Internet of Things (COS7039-B)

IoT Based Smart Energy

Meter

Author: Bilal Amjad

UoB # 19014392
Programme: Smart Grids and Energy Systems
Faculty: Faculty of Engineering and Informatics

Date submitted: 13th December 2019

Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 4
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Smart energy meter .......................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Internet of Things ............................................................................................................. 5
1.3 The smart grid .................................................................................................................. 5
1.4 Problem statement ............................................................................................................ 6
2 Literature review ..................................................................................................................... 7
3 Design and methodology ........................................................................................................ 8
3.1 Components and hardware ............................................................................................... 8
3.2 Hardware Implementation ................................................................................................ 8
3.3 Measurement of electrical parameters: ............................................................................ 9
3.3.1 Tariff measurements: .............................................................................................. 10
3.4 Online platform: ............................................................................................................. 10
3.5 Text massage alerts and updates: ................................................................................... 10
4 Results and discussion .......................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Dashboard of energy monitoring system ....................................................................... 11
4.1.1 Mobile Application ................................................................................................. 12
5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 13
6 Future work ........................................................................................................................... 13
7 References ............................................................................................................................. 14
Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 15
Appendix A ............................................................................................................................... 15
Appendix B ............................................................................................................................... 18
 List of Figures
Figure 1: IoT technology [3] ........................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2:PZEM-004T Version 3.0 [11] .......................................................................................... 8
Figure 3: PZEM-004T diagram [11] ............................................................................................... 8
Figure 4: Arduino connection with PZEM-004T [11] .................................................................... 9
Figure 5:Circuit diagram of smart energy meter............................................................................. 9
Figure 6(a & b): The dashboard of energy monitoring system ..................................................... 11
Figure 7: Energy consumption profile on mobile application ..................................................... 12

List of Tables
Table 1: Units of electrical parameters for PZEM-00T ................................................................ 10
 Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) is widely used in industries and businesses like, smart cites, smart grids,
automotive industries, logistics and healthcare. In Electric Power and Energy Systems (EPESs),
smart grids techniques are being implementing to meet the energy demands, improve the energy
efficiency, and reduce energy loses by implementing latest sensing and communication
technologies. In several developed countries, automatic meter reading (AMR), advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI) or smart energy meter with instantaneous energy information report have
been applied at the domestic level. This project, design and implement a low-cost IoT energy
monitoring system (smart energy meter) for real time monitoring of all electrical parameters i.e.
AC voltage, AC current, active power, total energy consumption, power factor, frequency, and
tariff. The design is based on a low-cost PZEM-004T, using non-invasive Current Transformer
(CT) sensors, Arduino and Raspberry pi. Electrical measurements are done by PZEM-004T and
CT sensors through Arduino. Raspberry pi communicates with Arduino through serial
communication to retrieve these sensor’s data and send it to server via internet. As a result, the
developed energy monitoring system can successfully record the voltage, current, active power,
power factor, frequency, accumulative power consumption and tariff. Consumers will be able to
see their electricity usage and the tariff according to the energy usage in real-time through web
and mobile application. In case of any fault e.g. short circuit or power supply cut off, the consumer
will receive a text massage on his mobile number. Moreover, consumer will be able to receive the
tariff on weekly or monthly basis.
1 Introduction
1.1 Smart energy meter
The smart energy meter is a wireless energy monitoring system containing an energy meter with a
communication network topology to efficiently send data from the meters to a server or
coordinator and a cloud platform to visualize the data in actual [1].
1.2 Internet of Things
Internet of Thigs (IoT) is a new architype in communications technology now a days. IoT
concept that is "anything, anywhere, anytime" inspires the development of communication
technology. IoT framework has three elementary concepts, things oriented, internet oriented,
and semantic oriented [2].

