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The surrounding in which organism lives is called its environment. It includes such non living things as light,
water, air and soil. It also includes all the other living things of the area.
ECOLOGY
The
relationship of
living things of
an area with
each other
and with the
non living
things of their
environment is
called
environmental
biology or
simply
“ecology.”
HABITAT
The are or
place
where an
organism
lives is
called its
“habitat.”
POPULATION
A group of
same kind of
organisms
living
together in
the same
habitat is
called the
“population.”
COMMUNITY
Many different
kinds of
organisms
living together
in the same
habitat make
up a
“community.”
Q.2 Discuss the components of a community?
COMPONENTS OF A COMMUNITY
The members of a community can be divided into three major groups on the basis of how they
get food.
PRODUCERS All the green
plants are called
producers
because they can
make their food
themselves from
water and carbon
dioxide by sun
energy.
Producers are the
primary source of
energy for other
organisms. Hence
all the members
of a community
depends, directly
or indirectly on
the producers
The animals and all
other organisms that
cannot make their
food are called
consumers. They
cannot use the
molecules of ‘non
living world.’ They eat
other organisms.
Consumers are of
three types:
Herbivores are the animals that eat plants.
CARNIVORES
Carnivores
are the
animals that
eat other
animals
OMNIVORES
Omnivores are
the animals that
eat plants and
animals both.
DECOMPOSERS
Many bacteria and fungi do not eat living organisms and are unable to make their food themselves. They depend
on dead organisms and extract their food by decomposing these decaying organisms . In doing so they break down
the complex organic molecules of dead plants and animals into simple inorganic substances which are returned to
environment( to water, soil and air) Green plants once again use inorganic substances, in the presence of sun light,
for manufacturing their organic food. Hence the cycle starts on.
Q.3 What is meant by primary consumer, secondary consumer
and tertiary consumers and predator prey relationship?
PRIMARY CONSUMER
As herbivores consume green plants they are called primary consumer. The primary consumers eat producers.
SECONDARY CONSUMER
Carnivores who feeds on primary consumers is called secondary consumer because it receives the energy from the
plants second hand via primary consumer. For example a small bird that eats a grass Hooper.
TERTIARY CONSUMER
An animal that
eats a secondary
consumer is
called tertiary
consumer,
Example large
bird an eagle.
The tertiary
consumers are
usually not eaten
up by other
organisms. They
after death one
however,
decomposed by
decomposers.
PREDATOR PREY RELATIONSHIP
Consumer in a community
show another type of
feeding relationship called
predator prey relationship.
The two animals are
usually involved. The
animal that feeds on the
other is a predator
whereas the one that is
eaten upon is a prey.
Q. 4 Define ecosystem, Discuss their importance and relationship?
ECOSYSTEM
The interdependence hence interaction of all the organisms of a community with each other and with their
nonliving environment is called ecological system or simply an ecosystem.
BIOTIC COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
An ecosystem may be a vast ocean, a forest, a pond, an aquarium or
even a single drop of water. The living organisms that interact in an
ecosystem make up its biotic components. These living components
include producers, all type of consumers, and the decomposers.
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
Abiotic components of an ecosystem are the physical aspects of its surrounding which influence the biotic
components. They may act as limiting factor. Most important abiotic components of an ecosystem are light,
temperature, water soil and air.
LIGHT
Light is the most vital factor without which no life
can exist. Light coming in the form of radiant
energy from the sun is the source of energy for
every ecosystem.
Plants by the process of photosynthesis change this
light energy into chemical energy which is needed
by every living thing.
Distribution of plants and animals is affected by the
type, intensity and exposure time of light.
A small amount of this light is utilized in the
photosynthesis where as rest of it maintains the
temperature of earth and atmosphere.
Light is also necessary for vision.
Light is necessary for the onset(start) of certain
biological processes for example flowering of
certain plants, making vitamin ”D” in human being
and migration of many animal.
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is also an important factor affecting an
ecosystem.
It influences the type of communities in different
areas.
Temperature decreases at higher altitudes and
higher latitudes and fauna and flora changes
accordingly.
Temperature changes during the day and night and
also varies from season to season. Its variation
affects the land animals more than the aquatic
animals where temperature changes are nominal.
Many birds and a few mammals migrate or hibernate
in winter.
Enzyme activities of metabolic reactions are also
altered with the change in temperature.
Most form of life cannot survive in extreme
temperature.
WATER
All the living things need
water.
It is the major part of
protoplasm and maintains
the turgidity of the cells.
It acts as a solvent for the
most of the metabolites.
Inorganic substances enter
the pants with water in
dissolved form.
