Communication Systems

Chapter
1 Introduction
(Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions)
01. Ans: (b) s I. L .T
Sol: We know that F(s)   f ( t )  cos 0 t

s 2  02
F. T 1
e at u ( t )  I. L.T
a  j f ( t )  cos 0 t  F()  [(  0 )  (  0 )]
F. T 1
e at u ( t ) 
a  j
F. T 1 1
e at u ( t )  e at u ( t )   05. Ans: (d)
a  j a  j Sol:
Put a = 0
1
F. T 1 1 1V 1V =
u ( t )  u ( t )   *
j  j 
–1/2 0 1/2 t –1/2 0 1/2 t –1 0 1 t
2
F. T
sgn( t ) 
j
02. Ans: (a) 06. Ans: (c)

Sol: Sol: Given x(t) = e  at
2
f(t)
Fourier transform of x(t) is

X   x t e  jt dt
Slope=1

1 
  e  at e  jt dt
2
0 1 2 t


 e  dt
f(t) = r(t) – r(t – 1) – u(t – 2)  at 2  jt

03. Ans: (a) 2  
 at 
j  2
 
Sol: The convergence of Fourier transform is e e  2 a
4a
dt
along the j-axis in s-plane. 
j
Let p  a t 
04. Ans: (a) 2 a
Sol: j dp  a dt
2
 
 j0 e 4a
X   e dp
2
p
a 
o
0  
e
p2
dp  
 –j0 

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
2 10. Ans: (a)
e 4a
2Aa
X 
F. T
 Sol: f ( t )  A.e
a t
 F( j) 
a a  2
2
2
  4a
X  e 11. Ans: (d)
a Sol: m(t) = f(t) cos2t
Apply Fourier transform
07. Ans: (d) 1
M(f) = [F(  2)  F(  2)]
Sol: The EFS expression of a periodic signal x(t) 2

F( – 2) F( + 2)
is x(t) = c
n  
n e jn0 t
where, 'cn' is EFS coefficient.
Apply F.T on both sides

  1 2 3

1 2 3
X() = c
n  
n FT e jn0t
12. Ans: (b)
1 jn 2() Sol: For band limited signals,
e 0t  2( – n )
0 S(f)  0; f  W

X() = 2   c n   n0  S(f) = 0; f  W
n  
So, it is a train of impulse. 13. Ans: (a)

Sol: In a communication system, antenna is used
08. Ans: (a) to convert voltage variations to field
Sol: V ( j)  e  j2 ;   1 variation and vice-versa.

1 14. Ans: (d)

2
Energy = V( j) .d Sol: Hilbert transform of f(t) is
2  
1
1
1
2 H.T{f(t)} = f ( t ) 
= 
2 1
e  j2 .d t
It is in the terms of ‘t’.
1
1
2 1
= 1d 15. Ans: (a)
Sol: For an ideal LPF
2
= H(f)  k e  j ω t 0 for B < f < B
2
1 h(t)  F1 [H(f)]  2 B k sinc 2B (t  t d )
=

H(f)
09. Ans: (b)
Sol: Parseval’s theorem is used to find the energy k
of the signal in frequency domain.
 
1
  f ( t ) dt  
2 2
F( j) d f
2   B 0 B

4 Communication Systems
19. Ans: (a)

h(t)
Sol: x(2t) means signal time axis is compressed
by 2
2Bk
x(t) x(2t)
4 4
t
0 td
h(t)  0 for t < 0 –5 0 5 t –2.5 0 2.5 t
Output exists before input is applied i.e. non-

20. Ans: (b)
causal, which is physically impossible. Sol: Audio frequency is between 20Hz to 20kHz
16. Ans: (b) 21. Ans: (d)

1 Sol: Telephone channel carries voice. Voice
Sol: (at) = ( t ) frequency is between 300 Hz to 3500 Hz. So
a
bandwidth is 3200Hz. So we approximately
1 consider 4kHz is the bandwidth requirement
(2t) = ( t )
2 of a telephone channel.
17. Ans: (a) 22. Ans: (c)

Sol: By modulation we are translating the low Sol: From the signal spectrum fH = 530 kHz,
frequency spectrum into high frequency fL = 50 kHz
spectrum. Bandwidth = fH – fL = 530 kHz – 50 kHz
= 480 kHz
18. Ans: (a)
Sol: We know that
P(dBm) = 10log(P103)
–10 = 10log(P103)
P103 = 10–1
P = 10–4 = 100 W

