BIM Dictionary

2D Documentation

A Model Use representing how 2D Drawings are extracted from information-rich BIModels. 2D Documentation typically include 2D plans, 2D
section, 2D elevations and 2D details

2D Drawing

A digital or hardcopy document containing two-dimensional drawings generated either by a CAD System (e.g. AutoCAD or Draftsight) or a BIM
Software Tool
Similar terms: CAD Drawing, 2D Document

3D CAD

A generic term referring to three-dimensional computer-generated representations. 3D CAD typically refers to data-poor models generated
through surface-modelling (e.g. generated through Google SketchUp) and solid-modelling (e.g. generated through Autodesk 3DS Max) rather than
data-rich Model Components generated through one of many BIM Software Tools
Similar terms: 3D Models, CAD Models, Geometric Models

3D Detailing

A Model Use representing how three-dimensional details are extracted from information-rich BIModels. 3D Detailing typically include hybrid 2D-3D
annotated views

3D Laser Scanner

A fixed or mobile unit generating Point Clouds using LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) technologies

3D Print

A small-scale manufacturing technique which transforms a virtual three-dimensional element (CAD orBIModel into a physical object. 3D printing is
either an 'additive' manufacturing process whereby 'printers' build the physical product 'layer upon layer' using a special solidifying liquid or a
'subtractive' manufacturing process whereby the printed shape is extracted from a solid mass

4D

The fourth modelling dimension (4D) refers to 3D + time. That is, a model or a modelling workflow is considered to be 4D when the time is added
to model objects to allow Construction Scheduling

5D

The fifth modelling dimension (5D) refers to 4D + cost. That is, a model (or modelling workflow) is considered to be 5D when cost is
linked/embedded within BIModels and Model Components. 5D is used for the purposes of generating Cost Estimates and practicing Target Value
Design

Accreditation System

Accreditation is an endorsement of compliance (to established standards) or a testament of Competency. An Accreditation System generates a
certificate, a score or an accreditation statement based on specialized assessments. Accreditation Systems are many types and those suitable
for BIM Performance measurement are based on Quality Management Systems, Performance Models, Competency-based Certification and/or
Capability Maturity Models

Activity

An activity within a Construction Industry context is a self-contained element of work with an expected duration, cost, and resource requirements or
allocations. In BIM Excellence, activities are - unless used inActivity Based Scheduling - subdivided into Sub-activities, which are in turn subdivided
into tasks

Activity Based Scheduling

A scheduling method (e.g. Critical Path Method) based on activities, their respective durations and interdependencies.

Actual Cost

Actual Cost is the total amount incurred to convert the Planned Value into the Earned Value. PV is part orEarned Value Management

Administration Competency

Administration competencies and topics cover the day-to-day organizational activities as required to meet and maintain strategic objectives.
Administration topics do not typically focus on specific projects but the sum of all projects; their human resources, procurement practices,
product/service quality and other organizational deliverables and their respective requirements. Topics include Administration, Policies and
Procedures, Finance, Accounting and Budgeting, Performance Management, Human Resource Management, Marketing, Tendering and
Procurement, Contract Management, Risk Management, andQuality Management

Administration, Policies and Procedures

BIMe Topic under Administration Competency: Developing managerial initiatives into policies and procedures to facilitate the adoption of BIM tools
and workflows

Aggregate Model

A model which forms part of a larger model. An Aggregate Model may be a single building model aggregated into a site model or a Mono-
Discipline Model aggregated into a Multi-Discipline Model. Aggregation - as a term - applies to both Integrated Models and Federated Models

Annotation Element

Refer to text, symbols, keynote, section tags, level markers and similar symbols used to add visible information to models and 2D Drawings.
Annotation Elements may (or may not) be explicit representations of embedded BIModel data

Archive Area

This is one of four areas/labels within a Common Data Environment (CDE). The Archive area holds a record of signed off work/models, change
orders, progress records, and provides an audit trail in the event of a dispute

As-Built Model

The end product of As-Built Modelling - the process of generating a BIModel to represent existing conditions within a facility (for temporary use or
as a Record Model. As-Built BIModels vary widely in what they include (architectural, structural , mechanical…) and how they are captured (Point
Clouds,Photogrammetry, etc.)
Similar terms: Existing Conditions Model

Assessment Campaign

A collection of BIMe Assessments grouped together by client, organizational unit, role or geographical location

Assessment Tool

A measurement instrument (e.g. written tests or online self-assessments) used to establish individual competency, project performance,
organizational systems or similar. Also refer to BIMe Assessment Tool

Asset

An asset is an entity of value. In Asset Management, an asset refers to physical entities of tangible financial value similar to buildings, land,
equipment, and inventory

Asset Information Management

A discipline or speciality dedicated to administering asset-related data and organizational information [adapted from PAS1192-3]

Asset Information Model

A sub-type of Information Models supporting the maintenance, management and operation of an asset throughout its life cycle. An Asset
Information Model (AIM) is used (a) as a repository for all information about the asset; (b) as a means to access/link to enterprise systems (e.g.
CMMS and BMS); and (c) as a means to receive and centralize information from other parties throughout project stages

Asset Information Requirement

The data or information requirements related to an Asset. Asset Information Requirements (AIR) are typically fed into the Asset Information
Model and form part of the Employer’s Information Requirements

Asset Life Cycle

Refers to all asset phases: from planning, through design, construction and use/maintenance till disposal. Asset Life Cycle phases are typically
used for establishing change in asset utilization, depreciation, Life Cycle Cost, Life Cycle Expenditure, and Life Cycle Assessment
Similar terms: Facility Life Cycle

Asset Maintenance

BIM-enabled Asset Maintenance is characterized by linking virtual objects within 3D models to an external database capable of managing
maintenance tasks and workflows. Asset Maintenance is a subset of Asset Management

Asset Management

BIM-enabled Asset Management is characterized by linking virtual objects and spaces within a model to an external database for the purpose of
operating and maintaining a facility or a portfolio of facilities

Asset Management System

An organizational system to manage Asset data and their related information. An Asset Management System may refer to a digital platform or a
set of internal processes/protocols

Asset Ownership, Procurement & Delivery

The use of BIModels to identify asset ownership and/or to identify parties responsible for selecting, procuring, installing or delivering Furniture,
Fixtures and Fittings, materials and similar items

Asset Tracking

Using BIModels to track the location of fixed and movable assets. Asset Tracking is a subset of Asset Management and may include the use
of RFIDs and other tracking/tagging technologies

Augmented Reality

A technology allowing users to experience virtual models superimposed on top of physical objects or places. As opposed to Virtual Reality,
Augmented Reality (AR) is only a partial Immersive Environment to allow images from the physical and virtual worlds to appear as one. AR is
typically experienced through hand-held screens, holograms and projections

Avatar

An icon or a 3D object representing a person (e.g. Project Participant, a Maintenance Person, etc.) within a virtual space. An Avatar can be static,
dynamic (animated) or interactive - controlled by a user to change the virtual space using add/modify/remove commands (see also Immersive
Environments)

Best Practice

Operational methods arising from experience; promoted as advantageous; and replicable by other individuals, organizations and teams. This term
or BIM Content Label applies to publications which list unambiguous and detailed recommendations, and which if applied as recommended,
generate similar advantageous outcomes

BIG BIM
Big picture business process changes and the steps needed to integrate data from everywhere to understand what you are doing in a big world
context. Business requirements, building industry data, geographical information and real-time operations intersect to support integrated decision-
making using interfaces tailored to individual users and needs. Data and information are king. With BIG BIM, data is fed from distributed, shareable
and interoperable repositories, interconnected to encompass everything about assets. You create or manipulate data using an almost unlimited
set of tools in a sustainable process that is no longer in isolation from anything or anyone (also refer to little bim)

BIM

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a set of technologies, processes and policies enabling multiple stakeholders to collaboratively design,
construct and operate a facility in virtual space

BIM Addendum

A guide or a contractually-binding document used to identify the responsibilities of project participants undertaking a Collaborative BIM Project. A
BIM Addendum focuses on legal/regulatory aspects including those related to risk mitigation, ownership of intellectual property, etc.

BIM Adoption

BIM Adoption refers to either BIM Implementation, BIM Diffusion, or a mixture of the two terms. Please refer to Point of Adoption

BIM Capability

BIM Capability represents the minimum abilities of an organization or team to deliver measurable outcomes. BIM Capability second phase of BIM
Implementation and cover many technology, process and policy topics. BIM Capability is achieved/measured through well-defined
revolutionary BIM Stages separated by numerous evolutionary BIM Steps

BIM Champion

A self-motivated person who undertakes the task of facilitating and implementing BIM concepts and workflows within an organization, Project
Team or industry. Someone is perceived to be a BIM Champion when his/her actions are at the leading edge of BIM technology, process or policy

BIM Collaboration Event

A meeting, presentation or workshop conducted as part of a Collaborative BIM Project. An event may be conducted in meeting room, Immersive
Environment or online and includes at least two Project Participants

BIM Collaboration Guide

A guide used at the start of a collaboration process to facilitate data exchange, identify modelling responsibilities and clarify project workflows
Similar terms: BIM Protocol (UK), BIM Delivery Manual, BIM Management Plan (NATSPEC), BIM Project Execution Plan (PennState)

BIM Compatibility

BIM Compatibility is the 'collaboration potential' of project partners measured by analysing their communication networks, standards, collaborative
culture and data integration bottlenecks

BIM Competency

BIM Competency is a specialized type of Competency representing the ability of an individual or team to generate pre-defined BIM Deliverables
Similar terms: BIM Competencies

BIM Consultant

A BIM Service Provider who provides advice, modelling, auditing, training, and other types of services to clients (not employers). BIM Consultants
are many types including those who provide assistance to resolve technical, operational, managerial and/or strategic challenges
Similar terms: BIM Advisor

BIM Content Label

A label (or tag) used to identify the BIM Content Types within Noteworthy BIM Publications (NBP). There many BIM Content Labels
including Frameworks, Protocols, Metrics, and Best Practices

BIM Content Taxonomy

A taxonomy which organizes Noteworthy BIM Publications (NBP) according to the BIM Content Types contained within them. The BIM Content
Taxonomy iclude around 20 BIM Content Labels which apply to documents that include data/information intended for human consumption and
application, not those intended for machine use or machine learning. Software ontologies and metadata are two examples of what does NOT
qualify for listing within/through this taxonomy

BIM Content Type

Refers to information within published material (e.g. research paper, book, video or webpage) which reflect conceptual and procedural knowledge
usable by an individual, team or organization to conduct a relevant BIM activity or deliver a measurable BIM outcome. BIM Content Types are not
mutually exclusive and can be applied as BIM Content Labels concurrently. For example, a BIM Management Plan is a Plan, a set ofBest Practices,
and even possibly a Contractual Agreement

BIM Coordinator

A BIM Coordinator is BIM Role combining model management, Project Information Management and process management activities. Model
Management activities are technical in nature and focus on the generation and delivery of one or more Model Uses. Project information
management activities focus on the inclusion/accuracy/detail of information as to meet contractual requirements. Process management activities
focus on facilitating the relationship between project participants by assisting them to select collaboration workflows, delivery standards and
communication protocols as best suited for each particular project, or project phase. The definition of a BIM Coordinator varies between
companies/markets and is sometimes used interchangeably with BIM Manager or Project BIM Manager

BIM Deliverable

A general term referring to BIModels, Model Components, Model Uses and all other project/process deliverables expected out of using BIM tools
and workflows

BIM Diffusion

The spread of BIM tools, workflows and protocols within a population of adopters, whether within an organization or across a whole market

BIM Education

The formal or informal efforts to teach/learn about BIM Software Toos, Model Uses and Model-based Workflows. Formal BIM Education relies on
structured delivery and the provision of an award (degree, certificate or similar). Informal BIM Education refers to learning based on reading,
attending seminars or similar (no certificate is awarded). Some educational programs (e.g. CPD programs) can include both formal and informal
BIM Education

BIM Execution Plan

The BIM Execution Plan (BEP) is developed by suppliers - typically pre-contract to address the Employer's Information Requirements (EIR) - and
defines how the information modelling aspects of a project will be carried out. A BEP clarifies roles and their responsibilities, standards to be
applied and procedures to be followed. A BEP collates/references a number of other documents including the Master Information Delivery
Plan (MIDP) and the Project Implementation Plan (PIP). The BEP may be updated after the contract has been awarded

BIM Facilitation

The process of coordinating model-based collaboration efforts between Project Participants within and outside BIM Collaboration Events. BIM
Facilitation is typically conducted by the Primary Consultant, the Project Manager or a specialized BIM Service Provider

BIM Facilitator

An individual or an organization acting (formally or informally) as a process facilitator during aCollaborative BIM Project. A BIM Facilitator may use
predefined Collaborative BIM Workflows, a BIM Management Plan or similar to increase the efficiency of project exchanges
BIM Field

BIM Fields is the first of three dimensions of the BIM Framework and refer to the scope of topics and activities across the whole BIM domain.
There are three types of fields: Technology Field, Process Field andPolicy Field. Each Field type has three components: BIM Players, BIM
Deliverables and BIM Requirements

BIM Filter

The conceptual opposite of a BIM Lens, one of the three dimensions of the BIM Framework. While Lenses highlight observables that meet research
criteria and identify their relations, Filters remove observables that do not meet the research criteria. A Granularity Level is an example of a BIM
Filter

BIM Framework

The BIM Framework clarifies the concepts and relations underlying the BIM domain. It is represented by three axes which interact to generate all
other concepts and tools. The three dimensions are BIM Fields,BIM Stages and BIM Lenses

BIM Goal

BIM Goals form part of a BIM Strategy. As opposed to BIM Objectives, BIM Goals are qualitative in nature. Examples of BIM Goals include seeking
to become a BIM leader or seeking to increase staff motivation

BIM Guide

Compilation of several BIM Content Types with the aim of providing guidance to individuals, teams or organizations. Guides typically provide insight
into a complex BIM topic (e.g. BIM Implementation guide orFacility Handover Guide). BIM Guides typically focus on knowledge-intensive topics,
while BIM Manuals focus on skill-intensive ones

BIM Hardware

Computers, equipment and peripherals used for the purpose of generating BIModels and their Model Uses. BIM hardware thus refers to laptops,
tablets, desktops, 3D Laser Scanners, cameras, 2d/3D printers and any piece of equipment necessary to generate BIM Deliverable

BIM Implementation

BIM implementation refers to the set of activities undertaken by an organizational unit to prepare for, deploy or improve its BIM deliverables
(products) and their related workflows (processes). BIM implementation is made of three phases: BIM Readiness, BIM Capability, and BIM Maturity

BIM Implementation Programme

A document detailing what BIM Implementation steps to be completed and by when. For example, a BIM Implementation Programme may identify
milestones for purchasing BIM Software Tools , developingModelling Standards or training staff

BIM Implementation Strategy

A documented high-level plan to deploy BIM Software Tools, processes and protocols within an organization. A BIM Implementation Strategy
typically includes several components with a BIM Training Plan at its core

BIM Knowledge

BIM Knowledge is a term that describes the non-software aspects of BIM. It refers to domain-specific education, project experience and what
should be known by individuals in order to generate accurate and useful BIModels. As opposed to BIM Skill which focuses on how good a software
operator is, BIM Knowledge focuses on knowledge specific to each BIM Use, process management, team management, facilitation, collaboration
and other critical aspects of BIM workflows. BIM Knowledge is what can be typically learned through education and long-term exposure

