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Stabilization of sand with cement by-pass dust

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International Journal of Geotechnics and Environment (IJGE)
1(1) January-June 2009; pp. 19-32

Stabilization of Sand with Cement By-Pass Dust

Mohamed Y. Al-Aghbari
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman

Rakesh Kumar Dutta

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur –177005, Himachal Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT: The paper presents the results of compaction, unconfined compressive strength, shear
strength parameters and permeability of the sand stabilized with CBPD. The results of the study reveal
that CBPD has the potential of being used as a cementitious material and has a sufficient quantity of
lime to reach the required rate of hydration and to achieve the required early age strength. The maximum
dry unit weight of the sand increases with the increase in CBPD content where as the optimum moisture
content decreases marginally with the increase in the CBPD content in sand. Increasing the content of
CBPD in sand or increasing the curing period increases the unconfined compressive strength, cohesion,
friction angle and decreases the permeability significantly. Further multiple regression analysis on the
test results of unconfined compressive strength, shear strength parameters and permeability were
performed to develop regression models. The results of multiple regression analysis reveal that the
regression models reproduced results obtained from the unconfined compression tests, direct shear
tests and permeability tests quite well and the models can be used for determining these values. The
sand stabilized with 12 % CBPD can be used to support a low to moderate rise building.
Keywords: Sand, Physical properties, Chemical composition, Compaction, Unconfined compression
strength test, Direct shear test, Permeability, Regression model;

1. INTRODUCTION
Desert sand cover vast area of Oman including Wahiba Sand and Rub Al-Khali. The
desert sand is posing major problems for construction of infrastructures in Oman.
The desert sand is usually fine-grained and poorly-graded material with small amount
of silt. This sand is characterized by loose fabric structure and is susceptible to erosion
by wind and rain (Al-Khanbashi et al., 2000). Desert sand is not suitable for support of
structure and road because it is loose and vulnerable to collapse upon wetting (Elsharief
et al., 1999). Desert sand is also not suitable for dam construction because of its relatively
high permeability and low shear strength. In order to improve the performance of
desert sand or poor soils, engineers have been stabilizing them with better quality
materials. The stabilized soils behaved satisfactorily in most cases (Das, 1999).

*
Corresponding author: rkd@nitham.ac.in
 20 / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICS AND ENVIRONMENT (IJGE)

The paper presents the behaviour of sand stabilized with cement by-pass dust
(CBPD). The physical properties of sand and chemical composition of CBPD were
evaluated and compaction tests on the stabilized sand were conducted. The influence
of the CBPD content and curing period on the basic aspects of sand behaviour, such
as unconfined compressive strength, shear strength parameters and permeability were
studied using multiple regression analysis.

2. BACKGROUND
Desert sand can be stabilized by the addition of different materials depending on the
ultimate use of the product material. Ali and Youssef (1983) reported the use of cement
and bitumen stabilization of sandy silt for use as a subgrade material in Saudi Arabia.
O’Sadnick et al. (1995) mixed sand with bentonite to reduce the permeability of sand for
use as a landfill liner. Das (1999) reported using cement stabilization to improve the shear
strength of sand. Al-Khanbashi et al. (2000) investigated the addition of polymer to increase
the unconfined compressive strength and reduce the permeability of desert sand.
CKD has been used for the treatment of sand (Baghdadi et al., 1995; Freer-Hewish
et al., 1999), expansive clays (Bhatty et al., 1996), and soft or wet soils (Davis and Hoods,
1974). Other applications include stabilization of contaminated soil or sludge (MacKay
and Emery, 1994), pavement filler (Zhu et al., 1999), and subgrade stabilization (Miller
and Zaman, 2000).
Baghdadi et al. (1995) established that cement kiln dust (CKD) can be used to
stabilize dune sand with 12% to 50% CKD by sand weight depending upon the
application. The stabilized dune sands showed higher compressive strengths with
increased CKD content and increased curing temperatures. Al-Rawas et al. (2005)
investigated the effect of cement by-pass dust as a stabilizer on the geotechnical
properties such as compaction, compressive strength, direct shear and permeability of
oil-contaminated soils resulting from leaking underground storage tanks, or soils
surrounding petroleum refineries and crude oil wells. The results indicate that cement
by-pass dust improve the properties of oil-contaminated soils. The successful method
of stabilization depends on many factors such as soil type and properties, stabilizing
agent, potential use of the stabilized soil, field method for mixing and economical
considerations. For a given soil and a given stabilizer, the field mixing method and the
economical factors will control the success of the stabilization method. The field mixing
method is instrumental in fulfilling the required stabilization goal. It was well recognized
that there is a difference between well-controlled mixing environment in the laboratory
and that in the field (O’Sadnick et al., 1995). Therefore it frequently important to construct
small-scale test sections in the field to validate the laboratory findings and to provide
specifications for construction (Ali et al 2000).
 STABILIZATION OF SAND WITH CEMENT BY-PASS DUST / 21

