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2, 161-179
G. GAZETAS*
A rigorous semi-analytical formulation is presented to des modules d’ilasticite de Young horizontal/vertical est
study the static and dynamic response of rigid strip important, les d&placements statiques sont moindres et les
footings supported on the surface of a horizontally caracteristiques de response dynamique sont totalement
layered soil deposit. Each layer is modelled as a homo- differents de celles de sediments de sols isotropiques
geneous cross-anisotropic medium with a vertical axis of equivalents.
material symmetry while the loading consists of har-
monically time-varying horizontal or vertical forces and NOTATION
moments. The solution, based on an experimentally dimensionless frequency factor
verified relationship among the anisotropic soil para-
(= OB &PIE”))
meters that uncouples the wave equations in closed- half of the foundation width
B
form, is exact in that it properly accounts for the true
Dij elastic stiffness parameters of an aniso-
boundary conditions at the layer interfaces and the
surface. Comprehensive parametric studies are presented tropic material (equation (5))
in the form of normalized displacement-load or rota- Ev, En Young’s modulus in vertical and hori-
tion-moment ratios as functions of dimensionless geo- zontal directions
metric and material parameters. Simple and sufficiently t&n, %I shear modulus in vertical and hori-
accurate formulas ofdirect practical applicability are also zontal planes
given for static displacements and resonant frequency h WI@
factors. The results clearly demonstrate the significance of H thickness of soil stratum
soil anisotropy in determining undrained static and k
dynamic response of foundations; soils with a large ratio
WlB
L pseudo-distortional wave potential
of horizontal to vertical Young’s moduli experience
smaller static displacements and quite different dynamic MO moment on a rigid foundation (with
response characteristics from equivalent isotropic soil respect to axis Oy)
deposits. En/&
;; pseudo-dilatational wave potential
L’article presente une formulation semi-analytique horizontal force of a rigid foundation
P”
rigoureuse pour itudier la reponse dynamique et statique
P” vertical force of a rigid foundation
de semelles Mantes rigide reposant a la surface de
r dE,,dz
sediments de sob a couches horizontales. Chaque couche
est modelisee sous la forme dun milieu homogtne de U horizontal displacement
section anisotrope ayant un axe vertical de symetrie W vertical displacement
materielle, tandis que la charge est constitute de forces X horizontal co-ordinate
et moments verticaux ou horizontaux a variation Z vertical co-ordinate
harmonique dans le temps. La solution, bake sur une &WP)
relation verifite expkimentalement entre les parametres
JCGVHIP)
de sots anisotropes qui decouple les equations d’onde de ii H horizontal displacement of a rigid
forme fermte, est exacte en ce qu’elle tient bien compte des
foundation
conditions de hmite vraie aux interfaces des couches et a la
4 vertical displacement of a rigid founda-
surface. L’article presente des etudes parametriques
completes sous la forme de rapports rotation-moment ou tion
d&placement-charge normalises en tant que fonctions de normal and shear strain components
paramttres materiels et giomitriques adimensionnels. VVH Poisson’s ratio for effect of vertical
L’article prtsente egalement des formules simples et strain on horizontal strain
suffisamment precises ayant une application pratique vHH Poisson’s ratio for effect of horizontal
directe pour des facteurs de friquence de resonance et des strain on complementary horizontal
deplacements statiques. Les resultats montrent bien strain
I’importance que represente l’anisotropie des sols pour la soil damping ratio
determination de la reponse dynamique et statique non
angle of rotation of a rigid foundation
drainte de fondations; dans le cas de sob dont le rapport
(with respect to axis Oy)
Discussion on this Paper closes 1 September, 1981. For soil density
further details see inside back cover. normal and shear stress components
*Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. frequency of vibration (rad/s)
161
162 G. GAZETAS
Studies related to the static problem proportional to the applied normal pressure. With
Michell(1900), extending the work of Boussinesq very good accuracy their main result simplified to
and Cerruti, presented a solution for stresses and 4-n
displacements in a halfspace exhibiting hexagonal WC%Y) = &* Y) (2)
anisotropy’ and subjected to a vertical or hori- rC(4 - n) GvHIEv + 11
zontal point force. Much later, his solution was where, in this case, n and G&E, fully describe soil
simplified and made popular by Barden (1963) who cross-anisotropy, since for an incompressible
proposed the cross-anisotropic halfspace as an medium
improved mathematical model for natural soils, V VH = l/2
clays or sands. The major conclusion of Barden’s (3)
V HH = l-n/2
study is that, for a realistic range of Poisson’s ratios,
as the ratio n of the horizontal to vertical Young’s As a direct consequence, soil reactions against rigid
moduli increases so does the load-spreading capa- smooth foundations of any shape are uniform. This
city of the soil; hence, both stress concentration is also true with isotropic incompressible media
along the load axis and surface settlement decrease. obeying equation (1) (Gibson, 1974). It appears that
Extensive studies on static interaction of founda- this interesting conclusion can be generalized:
tions with anisotropic soils were presented by Sveklo (1970) has found that in the case of rigid
Gerrard & Harrison (1970a, b); they reported com- foundations having circular, elliptical or ellipti-
plete solutions (stresses, strains, displacements) for cal-paraboloidal contact with an anisotropic
cross-anisotropic and orthorhombic homogeneous homogeneous halfspace, soil reactions are indepen-
halfspaces carrying circular or strip foundations of dent of both type and degree of anisotropy-a
infinite or zero rigidity that are loaded by vertical, conclusion that does not apply to foundation
horizontal and moment forces. Their results, settlements.