Chapter 2
Amplitude Modulation
01. Ans: (a) 1

S(t) = Ac[1 + m(t)]cos2fct
Sol: V(t) = Ac.cosct + 2 cosmt . cosct. AC
Comparing this with the AM-DSB-SC signal 1
Ka =
Ac
A cosct + m(t).cosct, it implies that
Am1 = 2, Am2 = 1
m(t) = 2cosmt  Em = 2
2 1
1 = KaAm1 = , 2 = KaAm2 =
To implement Envelope detection, AC AC
Ac  Em = 12   22
 (Ac)min = 2
4 1
 0.5 = 2
 2
Ac Ac
02. Ans: (d)
 AC = 20
Sol: m(t) = (Ac + Am cosmt)cosct.
Am
04. Ans: (c)
= Ac(1 + cosmt)cosct.
Ac Sol: m(t) = 0.2 + 0.6sin1t, ka = 1, Ac = 100
S(t) = Ac[10.2 + 0.6sin1t]cosct
Given
= 100[0.8 + 0.6sin1t]cosct
Ac = 2Am
Vmax = Ac[1 + ] = 100[0.8 + 0.6] = 140 V
1
= Ac(1 + cosmt)cosct. Vmin = Ac[1] = 100[0.8 0.6] = 20 V
2
= 20V to 140 V
A
2
 μ2  A c2  μ 2 
PT  c 1  ,
 s P   
2  2 2 4 05. Ans: (c)
2 Sol: fC = 1 MHz = 1000 kHz

PT 1  1 1
 2  8  9  16 The given m(t) is symmetrical square wave
Ps  2 1 8
4 16 of period T = 100 sec
PT = 18 Ps
1
fm = =10 kHz
T0
03. Ans: (a)
Sol: m(t) = 2cos2f1t + cos2f2t
C(t) = Accos2fct
S(t) = [Ac + m(t)]cos2fct 100sec

x(t) = 100(P(t) + 0.5g(t))cosct

= 100(1 + 0.5t)cosct
= Ac(1 + Kam(t))cosct
ka = 0.5, m(t) = t
fc3fm fc2fm fcfm fc fc+fm fc+2fm fc+3fm  = ka[m(t)]max
=970K =980K =990K =1000K 1010K =1020K =1030K
 = 0.5 1 = 0.5
These frequencies 980k, 1020k are not
present because the symmetrical square
wave it consists of half wave symmetries 08. Ans: (d)
only odd harmonics are present, even 1 2
harmonics are dismissed Sol: R L C 
2f m 
06. Ans: (d) So it depends on depth of modulation and
the highest modulation frequency.
Sol: m(t) = sinc(200t)sinc2(1000t)
= sinc(200t)sinc(1000t)sinc(1000t) 09. Ans: (b)
Sol: S(t) = 10cos2106t + 8cos25103tcos2106t
Carrier = 1 MHz
  Tuned ckt
f Gain = 0.8
100 0 100 500 0 500 500 0 500 =?
Carrier message
So, highest frequency component in the Tuned ckt
signal m(t) is 100 + 500 + 500 = 1100 = 1 MHz + 5 kHz
Gain = 0.5
BW = 2  1100
BW = 2200 Hz
S(t) = 0.8 10cos2106t
P(t) + 0.58cos25000tcos2106t
07. Ans: (a) 1
Sol: P(t) = u(t) u(t1)  4
= 8(1+ cos 25000t ) cos2106t
8
0 1
4 1
1 1 = = = 0.5
* 8 2
g(t) = P(t) *P(t) = 0.8
0 1 0 1
AC
=4
g(t) 2 A C 0.5 0.5
=0.5
4
fcfm fC fc+fm
=
0 1 2

10. Ans: (d) 2b 2square term coefficient 

ka  
Sol: Amax = 10V a linear term coefficient
Amin = 5V |m(t)|max =1
 = 0.1 b
  2 
A max  A min a
=
A max  A min 1 2 1
PSB  PC  PC  PC
1 2 2 2
= = 0.33 2
3  b
  1  2   1
2
A max  A min  a
AC =
2 b a
2 1  2
10  5 a b
= = 7.5 V
2
AC(1+)=AC + Ac 12. Ans: 0.125
10V = 7.5 + 2.5
Sol: s(t) = cos (2000t) + 4cos (2400t)
+ cos (2000t)
m(t) = 0 A
Here 4cos (2400t) is the carrier signal.
AC(1– ) = AC – AC cos (2000t) and cos (2000t) are the
5V = 7.5  2.5
sideband message signals.
1
Amplitude deviation AC = 7.5 = 2.5 V
3 42
Pc = =8W
2 = 0.1  Ac22 = 2.5 2
Ac2 = 25 V
Which must be added to attain = 17.5 1 1
Pm =  =1W
2 2
11. Ans: (d) Pm 1
 = 0.125
Sol: Modulation index Pc 8
 = ka |m(t)|max

3
Chapter Sideband Modulation Techniques
01. Ans: (c) A c2 A 2m

Sol: Power =
m(t) V1 System aV1
2
o/p 4
 k 
+ 1 + 1600  1
+ 
4
 400 W
2
V2 system bV2
 2
+ 03. Ans: (c)
Sol: Carrier = cos2 (100  106)t
A cos C t
Modulating signal = cos(2  106)t
V1 = k [m(t) + c(t)]
Output of Balanced modulator
V2 = [m(t) – c(t)]
V0 = aV12 – b V22 = 0.5[cos 2 (101  106)t + cos 2(99106)t]
= ak2[m(t) + c(t)]2 – b[m(t) – c(t)]2

