Mechanics Manual

Engineering Mechanics Department Of Civil Engineering
Experiment no :-01
STUDY OF VECTORS
Marks:- /10
D.O.P: / /2019
D.O.P: / /2019
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Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

EXPERIMENT NO:01
STUDY OF VECTORS
Aim: To STUDY OF VECTORS.
OBJECTIVES:
1) To calculate the resultant of coplanar and non-coplanar (space) force.

2) To calculate unknown force (reaction).
PROBLEM NO.01
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PROBLEM NO.02
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PROBLEM NO.03
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Experiment no :-02
LAW OF POLYGON
Marks:- /10
D.O.P: / /2019
D.O.P: / /2019
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EXPERIMENT NO:02
LAW OF POLYGON
Aim: To verify law of polygon by using universal force table.
Apparatus: Universal force table, hangers, spirit level, weights, scale, etc.
Theory:
If a number of co-planar concurrent forces acting simultaneously on the body is in equilibrium
can represent in magnitude and direction by sides of a polygon in defined closed polygon.
Objectives:
1) To verify law of polygon force.
2) To calculate analytically and experimentally resultant of concurrent force system.
3) To compare analytical value with measured one.
Procedure:
1) Place the physical set up (Universal Force Table) on level platform.
2) By using foot screws and spirit level bring the circular disc in horizontal position.
3) Attach one end of five strings to small circular ring which is placed at centre.
4) Adjust weights to other end of strings.
5) Adjust weights such that ring is concentric with pivot (center of disc).
6) Note reading of weights angles between forces.
7) To verify law of polygon force.
8) Repeat the step ‘6’by changing angles and take three sets of observation.
9) Draw polygon on graph paper by using observed reading of force F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 and
respective angles θ1, θ2, θ3, θ4, θ5 with suitable scale.
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DIAGRAMS:
Observation table:
Measured angle between forces in

Sr. Force in ‘N’ of weights in hanger
(θ)
No
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 θ5
1)
2)
3)
Conclusion:
The force in polygon is …………………………………………………………….........................
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Sample Calculation:
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Sample Calculation:
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Experiment no :-03
TO VARIFAY LAMI'S THEORAM

Marks:- /10
D.O.P: / /2019
D.O.P: / /2019
10
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EXPERIMENT NO:03
LAMI’S THEOREM
Aim: To study Lami’s theorem using universal force table apparatus.
Apparatus: Universal force table, detachable pulley, rings with three strings, weight hanger,
slotted weights and spirit level.
Theory:
If three coplanar forces acting at a point are in equilibrium then each force is directly
proportional to the sine of the angle included between the other two forces.
By using simple weights, pulleys & strings placed around a circular table, several forces can be
applied to an object located in the centre of the table in such a way that the forces exactly cancel
each other, leaving the objects in equilibrium (the object will appear to be at rest). Force table
and Newton’s First Law is used to study the components at the force vector.
Procedure:
1. Place the Universal Force Table on firm platform.
2. Make the circular disc in horizontal position with the help of boot screws.
3. Check the horizontal position of circular disc by spirit level.
4. Clamp the three detachable pulleys to the circular disc at three different positions.
5. Keep the ring at the centre of disc and pass the other ends of each string over the three pulleys.
6. Hang three hangers to these ends of strings passing over the pulleys.
7. Put slotted weights to each hanger so as to make pivot and ring concentric with each other.
8. Note the sum of slotted weights in each hanger and weight of hanger as three forces F1, F2, F3
9. Measure the angles included between the two adjacent pulleys and note them as θ1, θ2, θ3 as
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per figure no. (2)

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10. Record these observations in table.