The literature presented above indicates that little work is reported for the
stabilization of sand using cement by-pass dust. Hence this research is taken up and the
physical properties of sand and chemical composition of CBPD were evaluated and
compaction tests on the stabilized sand were conducted. The influence of the CBPD
content and curing period on the basic aspects of sand behaviour, such as unconfined
compressive strength, shear strength parameters such as friction angle and cohesion
and permeability using multiple regression analysis were discussed in this paper.

3. MATERIALS USED
The desert sand used in the present study was collected from Al-Wahiba area in Oman.
The grain size distribution of the sand is reported elsewhere (Al-Aghbari and Dutta,
2005). The sand had a sand content of 100%, specific gravity of 2.6, maximum particle
size of 0.30 mm, minimum particle size of 0.07 mm, D10 of 0.11 mm, D60 of 0.26 mm,
mean particle diameter (D50) of 0.21 mm, coefficient of uniformity (Cu) of 2.47 and
coefficient of curvature (Cc) of 1.05. Minimum and maximum void ratios were 0.58
and 0.72 while the corresponding dry unit weights were 16.14 kN/m3 and 14.82 kN/
m3 respectively. The sand is classified as poorly graded sand (SP) as per IS 1498-1970.
The cement by-pass dust (CBPD) used in the present investigation was procured from
a local cement factory, which generates about 25,500-30,000 tons of CBPD every year
(Al-Jabri, et al. 2002) in Oman. CBPD is a by-product of the manufacture of Portland
cement. It is generated during the calcining process in the kiln. As the raw materials are
heated in the kiln, dust particles are produced and then carried out with the exhaust
gases at the upper end of the kiln. These gases are cooled and the accompanying dust
particles are captured by efficient dust collection systems. Composition of CBPD is
quite variable from one source to another due to raw material and process variation.

4. REGRESSION MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The unconfined compression, direct shear and permeability tests were performed to
evaluate the response of sand stabilized with cement by-pass dust in terms of unconfined
compressive strength, shear strength parameters such as friction angle, cohesion and
permeability. Each property was quantified by measuring one or more response variables.
The input variables cement by-pass dust content (CC, defined herein as the ratio of
weight of cement by-pass dust to weight of dry sand and was considered as a part of
solids fraction in the void–solid matrix of the sand) and curing period (CP) were varied
from 0, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12% and 0, 7, 14 and 28 days respectively for the unconfined
compressive strength, direct shear and permeability tests. Experimental planning was
carried out to calculate the number of tests to be performed in order to establish the
necessary combinations among input variables that should be experimented with to
 22 / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICS AND ENVIRONMENT (IJGE)

effectively apply a statistical analysis (Multiple regression analysis) to the sequence. The
experimental planning required 21 unconfined compression and 63 (21x3 = 63) direct
shear and 21 permeability tests are to be performed. In these tests, all possible
combinations among the input variables [CC and CP] were tested, and the response
variables were measured. The behaviour of sand stabilized with CBPD was examined
by focusing on the aspects of CBPD content (0 to 12%) and curing period (0 to 28
Days) on the unconfined compressive strength, shear strength parameters such as friction
angle, cohesion and permeability based on unconfined compression, direct shear and
permeability tests. The experimental data was used to develop the regression models
using multiple regression analysis. The equations obtained for the unconfined
compression strength, shear strength parameters such as friction angle and cohesion
from the multiple regression analysis have the general form:
y = a + b.x1c. x2d + error (1)
The equation obtained for the permeability from the multiple regression analysis
has the general form:
y = a.x1b.cx2 + error (2)
Where y is a response variable and a, b, c and d is coefficient of the regression in the
respective equation for each response variable evaluated and x1, x2 are the input variables.
The equations reported in this paper are valid only over the range investigated. To
check the adequacy of the regression models, the corresponding adjusted coefficients of
determination (R2adjusted), standard errors, and units are also reported. The standard errors
could be used to construct prediction limits for the regression models, and the R2adjusted
statistic indicates how well the model explains the variability in the response variable.

