78
Vol. 2, No. 2, February 2010
Detection of Masses in Digital Mammograms
J.Subhash Chandra bose1, Marcus Karnan2, and R.Sivakumar2
1
Research Scholar, Anna University,
Coimbatore, India
2
Tamilnadu College of Engineering
Coimbatore, India
drmkarnan@Gmail.Com
Abstract: Mammography is at present the best available
technique for early detection of breast cancer. The most
common breast abnormalities that may indicate breast cancer
are masses and calcifications. The challenge is to quickly and
accurately overcome the development of breast cancer which
affects more and more women through the world.
Microcalcifications appear in a mammogram as fine, granular
clusters, which are often difficult to identify in a raw
mammogram. Mammogram is one of the best technologies
currently being used for diagnosing breast cancer. Breast
cancer is diagnosed at advanced stages with the help of the
mammogram image. In this paper an intelligent system is
designed to diagnose breast cancer through mammograms,
using image processing techniques along with intelligent
optimization tools such as GA and PSO. The suspicious region is
extracted or segmented using two different approaches such as
asymmetry approach and Markov Random Field (MRF) hybrid
with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. 161 pairs of
digitized mammograms obtained from the Mammography
Image Analysis Society (MIAS) database are used to design the
proposed diagnosing system.
Keywords: Breast boarder, nipple identification, Genetic
Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Asymmetry,
Texture Segmentation, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC).
1. Introduction
In the clinical practice of reading and interpreting medical
images, radiologists often refer to and compare the similar
cases with verified diagnostic results in their decision
making of detecting and diagnosing suspicious lesions or
diseases. Microcalcification is one of the keys for early
detection of breast cancer. Cancer involves the
uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that have mutated
from normal tissues. This growth can kill when these cells
prevent the normal functioning of vital organs or spread
throughout the body damaging essential systems. The term
benign refers to a condition, tumor or growth that is not
cancerous. This means that it does not spread to other parts
of the body or invade and destroy nearby tissue. Benign
tumors usually grow slowly. In general, benign tumor or
condition is not harmful. However, this is not always the
case. If a benign tumor is big enough, its size and weight
can press on nearby blood vessels, nerves, organs or
otherwise cause problems. Breast cancer, also known as
carcinoma, is a malignant growth that begins in the tissues
of the breast.
(IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,
There are several types of breast cancer. Ductal carcinoma
begins in the cells lining the ducts that bring milk to the
nipple and accounts for more than 75% of breast cancers
20% of lobular carcinoma begins in the milk-secreting
glands of the breast but otherwise fairly similar in its
behavior to ductal carcinoma; 5% of other varieties of breast
cancer can arise from the skin, fat, connective tissues and
other cells present in the breast.
2. Over View of CAD System
Detection of microcalcification is performed in two steps:
preprocessing and segmentation, the global appearance
(brightness, contrast, etc.) of the mammogram images may
differ, usually due to variations in the recording procedure
[1, 3, 15]. Initially the film artifacts and x-ray labels are
removed from the mammogram images and median filter is
applied to remove the high frequency components (i.e.
noise) from the image. Then the mammogram images are
normalized to avoid differences in brightness between the
mammograms caused by the recording procedure. And to
increase the reliability of segmentation, the pectoral muscle
region is removed from the breast region. The enhanced
images are used for segmentation.
In this paper the suspicious region is extracted or segmented
using two different approaches such as asymmetry approach
[11] and Markov Random Field (MRF) hybrid with Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. In case of asymmetry
approach, the suspicious regions on digital mammograms
are segmented based on the asymmetries between
corresponding regions in the left and right breast images.
Due to the recording procedure the size and shape of the
corresponding mammograms does not match. So the
mammogram images must be aligned prior to subtraction.
The breast border and the nipple points can be used as
reference points for alignment of mammograms. In this
paper the breast border is detected using Genetic Algorithm
and the nipple position is identified using a novel method
called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Using
the border points and nipple position as references the
mammogram images are aligned and subtracted to extract
the suspicious region [10,11].
In the next Texture segmentation technique, a novel
method, Markov Random Field (MRF) hybrid with Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to segment
the microcalcifications from the mammogram image.
 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security, 79
Vol. 2, No. 2, February 2010