although in a somewhat complicated mathematical Finally, Hooper (1975) studied with a finite
form, have contributed much to current under- element formulation the interaction of circular
standing of the behaviour of anisotropic soils. The flexible rafts in adhesive contact with a cross-
same authors (Harrison & Gerrard, 1972) estab- anisotropic layered stratum. Using material pro-
lished the equivalence between earth reinforced by perties appropriate for the overconsolidated Lon-
means of thin sheets (or bars) of a stiffer material, don clay (Ward et al., 1959; Ward, Marsland &
and a cross-anisotropic (or orthorhombic) homo- Samuels, 1965; Uriel& Kaiiizo, 1971; Gibson, 1974;
geneous medium. As a concept, reinforced earth Atkinson, 1975), he demonstrated that total and
had been proposed by Casagrande to model natur- differential foundation settlements may be reduced
ally stratified soil deposits; Westergaard (1938) by about 40% under undrained conditions if cross-
worked out the idea and presented solutions for a anisotropy is taken into account; under drained
halfspace so stiff in the horizontal direction, that no conditions this reduction is only 5-20%, depending
lateral strains could occur. Such a medium is, in on the type of soil profile assumed (homogeneous
fact, a cross-anisotropic material with n = cc and or linearly heterogeneous).
V VH = 0. Particular types of cross-anisotropy,
Studies related to the dynamic problem
characterized by three instead of five independent
parameters, were studied by Wolf (1935) and Kirkner (1979) presented an analytical study of
Milovic (1972). the steady-state response of a circular foundation
Analytical results for an incompressible cross- on a cross-anisotropic halfspace whose elastic
anisotropic halfspace whose modulus, E,, varies parameters satisfied a certain constraint relation-
with depth according to ship (equation (6)), originally suggested by Carrier
(19461.
\ I
The motivation in establishing such a
E,(z) = rz (1) relationship was one of convenience: the three
while m, n, vVH and vHHremain constant, have been equations of motion can uncouple and thereby be
published by Gibson (1974), Gibson & Kalsi (1974) solved analytically. Several other researchers have
and Gibson & Sills (1974). Such a continuum, also used equation (6) to restrict material aniso-
which is of direct practical interest when deter- tropy. For instance, Payton (1975) obtained solu-
mining undrained settlements of foundations on tions for dynamic displacements due to a con-
deep saturated clay deposits, was found to behave centrated force suddenly applied at a point within
as a ‘Winkle? medium; regardless of geometry of an infinite elastic space; and Valliapan et al. (1976)
the loaded area, surface settlement is directly derived dashpot constants of energy-absorbing
boundaries for a plain-strain finite-element for-
’ The terms hexagonal anisotropy as well as transverse mulation.
isotropy are used in the literature and are equivalent to the An interesting conclusion of Kirkner’s work is
term cross-anisotropy employed in this Paper. that anisotropy may have different effects at high
164 G. GAZETAS
Ldy--_-L-_:_- -_--
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
ox = Di,e,+D~e,
::;. ‘., .. . .- .,..,.... . .‘:_... .:::. .‘.
