMILIO AGUINALDO
will be tested COLLEGE
for this research.
CAVITE
There is no significant relationship between the respondent’s
demographic profile and their efficacy in controlling scattered radiation

CAVITE
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. Respondent’s
profile
1.1. Internship
Level
Efficacy of
1.2. Sex radiologic
Researchers
2. Application in Self-made technology interns
controlling Questionnaire in controlling
3 scattered scattered
radiation in terms Retrieval of radiation affecting
of using questionnaire quality of
radiographs
2.1 Filtration Analysis of
data
2.2 Beam
p restriction
2.3 Grid
2.4 Air-gap
technique

CAVITE
Figure 1. The relationship between three variables
The figure above demonstrated the conceptual framework of this study wherein
the prior demographic profile of the participants and their knowledge in controlling
scattered radiation in terms of using beam restriction, grid, and air gap technique
served as the input of this study. After which, analysis of the data through
questionnaire was done as the process of this study to augment the efficacy in
controlling scattered radiation affecting quality of radiographs of radiologic
technology interns.
Significance of the Study
This study aims to determine the efficacy of radiologic technology interns in
controlling scattered radiation affecting quality of radiographs in selected hospitals
in Cavite. Conducting this study will benefit the following:
School of Radiologic Technology Faculties. The main beneficiary of this study is
the faculties of the School of Radiologic Technology. It may serve as their reference
if their educational program is in line with producing quality radiographs. It may also
serve as a lecture material and presentation on their program.
Students. It may provide them knowledge about controlling scattered radiation
through different techniques to improve quality of radiographs and apply it when
they are on the working environment.
School Administrators. It may serve as their reference for the efficiency and
effectivity of the program educational objective.

Future researchers. The EMILIO AGUINALDO
future researchers COLLEGE
may use this study as their reference
CAVITE
for their future study.
Scope of Limitations of the study
The researchers aim to determine the application of radiologic technology
interns in controlling scattered radiation affecting quality of radiographs. The
respondents of the study were the Radiologic Technology interns of Pagamutan ng
Dasmarinas, GEAMH, and EAC-MC from the month of June to November 2019.
Definition of Terms
This part of the research will be composed of the important research
terminologies to help the readers to easily understand some technical and
radiographic terms.
Aperture diaphragm - is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More
specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone
angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.
Air-Gap technique - is a radiographic technique that improves image contrast
resolution through reducing the amount of scattered radiation that reaches the
image
detector. In select situations, this technique can be used instead of an anti-scatter
gridas the primary scatter reduction method in order to reduce patient dose. It
utilizes both plain radiography and mammography.

CAVITE
ALARA - an effort, approach, or policy that aims to maintain the level of exposure to
radiation or other hazardous material (such as toxic chemical) as far below
regulatory limits as possible. ALARA stands for As low as reasonably achievable.
Beam Restrictor - device that reduces the size of the beam of radiation from x-ray
equipment. Three basic types of restrictors are variable-aperture collimators, cones
or cylinders, and aperture diaphragms
Bucky-Slot - a protective device to shield the user from scattered radiation when
the undertable cassette is not used.
Collimation - the act of collimating or something being collimated aligning lenses
along line of sight to minimize abberation
Collimator - device that narrows a beam of particle or waves. To narrow can mean
either to cause the directions of motion to become more aligned in a specific
direction
Compton Scattering - occurs when the incident x-ray photon is deflected from its
original path by an interaction with an electron
Cones and Cylinder - essentially aperture diaphragms with the metals extensions
that can be either straight or flared and attach to the x-ray tube housing.
Filtration-
Field Size - projection that, on a plane perpendicular to the beam axis of the light
field, corresponds to the area being treated by radiation.

Grid - a device used to reduceEMILIO theAGUINALDO COLLEGE
amount of scatter radiation reaching an x-ray
CAVITE
film. It is consist of parallel strips of radiopaque materials alternating with strips of
radiolucent materials.
Kvp - the control on a radiographic machine that selects the kilovoltage for a given
radiographic film.
Optical Density - the degree to which a refractive medium retards transmitted rays
of light
Photon - particle representing a quantum of light or nother electromagnetic
radiation. A photon carries energy proportional to the radiation frequency but has
zero rest mass.
Radiation - the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving
subatomic particles, especially high-energy particle which cause ionization.
Radiographic Contrast - density difference between neighboring regions on a
plain radiograph
Radiography - process of occupation of taking radiographs to assist in medical
examination
Remnant Beam - the beam that passes through an object and can produce and
image on an x-ray film
Scattered Radiation - radiation that spreads out in different directions from a
radiation beam when the beam interacts with a substance.