BIM Lens

BIM Lenses are distinctive layers of analysis applied to BIM Fields and BIM Stages to generate knowledge views which ‘abstract’ the BIM domain
and control its complexity by removing unnecessary detail. BIM Lenses are one of the three dimensions of the BIM Framework and includes three
types Lenses: Disciplinary Lenses (e.g. Data Management), Scoping Lenses (e.g. Organizational Scale and Conceptual Lenses (e.g. the concept of
'role' within the BIM Ontology)

BIM Level

An articulation of the levels of competence expected, its supporting standards and guidance notes, their relationship to each other, and how they
can be applied to projects and contracts. Refer to Level 0 BIM,Level 1 BIM, Level 2 BIM, and Level 3 BIM. BIM Levels are specific to the UK and
are not be confused with the research-based BIM Stages (1, 2 and 3) orBIM Maturity Levels (a, b, c, d and e)

BIM Management Plan

A formal document used to define how a Collaborative BIM Project will be delivered. A BIM Management Plan (BMP) includes model exchange
templates and detailed guidance covering BIM Roles, Modelling Standards and Data Exchange Protocols. According to NATSPEC National BIM
Guide, there are two types of BMPs: a Design BMP and a Construction BMP. In some cases, a BMP is considered part of the Contractual
Relationship between Project Participants
Similar terms: BIM Collaboration Guide, Project Delivery Plan, BIM Project Execution Plan, Design BMP, Construction BMP

BIM Manager

A person responsible for leading the BIM Implementation process within an organization and supporting it in developing/delivering new BIM
services and model-based efficiencies. Also Refer to Project BIM Manager

BIM Manual

A structured document which is intended to clarify the steps needed to perform a measurable activity or deliver a measurable outcome (e.g. BIM
training Manual). BIM Manuals typically focus on skill-intensive topics, while BIM Guides typically focus on knowledge-intensive ones

BIM Marketing Plan

An ad-hoc approach or a specialized document intended to inform clients (and potential clients) about an organization's BIM Capability and BIM
Deliverables. A BIM Marketing Plan typically includes objectives to reach, media to use, and content to be developed (e.g. a BIM Capability
Statement) as required to implement a BIM-focused Marketing Strategy

BIM Maturity

BIM maturity is the gradual and continual improvement in quality, repeatability and predictability within available BIM Capability. BIM Maturity is the
third phase of BIM Implementation and is expressed as BIM Maturity Levels (or performance improvement milestones) that organizations, teams
and whole markets aspire to

BIM Maturity Index

A metric to measure BIM Maturity of organizations, Project Teams and whole markets. BIMMI has five distinct Maturity Levels: (a) BIM Maturity
Level a (Initial/Low/Ad-hoc), (b) BIM Maturity Level b(Defined/Medium-Low), (c) BIM Maturity Level c (Managed/Medium), (d) BIM Maturity Level
d(Integrated/Medium-High) and (e) BIM Maturity Level e (Optimized/High)

BIM Maturity Level

A set of well-defined milestones representing the extent of BIM Maturity within an organization, project team or even the whole market. In general,
the progression from lower to higher levels of BIM Maturity indicates (i) better control through minimizing variations between targets and actual
results, (ii) better predictability and forecasting by lowering variability in competency, performance and costs and (iii) greater effectiveness in
reaching defined goals and setting new more ambitious ones...Note: BIM Maturity Levels are not to be confused with the UK industry BIM Levels

BIM Maturity Level a

This is the first and lowest BIM Maturity Level and is referred to as either Ad-hoc, Initial or Low Maturity. Maturity Level a is characterised with low
quality, repeatability and predictability. At an organization' scale,BIM Implementation is characterized by the absence of an overall strategy and a
significant shortage of defined processes and policies. BIM Software Tools are deployed in a non-systematic fashion and without adequate prior
investigations and preparations. BIM adoption is partially achieved through the ‘heroic’ efforts of individual champions – a process that lacks the
active and consistent support of middle and senior management. Collaboration capabilities (if achieved) are typically incompatible with those
of Project Partners and occur with little or no pre-defined process guides, standards or Interchange protocols. There is no formal resolution of
stakeholders’ roles and responsibilities

BIM Maturity Level b

This is the second BIM Maturity Level and is referred to as either Defined or Medium-Low Maturity. At an organization' scale, BIM
Implementation is driven by senior managers’ overall vision. Most processes and policies are well documented, process innovations are
recognized and business opportunities arising from BIM are identified but not yet exploited. BIM heroism starts to fade in importance as BIM
Competencyincreases; staff productivity is still unpredictable. Basic BIM guidelines are available including training manuals, workflow guides and
BIM delivery standards. Training requirements are well-defined and are typically provided only when needed. Collaboration with Project Partners
shows signs of mutual trust/respect among project participants and follows predefined process guides, standards and interchange protocols.
Responsibilities are distributed and risks are mitigated through contractual means

BIM Maturity Level c

This is the third BIM Maturity Level and is referred to as either Managed or Medium Maturity. At an organization's scale, the vision to implement
BIM is communicated and understood by most staff. BIM Implementation strategy is coupled with detailed action plans and a monitoring regime.
BIM is acknowledged as a series of technology, process and policy changes which need to be managed without hampering innovation. Business
opportunities arising from BIM are acknowledged and used in marketing efforts. BIM Roles are institutionalized and performance targets are
achieved more consistently. Product/service specifications similar to Model Progression Specifications are adopted. Modelling, 2D representation,
quantification, specifications and analytical properties of 3D models are managed through detailed standards and Project Quality Plans.
Collaboration responsibilities, risks and rewards are clear within temporary project alliances or longer-term partnerships

BIM Maturity Level d

This is the fourth BIM Maturity Level and is referred to as either Integrated or Medium-High Maturity. At an organization' scale, BIM
Implementation requirements and process/ product innovations are integrated into organizational, strategic, managerial and communicative
channels. Business opportunities arising from BIM are part of team, organization or Project Team’s competitive advantage and are used to attract
and keep clients. Software selection and deployment follows strategic objectives, not just operational requirements. BIM Deliverables are well
synchronized across projects and tightly integrated with business processes. Knowledge is integrated into organizational systems; stored
knowledge is made accessible and easily retrievable. BIM Roles and BIM Competency targets are embedded within the organization. Productivity is
now consistent and predictable. Modelling Standards and BIM Performance benchmarks are incorporated into quality management and
performance improvement systems. Collaboration includes downstream players and is characterized by the involvement of key participants during
early Project Lifecycle Phases

BIM Maturity Level e

This is the fifth and highest level BIM Maturity Level and is referred to as either Optimized or High Maturity. At an organization' and project team'
scales, stakeholders have internalized the BIM vision and are actively achieving it. BIM Implementation strategy and its effects on organizational
structures are continuously revisited and realigned with other strategies. If alterations to processes or policies are needed, they are proactively
implemented. Innovative product/process solutions and business opportunities are sought-after and followed-through relentlessly. Selection/use of
software tools is continuously revisited to enhance productivity and align with strategic objectives. BIM Deliverables are cyclically revised/
optimized to benefit from new software functionalities and available extensions. Optimization of integrated data, process and communication
channels is relentless. Collaborative responsibilities, risks and rewards are continuously revisited and realigned. Contractual models are modified
to achieve best practices and highest value for all stakeholders. Benchmarks are repetitively revisited to insure highest possible quality in
processes, products and services

BIM Maturity Matrix

A knowledge tool (typically a static or an interactive table) intended to identify the current BIM Maturity of an organization or Project Team. The
BIm³ has two axes - BIM Competency topics on the vertical axis, and the BIM Maturity Index on the horizontal axis. The Matrix may be low in detail
(BIMe Discovery Matrix) or highly detailed (BIMe Audit Matrix). Also refer to Macro Maturity Matrix
BIM Objective

BIM Objectives form part of a BIM Strategy. As opposed to BIM Goals, BIM Objectives are quantitative in nature. Examples of BIM Objectives
include reducing the number of RFIs and increasing Staff Retentionrates

BIM Ontology

The BIM Ontology is a structured language intended for knowledge acquisition and communication between people (not machines). The BIM
Ontology includes four Knowledge Objects - Concepts, Relations, Attributes, and Knowledge Views - used to describe all knowledge within the BIM
domain

BIM Performance

A term referring to the combined effects of BIM Capability and BIM Maturity. BIM Performance is measured by a large set of metrics covering
organizational, group/unit, individual and project performance

BIM Player

BIM Players are all stakeholders across the construction industry (owners, designers, insurers and software resellers). BIM Players can be
individuals, organizations or groups. BIM Players is one of three components of BIM Fields which also include BIM Deliverables and BIM
Requirements

BIM Process

A generic description of how to achieve a predefined BIM Deliverable and typically includes several workflows and procedures. For example, the
BIM collaboration process requires a set of workflows (e.g. project initiation workflow or model exchange workflow); each workflow includes several
activities; which are in turn made of smaller tasks. To complete a task in a standardized or repeatable fashion, documentedProcedures are
required to clarify granular steps, needed tools and relevant techniques

BIM Procurement

The procurement approach specific to projects/services where BIM Software Tools are mandated or whereBIM Deliverables are expected. BIM
Procurement typically includes the use of a BIM-focused Request for Proposal, Delivery Specifications or similar

BIM Project

A Design, Construction or Operation (DCO) project where BIM Software Tools are used as the primary means of delivering 3D models, drawings,
documents, specifications, etc.

BIM Protocol

Formal and documented methods of BIM communication, exchange, maintenance or delivery (e.g. BIM Management Plan). Note: UK users need to
review the CIC BIM Protocol entry

BIM Qualification

The outcome of (or testimony to) the completion of a range of activities within a certification program orAccreditation System focusing on BIM
Competency or BIM Capability. A BIM Qualification may cover a range or technical and non-technical topics; may be formal (e.g. provided by an
accredited institution or authority) or informal (e.g. provided by a software developer or reseller); and may be considered a prerequisite for
project appointment or employment

BIM Readiness

BIM Readiness is the first phase of BIM Implementation preceding the Point of Adoption. BIM Readiness represents the preparedness of an
organization or organisational unit to adopt BIM tools, workflows and protocols

BIM Requirement
A generic term referring to all requirements and pre-requisites necessary to generate BIM Deliverables - as mandated by clients, regulatory
authorities or similar parties. BIM Requirements include BIM Software Tools, BIM Hardware, BIM Training, Modelling Standards, Contractual
Clauses, etc.

BIM Role

The role played by an individual within an organization (or an organization within a Project Team) which involves the generation, modification or
management of BIModels. A sample BIM Role of an individual would be a BIM Manager or a Model Manager; while a sample BIM Role for an
organization (e.g. a BIM Service Provider) would be BIM Facilitation

BIM Service Provider

An individual or an organization offering a service built around BIM tools, components, and related processes. A BIM Service Provider may be an
independent model manager, BIM trainer, BIM Consultant,BIM Facilitator or similar. Out-sourcing organizations which offer modelling and model
auditing services also fall under this term

BIM Skill

BIM Skill typically revolve around generating BIModels and Model Components, performing Clash Detection, and similar types of Technical Tasks.
BIM Skill is what can be learned through short-term training activities

BIM Software Tool

The software applications which can author an object-based, data-rich, 3D model. These software applications often link to other Specialized
Software Tools to generate a variety of BIM Deliverables
Similar terms: BIM Authoring Tool, BIM Software, BIM Tool

BIM Stage

A set of well-defined milestones which clarify and subdivide the overall BIM Implementation process - frompre-BIM to Virtually Integrated Design
Construction and Operation (viDCO). There are three BIM Stages: Object-based Modelling (BIM Stage 1), Model-based Collaboration (BIM Stage 2)
and Network-based Integration (BIM Stage 3)
Similar terms: BIM Capability Stage, Capability Stage

BIM Stage 1

BIM Stage 1 is the first of three BIM Stages. This Stage of BIM Implementation is initiated when a BIM Software Tool (e.g. ArchiCAD, Revit, Digital
Project or Tekla) is deployed within an organization. At BIM Stage 1, users generate Mono-Discipline Models within either the Design
Phase [D], Construction Phase [C] orOperation Phase [O] – the three Project Lifecycle Phases. Sample BIM Deliverables at this Stage include
design models which are used primarily to automate generation and coordination of 2D documentation, 3D visualisation, basic data exports (e.g.
door schedules, concrete volumes, FFE costs,...) or light-weight 3D models (e.g. 3D DWF, 3D PDF, NWD, etc...) which have no modifiable
parametric attributes. Collaborative practices at BIM Stage 1 are similar to pre-BIM status and there are no significant model-basedInterchanges
between different disciplines. Data exchanges between project stakeholders are uni-directional and communications continue to be asynchronous
and disjointed. BIM Stage 1, is preceded bypre-BIM and followed by BIM Stage 2
Similar terms: Object-based Modelling, Capability Stage 1

BIM Stage 2

In this second stage of BIM Implementation, Project Participants are actively collaborating using Multi-Discipline Models. Collaboration may occur in
several technical ways depending on each organization's choice of BIM Software Tools. Model-based collaboration includes
the Interchange of BIModels or part-models through proprietary or non-proprietary formats and may occur within one or between two Project
Lifecycle Phases. Sample BIM Stage 2 exchanges include: the Interchange of architectural and structural models (occurring within the Design
Phase) or the interchange of structural and steel models (occurring between the Design Phase and Construction Phase). During BIM Stage 2,
model interchanges are two-way (there is no central Integrated Model for all to use) and some primary Project Participants may still be usingpre-
BIM tools and workflows. BIM Stage 2, is preceded by BIM Stage 1 and followed by BIM Stage 3
Similar terms: Capability Stage 2, Model-based Collaboration
BIM Stage 3

In this third stage of BIM Implementation, data-rich Integrated Models or Federated Models are created, shared and maintained collaboratively
across all three Project Lifecycle Phases. This integration is typically achieved through Model Server technologies which can combine BIModels
originating from many BIM Software Tools. At BIM Stage 3, data (not file formats) become central to the collaboration process and model-
based Interchanges shift from one-to-one to a many-to-many scenario. Collaboration is no longer limited to primary consultants but includes most
of the Project Team across all Project Lifecycle Phases. The central Integrated Model now links to external data repositories (e.g. product models,
GIS database,...).
Similar terms: Capability Stage 3, Network-based Integration

BIM Step

A subdivision of BIM Stages. BIM Steps are three main types - technology steps, process steps and policy steps - which need to be completed
during BIM Implementation in order to acquire or improve BIM Capability

BIM Strategy

An approach (ad-hoc or documented) to identifying medium- or long-term BIM Goals and BIM Objectives (objectives are quantifiable - e.g.
reducing RFIs) from implementing or utilizing BIM tools and workflows

BIM Taskforce

A group of individuals within an organization who are tasked with leading the BIM Implementation effort and communicating its
requirements/deliverables to management and staff
Similar terms: BIM Guiding Coalition, BIM Working Group, BIM Committee

BIM Trainer

A BIM Support role dedicated to training staff on using BIM Software Tools and the workflows associated with them

BIM Training

Training which is dedicated to the use of BIM Software Tools and the workflows associated with them

BIM Training Level

Are the pre-defined benchmarks for training staff on using BIM Software Tools and the workflows associated with them. Training Levels are
typically labelled as Basic, Intermediate and Advanced, Skill Levels 1-5, or similar benchmarks indicating progression from low to high BIM
Skill levels

BIM Training Plan

The document which establishes training requirements for staff. It may include BIM Training Levels and aBIM Training Programme
Similar terms: BIM Training Strategy

BIM Training Programme

A Gantt Chart or similar to organize training allocation for users over time. A Training Programme (or program) typically includes three main
components: topic to be delivered, trainee name and training date