The Output of HPF is 0.5 cos 2(101  106)t
= ak2 [m2(t) + c2(t) + 2m(t)c(t)]
Output of the adder is
 b[m2(t) + c2(t) – 2m(t)c(t)]
= 0.5 cos 2 (101106) t + sin 2 (100106)t
= [ak2 – b]m2(t) + [ak2  b]c2(t)
+ 2[ak2+b][m(t)c(t)] = 0.5 cos 2[(100+1)106t]+ sin 2(100106)t
b = 0.5[cos 2 (100 106)t. cos 2 (106)t

on verification if k =
a  sin 2(100  106)t. sin 2 (106)t]
S(t) = 4bm(t)c(t) DSBSC Signal + sin 2(100 106)t]
= 0.5 cos 2 (100 106)t. cos 2 (106)t
02. Ans: (d) + sin 2(100106)t [10.5 sin2 (106)t]
Sol: Given A = 10
Let 0.5 cos 2 (106)t = r(t) cos (t)
m(t) = cos1000t
1  0.5 sin 2 (106)t = r(t).sin (t)
b=1
B.W = ? and power = ? The envelope is
s(t) = 4b.A cos2fct. cos2 (500)t r(t) = [ 0.25 cos2 2 (106)t
= 40.cos2fct. cos2 (500)t + {1 0.5 sin 2 (106)t}2]1/2
B.W = 2 fm = [1.25  sin 2(106)t]1/2
= 2 (500)
5
=[  sin 2 (106)t]1/2
= 1 kHz 4

04. Ans: (b) AcAm

S( t ) / TX  cos 2[f c  f m ]t
Sol: Output of 1st balanced modulator is 2
 AcAm 
S( t ) / R X  cos 2 ( f c  f m ) t cos 2 ( f c  10) t
 2 
 
f(kHz) AcAm
-13 -11 -10 -9 -7 7 9 10 11 13  [cos 2(2f c  10  f m ) t  cos 2(10  f m ) t ]
4
Output of HPF is i.e., from 310 Hz to 1010 Hz
07. Ans: (b)

f(kHz)
-13 -11 -10 10 11 13 Sol: BW of Basic group = 12×4 = 48 kHz
BW of super group = 5×48 = 240 kHz
The Output of 2nd balanced modulator is
consisting of the following +ve frequencies.
08. Ans: (d)
f(kHz)
Sol: Given 11 voice signals
0 2 3 23 24 26 B.W. of each signals = 3 kHz
Thus, the spectral peaks occur at 2 kHz Guard Band Width = 1 kHz
and 24 kHz Lowest fc = 300 kHz
Highest fc =
05. Ans: (c)
 f c H  f m lost  300kHz  11(3kHz)  10(1kHz)
Sol: Given
= 343 kHz
f m1  100Hz, f m 2  200Hz, f m 3  400Hz, f cH  343 kHz  3 kHz
f c  100KHz, f c L 0  100.02KHz  340 kHz
A A
S ( t ) / T  c2 m [cos( f c  f m ) t 
x 1
09. Ans: (b)
cos( f c  f m ) t  cos( f c  f m ) t ]
2 3 Sol: fm1 = 5 kHz  AM
S( t ) / R x  [S( t ) / Tx ]A c cos 2f c L 0 t fm2 = 10 kHz  DSB
fm3 = 10kHz  SSB
A 2A
 c m [cos(fc  fcLo  fm1 )  cos(fm1  20)  fm4 = 2kHz  SSB
4
cos(fc  fcLo  fm2 )  cos(fm2  20)  fm5 = 5kHz  AM
fg = 1kHz
cos(fc  fcLo  f m3 )  cos(fm3  20)]
Detector output frequencies: BW = (2fm1 + 2fm2 + fm3 + fm4 + 2fm5 + 4fg)
80Hz, 180Hz, 380Hz = 2 5 + 210 + 10 + 2 + 25 + 41
06. Ans: (b) = 10 + 20 + 10 + 10 + 6
= 56 kHz
Sol: Given  BW = 56 kHz
SSB AM is used, LSB is transmitted
f LO  (f c  10)

Chapter 4
Angle Modulation
01. Ans: (a) The nth order non-linearity makes the carrier
Sol: s(t) = 10 cos(20t +t2) frequency and frequency deviation
1 d i t 
fi  increased by n-fold, with the base-band
2 dt
1 signal frequency (fm) left unchanged since
fi  20  2t 
2 n = 3,
df i 1  (f)New = 1485 kHz &
  2 1  1Hz / sec
dt 2
(fc)New = 300 MHz
New BW = 2(1485 + 5) 103
02. Ans: (d)
2 2
A J () = 2.98 MHz
Sol: Pfc  c 0 = 3 MHz
2
J 0 
2
04. Ans: (d)
1 
Sol: S(t) = Ac  J n () cos2(fc + nfm)t
n  
 f = 3(2fm) = 12 kHz
2.4 5.5 8.6 11.8
f
= =6
fm