. . . ,‘,.
. . . . . . .
.::..
:*
.:..:.
. .:*...
. . . . . . ....
.:. . ‘..
. ..-. ,‘.... .‘:;.,
.. ey = D,,a,+D,,s,
(4)
Cross-anisotropic ez = D,,e,+&s,
layer E,, E,, G,,r vVH, vHHj <
r XZ= Gvn Y,,
,/ I’ I I,, f / , i, /,/ “,‘,
, I’ ’ f , where the four elastic coefficients D, ,, D,,, D,, and
,,,I< / 1, / / / 1 I ‘/ ,,/‘f’, D are related to the Young’s moduli and
.‘. . . . * . . . . .. . . ~ . 9 . .
PZsson’s ratios
Dii = (E&)(1-nvvn2)
Using the reported values of n, vVH, vHH and E,, tested in triaxial compression, extraneous bending
shear moduli GvH were computed from the con- and shear end effects are generated; as a result the
straint relationship; they are also depicted in Table recorded E,, underestimates the actual modulus
1 for comparison with the experimental values. by an amount which increases with the degree of
The performance of equation (6) appears to be anisotropy. Consequently, Gv, may in reality be
quite satisfactory. In several cases calculated and somewhat larger than the reported values indicate,
measured moduli are nearly identical and in no case especially for the heavily overconsolidated London
do they differ by more than 20%. This is believed to clay. This might further improve the agreement
be within the range of possible error of the reported with values derived from the constraint relation-
G VH values, which are frequently derived from ship.
Youngs moduh E,, E, and E,, (Gibson, 1974). In conclusion, equation (6) appears to be quite a
Because, as pointed out by Pagan0 8c Halpin (1968) realistic assumption for a number of clays and its
and Saada & Bianchini (1977), when samples cut use in the theory that is presented here is thus fully
with their axis inclined at 45” to the vertical are justified.
Table 1. Anisotropic elastic constants of clays and evaluation of the constraint relationship
Description of soil
Heavily overconsolidated
T Reference
Gv&v
(6))
(13)
where the displacements a@, z) and w(x,z) are a2H d2H 2a2H
related to the strain components E,(x, z), E,(x, z) and Jp+==F -gF
yXZ(x,z) as follows
au The general harmonic solution of (13) is
N = (A! eihmr + AU e - ihmr) ei(wl - hlx)
% = a;
a2 u 2 2 azw
(along with equations (1.5) and (16)) constitute a
solution of equation (13). A’, A”, B’, B” in (14) are
~,t,= D,,~+GYH$+(D~~+CFH)- axaZ arbitrary constants of integration, to be determined
(9) from the boundary conditions of the problem.
2
Using equations (14) (12), (8), (10) and (4)
Pg=G”” ~~+D,,!$+Vh,+G,.~& expressions for u, w, err and ~~~ can be derived in
terms of the same constants ofintegration A’, A”, B’,
For computational convenience define B” (shown in matrix form in Table 2).
Having expressed stresses (or, r,,) and
a2+3, p+, q=;
displacements (u, w) in terms of four constants for
each layer, a total of 4n equations are needed to
(10)
determine all the unknown quantities, if n is the
j2+l, p+, b+$
number of soil layers in the deposit. These
33 33
equations are provided by the boundary conditions
It can then readily be verified that, due to the at each layer interface and at the loaded surface.
constraint relationship (equation (6)) The analysis is identical with the one described by
Gazetas (1980a) in connection with a soil deposit
A’-(p+q2)/b = ‘I’ (11) consisting of heterogeneous isotropic layers,
To uncouple equations (9) two potential although the basic solutions for u, w, a, and rxr
functions N(x, z) and H(x, z) are introduced, related within each layer are different in the two cases.
Table 2. Expressions for u, w, cr2 and r,,; f(z) = e”““= and g(z) = e*q=
10
-h*W* +bm*)D,,f(4 k*pdbv- 1)4, s(z) -h2(d2+bm*P,,lf@) -k2pq@v- I)D&dz) A’
h*ml(I+ b) GVH/(4 k*(p* - bq’) Gw g(z) -h* ml( 1 + b) GYH/f(z) k2 (P* -bq’) G&g(Z) B e,(w_h,x,
- ihlf(z) ikqbg(d - ihl/f(z) -ikqb/g(z) A”
ihmbf(z) ikpg(4 - ihmb/f(z) ikplg(4 B”
STRIP FOUNDATIONS ON CROSS-ANISOTROPIC SOIL LAYER 167
PH 6,
--+I4
b-&Z
..se _, ,....._ --7.