BIM Wash

The act of promoting an inaccurate view of one’s BIM ability or credentials. BIM Wash applies to all types ofBIM Players and can be measured
using a 5-level scale: [0] No BIM Wash or no BIM Claim, [1] Confusion or unintentional BIM Wash, [2] Inexperience or mild BIM Wash, [3]
Exaggeration or considerable BIM Wash, and [4] Illusion or severe BIM Wash

BIM Workflow
A workflow identifies major successive activities to perform, decision gates to pass-through, and delivery milestone to reach. A BIM workflow is
typically part of larger BIM Processes - aimed at fulfilling strategic/operational objectives - and may include several documented Procedures. There
are two major types of BIM Workflows: Internal BIM Workflows and Collaborative BIM Workflows

BIM/FM Integration

The technologies and processes needed to integrate BIModels with Facility Management deliverables, databases and workflows

BIM/GIS Overlap

A Model Use representing how BIModels are used to populate and/or integrate with Geographic Information Systems

BIMe Account Manager

An individual or an organization with administrative rights to manage several BIMe User Accounts which they own or manage as part of their
Assessment Portfolio. An HR Recruiter or HR Manager (for example) may hold hundreds of individual User Accounts within their Assessment
Portfolio. Also, an Accredited BIMe Assessor may administer several Organizational User Accounts and keep track of their progress within his/her
Assessment Portfolio

BIMe Assessment

A BIM Excellence (BIMe) assessment is series of questions which aim to establish the competency of individuals, or the capability/maturity of
organizations and teams. BIMe Assessments may be online (calledBIMe Discovery) or online/onsite ((called BIMe Evaluation)

BIMe Assessment Tool

BIM Excellence Assessment Tools are software or paper forms used to measure BIM Capability, BIM Maturity or BIM Competency and then
generate relevant reports. BIMe Assessment Tools depend on BIM Metrics, BIMe Measurements and BIMe Measurement Units to assess the
performance of Individuals, organizations, projects and Project Teams

BIMe Discovery

Discovery is a simplest type of performance assessment offered by BIM Excellence and is intended for self-assessment by organizations and
individuals

BIMe Evaluation

Evaluation is a detailed performance assessment offered by BIM Excellence. It typically includes both online data collection and onsite inspection of
artefacts

BIMe Measurement

BIMe Measurements are generic descriptors for assessing a variety of objects and concepts. BIMe Measurements include: availability, flow (e.g.
workflow, data flow), frequency, certainty, cost, duration, granularity, loss (e.g. data loss), precision, predictability, quantity, relevance,
repeatability, and traceability. BIMe Measurements combine with BIMe Measurement Units to generate BIMe Metrics

BIMe Measurement Unit

Measurement Units report on the magnitude of a phenomena under investigation and are of two types: Absolute Units are standard increments by
which quantitative measurements are made (e.g. degrees, dollars, levels, days, etc.); and Relative Units are qualifications to position a
measurement (whether quantitative or qualitative) within a relative context (e.g. High, Low, Average, Median, etc.). BIMe Measurements Units
combine with BIMe Measurements to generate a variety of BIMe Metrics

BIMe Metric

A specialized index, coefficient or similar for establishing the availability or extent of a specific attribute within an assessed entity. BIMe Metrics
combine BIMe Measurements with BIMe Measurement Units to generate an assessment scale. Sample BIMe Metrics include Level of Information
Detail, Degree of Certainty, and Interoperability and Collaboration Quotient
BIMe Sharing Level

The privacy setting assigned to comments, personal information and other types of data. There are three BIMe Sharing Levels: Public, Private and
Shared. Public (has a green marker) allows public unfettered access, Private (a red marker) disallows any access by other users, and Shared (an
orange marker) which allows sharing with a specific type of users (e.g. sharing within the same Organization, sharing within the same Project
Team or according to custom settings)

BIModel

Building Information Models (BIModels) are the generic object -based 3D models generated by any Project Participant using an 'accredited' BIM
Software Tool
Similar terms: Semantically-rich Model, Object-Based Model

Building Management System

A computer system (hardware and software) used to monitor and control the performance of a facility including its ventilation, lighting, fire,
security and other systems. Some Building Management Systems are highly automated and can be tasked to manage a facility's energy use,
indoor air quality and other integrated systems
Similar terms: Intelligent Building System, Building Automation System (BAS)

Building Performance

A set of physical, social, financial or environmental criteria (e.g. thermal loads or lighting efficiency) by which a building can be measured

buildingSMART

An international organisation aiming to promote the exchange of interoperable, open and non-proprietary data between software applications
used within the construction industry. buildingSMART is involved in the development of Industry Foundation Classes, buildingSMART Data
Dictionary and the Information Delivery Manual
Similar terms: International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI)

buildingSMART Data Dictionary

buildingSMART Data Dictionary (previously IFD) is a standardized terminology for data and products used in virtual design, construction and
operation. BSDD identifies the multilingual names and defines the types and properties of many construction 'products' (e.g. doors, HVAC units,
etc.) .BSDD, IFC and IDM and are at the core of buildingSMART deliverables which facilitate the process of generating, exchanging and linking
open-standard BIModels to various project and product-specific data. BSDD is based on ISO 12006-3:2007
Similar terms: International Framework for Dictionaries (IFD)

Business Development and Client Management

BIMe Topic under Managerial Competency: Maximizing the value achieved by the organization and its clients from BIM tools and workflows

Business Process Model and Notation

A graphical representation (a flowchart) of business processes using a standardized set of symbols. BPMN is a visual method (may be linked to
data sources as well) to document internal business processes and workflows/transactions between organizations

Capability Stage

A performance milestone identifying a minimum ability. Refer to BIM Stage

Capability Statement

A document summarising the core competencies of an organization, a Project Team or an individual. A Capability Statement typically includes a list
of projects completed, specialized skills/services and other information highlighting capability and comparative advantage. A BIM-specific Capability
Statement may be a standalone document (online or print) or form part of an overall BIM Marketing Plan

Capturing and Representing

BIMe Topic under Operation Competency: Using software tools and specialized equipment to capture and represent physical spaces and
environments

Case Study

A descriptive or analytical summary of projects or organizational efforts. This term or BIM Content Labelapplies to both research and industry
publications which share lessons learned by others, and cover BIM deliverables, workflows, requirements, challenges and opportunities

Champions and Drivers

A Macro Maturity Component representing the individuals, groups and organizations undertaking the task of demonstrating the efficacy of an
innovative system/process to a population of potential adopters. While champions are ‘volunteer experimentalists’, drivers are ‘designated
executors’ of a top-down strategy with a mandate to stimulate the adoption of a designated technology, process or policy

Change Management

BIM-specific Change Management refers to the efforts undertaken by organizations to assist their staff (as individuals or as groups) to accept and
embrace BIM-caused change in their operational environments

Change Readiness

The readiness of individuals and organizational systems for non-evolutionary changes in technologies and/or processes

Change Resistance

The passive or active rejection of changes in tools, systems, standards or workflows. Change Resistance typically manifests itself in behaviours
intended to prevent BIM Implementation or to prevent BIM implementers from achieving their objectives

Change Saturation

The development of Change Resistance in individuals or groups caused by an extensive amounts of disruptive change occurring at the same time
(or in close proximity). For example, Change Saturation occurs when too many new systems or software are being implemented at the same time

CIC BIM Protocol

A template/document identifying the models/information to be produced by project team members and establishing their associated
responsibilities, liabilities and limitations. The CIC BIM Protocol aligns with PAS 1192-2 and appends contracts between Employers and Suppliers

Clash Avoidance

A conscious effort to avoid spatial overlaps and/or semantic conflicts between BIModels generated by different disciplines. Clash Avoidance is an
important part of Spatial Coordination and can be tested through Clash Detection

Clash Detection

Using 3D models to coordinate different disciplines (e.g. structural and mechanical) and to identify/resolve possible clashes between virtual
elements prior to actual construction or fabrication. Also refer to Clash Avoidance

Classifications System

A distribution of classes or categories created according to a common relation. In construction, there are several classification systems covering
elements, spaces, disciplines, materials, among others (OmniClass is an example of a widely used classification system)

COBie

COBie (Construction Operations Building Information Exchange) is a specification for the capture and delivery of design/construction information to
facility managers. COBie specifications can be viewed as a simple spreadsheet or embedded into design, construction, and operation BIModels.
Please note that COBie may have different uses in US, UK and other countries
Similar terms: BS 1192-4:2014
Code Checking & Validation

The process of inspecting a file, document or BIModel for compliance against predefined specifications or established design, performance or
safety codes. Also refer to Model Validation
Similar terms: Constraint Checking, Rule-based Checking, Code Validation

Collaboration

BIMe Topic under Functional Competency: Preparing the documentation necessary to enable model-based collaboration between project
participants

Collaborative BIM Project

A multidisciplinary BIM Project which revolves around the use of BIM Software Tools to generate and exchange data-rich, object-based models. A
Collaborative BIM Project relies on the availability of other enabling technologies (e.g. Model Viewers or Model Servers), collaborative
workflows, Data Exchange Protocols and suitable contractual arrangements. Most importantly, a Collaborative BIM Project depends on the
willingness of Project Participants to collaborate with each other

Collaborative BIM Workflow

A multi-party Model-based Workflow where the type, timing and sequence of activities are geared towards facilitating the exchange of data,
information, models or documents between Project Participants

Commissioning

The process of verifying that a new building or facility’s subsystems (for example, plumbing, electrical and lighting, HVAC, life safety, wastewater,
controls, and security) achieve the project requirements as intended by the building owner and as designed by the building architects and
engineers. (Source: Autodesk, http://bit.ly/owAC5F)

Common BIM Terminology

A set of terms (similar to Clash Detection, COBie, model author, etc…) which a BIM user is expected to know and understand. Common BIM
Terminology can be used as a BIMe Metric to measure Project Teamcompatibility or the quality of BIM Guides and Manuals

Common Data Environment

A single source of information which collects, manages and disseminates relevant, approved project documents for multi-disciplinary teams in a
managed process. A Common Data Environment (CDE) is served by a Model Server and/or a Document Management System that facilitates the
sharing of data/information among Project Participants. Information within a CDE need to carry one of four labels (or reside within one of four
areas): Work In Progress Area, Shared Area, Published Area, and Archive Area

Communication and Representation

A Model Use where BIModels are generated or enhanced for the purposes of communicating spatial/functional qualities through renderings, fly-
throughs, scenography and holography

Community of Practice

A group of people (from the same profession, have the same hobby or a common interest) who've joined together (through regular physical or
virtual meetings) to gain knowledge related to their field/interest, exchange information and share best practices. A Community of Practice (e.g. a
Vico user group) should not be confused with a Professional Association (e.g. AIA)

Competency

A competency is a combination of skill, knowledge and experience as needed to perform a specific Activityor deliver a specific outcome. Also refer
to BIM Competency and Competency Item

Competency Assessment
A structured effort to assess the capabilities or individuals, organizations and teams through surveys, interviews and other assessment tools. A
Competency Assessment may be performed by an internal expert or and external specialist and typically results in a Competency Score and/or
Competency Report

Competency Gap

A competency gap is a list or chart identifying the difference between current competency and target competency levels

Competency Item

The granular abilities, activities or outcomes which can be assessed, learned or applied. Each Competency Item belongs to a Competency
Topic (e.g. Collaboration) which in turn belongs to a Competency Set (e.g. Functional Set) and a Competency Tier (e.g. BIM Domain tier). An
example of a Competency Item is the following phrase: "prepare a 3D model for Construction Scheduling"

Competency Profiling

A method to identify pre-specified skills, knowledge and experience of individuals (and may include Aptitude testing as well). Competency Profiling
is intended to assess whether a job applicant or an existing staff member can perform a specific role or occupy a specific position. It may be also
be used to establish training needs of individuals and assist them to track and improve their skills

Competency Set

Competency Sets include tens of Competency Topics, which in turn include thousands of Competency Items populating assessments, learning
modules and implementation workflows. In BIM Excellence, there are eight standard Competency Sets: Managerial Competency, Administration
Competency, Functional Competency, Operation Competency, Technical Competency, Implementation Competency, Support Competency,
and Research and Development Competency

Competency Tier

Competency Tiers are the top level classification of Competency and are subdivided into Competency Sets which are in turn subdivided
into Competency Topics. There are three Competency Tiers: Core Tier,Domain Tier and Execution Tier. These tiers, sets, topics and their granular
subdivisions Competency Items represent all the measurable abilities, outcomes and activities of individuals and groups

Competency Topic

Competency Topics are part of Competency Sets and Competency Tiers and include thousands ofCompetency Items. In BIM Excellence there are
55 standards Competency Topics including Leadership,Collaboration, and Knowledge Management

Competent

A person is considered as 'competent' when he or she has demonstrated an adequate level of proficiency in performing a particular role, activity
or task. The term 'competent' refers to individual Competency, the capability/maturity of a human being

Component Development

BIMe Topic under Implementation Competency: Implementing a structured approach for developing or customizing Model Components using
documented Modelling Standards

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is Model Use where numerical methods and algorithms are applied to simulate the interaction of liquids and
gases with or within BIModels

Computer Numerical Control

Manufacturing processes driven by computer code. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) systems automate many manufacturing tasks by driving a
large range of machinery including plasma cutters, water jets and milling machines

Computer System
The term Computer System here refers to a combination of software, hardware, databases and networks configured to deliver a pre-defined output
from specific types of input

Computer-Aided Design

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is defined by BIMe to represent all non-BIM design, drafting and modelling tools; irrespective if they generates 2D
or 3D outputs

Computer-Aided Facility Management

A Computer System supporting the activities required for Facility Management. CAFM systems allow Facility Managers to monitor the operational
requirements of buildings (e.g. energy consumption, lighting, security, etc.), manage space utilization, track asset/equipment locations, and
perform other related functions during the Operation Phase of a facility

Computer-Managed Maintenance System

A Computer System supporting the maintenance activities of buildings/infrastructure by Facility Managers and maintenance professionals. A CMMS
typically enables its users to generate equipment maintenance schedules, track maintenance jobs, and monitor/perform other related functions
during the Operation Phase of a facility

Conceptual Design

Conceptual Design refers to activities occurring at the initiation of a construction project. These includeSpace Programming, Cost Planning and
other related activities. Conceptual Design is part of the Design Phase, the first of three high-level Project Lifecycle Phases
Similar terms: Schematic Design

Conceptualization

Conceptualization is a Model Use allowing the initial investigation of design possibilities and spatial requirements. Conceptualization occur during
the Conceptual Design sub-phase and may utilize specializedSpatial Analysis Tools

Constructing and Fabricating

BIMe Topic under Operation Competency: Using BIModels for the specific purposes of construction and fabrication

Construction Logistics and Flow

The analysis of BIModels to decide what construction systems to use and when to place/remove equipment or temporary structures. The term also
refers to the process of modelling crew behaviour as well as material placement, storage and flow

Construction Management at Risk

Construction Management at Risk (CM at Risk or CM@R) is a type of contract where the builder/general contractor provides services throughout
the pre-construction and construction phases, and provides a GMP (Guaranteed Maximum Price). Services under CM at Risk include preparation/
coordination of bid/tender packages, scheduling, cost control, evaluation and value engineering

Construction Model

Construction Model (CModel) is an object-based 3D model generated by the Contractor or Construction Team for the purposes of construction
analysis, Construction Scheduling and plant design
Similar terms: CModel