11. Repeat step (7) by changing one or two pulleys position and take two sets of observation.
Observation Table:
Forces in ‘N’ Includes angles Ratio of force and angle

between two between other two
Sr.No (Wt. in hanger+
forces in “degrees” forces
Wt. of hanger)
F1 F2 F3 θ1 θ2 θ3 F1/Sin θ1 F2/Sin θ2 F3/Sinθ3
1)
2)
3)
Result:
The ratios obtained are : 1 2 3
1) F1/Sin θ1
2) F2/Sin θ 2
3) F3/Sin θ 3
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DIAGRAMS :
Conclusion:
The ratios obtained for each reading are…………............................................................................
(Same / nearly same/not same)
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Sample Calculation:
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Sample Calculation:
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Experiment no :-04
JIB CRANE APPARATUS

Marks:- /10
D.O.P: / /2019
D.O.P: / /2019
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EXPERIMENT NO:04
JIB CRANE APPARATUS
Aim: To verify conditions of equilibrium by jib crane apparatus.
Objective:
a)To study law of triangle of forces analytically and graphically.
b)To apply conditions of equilibrium.
c)To calculate forces in members of jib crane.
d)To compare theoretical results with experimental values.
Apparatus: Jib crane apparatuses, weights, scale, etc.
Theory:
1) If three forces are in equilibrium they must be concurrent. If three forces P, Q and R
acting at point O
At the stage of equilibrium following condition must be satisfy.
∑Fx = 0……. (i)
∑Fy = 0…….. (ii)
Using these conditions of equilibrium for co-planar forcesystem, the two unknown forces
(i.e. force in Jib & Tie) can be obtained if third force is known (i.e. known weight) in magnitude
and direction.
2) Same problem can also be solved by Lami’s theorem.
Procedure:
1. Arrange the physical set (jib crane apparatus).
2. Take the initial reading in jib and tie and note them.
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3. Observe that there is tension in tie and compression in jib.
4. Apply the load W at the hook.
5. Observe the final reading in tie & jib.
6.Calculate the forces in jib & tie experimentally. (Final reading –Initial reading)
7.Mark the direction of the forces using drawing sheets etc. (By graphical method)
8.Find the forces in Jib & Tie analytically by using the conditions of equilibrium.
9.The differences between experimental and analytical readings are to be noted.
DIAGRAMS :
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Observation:
Initial reading of Jib=
Initial reading of Tie=
Fixed horizontal distance at base=
Observation Table:
Final Experimental Theoretical

Reading value= value of
Sr. Length of member
Vertical (F.R) F.R.- I.R. force
No Load L.jib L.tie L.post jib tie jib tie jib tie
1)
2)
3)
Conclusion:
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Sample Calculation:
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Sample Calculation:
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Experiment no :-05
REACTIONS OF SIMPLY
SUPPORTED BEAM
Marks:- /10
D.O.P: / /2019
D.O.P: / /2019
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EXPERIMENT NO:05
REACTION OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
Aim:
a) To verify condition of equilibrium of a system of coplanar parallel forces using reaction of
beam app.
b) To understand the active and reactive forces.
Apparatus: Simply supported beam apparatus, weights, hangers.
Theory:
Simply supported beam is a defined as beam which has its end resting on two supports.
The reaction of simply supported beam is determined by applying condition of
equilibrium.
i.e. ∑Fx=0=sum of all forces in horizontal direction
∑Fy=0=sum of all forces in vertical direction
∑M=0=sum of moments of all the forces about any point.
Using ∑Fy=0
RA-w1-w2+RB=0
RA+RB=w1+w2…… (1)
Applying ∑M=0 about point A
(RAx0)- (W1 x X1)-(W2 x X2) + (RB x L) =0
W1.X1+W2.X2
RB= ………… (2)
L
After calculating RB &RA can be calculated by putting RB in equation 1
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Procedure:
1. First of all simply supported beam apparatus is placed on horizontal plane surface.
2. Initial reading at support A and B for RA and RB are recorded from graduated scale.
3. Weight is attached to hangers at three different points on beam.
4. Final reading of reaction at support A and B noted.
5. Similar procedure is repeated by changing weights and their distance.