Initially, a unique label is assigned for similar patterns in
the mammogram image. The MRF based image
segmentation method is a process seeking the optimal
labeling of the image pixels. The optimum label is which
minimizes the MAP estimate. To optimize this MRF based
segmentation, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
algorithm is implemented to compute the adaptive optimal
threshold value. [12, 13, 14].
.
turn out to be benign after biopsy. Mammograms capture the
low energy X-rays which passes through a compressed
breast. Fig 2 shows directions of mammogram capturing to
X-ray. Depending on the viewpoint of the X-rays, the
images are classified into different categories, Cranio-
Caudal view and Medio-Lateral Oblique view. Fig 3 and 4
show view of the images.

Figure 2. physically the viewpoints’ directions of

mammogram capturing to X-ray

Figure 1. Flow diagram for mammogram image

Preprocessing and Segmentation.

A Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis is

performed to evaluate the classification performances of the
proposed approaches [5]. The area under the ROC curve Az
value is used as a measure of the classification performance.
A higher Az indicates better classification performance
because a larger value of True Positive (TP) is achieved at
each value of False Positive (FP). The proposed algorithms
and the techniques are tested on 161 pairs of digitized
mammograms from Mammography Image Analysis Society
(MIAS) database. The Figs. 1 shows the overview of the
work.

2.1 Mammography Figure 3. Cranio-Caudal view

Medical imaging in general and mammography in
particular, lets physicians evaluate a specific area of the
body of a patient which might be externally visible. Medical
imaging as one of the most important medical developments
of the past thousand years, basically due to the fact that it
provides physicians with physiology and functionality of
organs and cells inside human bodies. Among the different
imaging modalities used for breast cancer detection,
mammography remains the key screening tool for the
detection of breast abnormalities.