Construction Operation Analysis

The use of 3D models to visualize and analyse construction operations: distribution of trades, Location Based Scheduling, linking construction
activities to model elements and to human resources, etc…
Similar terms: Location Based Management System (LBMS), Plant Design, Model-based Trade Coordination, Constructability Analysis

Construction Phase
The Construction Phase is the second of three Project Lifecycle Phases and includes all construction activities - whether onsite or offsite. The
Construction Phase typically consists of construction planning, construction, and commissioning
Similar terms: Construction Lifecycle Phase

Construction Scheduling

The use of 'time' as a parameter to simulate the construction sequence. Model elements (or groups of elements) are driven by activities/tasks
identified within a construction schedule and linked to resources and their costs. Construction scheduling may be based on the Activity based
Scheduling (e.g. Critical Path Method) or Location Based Scheduling
Similar terms: Construction Sequencing, 4D, Construction Programming, Phase Planning

Construction Specification

Model-based construction specification is the process of automatically (or semi-automatically) generating a specification document from BIModels.
The document is typically generated by a specialized software or API by filtering standardized specification items according to elements/materials
present within the model (using OmniClass numbers or similar)

Content Management System

A software solution to facilitate the storing, distribution and discovery of corporate information. A CMS may host documents, drawings, detail,
images and other types of digital assets

Continuous Improvement

The progressive improvement of all aspects of an organization and/or its deliverables through an accumulation of small improvement steps.
Continuous Improvement is typically part of Quality Management and Performance Management strategies

Continuous Professional Development

The term refers to the process of continuously learning new competencies specific to a discipline (e.g. Architecture, Facility Management, etc.),
role (e.g. manager, foreman, etc.) or specialty task (e.g. compliance, governance, etc.). CPD programs are typically conducted by a Professional
Association as a method of enhancing, updating or maintaining the competencies of its members
Similar terms: Continuing Professional Education (CPE)

Contract

Legally-binding document and its subparts – including contractual additions, amendments and disclaimers. This BIM Content Label applies to
contracts and clauses, not to publications describing or promoting them (e.g. the label applies to AIA Documents E203, G201 and G202 but not to
the AIA IPD guide)

Contract Administration

As a competency, Contract Administration is the ability to manage contracts on behalf of a client (refer toContract Administrator). It includes the
ability to manage process payments, assess claims and other similar activities. As a project sub-phase (refer to Project Lifecycle Phases), Contract
Administration is a term often used by design organizations (e.g. architects) to refer to the project milestone at the tail end of Construction
Documentation

Contract Administrator

A organization or an individual appointed by, and acts on behalf of a Client to administer a contract. The role of Contract Administrator includes
ensuring the timely completion of a project to a specified standard, managing progress payments, assessing claims for compensation, and
determining project completion

Contract Management

BIMe Topic under Administration Competency: Administering the contractual documentation underlyingCollaborative BIM Projects and workflows

Contractual Agreement
Legally-binding document and its subparts – including contractual additions, amendments and disclaimers. When used as a BIM Content Label, the
term Contractual Agreement (and Contractual Clauases) applies to actual legally-binding forms, and not to publications describing or promoting
them (e.g. the label applies to AIA Documents E203, G201 and G202 but not to the AIA IPD guide)

Contractual Clause

BIM-specific additions and amendments to existing Contractual Agreements. Contractual Clauses may include several provisions including those
related to Delivery Specifications, Model Uses, etc…

Contractual Relationship

Refers to the different types of contracts and agreements guiding the procurement process of design/construction services. Contractual
Relationships may be 'traditional' or new-emerging types of BIM-optimized contracts

Core Tier

Core Tier competencies represent the personal abilities of individuals which enable them to conduct a measurable activity or deliver a measurable
outcome. The Core Tier is subdivided into Foundational Traits,Situational Enablers, Qualifications and Licences and Historical Indicators

Cost Certainty

A BIMe Metric which measures the accuracy of model-based Cost Estimates when compared to actual costs. Cost Certainty applies to Construction
Cost as well as to LifeCycle Cost

Cost Estimate

The use of specialized calculations to identify and analyse projected construction costs. Cost Estimation can be a manual or a fully-automated
process. Also, Cost Estimation can be a standalone Model Use or part of a more extensive 5D workflow
Similar terms: Quantity Take-off

Cost Planning

A Model Use representing how BIModels are used to generate feasibility studies and compare different budgetary options. Cost planning takes
both Capaital Expenditures (CapEX) and Operational Expenditures (OpEx) into consideration to generate budget estimates and monitor
cost/expenditure throughout the design/construction process

Cost Report

A document (manually- or automatically-generated) which provides information about the cost structure of a project based on its Model
Components and/or Work Breakdown Structure

Critical Path Method

A Project Management method used to plan/schedule a project by listing all activities required to complete it (using Work Breakdown Structure),
calculating the duration of each and identifying the dependencies between them. A 'critical' activity is the one which has the longest duration and
'a critical path' is the sequence of these 'critical' activities adding up to reveal the longest overall project duration

Data and Network Support

BIMe Topic under Supportive Competency: Managing and maintaining the storage of data, documents, 2D Drawings and BIModels

Data Drop

An information exchange milestone, where data extracted from the BIModel is delivered to the client/employer at predefined intervals. Data Drops
are typically aligned with the 6 or 7 project stages and reflect the project's overall Level of Development. For UK Government projects, at Level 2
BIM Data Drops need to be made using a COBie spreadsheet

Data Exchange Protocol

The formal agreement between Project Participants covering file formats and data specifications to be used when exchanging models, documents
and other types of information

Data Management

The activities concerned with controlling the delivery and enhancing the value of data and information assets. Data Management (as a discipline)
includes a number of specialties including Data Analysis, Data Security, Data Warehousing and Database Management

Data Richness

The extent of data/information embedded within a BIModel, Model Component, 2D Drawing, spreadsheet or similar. As an example, a 3D Door
element which includes (encapsulates) data about its location, size, door hardware, manufacturere, construction material, fire properties, etc. is
considered to be 'data-rich'

Database Extension

A Model Use representing how BIModels are integrated with other databases including financial networks, booking systems, internet of things
(IoT), or a variety of web-based services

Decision Support System

A knowledge tool (a software, a checklist or a decision tree) intended to assist users to make an informed decision based on criteria they enter
into the tool/system

Degree of Certainty

A BIMe Metric which establishes whether an element (or group of elements) has been finalized or is still subject to modification, replacement or
removal

Delivery Specification

A document identifying the properties of BIM Deliverables at the practical completion of a BIM Project. These properties may include Level of
Development, metadata to be embedded (e.g. COBie, 2D Drawingsto be submitted, etc.

Demolition Activities

The use of BIModels to plan or monitor demolition activities of existing structures (or parts of existing structures)

Depth of Analysis

The amount of detail that needs to be analysed before the assessment is considered satisfactory. This can be translated in the number
of Competency Items and the Level of Evidence used to establish current competency

Design and Construct

A project procurement method in which a client contracts a single organization (a Builder) for the design and construction of a building project
Similar terms: Design and Build

Design Authoring

A Model Use representing the process of developing Generative Models or Parametric Models for design exploration, design communication and
design iteration purposes. Design authoring is a key BIM activity leading to model-based 2D Documentation , 3D Detailing and other model-based
deliverables

Design Consultant

The term mainly refers to architects, interior designers, landscape designers and all types of engineers (e.g. mechanical, structural and electrical)
operating with the Design Phase
Similar terms: Design-Phase Consultant
Design Development

Design Development is part of the Design Phase and typically occurs after the conclusion of Conceptual Design. As a project milestone, Design
Development is marked by the finalisation of spatial programmes and the detailed resolution of major design elements, their dimensions and
material allocations
Similar terms: Design Application (DA)

Design Lead

The Design Lead (or Lead Consultant) is the role played by a consultant organization within a Project Team) to coordinate all design work and act
as the main point of contact between the client/employer and the consultant team

Design Model

Design Model (DModel) is an object-based 3D model generated by the Design Team (individually or as a group) for the purposes of design
analysis, Clash Detection and documentation
Similar terms: DModel

Design Phase

The Design Phase is the first of three Project Lifecycle Phases and includes all pre-construction activities. The Design Phase typically consists of
space programming, design coordination and design specification
Similar terms: Design Lifecycle Phase

Design Specification

A document identifying spatial, design and/or Building Performance metrics expected from a Project Participant. Design Specifications typically
detail expectations/requirements which can be later compared to actual deliverables
Similar terms: Program for Design (NATSPEC), Design Brief

Design, Construction and Operation

A generic term representing all planning-to-demolition activities within the construction industry
Similar terms: AECO, AEC, AEC/FM

Design-Bid-Build

A project procurement method in which a client enters into separate contracts for the design and construction of a building project. The process is
as follows: the client contracts a design consultancy fro the provision of design documentation which are then used to solicit bids (tendering
process) and the successful bidder (a Construction Company) is then contracted separately by the client to build the project

Diffusion Areas Model

A Macro Adoption Model for establishing which specific diffusion area (e.g. Modelling Policies or Collaboration Processes) to be assessed

Digital Asset Management

Digital Asset Management (DAM) is a software solution for storing and retrieving digital assets within an organization. DAM differs from Content
Management Systems and Document Management Systems in its focus on multimedia resources such as audio, video, and still images.

Disaster Planning

Using the model to simulate building fire, an explosion, an earthquake or similar. The behaviour of building systems, individuals and crowds are
included within this term (see also Egress and Ingress)

Disciplinary Model

A BIModel pertaining to a single discipline - architectural, structural, mechanical, etc?

Document Management
BIMe Topic under Technical Competency: Using Document Management Systems or similar to store, manage and share files and BIModels

Document Management System

Document Management Systems is a software solution to manage the storage, retrieval and workflow of electronic resources (in their
native/original format) and their metadata through a central repository. The workflow typically includes business rules covering permissions,
check-in/check-out and approval processes

Documentation

BIMe Topic under Technical Competency: Generating drawings and construction documents using standardized details and workflows

Documentation Standard

The agreed norms of delivering 2D Drawings according to defined Naming Protocols, Linestyles, annotation conventions, drawing scale and similar

Door Schedule

A type of document or Model View which lists available doors, their dimensions and specifications within a project. The Door Schedule may also
include information about door hardware and accessories

Earned Value

Earned Value (EV) is the completed Authorized Work + the Original Budget for this work (EV is part ofEarned Value Management)

Earned Value Management

A project management technique which has three criteria: Planned Value (PV), Earned Value (EV and Actual Cost (AC). EVM thus combines the
measurements of scope, schedule, and cost in a single integrated system. Also refer to Value Management

Egress and Ingress

Using BIModels to simulate individual circulation and crowd behaviour within a facility (see also Disaster Planning)

Employer’s Information Requirement

A document/s clarifying the employer’s requirements during services' procurement. Employer's Information Requirements (EIR)s may include
levels of modelling detail, training/competence requirements, ordinance systems, exchange formats or other employer-mandated processes,
standards or protocols

Energy Use

A Model Use and a Building Performance metric measuring how and how-much a facility consumes energy. High-performance buildings typically
consume less energy (electricity for lighting, fossil fuels for heating, etc…) than other comparable buildings.

Environmental Analysis

A generic term referring to a combination of several analysis uses of BIModels including Sustainability Analysis, Solar Radiation, Building
Performance, etc…

Equipment Support

BIMe Topic under Supportive Competency: Developing specifications for BIM Hardware and BIM Hardware Deployment Programmes

Error-Free Model

An error-free model refers to BIModels which are judged to include no or an insignificant number of 'true positive' errors - real errors which affect
constructability, data integrity or similarly serious issues . An error-free model should not be confused with a 'zero-error' model which may include
100s or even 1000s of 'false-positives' - errors reported by automated checking systems but are not considered - by informed humans - to be of
significance. Also refer to Modelling Error, Model Validation and Model Quality
Extranet

A term describing a web-based solution to share files and documents with third parties outside an organization's firewall. An extranet solution can
be either installed on a local server or hosted on the cloud (also refer to Intranet)

Facilitation

BIMe Topic under Functional Competency: Facilitating the process of BIM collaboration between project participants

Facility Handover Guide

A document prepared during the design/construction phases of a project to be provided to organizations responsible for facility operation,
management and maintenance. A Facility Handover Guide includes information about spaces, equipment and systems. This information may
include both unstructured information or data/metadata based on an agreed specification (e.g. COBie or SPie)

Facility Management

The term Facility Management (FM) refers to the interdisciplinary activities performed during the Operation Phase of building, space or
infrastructure. FM activities typically include operation, leasing occupancy, maintenance, cleaning, etc.

Facility Manager

The person or organization responsible for operating a facility, managing its spaces, and meeting the requirements of its owners or occupants. A
facility manager conducts long-term Facility Managementplanning, and coordinates regular/emergency maintenance activities of facility systems
and equipment...See also Property Manager

Federated Model

A BIModel which links (does not merge) several Mono-Discipline Models together. As opposed to Integrated Models, Federated Models do not
merge the properties of individual models into a single database
Similar terms: Linked Model

Field BIM

The technology and process of using BIM Software Tools on the construction site to inspect designs on a tablet/phone, send requests for
clarifications, mark drawings/models, complete a checklist, report an issue, and similar site-based activities

Finance, Accounting and Budgeting

BIMe Topic under Administration Competency: Planning, allocating and monitoring the costs associated with BIM adoption

Finite Element Analysis

The virtual analysis of structures and materials to discover if/when/how they bend or twist before they are actually built or manufactured. For
structural analysis, FEA can be used to discover distributions of stresses and possible load displacements
Similar terms: Finite Element Method (FEM)

Fire and Smoke Simulation

A technology/process to simulate the behaviour of fire and smoke within a facility to help design/modify building circulation, ventilation, fire-fighting
systems or similar

Foundational Trait

Foundational Traits are a Competency Set within the Core Tier representing the personal attributes inherent in an individual that cannot be
acquired through training or education. Foundational traits represent an individual’s attitude, behaviour, motivation, and other attributes
measurable through psychometric indices (e.g. Myers-Briggs Type Indicators or RIASEC model). A natural affinity to learning new languages, or an
innate ability to solve complex mathematical problems are examples of Foundational Traits

Frameworks
Conceptual Models intended to clarify and simplify complex aspects of the BIM domain by identifying meaningful concepts and their relationships

Frozen Model Copies

A snapshot of the model (e.g. a Save-as stored as read-only, or an export to a non-modifiable format)

Functional Basics

BIMe Topic under Functional Competency: Identifying the basic requirements and main deliverables expected from using BIM tools and workflows

Functional Competency

Functional competencies and topics cover the overall running of one or more projects by project leaders and team managers. Functional topics do
not typically cover the technical specifics of every deliverable but focus on serving clients and supervising the internal process of product delivery.
Topics include Functional Basics, Collaboration, Facilitation, Project Management, and Team and Workflow Management

Functional Staff

Those who perform Functional Tasks and are typically part of Role Group B. Functional Staff focus mainly on directing Technical Staff and on
coordinating project resources, workflows and deliverables

Functional Task

BIM-specific Functional Tasks are those performed by Functional Users and typically cover project management, collaboration and quality
management

Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment

FFE refers to furniture, fixtures or other equipment which are movable and have no permanent connection to the structure of a building or its
utilities

Gantt Chart

The schedule of activities for a project. A Gantt Chart is based on the Critical Path Method and shows an activity's start and finish dates, critical and
non-critical activities, slack (float) time, and predecessor relationships
Similar terms: Bar Chart

General IT

BIMe Topic under Technical Competency: Installing, managing and maintaining general IT infrastructure