CAVITE
Review of Related Literature
Foreign Literature
According to Stewart C Bushong (2009) Production of scatter radiation. Two
types of x-rays are responsible for the optical density and contrast on a radiograph,
those that pass through the patient without interacting and those that are scattered
within the patient through Compton interaction. X-ray that exist from the patient are
remnant x-ray and those that exit and interact with the image receptor are called
image-forming x-rays.
Proper collimation of the x –ray beam has the primary effect of reducing patient
dose by restricting the volume of irradiated tissue. Proper collimation also improve
image contrast. Ideally, only those x-rays that do not interact with the patient should
reach the image receptor.
As scattered radiation increase the radiograph loses contrast and appears grey
and dull. Three primary factors influence the relative intensity of scatter radiation
that reaches the image receptor. Kvp, field size and patient thickness.
. One of the most important characteristic of image quality is contrast, the visible
difference between the light and dark ares of an image contrast is the degree of
difference in OD between areas of radiographic image. Contrast resolution is the

EMILIO soft
ability to image and distinguish AGUINALDO COLLEGE
tissue. Even under the most favourable
CAVITE
condition, must remnant x-ray are scattered.
Foreign Literature
Beam restriction, or limitation of field size is probably the single most
important factor in keeping patient dose to a minimum. The primary beam must be
confined to the area of interest, thus, only tissues of diagnostic interest will be
irradiated. Benefit of beam restriction is that, because a smaller quantity of tissue is
irradiated, less scattered radiation will be produced. Remember , scattered radiation
does not carry useful information; it degrades the radiographic image by adding a
layer of fog that impairs image visibility.
Three basic type of beam restrictor, aperture diaphragms, cones and
cylinder and collimation. Aperture diaphragm is the most elementary of three types,
and is frequently used in dedicated-head units and many of today’s dedicated-chest
units. It is simply a flat piece of lead (Pb) with a central opening whose size and
shape determines the size and shape of the x-ray beam. Whereas head units have
a variety of aperture diaphragm sizes available for various tyoe of skull exams and
required film sizes. Cones are circular, lead-lined devices that slide into place in the
tubehead. They may be the straight cylinder type, whose proximal and distal
diameter are identical, proximal diameter. Cylinder cones are frequently able to
extend, like a telescope, by means of a simple thumbscrew adjustment. The

EMILIO
collimator is overall, the most AGUINALDO
efficient COLLEGE
beam restricting device. It is attached to the
CAVITE
tube head and its upper aperture, the first set of shutters is placed as close possible
to the x-ray tube’s port window. This is done to control the amount of image
degrading “off focus” radiation leaving the x-ray tube. Ie, radiation produced when
electrons strike anode surfaces other than the focal track. The next set of lead
shutters (or “blades”, or “leaves”) actually consist of two pairs of adjustable shutters-
one pair for field length and other pair for field width. It is these shutters that the
radiographer adjust when changing the field size and shape.
Foreign Studies
In order to reduce radiation exposure it is necessary to decrease the area of
the x-ray beam. Proper beam restriction will reduce the amount of primary photons
emitted from the tube and collimator thereby reducing the dose to the patient. Also,
beam restriction will keep the total amount of tissue irradiated to a minimum so
fewer scattered photons are created consequently the image will be improved. It is
important to control scatter since it has no useful diagnostic effect. Another principle
factor in reducing scatter is kilovoltage or the penetrability of the beam. As kVp is
increased, fewer atoms interact with the tissue, and more pass through to end up
on the image receptor. In radiography, kilovoltage is selected based predominantly
on the size of the part examined. Whenever kilovoltage is increased more scatter
will result unless it is accompanied by a reduction in mAs thereby reducing scatter
and the dose to the patient. Thus beam restriction along with technical factors is

very important aspects ofEMILIO
radiationAGUINALDO
protection by COLLEGE
reducing the patient dose and
CAVITE
improving the image quality. (Bushong,2008)
Foreign Studies
Aperture diaphragms are the simplest type of beam-restricting device. It is a
flat piece of lead containing a hole in the center that attaches to the x-ray tube port.
The opening can be made in any size or shape, but rectangular is the most
common. The main disadvantage is the increase in the unsharpness around the
periphery of the image known as penumbra. Other disadvantages include off-focus
radiation and no light field for use in positioning. Aperture diaphragms are used in
special procedure angiography studies. (Carlton & Adler, 2006)
Cones and cylinder are essentially aperture diaphragms with the metals
extensions that can be either straight or flared and attach to the x-ray tube housing.
Cones are extensions that flare and cylinders are straight but both are routinely
called cones. The longest cone with the smallest diameter will provide the greatest
beam restriction. The advantage of cone is there low cost and ease of use. One
difficulty with using cones is alignment. The physical weight of the cones can
sometimes cause the tube to angle slightly when used with a horizontal beam
causing cone cutting if the central ray us not checked carefully. Today, cones are