4.1 Tests Conducted

The physical and chemical composition of the CBPD was determined as per their
respective standards available. The compaction tests on sand passing sieve of size 4.75
mm were conducted according to BS 1377: Part 4: 1990. The CBPD content was varied
from 2 to 12% by dry weight of the sand. The specimens for the unconfined compression
tests, direct shear tests and permeability tests were prepared at their respective optimum
moisture content as determined by the compaction test. Specimens were then cured at
room temperature for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Unconfined compressive strength tests
were conducted in accordance with ASTM D1633-00(2007) using 100 and 600 kN
DARTEC machines at a loading rate of 0.5 kN/sec. The direct shear tests were
conducted as per BS 1377: Part 7: 1990. The permeability tests were conducted as per
ASTM D5856-95. Prior to the permeability test, the specimens were soaked in water
for three days.
 STABILIZATION OF SAND WITH CEMENT BY-PASS DUST / 23

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Physical and Chemical Properties
The various physical properties such as specific gravity, fineness and initial setting time
of the CBPD were determined and are reported in Table 1. The chemical composition
of CBPD is given in Table 2.
Table 1
Physical Characteristics of Cement by-pass Dust
Property CBPD
Specific Gravity 2.40
Fineness (cm2/g) 4,824
Initial Setting (minutes) 150

Table 2
Chemical Composition of Cement by-pass Dust
Component Percentage in CBPD
Silica (SiO2) 15.84
Alumina (Al2O3) 3.57
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 2.76
Lime (CaO) 63.76
Magnesia (MgO) 1.93
Sulfates (SO3) 1.65
Potash (K2O) 2.99
Soda (Na2O) 0.33
Titania (TiO2) 0.48
Manganese oxide (Mn2O3) 0.07
Chloride (Cl-) 1.09
Loss-on-Ignition (LOI) 5.38

A study of Table 1 reveals that CBPD has a comparable fineness (i.e., surface area)
with that of cement, which indicates that CBPD has the potential to be used as a
cementitious material. However, CBPD will demand a higher water content to achieve
a high workability. The initial setting time for CBPD 150 minutes (Table 1) which is
comparatively more than that of cement? This is attributed primarily to the presence
of high free and combined CaO content (63.76%) and high loss-on-ignition value
(5.38%) in CBPD as evident from Table 2. On further examining Table 2, it is evident
that the free and combined total lime content in CBPD contributes to nearly 63.76%
of the chemical composition; this indicates that CBPD has a sufficient quantity of lime
to reach the required rate of hydration and to achieve the required early age strength.
Thus it can be concluded that CBPD has the potential of being used as a cementitious
material and has a sufficient quantity of lime to reach the required rate of hydration
 24 / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICS AND ENVIRONMENT (IJGE)

and to achieve the required early age strength. The mineralogical analysis is beyond the
scope of the present study, which requires a separate detailed investigation.

5.2 Compaction Test

The results of the compaction test for different percentages of CBPD are shown in
Fig. 1. The results of pure sand are also included in this figure for the comparison
purposes. It is evident from this figure that as the percentage of CBPD increases, the
dry unit weight increases. This is attributed to the fact that CBPD is very fine and it
fills up the air voids present in the sand resulting increase in the dry unit weight. In
general, increasing the content of CBPD in sand increases the dry unit weight and
the amount of increase depends on the percentage of the CBPD. Fig. 1 further
indicates that the optimum moisture content decreases with the increase in CBPD
content in sand. However, the decrease in optimum moisture is more pronounced
for higher content of CBPD. Thus it can be concluded that the maximum dry unit
weight of the sand increases with the increase in CBPD content where as the optimum
moisture content decreases marginally with the increase in the CBPD content in
sand.