General IT Support

BIMe Topic under Supportive Competency: Troubleshooting software issues and supporting staff in resolving technical problems

General Management

BIMe Topic under Managerial Competency: Defining and communicating overall managerial goals from adopting new systems and workflows

General Model Use

BIMe Topic under Operation Competency: Using model-based deliverables to improve design, construction and operation of facilities

General Research and Development

BIMe Topic under Research and Development Competency: Conducting general or BIM-specific research and development activities

Generative Model

A model generated using algorithmic functions manipulated by the end-user to explore design form or function. A typical use of Algorithmic Models
is form-finding, where computational methods are used to drive shape generation, what-if scenarios and structural optimisation. While Algorithmic
Models are a type of Parametric Models, they are not necessarily object-based and may only be loosely labelled as BIModels (e.g. Bentley's
Generative Components is a software specialized in generating Algorithmic Models which can then be linked to BIModels)
Similar terms: Algorithmic Model

Geographic Information System

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computer-based systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, and analysis of geospatial, location-
referenced data

Geospatial Applications

Software tools dedicated to managing GIS data

Granularity Level

The level of detail within a conceptual model, matrix, tool or document. There are five Granularity Levels (GLevels) progressing from lowest to
highest: [0] None, [1] Discovery or low, [2] Evaluation or medium, [3] Certification or high, and [4] Auditing or very high. For assessments,
higher granularity indicates an increase in (i) assessment breadth, (ii) scoring detail, (iv) formality and (iv) assessor specialisation

Guideline

Compilation of several BIM content types with the aim of providing guidance to individuals, teams or organizations. Guides typically provide insight
into a complex topic (e.g. BIM Implementation Guide or Facility Handover Guide). Guides typically focus on knowledge-intensive topics, while
Manuals (a complementary label) focus on skill-intensive ones. Due to the generic nature of this BIM Content Label, it should not be applied in
isolation but in conjunction with other labels

Guides and Manuals

BIMe Topic under Implementation Competency: Developing guides, manuals or educational material covering Model-based Workflows

Hardware and Equipment

BIMe Topic under Technical Competency: Specifying, recommending or procuring computer hardware and equipment

Hardware Deployment Programme

A programme (Gantt Chart or similar) covering when to deploy, replace or upgrade hardware

Health and Safety Simulation

The use of 3D models to investigate spaces and simulate actions for the purpose of establishing the safety of workers and lack of health hazards.
As an example, a static human figure or an Avatar are used to establish whether the dimensions of a maintenance pit or a ceiling void are
adequate for the safe movement of a maintenance person. Models can also be used to simulate the safety of installing procedures at congested,
elevated or other high-risk areas
Similar terms: Operational Health and Safety, Occupational Health and Safety

Historical Indicator

Historical Indicators are a Competency Set within the Core Tier representing the attributes related to employment history, project experiences
(including project types and sizes), roles played and positions held. Historical indicators provide verifiable information about past activities and
indicate potential abilities in similar future situations. For example, a BIM Manager’s role played by an individual at an engineering company for a
number of years is an indicator of specific competencies in engineering-specific BIM management

Human Resource Management

BIMe Topic under Administration Competency: Planning, developing and managing human resources as to align staff competencies to
organizational BIM goals

Immersive Environment
The technology used to allow users to experience Virtual Reality or Augmented Reality. Immersive Environments can be partially or fully immersive
depending on tools used (specially-fitted rooms, wearables, etc…)

Implementation Competency

Implementation competencies and topics cover the activities required to introduce BIM concepts and tools into an organization. Implementation
topics also focus on generating new information systems, delivery standards and workflow protocols as required for sustained BIM diffusion.
Topics included Implementation Fundamentals, Component Development, Library Management, Standardization and Templates, Technical
Training, System and Process Testing, and Guides and Manuals

Implementation Fundamentals

BIMe Topic under Implementation Competency: Identifying and managing issues associated with BIM implementation

Inclusion/Exclusion Variable

A BIMe Metric applicable in deciding which model elements will be included or excluded during data exchange

Individual Competency

The combined skill, knowledge and experience of an individual representing his/her ability to perform an activity or a task. In BIM Excellence, the
term 'Competency' is used generically and may refer to Individual Competency, Organizational Competency or Project Team Competency

Industry Engagement and Knowledge Sharing

BIMe Topic under Research and Development Competency: Sharing BIM knowledge and experience with the wider industry through formal/informal
workshops, seminars and presentations

Industry Foundation Classes

IFC refers to a neutral,/open specification (schema) and a non-proprietary 'BIM file format' developed by buildingSMART. Major BIM Software Tools
support the import and export of IFC files
Similar terms: ISO/PAS 16739

Information Delivery Manual

The formal method developed and propagated by buildingSMART to establish Model View Definitions as a standard requirement for exchanging
model data within the construction industry. IDM is an ISO standard intended to "facilitate interoperability between software applications used in
the construction process, to promote digital collaboration between actors in the construction process and to provide a basis for accurate, reliable,
repeatable and high-quality information exchange" (ISO 29481-1:2010)

Information Management

The collection, classification, storage and redistribution of information in digital, audio-visual or paper form. Information Management also refers to
the ability of an organization to harvest and make-use of information to drive its decision-making process

Information Management Process

The process covering all Information Management activities and tasks during the Operation Phase of a project. The Information Management
Process (IMP) covers the whole operational lifecycle of an asset including: handover from Design Phase and Construction Phase; daily operations
and maintenance; minor and major works; and decommissioning/demolition

Information Manager

The Information Manager (IM) is a key BIM Role responsible for establishing/managing the processes of information exchange on projects. This
role - either played independently or by the Design Lead - facilitates the delivery of Project Outputs according to Employer’s Information
Requirements. According to the CIC BIM Protocol, the IM is separate from the BIM Coordinator and thus has no design or Model
Managementduties
Information Model

Represents all documentation, graphical and non- graphical information, and other Project Outputs which a Project Team is required to provide
according to its Scope of Services. Information Models can be split into Project Information Models and Asset Information Models

Information Requirement

The informational unit/content required (pulled) by one BIM Player to generate (push) a BIM Deliverable. Note: UK users should refer
to Employer's Information Requirement - part of the CIC BIM Protocol

Integrated Insurance Policy

An insurance policy which collectively covers all (or all main) Project Participants

Integrated Model

A BIModel which aggregates several Mono-Discipline Models into one. As opposed to Federated Model, an Integrated Model merges all properties
of individual models into a single database. Integrated Models are many types including: Design Models (DModels), Construction Models
(CModels), Operation Models (OModels) or a full Project Lifecycle Models (DCOModels)
Similar terms: Unified Model, Single Model

Integrated Project Delivery

Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a contractual relationship with a 'more equitable' approach to distributing risks and benefits amongst
main Project Participants. IPD is based on several key principles including: shared risk/reward, early involvement of key participants, and open
communications. IPD encourages the use of 'appropriate technology' but does not necessarily require the use of BIModels. Please note that the
term IPD has changed in meaning over time and some Noteworthy BIM Publications still refer to the old definition
Similar terms: Integrated Design and Construction

Integrated Workplace Management System

A computer system specialized in managing and optimising workplace resources of facilities, real estate portfolios and their component assets. An
IWMS combines the functionalities attributed to Computer-Aided Facility Management (CAFM) and Computer-Managed Maintenance System (CMMS)

Interactive Capability Maturity Model

I-CMM is an interactive Excel-based tool developed by the US-based National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) and published as part of NBIMS
v1 . I-CMM is based on the concept of Minimum BIM; that is, a project needs to achieve a minimum total score of maturity for it to be considered
'true BIM'. The minimum score is not fixed and can be changed yearly as markets mature and clients demand more from BIModels being delivered.
I-CMM focuses primarily on measuring BIM information management and it is not intended as a tool to compare BIModels or BIM Implementations
Similar terms: NBIMS CMM

Interchange

The term Interchange refers to 'Interoperable Exchange' between Project Participant. The term applies equally when two or more organizations
use the same proprietary data schema (through using same software - e.g. Revit) or use a open non-proprietary data schema (e.g. IFC) to
interchange BIModels and other information

Internal BIM Workflow

A sequence of activities and tasks centred around the generation, modification and exchange of BIModels within an organization

International Framework for Dictionaries

IFD is a library of construction terminology that defines the use of a particular 'names? (e.g. doors, windows, etc...), their types and properties in a
consistent manner across countries and languages

Interoperability
he ability of diverse systems (and organizations) to work together seamlessly without data loss and without a special effort. Interoperability may
refer to systems, processes, file formats, etc. Interoperability is not synonymous with openness. For example, interoperable file formats can be
proprietary-closed (e.g. RVT), proprietary-open (e.g. DWF) and non-proprietary (e.g.IFC)

Interoperability and Collaboration Quotient

A compound BIMe Metric which measures the interoperability (data-centric compatibility) and collaboration (procedural/cultural compatibility)
potential of project partners

Intranet

A browser-based solution (typically behind an organization's firewall) which can be used to store and shareBest Practices, Learning
Material and Modelling Standards (also refer to Extranet)

Knowledge Management

BIM-specific Knowledge Management refers to the organizational efforts to identify and collect BIM Knowledge from staff and external sources and
then to represent, store, protect and redistribute it as necessary

Knowledge Management and Engineering

BIMe Topic under Research and Development Competency: Developing a Knowledge Management Strategyand capturing/representing the BIM-
specific knowledge of staff

Knowledge Management Strategy

A documented approach to collect, store and share BIM Knowledge among staff or between organizations

Laser Scanning

A Model Use representing the process of rapid generation of Point Cloud data of as-built structures, terrain and vegetation using a 3D Laser
Scanner

Lead BIM Coordinator

A Model Management role assisting the Project BIM Manager in ensuring the accurate implementation of agreed Modelling Standards and
protocols. According to NATSPEC National BIM Guide (Sep 2011), there are two types of Lead BIM Coordinators: Technical and Trade, each
working with their respective Design and Construction teams to coordinate requirements, processes and deliverables

Leadership

BIMe Topic under Managerial Competency: Leading and guiding others throughout the process of implementing new systems and workflows

Lean Construction

A project management strategy focusing on maximizing value and minimizing waste in construction

Learning and Education

A Macro Maturity Component representing market-wide educational activities covering BIM concepts, tools and workflows. These educational
activities are either delivered through tertiary education, vocational training or professional development; as competency-based or course-based
learning models

Learning Management System

An LMS is a software which manages training/education material (audio, video, documents, etc.), competency testing and the delivery of learning
content to trainees/students.

Learning Material
All types of media (e.g. printed manual, blog post or online video) which deliver conceptual or practical insight intended/suitable for education,
training or professional development within industry or academia

Level 0 BIM

The lowest of the UK BIM Levels signalling the absence of collaboration; the exclusive use of 2D CAD drafting; and distribution of output via paper
and/or electronic prints

Level 1 BIM

One of the UK BIM Levels. Level 1 BIM refers to a mixture of 3D modelling and 2D drafting (for submissions). CAD standards follow the BS
192:2007 standards, and electronic data sharing is done through a Common Data Environment. At this level, there is no collaboration between
different disciplines as each publishes and maintains their own models, documents and data

Level 2 BIM

One of the UK BIM Levels. Level 2 BIM refers to collaborative work practices where parties generate their own 3D models and share information
through the Common Data Environment using common file formats. Project data is typically managed using enterprise resource planning software,
and integrated by proprietary interfaces or bespoke middleware

Level 3 BIM

The highest of the UK BIM Levels. Level 3 BIM refers to 'fully open' process and data integration enabled by web services; compliant with the
emerging Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and buildingSMART Data Dictionary (previously IFD) standards; and managed by a collaborative Model
Server. This level is also referred to as iBIM (integrated BIM) and may potentially employ concurrent engineering processes

Level of Development

A BIM metric to identify what information to include in a model during the design and construction process (also refer to Model Progression
Specifications). Please note that the LOD abbreviation refers to multiple terms, definitions, and numbering systems even within the same country
Similar terms: Level of Modelling Detail, Level of Detail

Level of Evidence

The number and type of artefacts requested for inspection by the assessment team during a BIMe Assessment. The Level of Evidence (LoE)
includes 5 levels: no claim; claimed; exhibited/demonstrated; inspected/analysed; and audited/certified

Level of Information Detail

LID is a BIMe Metric (developed by ChangeAgents) that measures the extent of information included within any requirement or deliverable. As
opposed to Level of Development (LOD) which applies exclusively toBIModels and model elements, the LID index applies to models, drawings,
documents, views and all other information formats. Another main difference from LOD is that LID does not automatically equate more information
with higher development

Level of Model Definition

The minimum level of graphical information and non-graphical data required in a model at each information exchange. The level of Model Definition
is typically articulated in the BIM Execution Plan (BEP) as to conform with the Employer's Information Requirements (EIR). Please not that this
term and its synonyms have not yet stabilised in the UK
Similar terms: Level of Model Detail, Level of Model Information (LoI), Level of Definition

Library Management

BIMe Topic under Implementation Competency: Developing or managing component libraries as required for the standardised delivery of BIM
Projects

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a Model Use representing how multiple methods are applied to BIModels to identify and assess the environmental
impacts (e.g. waste) of building products and materials over their whole life
Similar terms: ISO 14040:2006

Lighting Analysis

Using BIModels to simulate natural and artificial lighting levels. This Model Use is a form of Building Performance analysis and is not intended for
rendering or visualization

Linking and Extending

BIMe Topic under Operation Competency: Linking BIModels and their components to other databases

little bim

Application of advanced software and processes using files-based data exchanges via monolithic product lines, translators and import/export.
Replaces ‘flat-CAD’ with BIM authoring and/or analysis tool(s) on networked computers. Work product and efficiency are leveraged, but
improvements are internal to projects and can be viewed as computer-aided-drafting on steroids. Data is secondary to graphics. Advanced
graphics, conflict checking, cost modeling and process simulation occur, but are project-by-project oriented exercises. Focus is on software
products and current profitability, often ignoring or misunderstanding lifecycle benefits (also refer to BIG BIM)

Location Based Scheduling

A construction scheduling method which focuses on creating continuous work for resources as they flow through the construction site. The main
goal of Location Based Scheduling is to preserve the productivity rate of work crews by minimizing the number (and the time between) their
starts/stops as they move from location to location
Similar terms: Continuous Resource Scheduling, Location Based Management System, Linear Scheduling, Line of Balance, Flowline Scheduling

Log

A document, spreadsheet or database table which keeps track of activities, achievements or similar. A Log typically lists an activity, its description
and a qualifier item (time it occurred, how long it took, how much it cost, etc…)

Lonely BIM

A term used to describe the practices of an organization, Project Team or the whole market whereBIModels are not exchanged between Project
Participants. Organizations at early stages of BIM Implementation or who only generate Mono-Discipline Models are considered to be practicing
Lonely BIM - the opposite of Social BIM. Also refer to BIM Stage 1

Macro Adoption Model

Macro Adoption Models refer to a number of conceptual models intended to assist Policy Makers to develop or assess their country-wide BIM
Implementation and BIM Diffusion policies

Macro Diffusion Dynamics Model

A Macro Adoption Model for assessing and comparing the directional pressures and mechanisms affecting how diffusion unfolds within a market.
The model identifies 3 main diffusion dynamics: Top-Down, Bottom-Up and Middle-Out

Macro Diffusion Responsibilities Mode

A Macro Adoption Model for assessing and comparing the roles played by different stakeholder groups (orBIM Players) in facilitating diffusion
within and across markets