It is the raw material for
photosynthesis.
The amount of water on
land is controlled by rain
fall. The amount of water
in combination with
temperature determines For example:
the type of vegetation of Thick forests grow in the warm areas which receive abundant rain fall.
Its scarcity in the areas with extreme temperature creates desert conditions, hence it
an area. controls the distribution of plants and animals.
SOIL
Soil is the upper layer of
earth’s crust. It consists
of soil particles of varying
size where micro
organisms decompose
the dead animals and
plants to convert them
into humus.
Humus enriches the soil
and increases its water
and air holding capacity.
Most of the plants are
anchored in the soil and
depend on it for their
growth by absorbing
water and inorganic
substances.
The type of soil and its
fertility determine the
flora hence, fauna of an
ecosystem.
AIR
Air is a gaseous envelope which surrounds the earth. Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxides and
water vapors.
It plays an important role in the smooth running of an ecosystem.
Nitrogen is an essential constituent of proteins.
Atmospheric nitrogen, converted into nitrates, is taken up by plant along with the nitrates of decaying
organisms for the building up of their proteins.
Oxygen is vital for respiration of all the living beings whereas carbon dioxide is a must for photosynthesis of
carbohydrates. The organic food(plant) thus produced is taken up by animals.
The composition of air and its velocity then thus alter abiotic factors of the environment and ultimately affect
the plant life, and the ecosystem.
HUMIDITY
Humidity which is
the concentration
of water vapours in
the air controls the
rate of evaporation
of water and
transpiration in
plant.
Q. 5 Write a note on the following?
Energy transfer (Trophic Level)
Food Chain
Food web
TROPHIC LEVEL:(ENERGY TRANSFER)
All the organisms in an ecosystem need energy to carry
out their life activities to stay alive.
Its primary source is solar energy coming through the
sunlight from the sun.
This energy is trapped by producers(the green plants) and
is converted into energy rich organic food.
Part of this energy is transferred to primary consumer
when they eat producers.
Primary consumer and when eaten up transfer this energy
to secondary consumers.
Secondary consumers in turn form the meal of tertiary
consumer. Hence the energy is transferred to the next
level, the tertiary consumers.
These steps of transfer of energy rich food are called
trophic levels.
FOOD CHAIN
Predator-Prey Relationship:
o Predator-prey relationship is an important factor in which are population continually determines the population of the other.
o If prey population increase the number of predators will increase.
o When more predation will take place the prey population will be reduced.
o When prey population decreases the number of predators will decrease.
o This predator-prey cycle therefore helps in maintaining the ecosystem stable.
Example:
The population of rabbits when first introduced in Australia rapidly grew so large that its created a menace. Why? Because no
predators were present and hence there was no check on their population. Predators were introduced to counter the situation.
Q.18 What is competition?
Competition:
This relationship is actually a
“cold war” between the
organisms of a community
occupying the same habitat.
Purpose of Competition:
o This completion may be for
food, mate or simply for the
sake of living space.
o This competitio9n becomes a
limiting factor and aids in the
survival of the fittest and
keeps the size of community in
balance.
Types of Competition:
Intra-Specific:
Competition between the
individuals of the same species
Inter-Specific:
Competition between the
individuals of the different
species.
Q.19 What is symbiosis? Describe its types with examples?
SYMBIOSIS:
It is an association between the two organisms of the different species which start living together. They are mutually benefited or
at least one gets benefit but the other in neither benefited not harmed.
TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS:
The symbiotic associations are of two types
Mutualism:
In mutualism two different kinds of organisms get
benefit from living together. In most of the cases
they cannot live without each other.
Example 1
Termite eats wood but cannot digest its main
component the cellulose. Small unicellular
flagellate protists living in their intestine digest
this cellulose for them. The termite is thus
provided with means of digestion, in return
protists are given a safe place to live. The termites
will starve to death if these protists are removed
from their intestine.
Example 2
Another common example is of insects that
pollinate the flower as they eat nectar from them.
Commensalism:
It is a relationship in which one of the organisms, the commensal, gets the benefit whereas the other is neither benefited nor
harmed.
Example1.
A good example is the relationship between a sucker fish and a shark. Remora(sucker fish) is small fish which attaches itself, with
the help of its sucker, just behind the mouth opening of the shark. A fish takes a free ride and swallows the falling out pieces of
food as shark eats its prey. The shark does not benefit from this relationship, nor its skin harmed by the sucker of remora.
Example 2:
Another common example of commensals is spirochetes, a bind spiral shaped bacteria, living in between on teeth to obtain food
but causes us no harm.