So, J02() is decreasing first, becoming zero
and then increasing so power is also behave
S(t) =  5.J
n  
n (6) cos 2(f c  nf m ) t
like J02 (). fc = 1000kHz, fm = 2 kHz

= cos2(1008 103)t
= cos2(1000 + 42)103t
03. Ans: (a)
i.e., n = 4
Sol: In an FM signal, adjacent spectral The required coefficient is 5.J4(6)
components will get separated by
fm = 5 kHz 05. Ans: (c)
Sol: 2fm = 4 103
 fm = 2k
Since BW = 2(f + fm) = 1MHz
J0 () = 0 at  = 2.4
=1000  103 k A k 2
 = f m  2.4 = f
f + fm = 500 kHz fm 2k
kf = 2.4 KHz /V
f = 495 kHz
at  = 5.5

2.4 k  2 From fc to fc + 4fm pass through ideal BPF

5.5 
fm Powers in these frequency components
fm = 872.72 Hz 2 2 2
AC 2 AC 2 AC 2
P J ()  2 J ()  2 J ()
2R 0 2R 1 2R 2
06. Ans: (c)
Sol:  = 6 2
AC 2
2
AC 2
J0(6) = 0.1506 ; J3(6) = 0.1148 2 J 2 J  
2R 3 1R 4
J1(6) = 0.2767 ; J4(6) = 0.3576
A C2 (0.178)  2(0.328)  2(0.049) 
2 2 2
J2(6) = 0.2429 ;   
2R  2(0.365) 2  2(0.391) 2 
Pf c  4 f m A
2
= 41.17 Watts
? PT = c
PT 2R
08. Ans: (d)
A
2  J 2 () 
Pfc 4f  C  0  J 2 ()  J 2 ()  J 2 ()  J 2 () A C2
 2 1 2 3 4  Sol: Pt = (R =1)
m R 2R
 
AC2 J02 () 2  100
Pfc 4f   J1 ()  J22 ()  J24 () = = 50 W
 2
m R  2 
Pf c 4 fm Power in components
0.2879 % Power =  100
  0.5759 = 57.6 % total power
PT 1
2
41.17
07. Ans: (c) =  100
50
Sol: m(t) = 10cos20t = 82.35%
fm = 10 Hz
09. Ans: (d)
inserting correct signal and frequency Sol: In frequency modulation the spectrum
k f A m 5  10 contains fc  nf1  mf2, where n & m =
=  =5 0, 1, 2, 3………
fm 10
A C J 0 () 10. Ans: (c)
A C J1 ()
2 A C J 1 () Sol: Given fc = 1MHz
2
2 A J () fmax = fc + kf Am
C 2
A C J 2 ()
2 kp = 2 kf
2 A C J 3 ()
A C J 3 () kp 
2 2 kf = 
2 2
1
fC-3fm fC-2fm fC-fm fC fC+fm fC+2fm fC+3fm =
2


= 10 6   10 5   10 6  0.5  10 5
1
 fi = fc  f
 2  = fc  kf Am
 10  5  10
6 4
 = 100103  10103 (m(t))

= 10 3  50 10 3  = 110 kHz & 90 kHz
= (103 + 50) k 13. Ans: (c)
= 1050 kHz. Sol: S(t) = Ac cos (2fct + kpm(t))
fmin = fc −kf Am
 1 
1 d i(t)
= 10 6   10 5  fi  i (t)
2 dt
 2 
= 1 d (2fct + kpm(t))
 10  0.5  10
6 5
 2 dt
 10 6  5  10 4  = fc +
1 d
k p m( t )
2 dt

= 10 3  50 10 3  kp 1 kp
3 f max  f c   f   4  10 3
= (10 − 50) k 2  10 
3 c
2
 
= 950 kHz  4 

11. Ans: (d)  100 kHz   4  10 3
2
f
Sol:   = 102 kHz
fm
1
f min  f c  k p
f  10  3 
 =  
fm  4 
f =  fm = fc – 2 kHz
fmin = 98kHz
= kp Am fm
12. Ans: (c) 14. Ans: (c)

Sol: Given +1 Sol: Given,
S(t) = Ac cos (i(t))
T/4
-1 = Ac cos (ct +(t) )
T =10-3sec m(t) = cos (mt)
3
fc = 100  10 Hz
fi(t) = fc + 2k(fm)2 cos mt
3
kf = 1010 Hz
1 d i ( t )
fi 
m(t)|max = +1 , m(t)| min = –1 2 dt

i(t) =  2 fi(t)dt
d
m( t )
 i ( t )  2[f c  2k (f m ) cos  m t ]dt
2
dt
2
i(t) = 2fct + (2fm)2 k cos  m t
m t
0 2 4
i(t) = ct + mk sin mt –4 –4
–4 –4
15. Ans: (b)