Observation:
Initial reading of RA=………kg
Initial reading of RB=……….kg
Span of beam =100cm
Observation table:
Load on the Distance of Final Experimenta Theoretical

Sr.N Y Error
beam Load Reading l Value value
o
W1 W2 X1 X2 Ra Rb Ra Rb Ra Rb Ra Rb
1)
2)
3)
4)
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DIAGRAMS :
Conclusion:
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Sample Calculation:
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Sample Calculation:
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Experiment no :-06
SIMPLE FRICTION ON HORIZONTAL

AND INCLINED PLANE
Marks:- /10
D.O.P: / /2019
D.O.P: / /2019
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EXPERIMENT NO:06
SIMPLE FRICTION ON HORIZONTAL AND INCLINED

PLANE
Aim: To determine coefficient of friction using inclined plane set up.
Apparatus: Inclined plane, box, pan, cord, weight.

Theory: Whenever there is a relative motion between two surfaces in contact, a ‘Resistance’ in
motion is developed. This ‘Resistance’ developed between two surfaces in contact is called
Friction force.
Coulomb’s Laws of Friction:
• Direction of “F” is opposite to motion & tangent to surface in contact.
• Amount of “F” is not depending on area in contact, depend on roughness in contact.
• Max.”F” develop is proportional to normal reaction-RN
F α RN
F=µ RN
Where,
F=Magnitude of limiting friction force
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RN=Normal reaction along the contact surfaces

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µ=Co-efficient of friction

𝑷−𝑾𝒔𝒊𝒏𝛉
µ=
𝑾𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛉
Procedure:
1. The inclined plane at suitable angle was adjusted.
2. Note the weights of block and pan, which is to be placed on the plane.
3. Gradually increase the weight in the pan, till the block starts moving up the plane.
4. Note the weight in the pan, when the motion impends (just starts).
5. Calculate the co-efficient of friction.
6. Procedure may be repeated for different material of the block.
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Observation:
1. Weight of block =……….gms
2. Weight of Pan =……….gms
Observation Table:
Inclination, 𝑷−𝑾𝒔𝒊𝒏𝛉
Sr. No W(gms) P(gms) µ=
θ 𝑾𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛉
1)
2)
3)
Average µ=
Conclusion:
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Sample Calculation:
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Sample Calculation:
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Experiment no :-07
STUDY OF SIMPLE MACHINES AND

VERIFICATION OF LAW OF
MACHINES
Marks:- /10
D.O.P: / /2019
D.O.P: / /2019
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EXPERIMENT NO:07
STUDY OF SIMPLE MACHINES AND VERIFICATION OF LAW OF
MACHINES
Aim: To study simple machines.
Machine:
It is a device by means of which a small effort applied at one part of it is
transmitted to another to secure an advantage to lift a heavy load.
Load (W):
This is that part of resistance which machine has to overcome and which is of the
use to the operator.
Effort (P):
This is the force necessary to work the machine so as to overcome the load and any
other resistance against movement
Mechanical advantage (M.A.):

This is the ratio of the load applied to the effort applied to the machine
i.e. M.A. = load applied / effort applied = W / P
Velocity Ratio (V.R.):

This is the ratio of the distance moved by the effort in any interval of time to the
corresponding distance, moved by the load in the same interval of time.
V.R. = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load = Sp / Sw
Input of machine:
This is the total work done on the machine. This is the energy supplied to the
machine. This is same as work done by the effort. The importance of machine is to
lift the load and overcome the resistance. (Friction of the machine)
Resistance of machine: This is the resistance against the movement of load.
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Resistance of the machine is mainly due to the friction between the moving parts
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of the machine.
Output of machine:
This is the useful work done.
Efficiency of machine ( ):
This is ratio of output of machine to the input. This is also same as the ratio of
useful work done by the machine to the energy supplied to it.
Efficiency of machine
= output of machine / input of machine
= useful work done / actual energy supplied
= (W * Sw) / (P *Sp)
= (W/P) / (Sp/Sw)
= M.A. / V.R.
% = (M.A. / V.R.)*100 i.e. efficiency in %.
Ideal machine:
This machine is absolutely free from the frictional resistance. Since no resistance
are in the energy supplied equal to the useful work done i.e., for ideal machine,
Input = Output
W / P = Sp / Sw
P*Sp = W * Sw
M.A. = V.R.
Ideal Effort (Pi): For ideal machine
V.R. = M.A. i.e. W/P = V.R.