In a recent study, the proportion of breast tumors that were

detected in Vermont (US) by screening mammography
increased from 2% during 1974 - 1984 to 36% during 1995
- 1999. However, it is also well known that expert
radiologists can miss a significant portion of abnormalities. Figure 4. Medio-Lateral Oblique view.
In addition, a large number of mammographic abnormalities
80
It is important to notice that in the MLO views there is one
region corresponding to a portion of the pectoral muscle
which may be present in the left or the right upper corner of
the image. Moreover, some annotations and labels can
appear in the images. Figure 5 and 6 shows the normal left
and right mammogram image.
Figure 5. Right Mammogram of a woman
Figure 6. Left Mammogram of a woman
2.2 Mammographic Abnormalities
There is a large number of types of abnormalities that can be
present in a breast. Among those, signs of breast cancer are
normally associated with:
ü Asymmetry between images of left and right breasts.
ü Distortion of the normal architecture of the breast
tissue.
ü Presence of micro-calcifications in the breast.
ü Presence of masses in the breast.
It is generally accepted that the essential characteristic of a
high-quality mammogram is the ability to visualize these
four features. Both breasts are usually considered as almost
symmetric structures. While exact mirror images are not to
be expected when comparing them (usually the first practice
of expert physicians), the tissue patterns within each breast
(IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,
Vol. 2, No. 2, February 2010
should be similarly distributed. An asymmetric area may be
indicative of a developing mass or a variation of normal
breast tissue.
2.3 Mass Shapes Mass Margins
The shape and margin of a mass are strong signs of their
malignancy or benignancy degree. A distortion in the
normal breast architecture (architectural distortion) refers to
a derangement or disruption of the normal arrangement of
the tissue strands of the breast resulting in a radiating or
haphazard pattern without an associated visible centre. This
includes speculations radiating from a point, and focal
retraction or distortion of the edge of the parenchyma.
Micro-calcifications are tiny calcifications that range from
50 to several hundred microns in diameter, which usually
appear in clusters. In these cases, they are analyzed
according to their size, shape, number, and distribution. The
general rule is that larger, round or oval shaped
calcifications with uniform size have a higher probability of
being associated with a benign process, whereas smaller,
irregular, polymorphic, branching calcifications
heterogeneous in size and morphology are more often
associated with a malignant process.
A breast mass, on the other hand, is a localized swelling,
protuberance, or lump in the breast, which usually is
described by its location, size, shape, margin characteristics,
and any other associated findings (i.e. architectural
distortion, X-ray attenuation). Depending on morphologic
criteria, the likelihood of malignancy can be established.
Normally, a benign process is associated with the presence
of circular or oval shapes, while, in contrast, speculated
masses are more probable to Circular Shape Lobular Shape
Speculated Shape Circumscribed Margin Well Defined
Margin Ill Defined Margin. The last one has an increased
probability to be malignant be the sign of a malign process.
The margin refers to the border of a mass, and it should be
examined carefully because it is one of the most important
criteria in determining whether the mass is the result of a
benign or malign process. Radiologists classify the margin
among five classes:
• Circumscribed margins, which are well defined and
sharply demarcated with an abrupt transition between the
lesion and the surrounding tissue.
• Obscured margins, which are hidden by superimposed or
adjacent normal tissue.
• Micro-lobulated margins, which have small undulating
circles along the edge of the mass.
• Ill-defined margins, which are poorly defined and
scattered.
• Speculated margins, which are marked by radiating thin
lines.
 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security, 81
The probability to find a malignancy mass is normally
ordered according to this classification. The more ill-defined
and speculated the margin, the higher the probability to be
associated with a malignant process. It should be clear that
these morphological aspects can be very subtle and difficult
to diagnose, even for an expert radiologist.
3. Digital Mammography
As a consequence of the actual digital revolution, traditional
film-based hospitals are themselves converting to digital
hospitals, where patient medical records, chart information,
and test results are easily available electronically for
physicians from anywhere in the hospital. In that sense, full-
digital mammography is gaining importance compared to
the nowadays still conventional film-screen mammography,
due to the fact that digital acquisition, digital storage, and
digital display processes may be separated and individually
optimized.
3.1 Image Acquisition
Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS)
All mammograms used in this work are from a mini
Mammographic database provided by Mammographic
Image Analysis Society (MIAS), which includes 23 cases
with 28 MCs . The Mammographic Image Analysis Society
(MIAS) Mini Mammographic Database from the Royal
Marsden Hospital in London was used in this study. It
contains 322 images (Medio-Lateral Oblique (MLO))
representing 161 bilateral pairs. The database is divided into
seven categories.
These include normal image pairs and abnormal pairs
containing microcalcifications, circumscribed masses,
spiculated lesions, ill-defined masses, architectural
distortion and asymmetric densities. Each mammogram
from the database is a 1024 x1024 pixels and with a spatial
resolution of 200µm/pixel. The odd number cases represent
the left breast mammogram while the even number cases
represent the corresponding right breast mammogram.
The database lists the film and provides appropriate details
as follows:
ü 1st column: MIAS database reference number.
ü 2nd column : Character of background tissue (Fatty,
Fatty-glandular, or Dense- glandular)
ü 3rd column : Class of abnormality present
(Calcification, Well-defined/circumscribed
ü masses, Spiculated masses, Other/ill-defined masses,
Architectural distortion, Asymmetry, or Normal)
ü 4th column: Severity of abnormality (Benign or
Malignant)
ü 5th and 6th columns : x,y image coordinates of
center of abnormality.
Vol. 2, No. 2, February 2010
ü 7th column ; Approximate radius (in pixels) of a
circle enclosing the abnormality.
4. Need for Computer Aided Detection Breast
Cancer
The idea of computer systems aiding radiologists to detect
breast cancer is not recent. However, the nowadays rapid
development of full digital mammographic systems has
being accompanied by the natural increase of such systems.
A Computer-Aided System (CAD) is a set of automatic or
semiautomatic tools developed to assist radiologists in the
detection and evaluation of mammographic images.
The Need for Computer Aided Detection Breast cancer is
the most common cancer among women in the United
States, other than skin cancer. It is the second leading cause
of cancer death in women, after lung cancer. The American
Cancer Society estimates that 182,460 women in the United
States will be found to have invasive breast cancer in 2008.
About 40,480 women will die from the disease this year. In
the US, breast cancer is the most common form of cancer
among women and is the second leading cause of cancer
deaths, after lung cancer. Women in the U.S. have about a 1
in 8 lifetime risk of developing invasive breast cancer.