2 n=1/3 :‘I :.H, ‘..,,:: .‘_. I.;:. .‘...‘.,.. :::,.
,.
1 t :_:_ ,’ ; : ...- _.._.
I
I 1 (Isotropic)
1' I
/
l___,'
2
//‘_,
I /’ I
I / \
,
\ / _.---
4 / I __----
0 /
\ /k
\ _/ \ /C
:
, /
0 1 2 3 4
Frequencyfactor,
A,
03
Fig. 2. Undrained dynamic horizontal displacement-load ratio (H/B= 1): (a) in-phase component; (b) WA-out-of-phase
component
I
2
Frequency factor, A,
K4
Fig. 3. Undrained dynamic horizontal displacement-load ratio (H/B = 3): (a) in-phase component; (b) W%-out-of-phase
component
and 5 is the critical damping ratio which reflects the initial displacements, caused by static loads during
internal energy dissipation in soil due to hysteresis or immediately after construction, take place due to
and friction. undrained shearing deformations of water-
Each displacement consists of two components; saturated clays that may exist in the soil deposit.
one in phase and one 90” out of phase with the Moreover, dynamic loads involve short time
applied harmonic load. The first represents the intervals between imposed stress changes and thus
recoverable, elastic component of deformation undrained conditions prevail in most saturated
while the second expresses the dissipation of energy soils (see, for example, Richart et al., 1970).
by waves propagating away from the foundation Under undrained conditions saturated soil
(radiation or geometric damping) and by hysteresis behaves as an incompressible solid and the two
and friction in the soil (internal damping). independent Poisson’s ratios, vvHand vHH,are given
by equations (3). Thus, the degree of material
anisotropy is uniquely described with the ratio
PARAMETRIC STUDY: UNDRAINED RESPONSE n = E,/E,, since the shear modulus ratio
Study of the undrained foundation response is of tn = G,,/E, can be computed in terms of n from the
particular geotechnical engineering interest since constraint relationship (6).
STRIP FOUNDATIONS ON CROSS-ANISOTROPIC SOIL LAYER 169
I
\
\
1.5- \
\ n=1/3
\
\
l-
1
:
& 0.5-
d
;o
m
z O-
P
“1
0 1 2
I
3
I
4
Frequency factor,
A,
04
Horizontal loading
Figures 2, 3 and 4 portray the horizontal
displacementtload ratio Ev 6,/P, (horizontal
compliance) as a function of the frequency factor A,
and the degree of cross-anisotropy n, for three
homogeneous soil deposits. A wide range of
possible thicknesses is covered, from H/B = 1 (very
shallow deposit) to H/B = co (very deep deposit).
Both in-phase and !W-out-of-phase displacement
components are shown for a critical damping ratio
5 = 0.05. Adhesive contact is assumed between
footing and soil. Several conclusions can be drawn
from these figures.
Layer thickness. Regarding the effect of layer
thickness, for a given degree of anisotropy, it is n= E,tE,
evident that the existence of rigid bedrock at
relatively shallow depths drastically reduces the Fig. 5 Undrained static horizontal displacement-load
static and low-frequency foundation displace- ratio as a function of the degree of ansiotropy n, for various
ments. This is better illustrated in Fig. 5 depicting values of the H/B ratio
170 G. GAZETAS
I I I I
0 1 2 3 4
Frequency factor, A,
UN
Fig. 6. Undrained dynamic vertical displacement-load ratio (H/B = 1): (a) in-ph ase component; (b) !M”%-out-of-phase
component
0.5
0 1 2 3 4
Frequency factor, A,
Fig. 7. Undrained dynamic vertical displacement-load ratio (H/B = 3):(a) in-phase component; (b) 90x-out-of-phase
component
STRIP FOUNDATIONS ON CROSS-ANISOTROPIC SOIL LAYER 171
1 2 3 4
Frequency factor, A,
Fig. 8. Undrained dynamic vertical displacement-load ratio (H/B = CC):(a) in-phase component; (b) 90x-out-of-phase
component
the horizontal static compliance as a function of the gibly small, especially when compared with the
degree of anisotropy n for several values of the H/B corresponding halfspace displacements. This is due
ratio. With an infinitely thick deposit (i.e. halfspace) to the fact that no surface waves can be created in a
6, tends to infinity as A, tends to zero, in agreement soil stratum at these frequencies; thus no radiation
with classic theory of elasticity (e.g. Poulos & damping is present and the said displacement
Davis, 1974). component reflects only the internal damping in the
The variation of dynamic displacements with soil.