Macro Maturity Components

The Macro Maturity Components model identifies 8 complementary components for measuring and establishing the relative and absolute BIM
Maturity of Macro Organizational Scales (Market, Defined Market and Sub-Market)
Macro Maturity Components Model

A Macro Adoption Model for assessing the BIM Maturity of whole markets (e.g. countries) using 8 Macro Maturity Components and 5 BIM Maturity
Levels

Macro Maturity Matrix

A knowledge tool (typically a static or an interactive table) intended to measure the current BIM Maturity of whole market. The macro Maturity
Matrix has two axes - Macro Maturity Components on the vertical axis, and the BIM Maturity Index on the horizontal axis. The Matrix may be low in
detail (Discovery) or detailed (Evaluation) incorporating metrics specific to each of the eight components. Also refer to BIM Maturity Matrix

Managerial Competency

Managerial competencies and topics cover decision-making activities at macro levels and the selection/adoption of long-term initiatives.
Managerial topics do not typically cover day-to-day organizational activities but focus on the overall direction, speed and challenges faced by
organizations as they seeks to accomplish their strategic goals. Topics include General Management, Leadership, Strategic
Planning, Organizational Management, Business Development and Client Management, and Partnership and Alliancing

Managerial Staff

Those who perform Managerial Tasks and are typically part of Role Group A. Managerial Staff focus mainly on directing Functional Staff and on
governance, coordinating organizational resources and on generating new business

Managerial Task

BIM-specific Managerial Tasks are those performed by Managerial Users and typically cover Organizational Leadership, Governance and other top-
level stewardship

Manual

A structured document which clarifies the steps needed to perform a measurable activity or deliver a measurable outcome (also refer to BIM
Manual)

Marketing

BIMe Topic under Administration Competency: Promoting an organization's BIM Capability to its clients and business partners

Master Information Delivery Plan

A plan listing all the information deliverables of a project including models, drawings, specifications, equipment, schedules and room data sheets. A
Master Information Delivery Plan (MIDP) identifies when project information is to be prepared, by whom, and using what protocols and procedures.
An MIDP incorporates all relevant Task Team Information Delivery Plans (TIDP)s and a updated/detailedResponsibility Matrix

Master Model

The main Federated Model or Integrated Model acting as reference to other models
Similar terms: Reference Model

Measurements and Benchmarks

A Macro Maturity Component representing market-wide metrics for benchmarking project outcomes and assessing the capabilities of individuals,
organizations and teams

Metric

Tools and criteria for establishing levels of performance of systems, projects, individuals, teams, organizations and other organizational units (also
refer to BIMe Metric)

Minimum BIM
The criteria (e.g. software used, Data Richness, BIM Deliverables, etc.) which need to be satisfied for a model or a project to be considered 'true
BIM' by a client, manager, an accrediting body or a specialized assessor

Model Adequacy Coefficient

A BIMe Metric which measures the adequacy of information included within the BIModel as compared to requirements established at each Project
Lifecycle Phase and/or by the final owner of the model

Model Assessment

An internal effort or a specialized service to assess the accuracy, adequacy and overall quality of BIModels,Model Components and their pre-
defined Model Uses

Model Component

A virtual element representing a physical building object. Model Components may be parametrically driven, 2D or 3D, and may also represent
abstract items (e.g. North Arrow)
Similar terms: Smart Object, Revit Family, GDL Object

Model Component Library

A collection of Model Components which conform to a unified set of naming structures and use the same underlying data schema (e.g. Industry
Foundation Classes). A Model Component Library may also refer to product libraries hosted online by suppliers, software companies or specialised
third-parties
Similar terms: Building Product Library, BIM Library, Product Library

Model Component Strategy

A documented high-level plan which identifies the overall approach taken by an organization to generate, store and maintain Model Components
Similar terms: Component Management Plan, Family Generation Strategy

Model Deliverable Coefficient

A set of activities intended to prepare or maintain a BIModel at a prescribed performance/quality level. Model Management includes numerous
tasks to ensure that the BIModel: follows organization/project standards, is free from errors, is at the right Level of Development, etc. Refer also
to Model Manager andProject Model Manager)

Model Element Author

The party originally responsible for generating a Model Component or set of components. The term is typically used in conjunction with Model
Progression Specifications or - in the UK - Model Production and Delivery Table. A Model Element Author (MEA) is not always the same as the
ultimate Model Element Owner
Similar terms: Model Originator, Model Component Author

Model Elements Table

A table used to identify the party responsible for generating and managing BIModels and at what Level of Development. A Model Elements Table
typically includes a list of Model Components in the vertical axis and Project Milestones (or Project Lifecycle Phases) in the y-axis
Similar terms: Model Elements Matrix, Model Exchange Table

Model Management

A set of activities intended to prepare or maintain a BIModel at a prescribed performance/quality level. Model Management includes numerous
tasks to ensure that the BIModel: follows organization/project standards, is free from errors, is at the right Level of Development, etc. Refer also
to Model Manager andProject Model Manager)
Similar terms: Model Maintenance

Model Manager
An internal organizational role; a Model Manager is typically responsible for keeping a project model up-to-date, free of errors and conforming to
organizational standards (also refer to Project Model Manager)
Similar terms: Model Coordinator

Model Ownership Protocol

Agreements covering who owns the model or its elements. This typically follows industry conventions, articles within the BIM Management Plan or
clauses within the contract signed between Project Participants
Similar terms: Model Authorship Protocol

Model Production and Delivery Table

A table attached to the CIC BIM Protocol specifying the Model Originator (or Model Element Author) responsible for generating/delivering
each BIModel (or Model Component) at each project stage, and at a pre-determined Level of Model Definition

Model Progression Specifications

A specification used on Collaborative BIM Projects to identify who the Model Element Author of each model element (or set of elements), what
elements to be exchanged between Project Participants, when to exchange these, and at what Level of Development

Model Quality

A set of metrics which can be established through Model Assessment. Model Quality typically depends on modelling accuracy, how a model is
subdivided, the number of unresolved errors, model file size, etc.

Model Server

A software solution (installed on a local server or hosted in the cloud) allowing Multi-Discipline Models to be centrally collated and managed. Model
Servers may use proprietary or non-proprietary formats (e.g. IFC)
Similar terms: BIM Server

Model Use

The deliverables expected from generating, collaborating-on and linking BIModels to external databases. Model Uses - a subset of Project
Deliverables - include those specific to the Design Phase (e.g. Immersive Environments), Construction Phase (e.g. Construction Logistics and Flow)
and Operation Phase (e.g. Asset Tracking)
Similar terms: BIM Goal, Model Deliverable, BIM Use, Model-based Deliverable

Model Validation

The process of checking models for possible data loss, data corruption or incompatibility with defined specifications. Model validation typically
occurs during/after Model exchange or Interchange activities. As a term, Model Validation may refer to a manual activity or to an automated task
Similar terms: Model Checking

Model Variation Log

A document or an online system which registers all variations applied to a reference BIModel. These variations may be due to site conditions, as-
built measurements, maintenance work or similar

Model View

A filtered representation of data within a BIM Model. A Model View can be plan, elevation, schedule, or other types of representation derived from
the database (note: a Model View should not be confused with the formal Model View Definitions developed by buildingSMART)

Model View Definition

Model View Definition is a subset of the IFC schema and identify the data exchange requirement for specific views (e.g. architectural, structural,
etc.) within BIModels. MVDs are intended for software developers (not end users) to implement within their BIM Software Tools. MVDs are an effort
bybuildingSMART and, as a term, sometimes used interchangeably with IDM (Information Delivery Manual).
Model Viewer

A Model Viewer is a software which allows users to view and collate light-weight versions of BIModels. As opposed to Model Servers, models within
a Model Viewer are read-only and cannot be modified (but may include a subset of their metadata). Model Viewers are typically used for
Visualization, Coordination andClash Detection

Model-based Workflow

A sequence of design, construction or operation activities based on data-rich BIModels. These workflows may be internal to an organization,
centred around Mono-Discipline Models or revolve around Multi-Discipline Models. Refer also to Collaborative BIM Workflows

Modelling

BIMe Topic under Technical Competency: Generating BIModels based on pre-defined Modelling Standards and protocols

Modelling Error

Modelling errors are many types including: missing elements, wrong category of elements, lack of data within elements, unsuitable Level of
Development, overlapping elements, wrong material, wrong position or orientation. Also refer to Error-Free Model, Model Validation and Model
Quality

Modelling Protocol

A set of modelling workflows and guidelines (how-to's) to ensure deliverables are according to expected outcomes or pre-defined Modelling
Standards
Similar terms: Modelling Guide

Modelling Standard

The agreed norms of delivering a BIModel according to defined Levels of Development, Classifications Systems, Naming Protocols or similar

Monitoring and Controlling

BIMe Topic under Operation Competency: Using models to monitor Building Performance or control its spaces, systems and equipment

Mono-Discipline Model

A BIModel pertaining to a single discipline - architectural, structural, mechanical, etc…

Similar terms: Single Discipline Model

Multi-Discipline Model

A BIModel which aggregates several Mono-Discipline Models. A Multi-Discipline Model may either be aFederated Model or an Integrated Model

Naming Convention

Naming conventions refer to terms used across and industry to describe an object or a property (also refer to Naming Protocol)

Naming Protocol

Naming Protocols are the naming format agreed within organizations and across a Project Team (also refer to Naming Convention)
Similar terms: Naming Format

NATSPEC National BIM Guide

The NATSPEC National BIM Guide is an Australian reference document for defining BIM Roles, Modelling Standards, and other BIM Protocols

NBP Relevance Index

The NBP Relevance Index (NBP-RI) is intended to measure the relevance of one Noteworthy BIM Publication (NBP) relative to other NBPs within
and across markets. It can be also used to establish the relevance of an NBP relative to a specific stakeholder group within a target market (e.g.
the relevance of PAS1192-4 to facility owners in the UK). The NBP-RI has 5 levels (R0-R4): Redundant (R0), Relevant (R1), Regarded (R2),
Recommended (R3) and Requisite (R4)

Non-proprietary Interoperable Schema

A modelling schema describes the attributes of 'building' entities and how these entities are related to each other. A non-proprietary (open-source
) schema has many uses including supporting interoperability between different proprietary software tools

Noteworthy BIM Publication

Noteworthy BIM Publications (NBP)s are important BIM documents generated by industry bodies, task groups and market-wide initiatives (e.g.
NBIMS-US and NATSPEC National BIM Guide). NBPs are organized according to the BIM Content Taxonomy which includes 18 BIM Content Labels
(e.g. plans, standards, manuals and protocols). Noteworthy publications is one of eight Macro Maturity Components

Objectives, Stages and Milestones

A Macro Maturity Component representing the availability of clear BIM-specific policy objectives, intermediate BIM Stages, and measurable BIM
Maturity milestones (Maturity Levels) separating current status from a quantifiable future target

Occupational Health and Safety

A set of activities concerned with the safety, health and overall welfare of workers and employers in the workplace - be it a construction site, an
open field or an office environment. The main goal of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is to prevent all types of hazards (mechanical,
electrical, biological, psychosocial, etc...) and create/maintain a safe and healthy work environment
Similar terms: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

Offsite Manufacturing

Offsite Manufacturing refers to a number of Model Uses where BIModel are used to identify the quantity, geometry and material properties of
elements (e.g. casework, steel and pre-cast panels) to be fabricated or assembled offsite (also refer to Prefabrication)

OmniClass

OmniClass (OCCS) is a classification system for organizing library materials, product literature and project information. OmniClass has 15
'classification tables'; some of which are incorporated from other classification systems including: MasterFormat (a classification for 'work results')
and UniFormat (a classification of 'construction elements'). OmniClass is an Open Standard developed by the Construction Specifications Institute
(CSI)

Open BIM

The term generically refers to the process of exchanging non-proprietary BIModels and other data. As a trademark, Open BIM is a "universal
approach to the collaborative design, realization and operation of buildings based on open standards and workflows. Open BIM is an initiative
of buildingSMART and several leading software vendors using the open buildingSMART Data Model"

Operating and Maintaining

BIMe Topic under Operation Competency: Using models to operate, manage and maintain a facility

Operation Competency

Operation competencies and topics cover the daily, hands-on individual efforts required to deliver a project or part/aspect of a project. Operation
topics do not typically cover the specifics of software tools or equipment used to generate project deliverables but focus on the deliverables
themselves and the workflows enabling them. Topics include General Model Use, Capturing and Representing, Planning and Designing, Simulating
and Quantifying, Constructing and Fabricating, Operating and Maintaining,Monitoring and Controlling, and Linking and Extending

Operation Model

Operation Model (OModel) is an object-based 3D model generated by the purposes of Facility Management and Maintenance
Similar terms: OModel
Operation Phase

The Operation Phase is the last of three Project Lifecycle Phases and includes all post-construction activities. The Operation Phase typically
consists of facility management/maintenance, decommissioning and major re-programming
Similar terms: Operation Lifecycle Phase

Organizational Competency

Organizational Competency is a term which represents the combined BIM Capability and BIM Maturity of an organization. In BIM Excellence, the
term 'Competency' is used generically and may refer to Individual Competency, Organizational Competency or Project Team Competency

Organizational Information Requirement

The data and information necessary for an organization to satisfy its requirements and meet its objectives. In an Asset Management context,
Organizational Information Requirements (OIR) are translated into Asset Information Requirements. OIR is equivalent to 'Plain Language
Questions' in PAS1192-2

Organizational Management

BIMe Topic under Managerial Competency: Identifying the organizational changes necessary for instigating, monitoring and improving BIM
adoption

Organizational Scale

Organizational scales is classification used in performance assessment. There are 12 organizational scales (OScales) distributed three clusters:
Macro, Meso and Micro scales. OScales include the Global Market (the largest OScale) through to smaller markets (e.g. countries), industries,
sectors, disciplines, specialties,Project Teams, organizations, organizational units, organizational groups, and organizational members (individuals
- the smallest scale)

Organizational Team

A Organizational Team refers to two or more separate organizations acting as a single unit. Organizational Teams may be temporary formations to
deliver a specific project, or a more permanent structure (e.g. partnership or long-term alliance) combining the abilities of multiple organizations

Parametric Model

A term referring to 3D models where objects/elements can be manipulated (by the end-user) using explicit parameters, rules or constraints. As
opposed to Generative Models, BIModels and their Model Components are parametric and follow rules of 'inheritance' (Types and Instances) and
'encapsulation' (objects within objects - e.g. Curtain Wall with panels, mullions). Parametric Models also store lots of information within the data-
objects similar to cost, model, fire rating, etc.