Incidence of breast cancer in India is on the rise and is
rapidly becoming the number one cancer in females pushing
the cervical cancer to the second spot. The seriousness of the
situation is apparent after going through recent data from
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
The rise is being documented mainly in the metros, but it
can be safely said that many cases in rural areas go
unnoticed. It is reported that one in 22 women in India is
likely to suffer from breast cancer during her lifetime, while
the figure is definitely more in America with one in eight
being a victim of this deadly cancer. The problem with
preventing breast cancer is that there is no one cause that
can be pinpointed as being the culprit. Of course screening
for the presence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is
available though it must be admitted of being of little use in
the Indian context. It is here that the task of spreading the
awareness of the prevalence of this cancer and advising
women on undertaking self-breast examination comes into
the picture. Health officials must try and talk about this
condition so that women have a say in their own health.
Finally, there are procedures like mammography and Fine
Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and biopsy that need to
be widely publicized so that women are aware of exactly
what they are letting themselves in for.
Early detection of breast cancer increases the survival rate
and increases the treatment options. Screening
mammography, or x-ray imaging of the breast, is currently
the most effective tool for early detection of breast cancer [6,
7]. Screening mammography examinations are performed
on asymptomatic woman to detect early, clinically
unsuspected breast cancer. Radiologists visually search
82 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,
mammograms for specific abnormalities. Some of the
important signs of breast cancer that radiologists look for
are clusters of micro calcifications, masses, and architectural
distortions.
5. Pre processing and Segmentation
Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) systems have been
developed to aid radiologists in detecting mammographic
lesions that may indicate the presence of breast cancer.
These systems act only as a second reader and the final
decision is made by the radiologist. Recent studies have also
shown that CAD systems, when used as an aid, have
improved radiologists accuracy of detection of breast cancer
[3, 7, 23, 24]. Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems
for aiding in the decision between follow-up and biopsy are
still in development. It is important to realize that
mammographic image analysis is an extremely challenging
task for a number of reasons.
The mammogram images were taken from the MIAS
database. Initially the X-ray labels and the film artifacts are
removed from the mammogram images using gradient-
based tracking algorithm. And the median filter is applied to
remove the noise from the mammogram images [4, 8, 9,
18]. To apply median filter, the intensity value of every
pixel is replaced with the median value of the neighborhood
pixels with the window size of 3×3. Due to the recording
procedure the brightness between the mammograms may
vary. In order to reduce the variation, and achieve
computational consistency, the images are normalized, by
mapping all mammograms into a fixed intensities range.
In the next step, the pectoral region is removed from the
breast region to increase the reliability of the segmentation.
It is achieved by applying histogram-based thresholding.
The enhanced mammogram images are evaluated using
signal-to-noise ratio [21,22]. In the next step, the suspicious
regions are extracted from the enhanced mammogram
image using two different approaches such as asymmetry
and texture segmentation. Asymmetry is based on the
asymmetry between the corresponding left and right image.
In this paper, the breast border and the nipple position are
considered as reference points for mammogram alignment.
The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used for breast border
detection and for nipple identification Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied. Once the
mammogram images are aligned they can be subtracted to
extract the suspicious region. In case of texture
segmentation, Markov Random Field (MRF) is applied to
label the image pixels. For labeling, a kernel is extracted for
each pixel, kernel is a window of neighborhood pixels with
the size of 5×5. A unique label is assigned to the kernels
having similar patterns [17]. A pattern matrix is maintained
to store the dissimilar patterns in the image. For each
patterns in the pattern matrix, the posterior energy function
value is calculated. The challenge of finding the MAP
estimate of the segmentation is search for the optimum
label, which minimizes the posterior energy function. In this
Vol. 2, No. 2, February 2010
paper a new effective approach, PSO is applied for the
minimization of the energy function.
The segmentation from both the methods is compared with
the MIAS information, by adaptive thresholding the
segmented image using various operating points. The
statistical results show that the MRF-PSO performs better
than asymmetry method and existing techniques.
Performance of each test is characterized in terms of its
ability to identify true positives while rejecting false
positives using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)
Analysis [4]. The area under the ROC curve is an important
criterion for evaluating diagnostic performance. Usually it is
referred as the AZ index. The AZ value of ROC curve is just
the area under the ROC curve [19, 20].
6. Experiments and Results
Ultimately, the effectiveness of the proposed technique is
determined by the extent to which potential abnormalities
can be extracted from corresponding mammograms based
on analysis of their asymmetry image. The Mammographic
Image Analysis Society (MIAS) Database is used to evaluate
the technique. All 161 MIAS image pairs were used in this
paper. A randomly selected set of 20 bilateral pairs drawn
from the pairs with spiculated and circumscribed lesions
was used for developing the algorithm and for guiding
parameter setting. One of the training circumscribed cases
also had an asymmetric density. The remaining abnormal
and the normal image pairs were used to measure
performance. The true positive detection rate and the
number of false positive detection rate at various thresholds
of the asymmetry images are used to measure the
algorithm’s performance.
These rates are represented using Receiver Operating
Characteristic (ROC) curves. True Positive (TP) and False
Positive (FP) rates are calculated at 20 different thresholds
selected on asymmetry image pixels to generate an ROC
curve. A region extracted in the asymmetry image, which
overlaps with a true abnormality as provided in the ground
truth of the image, is called a true positive detection. An
overlap means that at least 80% of the region extracted lies
within the circle indicating a true abnormality as determined
by MIAS database.
For example, the mammogram mdb239.pgm, the spatial
coordinate position of the suspicious region, x and y are
567, 808 respectively, and the radius is 25 pixels. The
resultant asymmetry image contains the suspicious region],
with the radius of 25 pixels. Compared to the MIAS
information on mdb239.pgm, results from the proposed
method overlaps 99% of the specified region and this image
is classified as true positive image. Suppose the overlap is
less than 80% of the specified region, and then the image is
considered as false positive image.
 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security, 83
Vol. 2, No. 2, February 2010