EMILIO
reserved for selected areas AGUINALDO
of radiology COLLEGE
such as sinuses, L5/S1 spine, and dental
CAVITE
radiographs. (Forshier, 2009)
Collimators are the most widely used beam restricting device because they
contain a light source to help the radiographer center the x-ray beam. They are
composed of a lamp, mirror, and a pair of upper and lower leadshutters that are at
right angles to each other and move independently. Upper shutters absorb the off
focus radiation before it leaves the tube and the lower shutters further restrict the
beam area of interest. Collimators permit an infinite number of field sizes using only
one device and hence reduce the light field to only the area of interest resulting in
reduced patient exposure. Some equipment is supplied with automatic collimators
that are electronically interlocked with the bucky tray so the x-ray beam is
automatically restricted to the size of the cassettes. These devices are known as
positive beam limitation (PBL) devices. Accuracy within 2% of the SID is required
with all PBL devices.
Foreign Studies
According to Ulrich Neitzel (2000) Grids or Air Gaps for scatter reduction in
digital radiography: A model calculation, in any radiographic examination, scattered
radiation is inevitably generated in the patient. Part of this scatter reaches the
detector and superposes on the image-forming transmitted primary radiation. For
thick objects, the intensity of scatter can amount to up to ten times the primary
radiation. As a result the image contrast is reduced and the scatter intensity acts as
an additional noise source.

Therefore, variousEMILIO
measuresAGUINALDO COLLEGE
have been proposed ro reduce the amount of
CAVITE
scattered radiation which reaches the detector: grids, air gaps, slit, or area scanning
devices. In clinical practice grids are used almost exclusively, while the air gap
technique survives in some niches; paediatrics, magnification mammography and –
to some degree- chest radiography. Slit scanning systems, although most effective
in scatter reduction, are hampered by technical problems such as high tube loading,
scanning artifacts, and mechanical complexity.
The predominance of the grid technique in conventional radiogtraphy is due
to the effective contrast improvement that can be accomplished with a properly
designed and aligned grid. The drawback of this approach in film-based
radiography is the increase of exposure to the patient which is necessary to
compensate for the reduction of radiation reaching the film. Optimization of scatter
radiation method was thus aimed at a balance between the contrast improvement
factor and the bucky factor which describes the necessary exposure increase.
Local Studies
According to Lorega, Cuenca, Luneta & Paiton (2018), Quality Control
Management of Radiologic technologist in selected quality Diagnostic Clinics’ in
Cavite, Maintenance of beam quality was ranked first; followed by the maintenance
of x-ray beam bucky alignment and checking of grid in the quality control
management of radiologic units by the radiologic technologist in selected diagnostic
clinics in cavite.

Local Studies EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE
CAVITE
According to Reyes, Cruz, Delos Santos, Guzarem & Rubia (2017),
Common errors of radiologic technology interns in performing x-ray procedure in
selected tertiary hospitals in cavite. Most of the respondents answered Always, the
common error of radiologic technology interns in performing x-ray procedure are
proper use of collimator, ranked 1st.
Chapter Two
Methodology
This chapter describes the research design, research locale, research
participants, sampling technique, data gathering procedure, research instruments
and data analysis.
Research Design
The researchers will utilize descriptive quantitative method. Quantitative
methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or
numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or
by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques. A
descriptive quantitative study establishes only association between variables
(Babbie, 2010).
Research Locale
The study will be conducted at Pagamutan ng Dasmarinas, GEAMH, and
EAC-MC. This place was selected for knowing the efficacy of radiologic interns in
controlling scattered radiation affecting quality of radiographs.