Q.20 What is parasitism? Describe its types with examples?
PARASITISM:
o It is probably the most
famous and common
relationship in the
interaction of organisms. In
this association the parasite
lives on (Edo-parasite) or
inside the body
(Emdoparasite) of another
organism called the host.
o The parasite gets form host
the food and a place to live
and is thus benefited
whereas its host is harmed.
A successful parasite takes
out enough food from the
host to grow and reproduce.
Parasites include bacteria,
virus, insects, protozoa and
worm.
Example of
Ectoparasites
o Leaches who suck the blood of
cattle
o Mosquitoes who suck the
blood of human
Example of Endoparasites:
Plasmodium:
It is a protozoan and an endoparasite. It
lives in the human body and feeds on its
blood cells and causes him the world’s
number one disease the malaria fever.
Q.21 What is extreme environment? Why is life difficult in extreme environment?
What do the organisms do to cope with these adverse conditions?
EXTREME ENVIRNONMENT
The biotic factors like light, water, temperature, soil, etc. make the climate of an area. Wherever these climatic
factors are optimum, plenty of life flourishes with case but where they are at their extreme, either at their
minimum or at their maximum, the environment is said to be an extreme environment.
Places of Extreme Environment
These least hospitable places are:
o Ice caps of Artic and Antarctic circles (polar regions of the earth) and peaks of
high mountains which are snow coved.
o Deserts
Ice Caps And Peaks of High Mountains:
These are virtually incapable of supporting
life because the ground water is permanently
frozen and not available to plant roots. Soil is
almost not existent and the temperature of
the ever fast blowing air is below freezing
point almost through the year. In this harsh
environment it is very difficult for life to exist
and hence plants and animals are present in
very few numbers. It is during a short mild
summer, when some ice melts. Some lichens
and grasses grow here and there, and a few
migratory birds arrive. Permanent residents
are a few hares, arctic foxes, polar bears and
seals.
Adaptations To Cope This Environment
o They develop a thick coat of hairs on the
skin or thick insulation of fat under their
skin to conserve the body heat.
o They have broad feet and long claws
which help them in walking on ice and
occasionally swimming in water.
DESERTS:
Deserts have the most dry and harsh environment on the
earth. The rainfall is never more than a few centimeters per
year where as in some parts temperature varies between as
high as 70’C during the day time to as low as below freezing
point during the night. Soil is all sand with no underground
water. Decomposing activity is minimal hence nutrient content
of the soil is very low. Xerophytes Plants like cactus, camel and
nocturnal animals living in burrows are found.
Adaptations To Cope This Environment
Cactus
Cactus survives in deserts which as many modificati0ns for
maximum absorption and conservation of water.
Camel:
A familiar animal, well adapted to desert, is camel which can
survive without food and water even for a week’s time and can
cover the distance of 1000 kilometers in this condition.
Adaptive features:
o Hard skin
o Concentrated Urine
o Dry faeces
o Humps, one or two are the store houses of reserved food
o Broad and flat padded feet suit to walk on the sand
All these measures help the animal to conserve the maximum body water.
Survival of Fittest:
As per rule of survival of habitat,
the living things have become
modified in many ways to
become fit and to get adapted to
each and every habitat even the
least Hospitable areas including
ice caps and deserts.
Q.22 differentiate between a population and community? Give example?
Population Community
Definition
A group of some kind of organisms living Many different kinds of organisms living
together in the same habitat is the together in the same habitat make up a
population. community.
Example
The frogs in a pond make up the frog A fresh water pond includes a
population, the Rohu in the same pond population of Hydrilla, a population of
makes up the Rohu population and frogs, insects worms, Rohu and many
Hydrilla plants make up Hydrilla other kinds of animals. Population of all
population. Man is a member of human these organisms, sharing the same
population of his area. habitat, constitutes the community of
that pond
Q.23 Difference between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs?
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
Plants which can manufacture The animals cannot make their
their own food by own food, so they use plants
photosynthesis are called and other animals as food and
autotrophs hence are called heterotrophs
Fill in the blanks:
1. Everything around you is our ____________
2. Area where an organism lives in nature, it ____________
3. Many populations sharing a common area is ___________
4. Green plants are called_______ because they produce food fro the entire ecosystem.
5. Organisms who cannot prepare their food are __________
6. The organisms which eater others are called ___________
7. The common decomposers in an ecosystem are________and _________
8. Steps of food and energy transfer in an ecosystem are called ____________
9. An animal has many option of food in food________
10. Living organisms of an ecosystem are called its________ components.
11. Transfer of the amount of energy in an ecosystem at various levels is expressed in the form of ______of______