Original image segmented image

Figure 7. Truth Image of mammogram mdb239.pgm Figure 9. Segmented Image using MRF – PSO
Detection Ratio: The area under the ROC curve (Az value) is
In the previous methods such as Sallam and Bowyer, Lau
an important criterion for evaluating diagnostic performance
and Bischof have taken the overlap region of only 40% are
. The AZ value of ROC curve should be computed by
considered as true positive[11, 16]. But in this paper, the
normalizing the area under the ROC curve by the range of
true positive is considered only at 80% of overlap occurs.
the abscissa. The value of AZ is 1.0 when the diagnostic
All other regions extracted by the algorithm are labeled as
detection has perfect performance, which means that TP rate
false positives. Figure 5,6,7 shows the ROC curves
is 100% and FP rate is 0%.
generated on the full test set, using 20 operating points.
The Az value for the proposed MRF PSO algorithm is 0.983.
In general, it is expected that the true positive detection rate
The Table 1 shows the comparison of classification rate
in an ROC curve will continue to increase or remain
between the previous works and the proposed method.
constant as the number of false positives increase. In this
Figure 10, 11 and 12: shows the ROC curve – GA, ROC
case the true positive rate actually drops at certain points. If
curve – PSO and ROC curve – GA and PSO. Fig 13 shows
the threshold value is low true detections may become
the bar chart of Comparison of Classification rate.
merged with false positive regions.