Figure 1: Compaction Curves for Sand Stabilized with CBPD

 STABILIZATION OF SAND WITH CEMENT BY-PASS DUST / 25

5.3 Unconfined Compressive Strength

The variation of unconfined compressive strength with the CBPD content and curing
period is shown in Fig. 2. It is evident from this figure that as the content of CBPD and
curing period increases, the unconfined compressive strength increases significantly.
For example, the 7–day unconfined compressive strength increased from a value of 65
kPa for 2 % CBPD content to 364 kPa for 12% CBPD content. Similarly the value of
unconfined compressive strength for 28 Days increased from 260 kPa to 1170 kPa
when the CBPD content was raised from 2 to 12% in sand. This is expected since the
sand-CBPD mixture requires time to harden. To appreciate the significant increase in
the strength, the unconfined compressive strength of sand stabilized with 12 % of
CBPD and cured for 28 days is about 1170 kPa, which is comparable to the unconfined
compressive strength hard soil (400 to 1000 kPa). Thus, the bearing capacity provided
by sand-CBPD mixture is adequate to support a low to moderate rise building.
The influence of CBPD content and curing period on the unconfined compressive
strength is presented by the following regression equation for sand stabilized with CBPD.
UCS = 10.43 + 4.38 x CC1.07 x CP0.87 (3)
(R2adjusted = 0.98, Standard Error = 34.75 kPa and Confidence level = 95%)

Figure 2: Effect of CBPD Content and Curing Period on Unconfined

Compressive Strength of Sand
 26 / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICS AND ENVIRONMENT (IJGE)

Where
UCS is the unconfined compressive strength of sand-CBPD mixture.
Figs. 2 also present the predicted behaviour of sand stabilized with CBPD obtained
from the regression model. It is evident from this figure that the unconfined compressive
strength of the sand is influenced by the CBPD content and curing period. On further
examining this figure it is evident that the influence of CBPD content and the curing
period on the unconfined compressive strength is significant. It can thus be concluded
that increasing the content of CBPD in sand or increasing the curing period increases
the unconfined compressive strength significantly. Also the multiple regression models
reproduced the results obtained for the unconfined compressive strength quite well
and the models can be used for determining the values of unconfined compressive
strength of sand stabilized with CBPD.

5.4 Shear Strength

Studies were carried out to study the influence of CBPD content and the curing period
on the shear strength parameters such as friction angle and cohesion of sand.

5.4.1 Friction Angle

The variation of friction angle with CBPD content and curing period is shown in
Fig. 3. A study of this figure reveals that friction angle of the pure sand at 0 days was
35.64° which increased to 37.72° when 12% CBPD was added to pure sand. Similarly
at 7 days, the friction angle at 2% CBPD content was 37.72°, which increased to 40.57°
when 12% CBPD content was added to sand. Similar trend is observed for other curing
periods.
The influence of CBPD content and curing period on the friction angle is presented
by the following regression equation for sand stabilized with CBPD.
Ω = 36.84 + 0.26 × CC0.73 × CP0.49 (4)
(R 2
adjusted
= 0.94, Standard Error = 0.64 Deg. and Confidence level = 95%)
Where
Ω is the friction angle of sand-CBPD mixture.
Fig. 3 also presents the predicted behaviour of sand stabilized with CBPD obtained
from the regression model. It is evident from this figure that the friction angle of the
sand is influenced by the CBPD content and curing period. On further examining this
figure it is evident that the influence of CBPD content and the curing period on the
friction angle is significant. It can thus be concluded that increasing the content of
CBPD in sand or increasing the curing period increase the friction angle significantly.
 STABILIZATION OF SAND WITH CEMENT BY-PASS DUST / 27

Figure 3: Effect of CBPD Content and Curing Period on Friction Angle of Sand

Also the multiple regression models reproduced the result obtained for the friction
angle quite well and the model can be used for determining the value of friction angle
of the sand stabilized with CBPD.

5.4.2 Cohesion
The variation of cohesion with CBPD content and curing period is shown in Fig. 4. A
study of this figure reveals that cohesion of the pure sand at 0 days was 0.0 kPa which
increased to 22.5 kPa when 12% CBPD was added to pure sand. Similarly at 7 days, the
cohesion at 2% CBPD content was 13.5 kPa, which increased to 66.7 kPa when 12%
CBPD content was added to sand. Similar trend is observed for other curing periods.
The influence of CBPD content and curing period on the cohesion is presented by
the following regression equation for sand stabilized with CBPD.
C = 9.20 + 1.49 x CC0.96 x CP0.56 (5)
(R 2
adjusted
= 0.93, Standard Error = 8.7 kPa and Confidence level = 95%)
 28 / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICS AND ENVIRONMENT (IJGE)

Where
C is the cohesion of sand-CBPD mixture.
Fig. 4 also present the predicted behaviour of sand stabilized with CBPD obtained
from the regression model. It is evident from this figure that the cohesion of the sand
is influenced by the CBPD content and curing period. On further examining this figure
it is evident that the influence of CBPD content and the curing period on the cohesion
is significant. It can thus be concluded that increasing the content of CBPD in sand or
increasing the curing period increases the cohesion significantly. Also the multiple
regression models reproduced the result obtained for the cohesion quite well and the
model can be used for determining the value of cohesion of sand stabilized with CBPD.