Figure 1: IoT technology [3]

1.3 The smart grid

The smart grid term is very widely used in EPES. Smart grid encompasses the entire energy
conversion, transmission, distribution, and utilization cycle. It consists of advance actuators,
sensors, communication infrastructure, IT systems, advanced monitoring, control and decision-
making applications. There are multiple objectives to develop and deploy Smart Grid technologies.
The key objectives are [4]:
• To improve efficiency and economy in electrical conversion, transmission, distribution,
storage and utilization
• To enhance security and safety in system operation by increasing the observability and
controllability of the power grid
• To improve the reliability and availability of the electric supply to customers
• To enable and promote the integration and utilization of renewable and sustainable energies
• To maintain and improve the quality of power delivery to increase the shares of digital
loads
1.4 Problem statement
As IoT is implementing in every business and industry, Electric Power and Energy System (EPES)
is also digitalising by integrating latest IoT, communication, computing and control technologies
to make it smart. In EPES, measuring the energy consumption at consumer level is very important
and useful. Electric companies always try to keep balance between electric supply, and it demand.
By knowing the demand of electricity, the electric companies can forecast the load demand and
can take decisions for future. Here comes the term, smart energy meter. Smart energy meter can
help to simultaneous communicate between the consumer and the grid, rise the capacity of the
electricity system of integrated services, meet the demand of energy and increase quality of service
by promptly detecting the fault when it occurs. Each consumer can always monitor the status of
their homes and avoid theft [5].
2 Literature review
Several studies have proposed the design of smart energy meter. In [6] [7], their strategy were
based on GSM network and employed database management to deliver energy usages data for
their customs. In [12], ZigBees mutual with GSM based was anticipated, in such system the energy
metering nodes use the ZigBees, interconnect with the central node and send information to central
computer via GSM. K Chooruang and K Meekul developed an IoT low-cost energy monitoring
system that use Wi-Fi, and MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol. The system
contains the Peacefair PZEM -004T sensor, a CT (current transformer) sensor and Raspberry pi 3
model B. It can send comprehensive measurement of energy usage and the patterns of energy
consumption [8].
B. K. Barman et al proposed smart energy meter controls and computes the energy consumption using
ESP 8266 12E, a Wi-Fi module and uploads it to the cloud from where the customer or supplier can
view the electric energy consumption. Consequently, energy analyzation by the consumer turn out to
be much easier and governable. This system also helps in sensing power theft [9].
3 Design and methodology
The project is divided in two parts, measuring electrical parameters and sending data to online
platform. First, electrical parameters of the systems will be measured and then theses parameters
will be sent over the server.
3.1 Components and hardware
The main components are:
• PZEM-004T and CT
• Arduino
• Raspberry pi 3 Model B
• Connecting wires
• Thinkspeak (online platform IoT)
• Nexmo (for sending text massages)
3.2 Hardware Implementation
The PZEM-004T measures RMS voltage, RMS current and calculates active power and total
energy usage over time or accumulative power consumption. It has very good measurement
accuracy. Figure 2 and 3 show the PZEM-004T module and circuit diagram, respectively. and
datasheet is available here [10].

Figure 2:PZEM-004T Version 3.0 [11]

Figure 3: PZEM-004T diagram [11]

The figure 4 show the connection configuration of PZEM-004T module with Arduino. GND and
5V points of module relate to GND and 5V pins of Arduino, and TX and RX points of module
relate to 9 and 10 pins of Arduino.
 Figure 4: Arduino connection with PZEM-004T [11]

Now the Arduino is coroneted with Raspberry pi through USB cable. Raspberry pi receive data
from Arduino by serial communication and send it to server. Figure 5 shows the complete circuit
diagram of smart energy meter. The code for Arduino and Raspberry pi is attached in appendix B
and C, respectively.

Figure 5:Circuit diagram of smart energy meter

3.3 Measurement of electrical parameters:

PZEM-004T (v3.0) module is responsible for measuring all electrical parameters. The module
does TTL communication to transmitting or receiving data. Still, there is no library of this
module available for Raspberry pi in python language, but its library is available for Arduino.
Arduino use PZEM-004Tv30.h library [10] to communicate with the module through TX and
RX pins and the Arduino code is added in to the appendix A. The table 1 shows the units used
for measurement of all parameters.