frequency reveals an equally strong dependence on Cross-anisotropy. It is evident from Figs 2 to 4
H/B. On a stratum, both in-phase and 90”-out-of- that, relative to a corresponding isotropic deposit,
phase components of displacement are not smooth the following effects can be ascribed to cross-
and monotonically decreasing functions of fre- anisotropy.
quency, as on a halfspace, but exhibit several peaks As the ratio n of horizontal to vertical modulus
which are the product of resonance phenomena: increases, the static horizontal compliance de-
waves propagating away from the foundation creases-an anticipated phenomenon that is more
reflect at the soil-bedrock interface and return back clearly illustrated in Fig. 5, for several H/B ratios. In
to the surface. As a result, foundation motion the extreme case of n = 4 the medium behaves as
significantly increases at specific frequencies of irrotational, in addition to being incompressible,
vibration which, as shown later, are close to the and consequently no deformation occurs, as was
natural frequencies of the soil deposit. first pointed out by Gibson (1974).
In the low frequency range, below the first The importance of anisotropy increases as the
resonant frequency, as long as bedrock does exist at deposit becomes thicker (Fig. 5). In other words, the
some depth below the surface (i.e. H # m), the 90”- larger H/B is, the faster the static 6, decreases with
out-of-phase component of displacement is negli- increasing n. For H/B between 1 and 6 and n
172 G. GAZETAS
Frequency factor, A,
(b)
Fig. 11. Undrained dynamic angle of rotatiowmoment ratio (H/B = 1): (a) in-phase component; (b) WA-out-of-phase
component
(4
_o.5~_~_
0 1 2 3 4
Frequency factor, A,
(b)
Fig. 12. Undrained dynamic angle of rotatiorr-momentratio (H/B = 3): (a) in-phase component; (b) !N’Z-out-of-phase
component
Contrast equation (22b) with the expression for more, introducing the constraint relationship in
the undrained settlement of a uniformly loaded equation (2) (derived by Gibson & Sills, 1975),
circular area given by Hooper (1975) (on the basis of yields for a linearly heterogeneous cross-
results by Gerrard & Harrison, 1970a). Use of the anisotropic halfspace
constraint relationship reduces that expression to
6V,static =%(4-n)
6 = PY(4-n) (23)2
Vsstat’c
2xR-b in which Pv, avis the average vertical pressure on the
footing and r the rate of soil heterogeneity (equa-
with
tion (1)). A similar dependence of undrained settle-
H/B = co ment on the degree of anisotropy n for both
homogeneous and heterogeneous deep soil
all n values
deposits can be inferred from equation (24).
which reveals a similaily strong dependence on Resonance. Resonance phenomena are again
settlement on n for both circular and strip footings observed at one or two frequencies of vibration but
on very deep homogeneous soil deposits. Further- the corresponding peaks are not as sharp as those
of the horizontal dispiacements. In fact, on very
z P, in equation (23) is total applied force on a circular shallow deposits (H/B = 1) a single flat resonance
area, whereas P, in the previous equations is total force per takes place, which is characteristic of a highly
unit length on a strip footing. R = the radius of the damped system.
foundation. A possible explanation of such behaviour stems
STRIP FOUNDATIONS ON CROSS-ANISOTROPIC SOIL LAYER 175
1.5
r
I I I
0 2 3 4
Frequency factor, A,
04
Fig. 13. Undrained dynamic angle of rotation-moment ratio (H/B = co): (a) in-phase component; (b) !Xt%-out-of-phase
from the fact that both compressional and shear moment ratio E, B2 4,/M,.
waves participate in the motion at first resonance The static value of the ratio converges to a finite
which occurs at a frequency factor value (e.g. 0.92, for n = 1) as the depth of the deposit
grows beyond any limit, in contrast with the static
horizontal and vertical displacement-load ratios
that tend to infinity as the stratum tends to become
that lies in between the fundamental natural a halfspace (Figs 4, 8). Increasing layer depth
frequency factors of the deposit in pure shear beyond a value corresponding to H/B = 3 has
(equation (21)) and in pure dilatation (A,,, = CO, practically no effect on rotation. This implies that
due to incompressibility of the material). Surface the stress and strain fields caused by moment loads
waves are also present during resonance, as a result are of limited extent, thus influencing only the near-
of the interference of the two types of waves; the surface soil (Gazetas & Roesset, 1976; Gazetas,
ensuing radiation damping contributes to further 1980a).
limiting the peak amplitudes of motion (Gazetas & One relatively flat resonance takes place at a
Roesset, 1979). frequency factor A,!, which can be approximated
by equation (25). This indicates that an interference
Moment loading between dilatational and shear waves is responsible
The response of a rigid foundation to a harmonic for the observed peak, much in a similar way as with
moment M, eiot is described in Figs 11-14 through vertical vibrations. However, the effect of soil
the normalized dynamic angle-of-rotation- anisotropy is evident in rocking vibrations even at
176 G. GAZETAS
2
Frequency factor, A,
(b)
Fig. 15. Effect of frictionless contact on dynamic angle of rotation-moment ratio (H/B = 1, n = l/3); solid line = adhesive
contact, dotted line = frictionless contact; (a) in-phase component; (b) Wk+,ut-of-phase component
STRIP FOUNDATIONS ON CROSS-ANISOTROPIC SOIL LAYER 177
secondary tractions to develop) are therefore anisotropy greatly influences both static and
essentially identical for all the profiles examined. dynamic foundation displacements under
However, dynamic shear tractions do arise undrained conditions. Soils characterized by large
during resonance in vertical and rocking vibrations n values are likely to experience static settlements as
of footings adhesively connected to the soil surface. much as 50% smaller than what computations
Such tractions are not present under an ideally based on classical isotropic theories indicate; this
smooth (frictionless) footing. As a consequence, may well be the reason for the usual overprediction
the peaks of the frictionless response curves occur of settlements on heavily overconsolidated clays.
at slightly higher frequencies, i.e. they move away On the other hand, soils exhibiting n values smaller
from the fundamental natural frequency of the than unity, like sands and sensitive clays, settle
deposit in shear vibrations. Figure 15 illustrates this more than isotropic soils with the same vertical
observation as it applies to rocking vibrations stiffness.
(Vertical vibration curves for frictionless and Finally, when the dynamic performance of
adhesive contact show similar differences.) Figure foundations is studied, neglecting soil anisotropy
15 also shows the somewhat higher peaks of the may lead to unsafe conclusions regarding the
frictionless curves. Overall the observed discrep- possibility of resonance and the response at high
ancies are rather insignificant and, furthermore, frequencies of oscillation.
decrease with increasing degree of anisotropy n.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The Author wishes to acknowledge partial
The Paper has presented a rigorous solution to
financial support of this work by the US National
the problem of determining the static and dynamic
Science Foundation.
response of rigid strip footings resting on the
surface of a soil deposit consisting of any number of
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STRIP FOUNDATIONS ON CROSS-ANISOTROPIC SOIL LAYER 179
of overconsolidated clay. Proceedings of Roscoe mem- which, upon substitution of the drained values, yields
orial symposium, Cambridge. Cambridge: Foulis. n = 1.633. Assuming similar deformational behaviour of
Yong, R. N. & Silvestri, V. (1979). Anisotropic behaviour the soils at Barbican Arts Centre and at Ashford, the
of a sensitive clay. Can. Geotech. J. 16, 335-350. undrained value of G,,/E, can be estimated as equal to
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E” 4-n
APPENDIX 1 p= = 1.18
DRAINED GVHIEV OF LONDON CLAY E”’ 2(lf VW’)
Drained laboratory triaxial tests carried out by The vertical moduli ratio is then
Atkinson (1975) indicated that n’ = 2, vVH’ = 0.19 and E, E, n’ 2
vuu’ = OQO, where the primes denote drained parameters. -= - -e 1.18 x --= 1445
E,’ ER’ n 1.633
For a saturated poro-elastic soil, Uriel & Kafiizo (1971)
give the following relationship for undrained n and consequently