Research Participants EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE
CAVITE
The respondents of this study will be the radiologic technology interns of
Pagamutan ng Dasmarinas, GEAMH, and EAC-MC from the month of June to
November 2019.
Data gathering procedures
The researchers will request permission to the Department of Radiology of
the said hospitals (Pagamutan ng Dasmarinas, GEAMH, and EACMC) to
disseminate the questionnaires to the Radiologic Technology interns. In the duration
of gathering the data from the respondents, the researchers will explain the purpose
of the study. After collecting the questionnaires, it will be tallied and recorded. The
gathered data will be computed in a statistical method.
Research Instruments
This study will use a self-made questionnaire. The questionnaire will serve
as the primary instrument for data gathering. The instruments will be validated by
few consultants and professors before it will be use on the study.
Data Analysis
The following tools will be used in this study.
1. Frequency- is a systematic arrangement of the data that illustrate the data in
ascending order. This will be used to determine the number of respondents in
this study. (Corty 2017)

CAVITE
Formula :
2. Mean- it is a set of measurements defined to be sum of the measurements
divided by the total number of measurements (Scott and Mazhindu, 2005).
This will be used in this study to analyze the average number of the
respondents.
Formula :
3. Chi Square is commonly used to test relationships between categorical data.
(Ling, 2008). This will be used in this study to determine the relationship
between respondent’s demographic data and their efficacy in controlling
scattered radiation affecting quality of radiographs
Formula:

CAVITE
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS
This chapter contains the results and data analysis of the survey conducted
by the researchers. The discussion and interpretation of the results will be shown
and analyze if it proves the data gathered in the previous chapter. The survey
questionnaires were answered by the radiologic technology interns of the selected
hospitals in cavite to show fairness and give them chance to share their insights and
experiences towards the topic that will support the study.
This chapter aims to identify the efficacy of radiologic technology interns in
controlling scattered radiation affecting quality of radiographs and to determine
whether their demographic profile has a relationship with their efficacy in controlling
scattered radiation.
In the survey questionnaire, the researchers asked for their demographic
profile pertaining to the sex and internship level of the respondents, and how
effective they are in controlling scattered radiation with the application of filtration,
beam restricting devices, grids and air gap technique.
The following tables and will show and contain results of each category.

CAVITE
TABLE 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of Internship Level and
Sex
DEMOGRAPHIC (f) (%)

PROFILE
INTERNSHIP LEVEL Junior 25 83

5 17
Senior 100 100
N
SEX Male 17 57
Female 13 43
N 100 100
Table 1 reveals the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of internship
level and sex. As shown, 25 respondents are in junior year comprising 83% of the
sample 5 or 17% of them are in senior year. It is also observed that 17 or 57% of the
respondents are male and 13 or 43% are female. This means that the sample is
mostly represented by males and in junior level.

CAVITE
TABLE 2. Performance of radiologic technology interns in controlling scattered
radiation using limiting devices such as Filtration, Beam Restricting Devic es, Grids and
Air-Gap Technique
Filtration MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

Q1.I practice anode cooling technique when performing high technical 3.13 Sometimes
factor radiographic procedures.
Q2.I check added filter in performing high technical factor radiographic 3.00 Sometimes
procedure (e.g Al. Cu. Be, etc)
Q3.I use different focal spot in performing high or low technical factor 3.07 Sometimes
radiographic procedure.
Total Mean Score: 3.07 Sometimes
Beam Restricting Devices MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION
Q1.I practice collimation in performing different radiographic procedure. 4.67 Always
Q2.I use cylinder and cones alternative in performing different 2.57 Seldom
radiographic procedures.
Q3.I utilize aperture diaphragm in special procedures like angiographic 1.90 Seldom
studies .
Grids MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION
Q1.I use bucky grid in performing high technical factor radiographic 2.47 Seldom
procedure.
Q2.I use gridded cassette in performing high technical factor 2.23 Seldom
radiographic procedures in portable xray.
Q3.I use grids when performing in large patients and large field size 3.00 Sometimes
radiologic procedure.
Total Mean Score: 2.57 Seldom
VERBAL
Air-Gap Techniques MEAN INTERPRETATION
Q1.I increase the exposure factor in performing air gap technique in any
radiologic procedures . 3.77 Often
Q2.I practice increasing the OID and SID to maintain the spatial
resolution and image sharpness in performing radiologic procedures . 3.50 Sometimes
Q3.I practice air-gap technique in performing bedside radiographic
procedures . 3.37 Sometimes
OVERALL MEAN SCORE 3.03 Sometimes