Table 1: Units of electrical parameters for PZEM-00T

Sr. No. Parameter Unit

1. Voltage volt (V)
2. Current ampere (A)
3. Power Watt (W)
4. Energy kilo watt hour (kWh)
5. Frequency Hertz (Hz)
6. Power Factor No unit

3.3.1 Tariff measurements:

Currently, in Bradford region the price of electric energy per kilo watt hour is 13.92. So, tariff can
be calculated by multiplying total energy consumption with 13.92.
3.4 Online platform:
ThingSpeak platform is used here for real time monitoring. It is a free online IoT platform, very
easy to understand and interface with Raspberry pi. Every user has its own channel ID and API
key. The Raspberry pi receives the data from Arduino and sent over the server to thingspeak
dashboard every second (for Raspberry pi python code, refer to appendix B).
3.5 Text massage alerts and updates:
Nexmo service is used for sending text massages to the user. Here for this project, user will be able
to receive two types of text massages. One is about tariff updates; the consumer will receive the
update of tariff on weekly or monthly bases. Second type is alerts massage; if the module gets the
voltage value zero, it means there is any fault or power supply cut off. In such case the consumer
will receive the alert massage “Supply Disconnected!!!”.
4 Results and discussion
This section will explain the results from smart energy meter. As the meter is connected at main
electric supply unit, so the dashboard will show the electric consumption of whole building or
home.
4.1 Dashboard of energy monitoring system
Figure 6 (a and b) shows the user-interface console. It is created on Thingspeak. It comprises of
the measures that show the current tariff, total energy consumption, Power Factor, AC voltage,
AC current and power. The charts characterize the measured energy information with respect to
time. The system send data every second throughout the day and data can be shown concurrently
on the console.

(a)

(b)
Figure 6(a & b): The dashboard of energy monitoring system
4.1.1 Mobile Application
In Figure 7, the energy patterns on android mobile application. The thingspeak application is
available in google app store. Afte installing the application user will login by his channel ID to
see the dashboard.

Figure 7: Energy consumption profile on mobile application

5 Conclusion
The presented smart energy meter is wireless meter reading system that can display and
investigate the information at every interval giving precise outcomes with fewer mistake. This
smart system can be useful for energy management, power saving from power section,
automatic control of energy meter, to make consumer monitor their energy usage pattern and
power theft detection. Sometime the system takes time to upload the data depending on the
internet speed and module baud rate. The IoT idea can also be applied in numerous working
situation such as home automation, automatic water level detector and traffic control system
etc.

6 Future work
Number of improvements can be done in future in term of
• Integrating home automation with smart energy meter dashboard to control electric loads
• Process data for short-term load forecasting and real time decision making.
7 References

[1] S. Yasir, C. Noel, H. R. Mubashir and C. Rebecca, “Internet of Things-aided Smart Grid:
Technologies, Architectures, Applications, Prototypes, and Future Research Directions,”
IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 62962 - 63003, 2019.

[2] L. Atzori, A. Iera and GiacomoMorabito, “The Internet of Things: A survey,” Comuputer
Networks, vol. 15, no. 54, pp. 2787-2805, 2010.

[3] M. Yun and B. Yuxin, “Research on the Architecture and Key Technology of Internet of
Things (loT) Applied on Smart grid,” International Conference on Advances in Energy
Engineering, pp. 69-72, 2010.

[4] L. T. Berger and K. Iniewski, Smart Grid Applications, Communications and Security, New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2012.

[5] A. C. Swastika, R. Pramudita and R. Hakimi, “IoT-based Smart Grid System Design for
Smart Home,” International Conference on Wireless and Telematics, pp. 49-53, 2017.