Therefore P = W / V.R.
Hence ideal effort is the ratio of load applied to the velocity ratio.
Pi = W / V.R.
Frictional Effort (Pf):

Frictional effort = Actual effort – Ideal effort
Pf = Pa – Pi
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Law of machine:
The relation between the efforts required in the machine to lift a load is called as a
law of machine. It can be expressed in the form of
P = mW + C
Where, P = Effort applied in ‘N’
W = Load applied in ‘N’
m= Slope of graph line (Graph of actual effort Vs Load)
C = Intercept of line on Y axis / Constant.
Reversibility of simple machine:

If load and effort are changed whether the machine works or not is called
reversibility of machine.
If efficiency of machine is >= 50%, machine is reversible.
If efficiency of machine is< 50%, machine is irreversible /self locking.
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Experiment no :-08
GRAFICAL WORK (STATIC)

Marks:- /10
D.O.P: / /2019
D.O.P: / /2019
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Problem 1:
To find resultant of concurrent force system graphically and compare results analytically:
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Problem 2:
Equilibrium of concurrent forces: Solve graphically and compare results analytically.
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Experiment no :-09
GRAFICAL WORK (DYNAMICS)

Marks:- /10
D.O.P: / /2019
D.O.P: / /2019
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1) General rectilinear motion: To draw x-t, v-t and a-t diagrams for the given
problem.
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Time Acceleration(a) Velocity(v) Displacement

(sec) (m/se𝐜 𝟐 ) (m/sec) (m)
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Engineering Mechanics Department Of Civil Engineering

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

1) To calculate the resultant of coplanar and non-coplanar (space) force.

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Aim: To verify law of polygon by using universal force table.

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Measured angle between forces in

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

TO VARIFAY LAMI'S THEORAM

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Aim: To study Lami’s theorem using universal force table apparatus.

3. Check the horizontal position of circular disc by spirit level.

per figure no. (2)

10. Record these observations in table.

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Forces in ‘N’ Includes angles Ratio of force and angle

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

JIB CRANE APPARATUS

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Aim: To verify conditions of equilibrium by jib crane apparatus.

Apparatus: Jib crane apparatuses, weights, scale, etc.

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

3. Observe that there is tension in tie and compression in jib.

4. Apply the load W at the hook.

5. Observe the final reading in tie & jib.

9.The differences between experimental and analytical readings are to be noted.

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Initial reading of Jib=

Initial reading of Tie=

Fixed horizontal distance at base=

Final Experimental Theoretical

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

REACTION OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Apparatus: Simply supported beam apparatus, weights, hangers.

(RAx0)- (W1 x X1)-(W2 x X2) + (RB x L) =0

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

3. Weight is attached to hangers at three different points on beam.

4. Final reading of reaction at support A and B noted.

5. Similar procedure is repeated by changing weights and their distance.

Initial reading of RA=………kg

Initial reading of RB=……….kg

Span of beam =100cm

Load on the Distance of Final Experimenta Theoretical

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

SIMPLE FRICTION ON HORIZONTAL

Jamia institute of engineering and management studies, Akkalkuwa

SIMPLE FRICTION ON HORIZONTAL AND INCLINED

Aim: To determine coefficient of friction using inclined plane set up.

Apparatus: Inclined plane, box, pan, cord, weight.

RN=Normal reaction along the contact surfaces