Partnership and Alliancing

BIMe Topic under Managerial Competency: Initiating partnerships and alliances with other organizations based on BIM Deliverables and workflows

Past Performance Information

A structured document which logs actual project performance of an organization or Project Team. PPI can include a variety of metrics which
measure how well a project has been delivered against defined criteria. In BIM Excellence, PPI is used as a BIMe Metric to reflect the extent
a Service Providers have met the requirements they've committed to in their service proposals

Performance Management

BIMe Topic under Administration Competency: Assessing organizational BIM capability/maturity, Individual Competency and project performance
using standardized metrics

Performance Monitoring

A Model Use representing how BIModels are used to monitor and manage Energy Use and other Building Performance]] metrics
Photogrammetry

A Model Use representing the automatic or semi-automatic process of generating BIModels through photography and image analyses

Plan

A document describing activities to perform, resources to use and milestones to reach within a defined timeframe. This BIM Content Label applies
to publications describing – in some detail - how a specific strategy can be fulfilled or a pre-defined goal can be reached (e.g. a BIM
Implementation Plan detailing how to fulfil a BIM Capability Strategy)
Similar terms: Programme

Planned Value

Planned Value (PV) is the project's baseline which consists of Authorized Work along the Authorized Budget within an Authorized Timeframe (PV is
part or Earned Value Management (EVM)]]

Planning and Designing

BIMe Topic under Operation Competency: Using software tools for conceptualization, planning and design

Point Cloud

A set of data points in 3D which are typically created by 3D Laser Scanners to capture an object, space or a whole building. Point Clouds can be
transformed into meshes, surfaces and even 3D objects using specialized tools. Point Cloud files can be typically important into most BIM Software
Tools to generate As-Built Models or model parts

Point of Adoption

The Point of Adoption (PoA) marks the initial 'capability jump' from BIM Readiness or pre-BIM status to minimum BIM capability (BIM Stage 1).
Secondary PoAs are also identifiable at the start of the other twoBIM Stages

Policy Actions Model

A Macro Adoption Model for identifying, assessing and comparing the actions Policy Makers take (or can take) to facilitate market-wide adoption

Policy Field

Policy Field is one of three BIM Fields and - at the macro scale - represents all topics, activities and players related to guiding practitioners,
delivering protocols and generating Regulatory Frameworks to organize stakeholder relationships

Policy Maker

An individual or institution responsible (or is capable of) developing formal policies for others to adopt and follow. Policy Makers may be industry
leaders, politicians, or government departments

pre-BIM

The status before the introduction of BIM tools and workflows. Pre-BIM precedes BIM Implementationwithin organizations (and markets) and
indicates the continued dependence on hand-drawing, manual calculations and 2D/3D CAD-based documentation

Pre-Qualification Questionnaire

A Pre-Qualification Questionnaire (PQQ) evaluates organisations’ capabilities against set criteria. A PQQ is issued by a contracting authority or a
large employer and is intended for shortlisting companies for tender/bid purposes. A PQQ typically includes a large number of questions covering
financial, technical, environmental, health, safety and other requirements

Prefabrication

A Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) process whereby a model is used (as is or translated into a suitable data format) for milling, cutting or
casting. BIM-based prefabrication is where a BIModel (or one of its data deliverables) enables a process of offsite manufacturing. Note that
prefabrication is used to describe mass production (or mass customisation) of units manufactured offsite while 3D Printing refers to one-off,
smaller-scale fabrication
Similar terms: Digital Fabrication

Presentation and Animation

BIMe Topic under Technical Competency: Generating professional-quality renderings or 3D animation using Specialized Software Tools

Primary Consultant

The consultant responsible (by norm, contract or agreement) for coordinating the deliverables of other consultants. Unless noted, the term
Primary Consultant typically refers to the Architect

Procedure

The small steps needed to deliver, if executed by a competent individual, a pre-defined and desired outcome. Also refer to BIM Process

Process Field

Process Field is one of three BIM Fields and represents - at the macro scale - all topics, activities and players related to the procurement, design,
construction, manufacturing, operation, management and maintenance of facilities

Product Data Sheet

A Product Data Sheet (PDS) is a standardised form representing a single manufactured product and collating some of its data from manufacturers'
reference material. A PDS is based on a Product Data Template (PDT) specific to each type of equipment/product. A PDS is intended for
completion/update by the manufacturer and to be downloaded/used by multiple stakeholders across the facility's lifecycle. Information within a
PDS may be more extensive that those needed to fulfil COBie requirements for facility handover

Product Data Template

A Product Data Template (PDT) is an Excel-based form representing an equipment/product type (e.g. Radiant Panel or Cooling Coil). A PDT
harvests the general data - not the project-specific information - needed for specifying, operating, decommissioning and replacing each
equipment/product. Once the template/form is completed by a manufacturer, it is then referred to as a Product Data Sheet (PDS)

Professional Association

A membership-based organization dedicated to furthering the interest of a specific discipline or profession. A Professional Body (e.g. AIA, AGC,
IFMA) is typically not-for-profit and provides its members with educational opportunities (e.g. CPD program), Professional Certification and even
legal representation. Professional Bodies are usually involved in defining and defending the ethical and quality standards of the profession they
represent
Similar terms: Professional Society, Professional Body

Professional Certification

A qualification earned by an individual signalling his/her ability to perform a specific job, activity or task. A Professional Certification is typically
offered by an established Professional Body, integrated with a CPDprogram and - to keep the certification status - must be renewed periodically
Similar terms: Professional Qualification, Trade Certification

Programme

A document associating one or more classification to time and/or location. For example, a BIM competency improvement programme is a
document linking BIM competencies, BIM roles (and possibly other classifications) to a timeline or target dates

Project BIM Manager

A BIM Role played by an individual or an organization on behalf of the whole Project Team. The Project BIM Manager has many responsibilities
(typically defined with the BIM Management Plan) which include: BIM Facilitation, coordinating data-exchange activities, fulfilling pre-defined Design
Specifications and Delivery Specifications, and overall Model Quality control
Similar terms: Design Team BIM Manager (AU), Construction BIM Manager (AU)

Project Complexity

Project Complexity is measurement of how difficult a project is to design and construct. Project Complexity is identified through a collection of
variables which include site constraints, shape of structure, scale, scope, skill availability, cost constraints, legal framework, logistics, etc.

Project Deliverable

The overall outcomes of design and construction activities. Project deliverables include physical (the structure of facility being
designed/constructed) and the digital outcomes (the drawings, 3D models, images, and various types of documents…). As a term, project
deliverables include both BIM Deliverables and non-BIM deliverables

Project Implementation Plan

The Project Implementation Plan (PIP) is part of the overall BIM Execution Plan (BEP). A PIP should be submitted by each organization bidding for
a project. A PIP includes the Supply Chain Capability Summary(SCCS)

Project Information Management

The process or set of activities necessary to coordinate overall project information generation, exchange and delivery. In a BIM Project, project
information management is typically conducted by the Information Manager

Project Information Model

A subtype of Information Models developed during the design, production and construction (or renovation) phases of a project. At handover, the
Project Information Model (PIM) is the basis for the Asset Information Model (AIM) and thus must represent what has actually been installed and
not what the designers intended

Project Lifecycle Phase

The highest-level, time-based subdivisions of a project across several Organizational Scales. At the highest 'scale', Project Lifecycle Phases (PLPs)
include Design Phase [D], Construction Phase [C] and Operation Phase [O]. Phases are subdivided into Sub-phases, which are in return
subdivided into smaller parts

Project Management

BIMe Topic under Functional Competency: Managing projects where BIM Workflows are used and BIM deliverables are specified

Project Model Manager

A project team role; a Project Model Manager is typically responsible for keeping a project model up-to-date, free of errors and conforming
to Project Team standards (also refer to Model Manager)
Similar terms: BIM Coordinator

Project Output

Information derived from the Information Model and delivered according to a pre-specified Permitted Purpose. Project Outputs respond to discrete
requirements at defined project stages (Stage Outputs) and may include planning/regulatory/procurement submissions and issues for construction

Project Participant

The term refers to individuals or organizations engaged by the client/owner, by the Primary Consultant or by the Design & Build (also known as
Design & Construct) entity to deliver a Collaborative BIM Project
Similar terms: Project Team Member

Project Partner

Individuals or Organization who willingly share/combine their resources to deliver a project or to submit an offer, a competition entry or similar
Project Quality Plan

A plan typically activated at the start of each project and is usually part of an organization's overall Quality Management strategy. A Project Quality
Plan includes task lists, checklists and templates used byFunctional Staff to monitor Project Deliverables and ensure they are consistent with client
requirements and applicable quality standards

Project Team

A Project Team refers to the members of two or more different organizations working together on the same project

Project Team Competency

Project Team Competency refers to the base common capability/maturity of two or more organization when assessed as a team. In BIM Excellence,
the term 'Competency' is used generically and may also refer to Individual Competency or Organizational Competency
Similar terms: Project Team Capability

Property Management

Property Management is the discipline/activities covering the acquisition, control, utilization and disposition of real estates. It typically includes the
screening of property purchasers/applicants, managing leases, and managing the property on behalf of its individual or corporate owner...See
also Facility Management

Property Manager

The person or organization undertaking Property Management. A Property Manager represents a current/potential property owner in performing
real estate acquisition, utilization and disposition activities…See also Facility Manager

Protocol

Agreed or customary method of product/service development or delivery which are not by themselves contractually binding (e.g. keeping minutes
of meetings, how to name files and frequency of exchanging models)..See also BIM Protocol

Public Private Partnership

A procurement method where the private sector designs, finances, constructs, operates and maintenances a facility over an extended period of
time before transferring it to the public sector
Similar terms: Build Operate Transfer (BOT), Private Finance Initiative (PFI)

Published Area

This is one of four areas/labels within a Common Data Environment (CDE). The Published area holds information that has been approved or
'signed off' by the client/employer

Qualification

A formal certification issued by an educational institution, a Professional Body or similar to recognize an individual's competencies or learning
achievements

Qualifications and Licences

Qualifications and Licences are a Competency Set within the Core Tier representing the personal attributes related to the existence or sufficiency of
academic degrees, scientific publications, professional accreditations, trade/skill certificates or licences

Qualitative Data

Data collected to understand staff behaviour and its underlying causes. As a method to acquire knowledge about BIM Performance, assessments
try to understand why and how a decision is made (e.g. why a workflow was chosen over another, how training is being delivered, etc.) not just
what, where and when an event occurred or a decision was made

Quality Management
Processes and systems which aim to fulfil the customer's requirements, enhance customer satisfaction, monitor against applicable quality
standards and achieve continuous improvement

Quality Management Artefact

Templates, Checklists or similar which are used internally by Functional Staff or by specialized BIM Assessment Consultant to assess and improve
the quality of Project Deliverables, systems and workflows

Quality Management Events

The activities undertaken using Quality Management Artefacts to monitor or validate the quality of a project

Quality Management Items

The items targeted for quality assessment, monitoring and improvement. These include BIModels, Model Components and various Project
Deliverables

Quality Management System

An organizational system to assess and monitor the quality of processes, documentation and deliverables. A Quality Management System may be
formal (e.g. ISO, TQM, etc…) or informal - developed and managed within the organization

Quality Measurement

Statistics and qualitative measurements fro the purpose of establishing the quality of Project Deliverables, systems and workflows - refer to BIMe
Measurements

Quantitative Data

Data collected to establish what, where and when an event occurred or a task performed. As a method to acquire knowledge about BIM
Performance, assessments focus on objective/numerical observations (number of training sessions attended, number of projects completed, size
of projects, etc.)

Quantity Take-Off

The use of BIModels to calculate the quantity of Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment or building materials for the purpose of generating Cost
Estimates
Similar terms: Quantity Survey

RACI Indicator

RACI is a compiled abbreviation identifying participants or stakeholders as Responsible for (R), must Authorize (A), can Contribute to (C) or are to
be kept Informed (I) about a project activity

Radio Frequency IDentification

A technology that uses "radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for
the purpose of identifying and tracking the object" (Source: Wikipedia)

Real-time Utilization

Using the BIModel as a base to display information fed from live data sources (from an existing physical site). Information may include real-time
occupancy data, temperature, humidity, toxicity, air flows, etc…TheBIModel may include data to facilitate access during emergencies by
highlighting access routes, location of shut-valves or similar, etc.

Record Keeping

A Model Use representing how BIModels are generated and maintained as Record Models

Record Model
Using BIM Software Tools to generate an accurate representation of an existing facility; its spaces, assets, physical condition and surrounding
environment. The Record Model may link to other records (documents, drawings, images, etc.) and include equipment manufacturer data,
maintenance schedules, warranties and space conditions/damages

Records Management System

An information systems which stores, maintains and provides access to records - physical or digital - over long periods of time. It defers
from Digital Asset Management systems, Content Management Systems, andDocument Management Systems in its intended storage longevity and
its ability to manage both physical and digital assets

Regulatory Framework

A Macro Maturity Component representing the contractual environment, intellectual property rights, and professional indemnity insurance
underlying collaborative BIM Projects

Relevance Metric

Relevance Metrics are used to compare the relevance (impact, currency and/or authority) of one entity to another, or to a specific stakeholder
group. For an example application of this BIMe Metric, please refer to the NBP Relevance Index)

Relocation Management

A Model Use representing how BIModels are used to plan and manage the relocation of movable assets within a facility

Report

A compilation or summary of results arising from an assessment, calculation or review process (e.g. BIM capability report or profitability
statement)

Request For Information

RFI is a process whereby a Project Participant (e.g. a contractor) sends a note to another participant (e.g. and architect) to confirm the
interpretation of what is documented or to seek clarification of what is specified within a 2D Drawing or a BIModel

Request For Proposal

A document issued as part of the procurement process to invite potential product suppliers or service providers to submit a proposal/offer. An
RFP may include a request for background corporate/financial data, as well as Past Performance Information). Also refer to Request for
Quotation and Request for Qualification

Request For Qualification

A document issued to attract Qualification Statements from consultants (architects, engineers,…) and other service providers which meet criteria
detailed within the request. A Request for Qualification is part of the procurement process and is used when the actual deliverable is open to
creative interpretations/solutions. This is slightly different from a Request for Proposal (RFP) which typically identifies the general nature of the
deliverable, and from a Request for Quotation which identifies an exact product or a well-defined service

Request For Quotation

An detailed invitation to product suppliers (less so for service providers) to submit a pricing in competitive tender/bid. An RFQ typically includes
clear specifications of the sought product/service. Also refer toRequest for Proposal and Request for Qualification
Similar terms: Invitation For BID (IFB)

Requirement

Expectation or qualification mandated by clients, regulatory authorities or similar parties. This BIM Content Label applies to publications with
explicit identification of requirements to be met (e.g. organizational capability or previous experience) or products/services to be delivered (e.g. a
tender/bid document)
Requirements/Deliverables Variance

A BIMe Metric which establishes whether Project Deliverables meet requirements set by clients, established standards or contractual agreements.
The BIMe Metric may also apply to implicit/expected requirements not just those explicitly included in documents and discussions
Similar terms: Traceability Variable

Research and Analysis

BIMe Topic under Research and Development Competency: Participating in and/or publishing academic research focused on BIM innovation or
collaboration

Research and Development Competency

Research and Development competencies and topics cover activities and tasks intended for evaluating existing tools and workflows, investigating
new solutions and facilitating their adoption - within the organization or by the larger industry. Topics include General Research and
Development, Strategy Development and Planning, Teaching and Coaching, Knowledge Management and Engineering, Change
Management, Research and Analysis, and Industry Engagement and Knowledge Sharing

Resource Cost

The monetary cost associated with using a specific resource (e.g. a worker or a piece of equipment) over a specified period of time

Responsibility Matrix

A table setting out the responsibilities of each discipline for model or information production according to pre-defined project stages. The
Responsibility Matrix (RM) is typically first included - in low detail - within the Employer's Information Requirements (EIR) document and then - in
higher detail - within the Master Information Delivery Plan (MIDP)

Risk and Hazard Assessment

A Model Use representing how BIModels are used for assessing operational risks and hazards. For example, a model may be generated to analyse
the effects of an explosion, chemical/biological spill or nuclear melt-down

Risk Management

The process of identifying , analysing, minimising and mitigating risks associated with a project. Risks include time overruns, change in legislative
environments, financial risks, industrial disputes, workplace injuries, etc.