[6] H. G. R. Tan, C. H. Lee and V. H. Mok, “Automatic power meter reading system using GSM
network,” International Power Engineering Conference, pp. 465-469, 2017.

[7] M. Wasi-ur-Rahman, M. T. Rahman, T. H. Khan and S. M. L. Kabir, “Design of an

intelligent SMS based remote metering system,” International Conference on Information
and Automation, pp. 1040-1043, 2009.

[8] K. Chooruang and K. Meekul, “Design of an IoT Energy Monitoring System,” International
Conference on ICT and Knowledge Engineering, 2018.

[9] B. K. Barman, S. N. Yadav, S. Kumar and S. Gope, “IOT Based Smart Energy Meter for
Efficient Energy Utilization in Smart Grid,” IEEE journal, 2018.

[10] J. Mandula, “Interface library for the upgraded version of PZEM-004T v3.0,” Get Hub, 2019.
[Online]. Available: https://github.com/olehs/PZEM004T. [Accessed 28 11 2019].

[11] [Online]. Available: https://www.innovatorsguru.com/pzem-004t-v3/. [Accessed 09 12

2019].
 Appendices

Appendix A
The PZEM-00T library is available on Get Hub [10].
Arduino code:
//* Code to get the voltage, current and power from two AC PZEM
sensors connected to the Arduino Mega microcontroller, then all the
values *//
// are concatenated in one char variable in order to send it through
serial communication
//

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <PZEM004Tv30.h>
//#include <PZEM004T.h>

PZEM004Tv30 pzem(11, 12); //Rx,Tx pin of arduino

// IPAddress ip(192,168,1,11);
// IPAddress ip1(192,168,1,10);

char Vx[10];
char Ix[10];
char Px[10];
char Ex[10];
char Fx[10];
char PFx[10];
char conc[360];

float V; //Voltage
float I; //Current
float P; //Power
float E; //Energy
float F; //Frequency
float PF;//Power Factor

void setup() {
Serial.begin (9600);
}

void loop() {
float voltage = pzem.voltage();
if( !isnan(voltage) ){
 V=voltage;
//Serial.print("Voltage: "); Serial.print(voltage);
Serial.println("V");
} else {
V=0;
// Serial.println("Error reading voltage");
}

float current = pzem.current();

if( !isnan(current) ){
I=current;
//Serial.print("Current: "); Serial.print(current);
Serial.println("A");
} else {
I=0;
//Serial.println("Error reading current");
}

float power = pzem.power();

if( !isnan(power) ){
P=power;
//Serial.print("Power: "); Serial.print(power);
Serial.println("W");
} else {
P=0;
//Serial.println("Error reading power");
}

float energy = pzem.energy();

if( !isnan(energy) ){
E=energy;
//Serial.print("Energy: "); Serial.print(energy,3);
Serial.println("kWh");
} else {
E=0;
//Serial.println("Error reading energy");
}

float frequency = pzem.frequency();

if( !isnan(frequency) ){
F=frequency;
//Serial.print("Frequency: "); Serial.print(frequency, 1);
Serial.println("Hz");
} else {
F=0;
//Serial.println("Error reading frequency");
}

float pf = pzem.pf();
if( !isnan(pf) ){
PF=pf;
//Serial.print("PF: "); Serial.println(pf);
 } else {
PF=0;
//Serial.println("Error reading power factor");
}
//PZEM004T pzem(10,11); //(RX TX)
//pzem.setAddress (ip);
//V=pzem.voltage(ip); //voltage obtained from the pzem library
//i = pzem.current(ip); //current obtained from the pzem library
//p = pzem.power(ip);//power obtained from the pzem library