Sol: f max  K f | m( t ) |max 17. Ans: (a)
Sol: p = kp max [|m(t)|] = 1.5  2 = 3
100
=  10 k max| mt  |
2 f = f
fm
 500  3000  2
f max   Hz 
   1000
6
16. Ans: (b)
Sol: Given that 18. Ans: (a)
s(t) = cos[ct + 2m(t)]volts Sol: Using Carson’s rule we obtain
1 d BWPM = 2 (p + 1)fm = 8  1000 = 8000Hz
fi  c t  2m(t )
2 dt BWFM = 2 (f +1)fm = 14  1000 =14000Hz
1 d
 2f c t  2mt 
2 dt
d 19. Ans: 70 kHz
f i  f c  mt  
Sol: s( t )  A c cos 2f c t  k p m( t ) 
dt
we know that fi = fc + kf m(t) kp d
d fi  fc  x(t)
Here kfm(t) = mt  2 dt
dt
f  maxk f mt 
 20k 
5
2
d

 5 sin 4103 t  10 cos 2103 t
dt

d  25 cos(410 t  10 cos 210 t ) 
3 3
f  max  mt   20k   
 dt  
2  4103  10 sin 2103 t  2103  
f  2kHz
m(t) 25
f i ( t  0.5 ms )  20k   cos(4  10)  4  103
2 2
25
 20k   4  103
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 2
t(ms)
–2 = 20k + 50k
f i ( t  0.5 ms )  70kHz

Chapter 5
Radio Receivers
01. Ans: (d) 88MHz + 2×IF > 108 MHz
Sol: The image channel selectivity of super IF > 10MHz
heterodyne receiver depends upon Pre Among the given options IF = 10.7 MHz
selector and RF amplifier only.
06. Ans: (a)
02. Ans: (b)
Sol: Range of variation in local oscillator
Sol: The image (second) channel selectivity of a frequency is
super heterodyne communication receiver is
fLmin = fsmin + IF
determined by the pre selector and RF
amplifier. = 88 + 10.7
fLmin = 98.7 MHz
03. Ans: (d) fLmax = fsmax + IF
Sol: Given fs = 4 to 10 MHz =108 + 10.7
IF = 1.8 MHz fLmax = 118.7 MHz
fsi = ?
fsi = fs + 2×IF 07. Ans: 5
= 7.6 MHz to 13.6 MHz Sol: fs = 58 MHz – 68 MHz
When fs = 58 MHz
04. Ans: (a) fsi = fs + 2IF > 68 MHz
Sol: Image frequency fsi = fs + 2×IF 2IF > 10 MHz
= 700103 + 2(450103) IF  5 MHz
= 1600 kHz
Local oscillator frequency, fl = fs + IF 08. Ans: 3485 MHz
(fl)max = (fs)max + IF = 1650 +450 Sol:
fIf 3500 3515
= 2100 kHz
(fl)min = (fs)min + IF = 550 + 450 fs
fsI fLo
= 1000 kHz
fIf
2
C max  f l max   2100  2
    4.41
  1000 
R= fIf = 15 MHz
C min f
 l min  fL o = 3500 MHz
fs  fLo = fIF
05. Ans: (a) fs = fLo + fIF = 3515 MHz
Sol: fs(range) = 88 - 108MHz fsi = image frequency = fs  2 fIF
Given condition fIF < fLO, fsi>108 MHz = 3515  215
fsi = fs + 2×IF = 3485 MHz
fsi > 108 MHz
fs + 2IF > 108 MHz

Chapter 6
Random Variables & Noise
01. Ans: (c) 1

f ( y) 
Sol: A continuous Random variable X takes  1 y2
every value in a certain range, the
2
probability that X = x, is zero for every x in  y  E[ y 2 ]  [E[ y]]2
that range.
(x  4) 2
1  03. Ans: (d)
Given PX (x)  e 18
is a Sol: The probability density function of the
3 2π
envelope of a sinusoidal plus narrrow band
continuous Random variable therefore
probability of the event {X = 4} is zero. noise is Rician.
r r2  A2 Ar
P{X = 4} = 0 f R (r )  exp(  )I 0 ( 2 )
PX(x)  2
2 2

P{X = xi} = 0
04. Ans: (a)
Sol: Given,
Differential equation of a system is
4 xi x dy( t ) dx ( t )
 y( t )   x(t)
dt dt
02. Ans: (b) Applying Fourier transform,
Sol: Given,  Y(f )(1  jf )  X(f )( jf  1)
X & Y are two Random Variables Y(f )  1  jf