1.0 -1.59 - Never 1.60 - 2.59 - Seldom 2.60 - 3.59 - Sometimes 3.60 - 4.59 - Often 4.60 - 5. – Always
Table 2 shows the performance of Radiologic Technology Students in controlling
scattered radiation using filtration, beam restricting devices, grids and air-gap.
Specifically, Filtration has a mean score of 3.07, Beam Restricting devices has 3.04,
and Air-Gap Techniques has 3.03 mean score respectively. Which corresponding to
a verbal interpretation of "Sometimes." This means that the

EMILIO
radiologic technology interns AGUINALDO
sometimes COLLEGE
use filtration, Beam Restricting and Air-Gap
CAVITE
technique in controlling scattered radiation. Interestingly, the respondents have
"Seldom" utilize Grids and has a mean score of 2.57.
Table 3. Relationship of the Demographic Data of the Respondents and their

application in controlling scattered radiation using limiting devices such as filtration,
beam restricting devices, grids, and air gap technique.
Decision/
Chi-
Demographic
Application square/x2 Df sig. Remarks
Profile
value
(p-value)
Application 19.200 1 Accept Ho/

Year Level 7 .317
Not Significant
Application 19.005 1 Accept Ho/

Sex 7 .328
Not Significant
* Significant at .05 level (p<.05)
It can be readily observed in Table 3, the Chi-square test result shows that
Internship Level and Application Lying-in 1 has a p-value of .317 (.317>.05). Since
the p-value of .317 is greater than the demarcation criterion set at .05 level (p>.05),
the null hypothesis is Accepted. The table also revealed that Sex and Application
has a p-value of .328 (.328>.05). Since the p-value of .328 is greater than than the
demarcation criterion set at .05 level (p>.05) thus the null hypothesis is accepted.
This implies that there is no significant relationship between the demographic profile
of the radiologic technology interns and their application of the radiologic technology
interns in controlling scattered radiation affecting quality of radiographs.

CAVITE
CHAPTER 4
DISCUSSION
This chapter includes the Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendation of
preferences about the application of radiologic technology inters in controlling
scattered radiation affecting qualtity of radiographs in selected hospitals in cavite
The result shows no correlation between the demographic profile of the
radiologic technology interns and their efficacy in controlling scattered radiation
affecting quality of radiographs in selected hospitals in cavite.
Conclusion
The result of the study most likely reveals that
1. The respondents is mostly represented by male and junior interns.
2. Radiologic technology interns of the selected hospitals sometimes ulitized
filtration with a mean of 3.07, beam restricting devices with 3.04 and air gap
technique with 3.03, in controlling scattered radiation in radiographic
procedure.
3. While the radiologic technology seldomly used grids with a mean of 2.57, in
controlling scattered radiation in radiologic procedure.
4. There is no significant relationship between the respondents demographic
profile and their efficacy in controlling scattered radiation affecting quality of
radiograph.

CAVITE
Recommendation
Here are the recommendations for future studies and researches that may
use this research as reference of future studies.
1. The radiologic technology interns must continue practicing or enhancing their
efficiency in controlling scattered radiation not only for radiation safety but
also for producing quality radiograph in their clinical education .
2. The faculty that handle the subject about control of scattered radiation is
suggested to emphasize the importance of controlling scattered radiation to
the students not only to enhance the learning and clinical compentency of the
students but also to give them an in depth knowledge about it.
3. For future researchers, they should find another way to measure how efficacy
the radiologic technology interns in controlling scattered radiation producing
quality radiographs.

CAVITE
References

CAVITE
APPENDIX 1
COMMUNICATION LETTER

CAVITE
EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE – CAVITE

Congressional Road, Burol Main, Dasmariñas City, Cavite
School of Radiologic Technology
Christopher B. Gonzales, RRT, RSO

Chief Radiologic Technologist, Pagamutan ng Dasmariñas
Good Day !
Dear Sir,
We the 4th yr students of Bachelor of Science in Radiologic technology in Emilio
Aguinaldo College- Cavite currently enrolled in the subject research writing, are conducting
a research study entitled “Application of Radiologic Technology Interns in Controlling
Scattered Radiation affecting Quality of Radiographs in selected hospitals in Cavite “
In this regard, we are humbly asking permission from your good office to conduct our study.
Any suggestion and comments will be highly appreciated. Thank you we are hoping for your
favorable response .
Respectfully Yours,
Carlos, Klifford L. Dela Cruz, John Arddie G. Angeles, Val Norenz L
Noted By
Yolanda C. Magnaye, RRT, MaEd

Darwin Reyes, RRT,RSO,MaEd,MSRT

Asst. Dean ,School of Radiologic Technology
Charmaine Kelly Orculo Posadas,RM,BSM,MPH