dtostrf(V,7,3,Vx); //function used to stored the voltage value in the

char variable ix, specifying 3 as the number of digits after the point
dtostrf(I,7,3,Ix); //function used to stored the current value in the
char variable iy, specifying 3 as the number of digits after the point
dtostrf(P,7,3,Px); //function used to stored the power value in the
char variable iz, specifying 3 as the number of digits after the point
dtostrf(E,7,3,Ex); //function used to stored the total energy value
in the char variable ix, specifying 3 as the number of digits after
the point
dtostrf(F,7,3,Fx); //function used to stored the frequency value in
the char variable ix, specifying 3 as the number of digits after the
point
dtostrf(PF,7,2,PFx); //function used to stored the power factor value
in the char variable ix, specifying 1 as the number of digits after
the point

delay(1000);

sprintf(conc,": %s, : %s, : %s, : %s, : %s, : %s,\n", Vx, Ix, Px, Ex,
Fx, PFx); // function used to concatenate all the values in one unique
char variable
Serial.write(conc);

}
 Appendix B
Raspberry pi python code:
import serial
import time
import re
import thingspeak
import urllib.request
import datetime
import nexmo

start_time = time.time()

chid = 935217
tskey = "TYILB5PXIGBNYSGW"
tsurl =
"https://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=TYILB5PXIGBNYSGW&field1=0"
ts = thingspeak.Channel(chid, tsurl, tskey)

print("System is getting ready!!!")

time.sleep(3)
port = "/dev/ttyACM0"
s1 = serial.Serial(port,9600)

def bill_sms():
client = nexmo.Client(key='17e0c2af', secret='eo8eHPkUh4yS9UtR')
client.send_message({'from': 'Nexmo','to': '+447749532518','text':
' Your Electricity Bill is: '+str(Tariff) +"£"})
print("bill sent")
def sms_alert():
client = nexmo.Client(key='17e0c2af', secret='eo8eHPkUh4yS9UtR')
client.send_message({'from': 'Nexmo','to': '+447749532518','text':
' Supply Disconnected!!! '})

def readData():
global Voltage
global Current
global Power
global Energy
global Frequency
global Power_Factor
global Tariff

V = m.group(1).replace(" ","") ## command used to saved the

information splitted before in a the variable
I = m.group(2).replace(" ","")
P = m.group(3).replace(" ","")
E = m.group(4).replace(" ","")
 F = m.group(5).replace(" ","")
PF = m.group(6).replace(" ","")
Voltage = float(V)
Current = float(I)
Power = float(P)
Energy = float(E)
Frequency = float(F)
Power_Factor = float(PF)
Tariff = Energy*13.94
print("\n","----Smart Energy Meter----\n")
print(" Voltage:",+Voltage,"V")
print(" Current:",+Current,"A")
print(" Power:",+Power,"W")
print(" Energy:",+Energy,"kWh")
print(" Frequency:",+Frequency,"Hz")
print(" Power Factor",+Power_Factor)
print(" Tariff:",round(Tariff, 2),"£")
#else:
# print("Waiting")
# time.sleep(3)

def sendDataTs():
data = {"field1": Voltage,
"field2": Current,
"field3": Power,
"field4": Energy,
"field5": Frequency,
"field6": Power_Factor,
"field7": Tariff,
}
Ts = urllib.request.urlopen(tsurl +
'&field1=%s&field2=%s&field3=%s&field4=%s&field5=%s&field6=%s&field7=%
s' % (Voltage,Current,Power,Energy,Frequency,Power_Factor,Tariff ))
#print ("Data sent for 6 fields: ", Voltage, Current, Power,
Energy, Frequency, Power_Factor)

while True:

if s1.inWaiting()>0:

inputValue = s1.readline().decode()

#x = "None"

if inputValue:
m =
re.search('.*:(.*),.*:(.*),.*:(.*),.*:(.*),.*:(.*),.*:(.*),',inputValu
e) # command used to read the information and split it between the
charcaters ':' and ','
if m:
readData()
try:
sendDataTs()
T=(time.time() - start_time)/60 #time in minutes
if T>5:
bill_sms()
time.sleep(10)
if Voltage==0:
print("Supply Discunnected")
sms_alert()
time.sleep(15)
except (KeywordInterrupt):
print("Finishing")