Y = cosx X(f ) 1  jf
1 1 The transform function of system is a All
f(x) = 1 x
2 2 pass filter
= 0 else where Sy(f) = Sx(f)
f(y) = ?
dx 05. Ans: (a)
f ( y)  f ( x ) Sol:
dy
1
x cos 1 ( y)
 10–6
d
1 1 dt
dx   dy f –10 10 f
 1 y2
dx 1 SYY (f )  H(f ) S XX (f )
2
 
dy  1  y 2 H(f) = j2f

2
H (f )  4  2 f 2 08. Ans: (b)
3
1 x2 
3
SYY (f )  4 2 f 2SXX (f ) Sol: E(X) =  x.p( x )dx    = 1
The Noise power at the output of the LPF is 1
4  2  1
10 3
1  x3 
3
N o   SYY (f )df E(X ) =  x p( x )dx    = 7/3
2 2
10
1
4  3  1
10
No   4 f  10 6 df 7 4
2 2
Var(X) = E(X2) – [E(X)]2 = 1 
10 3 3
10
f
6
= 2  4  10 2 2
df
0 09. Ans: (d)
10 3 Sol: RXX(t1, t2) = E[X(t1)X(t2)]
= 2  4 2  10 6 
3 = E[Acost1Acost2]
= cost1cost2 E[A2] [E [A2]= 1/3]
 No = 0.0263W 1
= cost1cost2
3
fA(A)
06. Ans: (a)
Sol: Given,
SN(f)

PSD of Noise = 0 0/2
2
T = 27° C  300K 2
 =
12
 variance 0
PSD of Noise f(Hz) 1/2 1
Pn = K.T.B 12
E[A2] = 2 + [E[A]]2
0 = KT
1 1
= 1.3810-23300 = 
12 4

PSD  0 4 1
2 E [A2] = =
12 3
 1.38 10 23 150
10. Ans: (b)
207
 23 Sol: RXY (t1, t2) = E[X(t1)Y(t2)]
10
Let t2  t1 = 
07. Ans: (b) E[(Acost1 + Bsint1)(Bcost2  Asint2)]

Sol: Pn = K.T.B  E[AB] = E[A] E[B]
E[AB] = 0
1 
   1.38  10 23  300   2  10 6  2 E [BA] = 0
2 
E[A2] = 2
= 8.2810-15 W E[B2] = 2

= cost1.cost2E[AB]  sint1sint2E[BA] RXX(T)  FT

SXX(f)
2
   f 2
– E[A2] cost1sint2 e  e
FT
+ E[B2] sint1 cost2] Normalized Gaussian function

2
SYY(f) = |H(f)|2SXX(f) = (42f2 +1) e f
= 0 – 0  2cost1sint2 + 2sint1cost2
=  2(cost1sint2 + sint1cost2) 13. Ans: (d)
2
= –  sin(t2t1) (  = (t2t1)) Sol:
=  2sin
Y1(t)
+ d
x(t) + Y(t)
11. Ans: (b) dt
+
Sol: X(t) = positive frequencies required Delay
E[X2(t)] and E[X(t)] 0.5 ms

1 d
E[X2(t)] = 
2  
S XX ()d Y(t) = X( t )  X( t  t d ) 
dt
=
1 1  6400
 400  2000  6  =

Y(f) = j2f 1  e  j2 ft d X(f) 
 2   Y (f )
H(f) =
E[X(t)] = 0 X (f )
[ The given function is periodic = j2f( 1  e  j2 ft d )
function] 2
H(f ) = 4cos2ftd
SX()
SYY(f) = |H(f)|2SXX(f)
400(104) = 42f2(2cos(ftd))2SXX(f)
At SYY(f) = 0
6
1
ftd = (2n+1)
2t d
(103)
0 9 10 1
f = 2n  1
11
2  0.5  10 3
12. Ans: (a) f = (2n+1)103
Sol:
H(f) = j2f f = (2n+1)f0
+ f0 = 1 kHz
X(t) Y(t)
 14. Ans: (b)
Sol:
Overall H(f) = j2f 1 N0/2 H(f)
2 N0/2
RX() = e  
Y(t) = X(t)*h(t)
 
|H(f)|2 = (42f2+1)  

Uncorrelated  cov()  RXX() 2() 17.

cov() = RXX()  R n 0 () = 0 Sol: Since
N0 sin(2) = 0, sinCx = 0; x is an y(t) = gp (t) + X(t)  3 / 2
integer and gp (t) and X (t) are uncorrelated, then
2 = m C Y    C g p    C X   .
 = m , integer m = 1, 2, 3 ……. Where Cgp() is the auto covariance of the

2 periodic component and Cx() is the auto
covariance of the random component CY()
15. Ans: (b) is the plot figure shifted down by 3/2,
Sol: We know that, removing the DC component Cgp() and
Cx() are plotted below
ACF F.T Sx(f)
Cgp(J)
Taking Inverse Fourier Transform
0.5
 