Fig 7 shows the Truth Image of mammogram mdb239.pgm.

Figure 8 shows the Asymmetry Image using PSO. Figure 9
shows the extracting suspicious region from background
tissue using MRF – PSO technique.

Figure 10. shows the ROC curve – GA

Figure 8. Asymmetry Image using PSO

84 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,
Vol. 2, No. 2, February 2010

Figure 11. shows the ROC curve – PSO

Figure 13. Comparison of Classification Rate

7. Conclusion
In this paper the suspicious region is extracted or segmented
using two different approaches such as asymmetry approach
and Markov Random Field (MRF) hybrid with Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. In case of asymmetry
approach, the suspicious regions on digital mammograms
are segmented based on the asymmetries between
corresponding regions in the left and right breast images.
The breast border is detected using Genetic Algorithm and
the nipple position is identified using a method called
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. In the
texture segmentation technique, Markov Random Field
Figure 12. shows the ROC curves generated on the full test (MRF) hybrid with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
set for GA and PSO algorithm is used to segment the microcalcifications from
the mammogram image. To optimize this MRF based
Table 1: Comparison of Classification Rate segmentation, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
algorithm is implemented. A Receiver Operating
Sl. Authors Methods Classificat Characteristics (ROC) analysis is performed to evaluate the
No. ion Rate classification performances of the proposed approaches. The
1 Lau and Bischof, Asymmetry 85.00% approach using MRF-PSO based segmentation was superior
1991 [11] Measures to the other methods. The overall performance and the
2 Sallam and Unwarping 86.60% results show that the particle Swarm Optimization
Bowyer,1999 [16] Technique algorithm performs better than other methods
3 Ferrari and Directional 74.40% comparatively. Fig 14 shows the Snapshoot for the detailed
Rangayyan, 2001 Filtering with result of the Detection of Microcalcification in
[2] Gabor wavelets mammograms using MATLAB 7.
4 Thangavel and MRF-ACO 94.80%
Karnan,2005 [24]
5 Bilateral 94.60%
The proposed Subtraction
Metaheuristic using PSO
6 Approach MRF-PSO 98.30%
Segmentation
 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security, 85
Figure 14. Snapshoot for the Detection of Masses in
mammograms
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Authors Profile

J.Subashchandra bose Received the

Master of Computer Science and
Engineering Degree from Anna University
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Bachelor of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Degree from Anna University Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India, Currently he is
working as Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Tamil
Nadu, India, and doing part-time paper in the Department
of computer Science and Engineering, Anna University-
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. His area of interests
includes medical image processing, artificial intelligence,
neural network, and fuzzy logic

Marcus Karnan received the BE

Degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from Government College
of Technology,Bharathiar University,
India. Received the ME Degree in
Computer Science and Engineering
from Government College of
Engineering ,Manonmaniam Sundaranar University in
2000. Received the PhD degree in CSE from Gandhigram
Rural University, India in 2007, Currently he is working as
Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Department, Tamilnadu College of Engineering, India. He
has been in teaching since 1998 and has more than eleven
years in industrial and paper experience. His area of
interests includes medical image processing, artificial
intelligence, neural network, genetic algorithm, pattern
recognition and fuzzy logic

Sivakumar Ramakrishnan, Received

the Master of Computer Science and
Engineering Degree from Computer
Science and Engineering Department,
from Government College of
Engineering, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tamil Nadu,
India, in 2000. Currently he is working
as Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science &
Engineering, Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Tamil
Nadu, India. And doing part-time paper in the Department
of computer Science, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu,