STORAGE DEVICES

Overview of Batteries
• specific energy
• energy density
• specific power
• typical voltages
• amp hour efficiency
• energy efficiency
• commercial availability
• cost
• operating temperatures
• self-discharge rates
• number of life cycles
• recharge rates
Overview of Batteries
Energy availability varies with
• ambient temperature
• charge and discharge rates
• battery geometry
• optimum temperature
• charging methods
• cooling needs.
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• Requirements of Storage Battery

• Safe
• High Power
• High Capacity
• Small and Light
• Long Life
• Low over all Cost
 ENERGY STORAGE
• Batteries are electrochemical devices that convert electrical energy into
chemical energy during charging, and convert chemical energy into electric
energy during discharging.
• Battery is composed of several cells stacked together.
• cell is an independent and complete unit that possesses all the electrochemical
properties.
• A battery cell consists of three primary elements:
• two electrodes (positive and negative) immersed into an electrolyte
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Cut off voltage

A Typical Battery
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• Usually capacity of battery is specified in calometric capacity (amp-

hours),
• Amp-hour is defined as the number of amp-hours gained when
discharging the battery from a fully charged state until the terminal
voltage drops to its cut-off voltage.
• same battery usually has a different number of amp-hours at different
• discharging current rates.
• State-of-charge (SOC).
• SOC is defined as the ratio of the remaining capacity to the fully charged
capacity.
• With this definition, a fully charged battery has an SOC of 100% and a fully
discharged battery has an SOC of 0%.
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• The change in SOC in a time interval, dt, with discharging or

charging current i may be expressed as
Depth of Discharge
• DoD indicates the percentage of the battery that has been discharged
relative to the overall capacity of the battery
ENERGY STORAGE
 ENERGY STORAGE

• Specific Power
• Specific power is defined as the maximum power of per unit battery
weight that the battery can produce in a short period.
Specific power is important in the reduction of battery weight,
especially in high power demand applications, such as HEVs. The
specific power of a chemical battery depends mostly on the battery’s
internal resistance.
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• Electrochemical Reactions
• It is the most widespread battery technology in today’s automotive applications,
the lead-acid battery case is used as an example to explain the operating principle
theory of electrochemical batteries.
• A lead-acid battery uses an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid as the electrolyte.
The electrodes are made of porous lead (Pb, anode, electrically negative) and
porous lead oxide (PbO2, cathode, electrically positive).
• The processes taking place during discharging are shown in Figure 10.4(a),
• where lead is consumed and lead sulfate is formed. The chemical reaction on
• the anode can be written as

.
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 ENERGY STORAGE

• Specific Energy
• Specific energy is defined as the energy capacity per unit battery
weight (Wt/kg). The theoretical specific energy is the maximum
energy that can be generated per unit total mass of the cell reactant