Role Group

A generic classification of roles played within a Design, Construction or Operation (DCO) organization irrespective of discipline or size

Role Group A

Role Group A represents Managerial Staff who provide overall organizational direction (strategy, governance, finance…) with less focus on the
technical aspects of project delivery
Similar terms: Directors , Managers

Role Group B

Role Group B represents Functional Staff who focus on project delivery workflows and managing Technical Staff
Similar terms: Team Managers , Operational Staff

Role Group C

Role Group C represents Technical Staff who focus on generating and maintaining Project Deliverables and have limited exposure to project or
office management decisions
Similar terms: Documenters, Modellers

Role Group D
Role Group D represents Support Staff who are not involved in project delivery or overall organizational decision. This role group typically perform
administrative, IT support, training or other tasks of similar importance
Similar terms: Admin, IT support, Trainers

Root Cause Analysis

A method of investigation to identify the originating cause behind a system failure, individual grievance or similar. A Root Cause Analysis typically
generates recommendation/s for proscribed action

Selection and Specification

A Model Use representing how BIModels are used for elemental/material identification, selection, specification and procurement

Service Specification

A document identifying the service level to be expected from Project Participants or BIM Service Providers. The document may specify frequency of
site visits, travel requirements, meeting attendance and other service-level expectations

Shared Area

This is one of four areas/labels within a Common Data Environment (CDE). The Shared area holds information that has been checked (typically by
the Information Manager), reviewed and approved for sharing with other project participants

Simulating and Quantifying

BIMe Topic under Operation Competency: Using software tools to conduct various types of model-based simulations and estimations

Site Analysis

A process in which BIM and/or Geographic Information System tools are used to decide on optimal site for a building project and/or to decide the
optimal building location within a specified site

Site Set-out

The use of BIModels and specialized field equipment to pinpoint where to install pre-fabricated elements onsite (e.g. where to dig a hole, open a
wall or place duct hangers before roof casting)

Situational Enabler

Situational Enablers are a Competency Set within the Core Tier representing the personal attributes related to nationality, language and other
criteria which may play a relevant role when delivering a service or a product. For example, being of a specific nationality or having the ability to
speak a certain language may be considered enablers in certain situations. Situational enablers are not absolute in nature; criteria considered
relevant in one situation may be considered irrelevant in others

Skill Assessment

A formal survey and/or a test which is intended to establish the BIM Skill Level of individuals and groups

Skill Development Strategy

A documented approach identifying target skill levels/types for staff and the steps required to reach these targets

Skill Level

A scale or an index to indicate relative proficiency. Skill Levels may be defined as Basic, Intermediate and Advanced, may follow a numerical scale
(Skill Level 1, 2, 3, etc…), or may use textual descriptions like 'senior component generator', 'standards gate keeper', or any other agreed
classification to indicate level of relative proficiency

Skill Management

A term referring to deliberate effort by an organization to identify, foster and manage staff skills through training, induction, and recruitment
Skill Register

A document, spreadsheet or a database which identifies the current skills and skill levels of staff. A Skill Register typically includes a Training Log

Skill Type

Skill Types are those specific to each Model Use. For example, the 'ability to generate a thermal load chart' is directly related to Thermal Analysis,
one such deliverable/use of BIModels

Social BIM

A term used to describe the practices of an organization, Project Team or the whole market where Multi-Discipline Models are generated
or BIModels are collaboratively exchanged between Project Participants. Social BIM - the opposite of Lonely BIM - may also refer to elevated BIM
Maturity within a market
Similar terms: Big BIM

Social Media

Web-based tools and mobile technologies which enable the sharing of user-generated content. A Blog, a Wiki and a Twitter account are examples
of media enabling social interaction between organizations and individual users

Soft Skill

Soft Skills are the personal traits which pertain to personality, attitude, and behaviour rather than to knowledge or technical capability. Soft Skills
(e.g. assertiveness, leadership, strategic thinking, etc.) affect how individuals interact with their job and with each other
Similar terms: Personal Traits, People Skills

Software and Web Development

BIMe Topic under Supportive Competency: Developing extensions for BIM Software Tools, productivity software or web portals to improve BIM
Deliverables

Software as a Service

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a software licensing and delivery model in which a software tool is not installed on each user's computer but is
centally hosted (in the cloud) and provided to users on a subscription basis. BIM Excellence online tools are an example of SaaS

Software Extension

An add-on, plug-in or similar which enhances or extends the core capabilities of a software
Similar terms: Software Plug-in, Software Add-on

Software Support

BIMe Topic under Supportive Competency: Addressing issues related to BIM Software Tools, fulfilling relevant Support Tasks and managing the
relationship with software vendors/resellers

Software Systems

BIMe Topic under Technical Competency: Selecting, deploying and maintaining software systems in a multi-user environment

Software User Group

A type of Community of Practice with a focus on a specific software

Solar Analysis

Using BIModels to simulate solar radiance on building envelops and to analyse the effect of building location/shape on solar heat loads. The term
also refers to simulating sun and shadow paths
Similar terms: Shadow Studies, Solar Radiation
Space Management

Using virtual 3D models to manage occupancy of rooms and spaces within physical assets. Space Management is a subset of Asset Management

Space Planning Tool

A document template, spreadsheet or software tool intended to assist designers to plan building spaces and their contents (e.g. Furniture,
Fixtures and Equipment). Some Space Planning Tools allow users to compare their designs against pre-set client or regulatory requirements.
Space Planning Tools are either manual (e.g. an Excel spreadsheet), a specialized software or a Software Extension linked to a BIM Software Tool

Space Programming

Space Programming is a Model Use where the BIModel is used to investigate the client's spatial requirements. Space Programming occur during
the Conceptual Design sub-phase and may utilize specialized Spatial Analysis Tools

Spatial Analysis Tool

A software tool specialized in generating data-rich models to represent the spatial requirements of a facility. The Spatial Analysis Tools (e.g.
Trilligence Affinity or Onuma Planning System) are highly suitable for comparing a proposed model against Design Specifications
Similar terms: Architectural Programming Software (APS)

Spatial Coordination

A Model Use representing the utilisation of BIModels to coordinate the placement of objects and account for their spatial requirements (e.g.
access panels and keep-clear areas) within a 3D space. Also refer toClash Avoidance and Clash Detection

Specialized Software Tool

A software tool which is not used for authoring models but for analysing their components or their data. For example, a Specialized Software Tool
would analyse the thermal performance, seismic behaviour, asset lifecycle or other aspects of a BIModel generated by a BIM Software Tool
Similar terms: Simulation Tool, Analysis Tool

Specification

A set of criteria used to define or judge the quality of products (e.g. object dimensions or data richness) and services (e.g. timeliness).
Specifications may or may not be a Standard. COBie is an example of BIM-related specifications which may become a service/delivery standard
over time

Staff Retention

The measure by which an organization determines the level (low/medium/high) or percentage of staff which are retained after a specified period.
For example, an 80% Annual Staff Retention Rate signifies that an organization lost 20% of its staff over a course of one year. Staff Retention rate
is the opposite of Staff Turnover rate

Standard

Detailed set of product/service descriptions (prescriptive or performance-based) acting as a reference to be measured against. Standards typically
denote a set of Specifications which are authoritative and test-proven (e.g. barrier-free or accessibility standards)

Standard Detail

A set of well-documented and repeatedly used high-resolution 2D Drawings. Standard Details may be generated out of BIModels or legacy CAD
systems

Standardised Parts and Deliverables

A Macro Maturity Component representing Model Uses and the standardised, data-rich model parts (e.g. walls, beams, HVAC units, doors and
furniture) which populate BIModels

Standardization and Templates

BIMe Topic under Implementation Competency: Generating standardized templates, item lists and workflows for initiating, checking or
delivering BIM Projects

Strategic Planning

BIMe Topic under Managerial Competency: Identifying strategic objectives and developing implementation strategies

Strategy

A Strategy is an articulation of vision, mission and long-term goals. In documented form, a Strategy identifies long-term (and possibly middle-term)
goals/milestones but without identifying the resources required and detailed steps needed to fulfil these goals

Strategy Development and Planning

BIMe Topic under Research and Development Competency: Developing a BIM Implementation Strategy or a BIM Implementation Plan to guide BIM
adoption

Structural Analysis

The use of BIModels to analyse the behaviour of the structural system. Structural analysis typically includes the study of the effects of
static/dynamic loads on buildings and how building design can be subsequently optimized

Supplier Resource Assessment Form

This form is used to assess an organization's current capability. The Supplier Resource Assessment Form (SRAF) is part of the Supply Chain
Capability Summary (SCCS) and includes both BIM Resource and IT Resource assessment forms. SRAF is intended to be completed by all project
participants as part of the sub-contract procurement process

Supply Chain

An interconnected system of organizations and individuals involved in transforming natural/knowledge resources into a finished product/service
delivered to an end user. Supply Chain activities involve the exchange of materials, components and/or information

Supply Chain Capability Summary

A form summarizing the human resource and IT capability of each organization in a supply chain. The Supply Chain Capability Summary (SCCS) is
part of the Project Implementation Plan (PIP) and includes multiple Supplier Resource Assessment Forms

Support Staff

Those who perform Support Tasks and are part or Role Group D. BIM-specific support staff focus mainly on generating and maintaining Model
Components, training users and other related activities
Similar terms: Trainer, IT technician

Support Task

BIM-specific support tasks are those relating to Model Management/Data Management, Model Componentgeneration and staff training/support

Supportive Competency

Supportive competencies and topics cover the activities and tasks necessary to maintain information and communication systems. Supportive
topics relate specifically to developing and maintaining technological solutions as necessary to safeguard and increase productivity. Topics
include General IT Support, Data and Network Support, Equipment Support, Software Support, and Software and Web Development

Sustainability Analysis

Using the BIModel to calculate the environmental impact of a new construction project or an existing facility. These calculation may include Carbon
Footprint, Lifecycle Analysis, Embodied Energy and other sustainability metrics
Similar terms: Environmental Impact
System and Process Testing

BIMe Topic under Implementation Competency: Assessing the capability/compatibility of systems and the suitability of workflows and procedures

Target Value Design

Target Value Design is a 5D and Lean Construction project management practice which seeks to establish Customer Constraints and Target Value
as the drivers of design. That is, design follows a detailed estimate rather than a detailed estimate is generated based on design

Task Team Information Delivery Plan

This document sets out the information delivery responsibilities of each Task Team. TIDPs are submitted in accordance with the Master Information
Delivery Plan (MIDP) and aggregate team information deliverables, project tasks, formats, dates and related responsibilities

Taxonomy

A Taxonomy is a multi-level classification (a hierarchy, tree, etc.) introduced to organize concepts according to a clear structure. As a BIM Content
Label, it applies to publications which introduce classifications of five or more items within a structured list; and which have a clear use in
assessment, learning or implementation (e.g. a classification of BIM roles, data exchange types or levels of detail)

Teaching and Coaching

BIMe Topic under Research and Development Competency: Developing BIM training material to educate staff and facilitate the BIM adoption
process

Team and Workflow Management

BIMe Topic under Functional Competency: Managing teams involved in the delivery of BIM Projects

Technical Competency

Technical competencies and topics cover the software tools and equipment required to generate specific project deliverables. Technical topics also
focus on the detailed activities, tasks and steps required to deliver a service or a product. Topics include General IT, Software Systems, Hardware
and Equipment,Modelling, Documentation, Presentation and Animation, and Model Management, and Document Management

Technical Staff

Those who perform Technical Tasks and are typically part of Role Group C. Technical Staff focus mainly on the technical aspects of generating and
maintaining models, drawings or similar project deliverables
Similar terms: Modeller, Draftsperson, Documenter

Technical Task

BIM-specific Technical Tasks are those performed by Technical Users and typically include Data Management, modelling, drafting, detailing,
etc…Technical Tasks focus on the product/deliverable more than they focus the process/service

Technical Training

BIMe Topic under Implementation Competency: Developing a BIM Training Plan or maintaining a Skill Register to track staff training and their
acquired skills

Technology Field

Technology Field is one of three BIM Fields and - at the macro scale - represents all topics, activities and players related to the development, sale
and support of software, hardware, and networking systems

Technology Infrastructure

A Macro Maturity Component representing the availability, accessibility and affordability of hardware, software and network systems. It also refers
to the availability, usability, connectivity and openness of information systems BIModels
Tendering and Procurement

BIMe Topic under Administration Competency: Developing the necessary specifications and documents to pre-qualify, recommend or procure BIM
products and services

Thermal Analysis

Using the BIModel to analyse thermal loads, inform Mechanical Systems' Design and relevant Materials' Selection. Thermal Analysis is part of
overall Building Performance analysis and measurement

Top Management

The term refers to individuals (e.g. director, principal, CxO,etc.) and managerial teams (e.g. executive boards, management committees, etc.) who
are responsible for making strategic organizational decisions

Total Cost of Ownership

A metric which measures the lifetime costs of acquiring, operating and maintaining an asset (a computer, car, building, etc.). TCO is usually used
to analyse the difference between the nominal price of an asset as compared to its long-term or full lifecycle cost. TCO calculations are used for
technology procurement,Facility Management and Maintenance, and in many other diverse fields

Trainer Manual

A document specially developed to assist trainers in developing/delivering standardized training

Training Log

A document (spreadsheet or similar) which includes Staff Names, Training Levels, Training Sessions attended, etc…Training Logs can be part of a
wider Skill Register

Training Material

The documents, books, and audio-visual material used for self-administered or presenter-led training. Training Material can be a physical asset
(e.g. a Trainer Manual) or a digital asset (e.g. DVD, online video, sample data sets, etc.)
Similar terms: Educational Material

Value Management

Value Management is the review/planning process using a prescribed process with an analytical focus to achieve best value or, where appropriate,
best value for money. Value Management's main task is to establish the value of an entity by identifying its features and characteristics, its useful
purposes, and the benefits flowing from fulfilling these purposes. Also refer to Earned Value Management
Similar terms: Value Analysis, Value Engineering

Variation Order

A written authorisation issued by a client or its agent to a contractor to proceed with works - which differ from the original agreed design - and
may thus result in a variation to the original contract sum

Virtual Reality

An Immersive Environment which allow users to experience simulated places, objects and processes. As opposed to Augmented Reality VR typically
requires full 'immersion' within multi-projection rooms (CAVE) and/or through stereoscopic goggles and other specialized gear

Virtually Integrated Design, Construction and Operation

The continuously-evolving target of employing cutting-edge technologies, sustainable concepts and lean processes. viDCO is not a well-
defined BIM Implementation stage but is defined (and continuously redefined) by fast-changing possibilities revolving around data - not models.
Also refer to BIG BIM

Wind Studies
The use of BIModels to simulate the effects of wind on structures. The simulation is intended to inform the design process by identifying optimal
orientations and shapes. BIModels of existing structures may also be used for the purposes of performing Wind Studies

Work Breakdown Structure

A tree-structure breakdown of a project into its smaller components intended to organize and define the total scope of a project. WBS (within the
construction industry) specifies the activities and tasks necessary to design and/or build a project. WBS is used in both Activity-Based
Scheduling and Location Based Scheduling

Work in Progress Area

This is one of four areas/labels within a Common Data Environment (CDE). The Work In Progress (WIP) area holds unapproved information
developed by each organization within the project team

Work Team

A group of individuals within an organisation working together to deliver a project or to achieve a defined organizational goal

Workflow

A Workflow identifies major successive activities to be performed and decision gates to pass-through towards reaching a delivery milestone or
fulfilling a project/organizational objective (also refer to Workflow Diagram

Workflow Diagram

A visual representation of an activity, control flow, business process or similar

Workflow Manual

A document to guide the selection of appropriate BIM workflows depending on project size, project complexity, staff skill, contract type, software
combination used, and other relevant criteria