Research Adviser
Approved By
Christopher B. Gonzales, RRT, RSO
Chief Radiologic Technologist, Pagamutan ng Dasmariñas

CAVITE

Eduardo Duting Jr,, RRT

Chief Radiologic Technologist, General Emilio Aguinaldo Memorial Hospital
Good Day !
Dear Sir,
Respectfully Yours,
Noted By



Research Adviser
Approved By
Eduardo Duting Jr,, RRT
Chief Radiologic Technologist, General Emilio Aguinaldo Memorial Hospital

CAVITE

Chief Radiologic Technologist, Emilio Aguinaldo Colloege- Medical Center
Good Day !
Dear Sir,
Respectfully Yours,
Noted By



Research Adviser
Approved By
Chief Radiologic Technologist, Emilio Aguinaldo Colloege- Medical Center

CAVITE


Good Day !

In this regard, we are humbly asking permission from your good office to validate our
survey questionnaire. Any suggestion and comments will be highly appreciated. Thank you
we are hoping for your favorable response .
Respectfully Yours,
Noted By


Research Adviser
Approved By

CAVITE


Good Day !

Respectfully Yours,
Noted By


Research Adviser
Approved By

CAVITE

Patrick C. Loyola, RRT,MSRT

Faculty Member, School of Radiologic Technology
Good Day !

Respectfully Yours,
Noted By



Research Adviser
Approved By
Patrick C. Loyola, RRT,MSRT
Faculty Member, School of Radiologic Technology

CAVITE
APPENDIX 2
Research Instrument

CAVITE

CAVITE

CAVITE
APPENDIX 3
Forms

CAVITE

Di Pa Final

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Di Pa Final

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE

EFFICACY OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY INTERNS IN

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty

In Partial Fulfilment of the

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

This thesis hereto entitled:

EFFICACY OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY INTERNS IN

prepared and submitted by Klifford L. Carlos, Val Norenz L. Angeles, John

CHARMAINE KELLY O. POSADAS, RM,BSM,MPH

Accepted and approved by the Panel of Examiners following a successful Oral

Panel Member Panel Member

YOLANDA C. MAGNAYE, RRT, MAEd

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

I/We hereby declare that the thesis entitled:

EFFICACY OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY INTERNS IN

Klifford L. Carlos John Arddie G. Dela Cruz

Val Norenz L. Angeles

Date of Completion: _________________________

CHARMAINE KELLY O. POSADAS, RM,BSM,MPH Date of Completion:

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

To Ms Charmaine Kelly O. Posadas, RM,BSM,MPH who was abundantly

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

Table Page No.

1 Demographic profile of respondents in terms of sex and internship

2 Performance of radiologic technology interns on controlling sfcattered

3 Relationship of the demographic data of the respondents and their

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

Introduction and Background of the study

Dating back 1895, a German physicist named Wilhelm Conrad roentgen

his newly discovered mysterious rays, he determined that it had a degree of

fractures, broken bones, ailments and many more.

engage in Compton interaction and produce scattered radiation. Some of this

emerging from the patient’s body. In most radiographic and fluoroscopic

scattered radiation. This, in turn significantly reduces contrast. (Sprawls, 1995).

Scattered radiation from Compton interaction can create a serious radiation

exposure hazard in radiography and particularly in fluoroscopy. Two types of x-rays

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

three factors contribute to increased scatter radiation; increased kVp, increased x-

ray field size, and increased patient thickness.

image quality in projection imaging as it decreases he image contrast and contrast-

various techniques have been investigated and implemented to control scattered

restrictors, the air-gap technique and the anti-scatter or radiographic grids.

remove a large percentage of scattered (primary Compton) radiation from the

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

radiographic and fluoroscopic procedures with conventional S/F or image intensifier

the primary x-rays resulting in a substantial loss of information and an increased

relative noise level in the image (Liu, 2002).

degree of difference in OD between areas of radiographic image. Contrast

favourable condition, must remnant x-ray are scattered. (Bushong,2009)

Radiologist can ordinarily make satisfactory adjustment by reason of their

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

Radiographer must conscientiously avoid unnecessary radiation exposure not

choose this topic to know the knowledge of radiologic technology interns in

controlling scattered radiation affecting contrast of radiographs. The researchers

knowledgeable interns are when it comes to the effects of scattered radiation in

quality of radiographs and how they control such things.

SCHOOL OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

Statement of the problem

controlling scattered radiation affecting quality of radiographs in selected hospitals

Specifically, it will answer the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;