1 j 2 f
F S y (t)   S y (t) e df

B0
 e j2f 
B0 –T T J
N 0 j2 f N
R y     e df  0   0
 B0
2 2  j2 
B0
N 0  e j2 B0   e  j2 B0   0.5

  
2  2j 
N0 Cx(J)
 sin( 2B 0 )
2 1.0
sin( 2B 0 )
 N 0 B0
2B 0 
R y ()  N 0 B 0 sin c(2B 0 )
16. Ans: (b) J

–T 0 T
Sol: Rx()
N0B0
Cx(J)
1.0
f
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
2B 0 2B 0 2B 0 2B 0 2B 0 2B 0 2B 0 2B 0
t2 J
1 t1 –T 0 T
t 1  t 2  multipleof
2B

Both gp(t) and X(t) have zero mean, The ac power contained in X(f) is
Average therefore equal to f0.
(a) The power of the periodic component
gp(t) is therefore, (d) If the sampling rate is f0/n, where n is an
1 T0 / 2 2 1 integer, the samples are uncorrelated.
 g p  t dt  C g p 0  They are not, however, statistically
T0 T0 / 2 2
independent. They would be statistically
(b) The average power of the random independent if X(t) were a Gaussian
component x(t) is process.
E[X2(t) ] = Cx(0) = 1
18. 19. Ans: (a)
Sol: Sol: TA = 50ok
(a) The power spectral density consists of two

components: Pre amp
NF = 2dB
(1) A delta function (t) and the origin, G = 40 dB
whose inverse Fourier transform is
one. 10 log10 NF = 2dB
(2) A triangular component of unit log10 NF = 0.2
amplitude and width 2f0, centered at NF = 100.2
the origin; the inverse Fourier Noise temperature = (F – 1) To
transform of this component is f0 = (100.2 – 1) 290o
sinc2(f0) = 169.36 K
Therefore, the autocorrelation function of Noise power i/p = k TeB
X(t) is = 1.38  10–23  (169.36 + 50)  12  106
RX() = 1+f0 sinc2 (f0) Noise power at o/p = (3.632  10–14)  104
= 3.73  10–10 watts
Which is sketched below:
20. Ans: 100 W
RX() 1+f0
Sol: E[x2(t)] = E[(3V(t) – 8)2]
= E[(9V(t)2 + 64 – 23V(t)8]
= E[(9V2(t) + 64 – 48V(t)]
= 9E[V2(t)] + E[64] – 48E[V(t)]
[E[V(t)] 0, E[V2 (t)] MS R(0)  4e5(0)  4,
1 E[cons tan t ]  cons tan t ]
 E[x2(t)] = 94 + 64 = 36 + 64
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 = 100
f0
21. Ans: (b)
(b) Since RX() contains a constant
Sol:
component of amplitude 1. It follows that
the dc power contained in X(t) is 1.
+
(c) The mean-square value of X(t) is given by Y(t)
X(t) 
E[X ( t )]  R X (0)
2
Delay T0
= 1+f0

Y(t) = X(t)  X(t  To)

ACf of o/p = Ry () = E [y(t) Y(t + )]
Ry () = E [(X(t)  X (t  To)] [X (t + )
 X (t +   To)]
Ry () = E [(X(t) X (t + )  X(t)X (t+ To)
 X (t To) X(t + )
+ X (t  To) X (t +   To)]
Ry () = [Rx ()  Rx (  To)  Rx ( + To)
+ Rx ()]
Ry () = 2 Rx ()  Rx ( To)  Rx ( + To)

7
Chapter Noise in Analog Communication
01. Ans: (d) 03. Ans: (b)

Sol: Output of the multiplier Sol: f = 75 kHz
= m(t). cosot cos(ot + ) fm = 15 kHz
m( t ) S
= cos(2o t  )  cos     40dB  10
4
2  N 0
m( t ) 3 f
Output of LPF V0(t) = cos  FOM   2 ;  
2 2 fm
 S0 
1  
 cos θ m(t)  N 0   3 2
2
 Si  2
 N 
Power of o/p signal = Lt 1  i
T T 
v 02 (t) dt
S N    NS   23  1
T 
2 2
1 1  i
T T 
 Lt  cos θ m(t)  dt 0
T  

2 

S N   24dB
i dB 
1 1

4
cos 2 θ  Lt  m 2 (t) dt 
T   T T  
04. Ans: (c)
1
 cos 2 θ Pm
4 S 1
Sol:   = 10 dB ; FOM =
 N i 3
02. Ans: (a)
Sol: S 1
  =  10 = 3.33
 N 0 3
TX RX
05. Ans: (a)