Figure 4: Effect of CBPD Content and Curing Period on Cohesion of Sand

5.5 Permeability
The influence of CBPD content and curing period on the ratio of Kt/Ks of the sand is
shown in Fig. 5. A study of this figure reveals that the ratio of Kt/Ks of the sand at 0
days was 0.33 with 2% CBPD content which decreased to 3.5x10-03 when 12 % CBPD
was added to sand. Similarly at 7 days, the ratio of Kt/Ks at 2% CBPD content was
0.12, which decreased to 1.6x10-03 when 12% CBPD content was added to sand. Similar
trend is observed for other curing period.
 STABILIZATION OF SAND WITH CEMENT BY-PASS DUST / 29

Figure 5: Variation of Permeability with CBPD Content and Curing Period

The influence of CBPD content and curing period on the ratio of Kt/Ks is presented
by the following regression equation for sand stabilized with CBPD.
Kt/Ks = 1.8 x CC-2.44x 0.87CP (6)
(R 2
adjusted
= 0.98, Standard Error = 8.69X10 and Confidence level = 95%)
-3

Where
Kt is the permeability coefficient (cm/sec.) of sand stabilized with CBPD at a
specified curing period.
Ks is the permeability coefficient (cm/sec.) of pure sand
Fig. 5 also present the predicted behaviour of sand stabilized with CBPD obtained
from the regression model. It is evident from this figure that the ratio of Kt/Ks is
influenced by the CBPD content and curing period. It can thus be concluded that the
ratio of Kt/Ks decreases significantly with the increase in CBPD content and the curing
period, which indicates that permeability decreases with the increase in CBPD content,
and the curing period. Also the multiple regression models reproduced the results
 30 / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICS AND ENVIRONMENT (IJGE)

obtained for the permeability quite well and this model can be used for determining the
value of permeability of sand stabilized with CBPD.

6. CONCLUSION
In the present paper, sand stabilized with CBPD has been chosen for the study.
Compaction tests were conducted to study the compaction characteristics of sand
stabilized with CBPD. These results were used to cast the specimens for the unconfined
compressive strength, direct shear strength and permeability tests. The influence of
CBPD content and curing period on the unconfined compressive strength, strength
parameters and permeability were studied. Based on the present experimental results,
empirical models have been developed to estimate the unconfined compressive strength,
friction angle, cohesion and permeability which may be helpful for making a preliminary
estimate of these properties in the field. On the basis of results of the experimental
investigation and the discussions made in the earlier sections, the following conclusions
are drawn.
1. CBPD has the potential of being used as a cementitious material and has a
sufficient quantity of lime to reach the required rate of hydration and to achieve
the required early age strength.
2. The maximum dry unit weight of the sand increases with the increase in CBPD
content where as the optimum moisture content decreases marginally with the
increase in the CBPD content in sand.
3. CBPD stabilization imparts significant increase in the unconfined compressive
strength. If properly mixed and allowed to cure for a certain period of time
(say 28 days), the unconfined compressive strength of the mixture is comparable
to that of hard soil. The bearing capacity provided by this mixture is adequate
enough to support a low to moderate rise building. The economical percentage
of the CBPD may be taken as 12 % for this purpose.
4. Addition of CBPD in sand or increasing the curing period increases the cohesion
and friction angle and decreases the permeability significantly.
5. The multiple regression models reproduced the results obtained from the
unconfined compression tests, direct shear tests and permeability tests quite
well and the models can be used for determining the values of unconfined
compressive strength, friction angle, cohesion and permeability of sand stabilized
with CBPD.
6. On the whole, this study has attempted to provide the insight of the physical
properties of sand, chemical composition of CBPD, compaction tests results
and the influence of the CBPD content and curing period on the basic aspects
 STABILIZATION OF SAND WITH CEMENT BY-PASS DUST / 31

of sand behaviour, such as unconfined compressive strength, shear strength

parameters such as friction angle and cohesion and permeability using multiple
regression analysis. CBPD currently has no monetary value so it can be used
for improving the bearing capacity to support low to moderate rise building.

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