Zeeshan Karim—zk040222

EE-322 Analog and Digital Communications

2nd December 2019

Activity 5(a)

Note: This is a take-home activity, which accounts for 3% of your overall grade for
this course. Submission deadline for this activity is 4th December 2019

Digital Carrier Systems

Continuous Wave modulation is important for the transmission of a signal to a longer distance as the Power and
bandwidth resources at a higher frequency are better suited for the long distance transmission. For the case of
Digital transmissions, the CW modulation has again three parameters to offer i.e. Amplitude, Phase and frequency
of the Carrier Wave, where the Digital Data can be embedded.

The difference with their Analog counter parts is visible by comparison. Please explain what you observe as a
difference in the Carrier Wave after modulation and what is similar.

Amplitude of the Carrier modulated for the modulating signal being:

Analog: We can observe that the amplitude of the carrier is changing as there is a change in the amplitude
of the modulating signal. Consequently, when message signal’s amplitude is maximum, the carrier also has
maximum amplitude at that point and vice versa.

Digital: The amplitude of the carrier in the digital counter-part remains constant. We can see that the
message signal has only two level, that is, 1 and 0 which is mapped onto carrier as ON and OFF signals. We call
this type of modulation as Amplitude-Shift Keying. However, the amplitude of the modulated carrier might change
depending on the line coding of the digital signal.

Power Spectral Densities (PSD) and Digital band-pass signals:

PSDs play a major role in determining the Bandwidth associated to different selections of line code. It has been found
that a digital band-pass signal is obtained the same way as an Analog Bandpass signal, such that the Baseband form
of the signal needs to be multiplied by the carrier frequency. Since the multiplication is a process of frequency
shifting in the frequency domain, such a process results in some transformations for the Baseband or Line Coded
Digital signal’s PSDs.

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) or On-Off keying (OOK)

Q. Which line code format is multiplied by the carrier frequency to get ASK waveform?

Ans. ON-OFF NRZ signal.

Q. Give the mathematical form for ASK.

Ans 𝝋𝑨𝑺𝑲 = 𝒎(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒘𝒄 𝒕

𝑻𝒃
𝒕−
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒎(𝒕) = ∑ 𝒂𝒌 𝒑(𝒕 − 𝒌𝑻𝒃 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑(𝒕) = 𝜫 ( 𝟐)
𝑻𝒃

𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒂𝒌 = (𝟏, 𝟎)

Q. Draw the PSD for ASK if the PSD for the On-Off Signaling is given below.

Q. How does the bandwidth and power transmission change for ASK with respect to the On-Off Signaling?

Ans. We can see from the above plot that PSD for ASK has been shifted to the frequency fc, from the origin, so
now the negative part of the bandwidth, which we did not consider before, is in the physically realizable positive
bandwidth region, therefore the bandwidth of the transmission is doubled. The ON-OFF signaling has a discrete
component and another value at 0 frequency which will be shifted to fc in ASK. Hence we will get DC null in the
PSD of ASK which aids in transformer coupling.
Q. Consider the following Digital information signaled using a 4-ary ASK.

Following is a suggested to bit packing which gives the incoming 4-ary Digital signal a shape:

For the given modulating signal draw a 4-ary ASK envelope.

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Q. Which line code format is multiplied by the carrier frequency to get PSK waveform? If the PSK signaling
waveform is given as below.

Ans. Polar NRZ signal

Q. Give the mathematical form for PSK.

Ans. 𝝋𝑷𝑺𝑲 = 𝒎(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒘𝒄 𝒕

𝑻𝒃
𝒕−
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒎(𝒕) = ∑ 𝒂𝒌 𝒑(𝒕 − 𝒌𝑻𝒃 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑(𝒕) = 𝜫 ( 𝟐)
𝑻𝒃

𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒂𝒌 = (+𝟏, −𝟏)

Q. Draw the PSD for PSK if the PSD for the Polar Signaling is given below.

Q. How does the bandwidth and power transmission change for PSK with respect to the Polar Signaling?

Ans. As happened in the case of ON-OFF signaling, the bandwidth of the transmission is doubled and the reason
is the same as in the case for the ON-OFF signaling. Consequently, the component at 0 in polar signaling will be
shifted to fc in ASK due to which we will get a DC NULL in the PSD of PSK.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

The expected Waveform of FSK has to be based on the principle of proportional change in frequency of the carrier
signal as per the magnitude change of the modulating signal. In the case of a digital Baseband line Coded signal,
these changes are discrete, therefore the frequency should also oscillate between two binary values decided for the
transmission of Zeros and Ones.

Q. Explain how FSK signal can be obtained by adjusting two ASK signals. Give mathematical expression as well.

Ans. The FSK Signal may be viewed as a sum of two interleaved ASK signals using the full-width pulse.
Hence, the spectrum of FSK is the sum of two ASK spectra at frequencies w c0 and wc1. In other words,
the FSK signal is a superposition of two AM signals with different carrier frequencies and different but
complementary amplitudes.

By properly choosing these spectra frequencies, by maintaining phase continuity during frequency
switching, discrete components can be eliminated thus no discrete component appear in the spectra.
Also, the bandwidth of FSK is always higher than that of ASK or PSK.

Q. Considering the PSD for On-off signaling, draw the PSD you expect for a Binary FSK.
Q. How does the bandwidth can be found for FSK and for any M-ary FSK signal (Draw PSD for any M-ary FSK signal)?

Ans. The formula for finding the bandwidth is (B1 + B2) + (Fc1 - Fc2) for binary FSK. For M-ary FSK it is
(fcM-fc1) + (B1 + BM).