Video signal PL= 40 dB=104
W=100 MHz Sol:
DSB
ni = n0 Pt = ? FOM=1
ni = n0 W = 10  100  10 20 6 Audio  S0 
TX RX  
P 1 mw PL= 40 dB=104  n0  Rx
Si = t  4 = 1  107 S0
PL 10 BW=10kHz =104
n0
ni = 1020 100  106
06. Ans: (a)
Si 10 7
= 12 = 105 = 50 dB
ni 10 Sol: For SSB modulation
Si S0 Si
= 50 dB    10 4
ni N0 Ni

(Only SSB modulation in one sided n/2) 07. Ans: (c)

Sol: For AM
Pt = ? n/2
1
FOM = (if   1)
Si S 0 3
 = 104
ni n0  
S0  1  Si
   Si  3 S0   N i
Si = 104  10  103  2  109 w/Hz
N0  3  Ni  N0 
2
 3  10 4  2  10 9  10kHz = 0.6
Si = 20  10  Pt  Si  PL  0.6  10 4  6KW
(Si)dB = (Pt)dB  (Pt)dB
08. Ans: (b)
(Pt)dB = (Si)dB + (PL)dB SNR I / P
Sol: Noise figure =
Pt = SiPL = 20 102104 SNR O / P
Nf,dB = SNRi,dB – SNR o/p,dB
PL = 2 kW SNRo/p,dB = SNRI/P,dB – NfdB = 37 – 3
= 34 dB

8
Chapter Baseband Data Transmission
01. Ans: (d) 04. Ans (c)

V V Sol: Number of bits recorded over an hour
Sol:   max n min
2 = Rb  3600 = 10.16 G.bits
1 1 2 n 2
 n ;  05. Ans: (c)
2  2 2 n1
sin (4 π W t)
0.1 2 n 3 Sol: p(t) 
 n 4 π W t (1  16 W 2 t 2 )
2 2
1  1  0
1 At t  ; P   
 2  0.1  4W  4W  0
8
= 0.0125 Use L-Hospital Rule
4 π W cos (4 π W t)
Lt p(t)  Lt
1 1 4 π W  64 π W 3 (3 t 2 )
02. Ans: (3) t
4W
t
4W
n fs 4 π W (1)
Sol: (BW)PCM = 
2  1 
4 π W  64 π W 3 3  
Where ‘n’ is the number of bits to encode  16 W
2

the signal and L = 2n, where ‘L’ is the 4πW
number of quantization levels.   0.5
8 π W
L1 = 4  n1 = 2
L2 = 64  n2 = 6
(BW) 2 n 6 06. Ans: 35
 2   3 Sol: Given bit rate Rb = 56 kbps, Roll of factor
(BW)1 n1 2
 = 0.25
(BW)2 = 3 (BW)1 BW required for base band binary PAM
system
03. Ans: (c) R 56
BW  b [1  ]  [1  0.25]kHz = 35kHz
Sol: Given, 2 2
Two signals are sampled
with fs = 44100s/sec and each sample
07. Ans: 16
contains ‘16’ bits
Sol: Rb = nfs = 8bit/sample  8kHz = 64 kbps
Due to additional bits there is a 100%
overhead. Rb
(BT)min =
Out put bit rate =? 2 log 2 M
|
R b  n |f s Rb R
  b
|
f s  2f s | = 2 [44100] 2 log 2 4 2  2
( two signals sampled simul taneously) R b 64
| = 
n = 2n 4 4
(due to overhead by additional bits)
= 16kHz
Rb = 4 (nfs) = 2.822Mbps

08. Ans: (b) Option (a) is correct if pulse duration is

Sol: Given fs =1/Ts = 2k symbols/sec from –1 to + 1
F. T
If P(f)  p(t), Option (c) is correct if the transition is from
Condition for zero ISI is given by 0.8 to 1.2, –0.8 to –1.2
1  Option (d) is correct if the triangular
 P(f  n / Ts )  p(0)
Ts n   duration is from –2 to +2

  P(f  n / T )  p(0)T
n  
s s
09. Ans: 200
p(0) = area under P(f) Sol: m(t) = sin 100t + cos 100t
p(f) = 2 cos [100t +  ]
1
Vmax  Vmin 2  ( 2 ) 2 2
  0.75   
f(kHz) L L L
–1.2 –0.8 0 0.8 1.2
2 2
1 L  4  2n
Area = 2  (1)(0.4)k  2  0.8k  2k 0.75
2
So n = 2
1
p(0) Ts = 2k  =1 f = 50 Hz so Nyquist rate = 100
2k
 So, the bit rate = 100  2 = 200 bps
  P (f  n / T ) = 1
n  
s
10. Ans: (b)

Sol: Given
The above condition is satisfied by only
option (b) f m1  3.6kHz  f s1  7.2kHz

f m 2  f m3  1.2kHz  f s 2  f s3  2.4kHz
 P (f  n 2 k )
n   f s  f s1  f s 2  f 3
= 12kHz
No. of Levels used = 1024
 n = 10bits
 Bit rate = nfs
–2 –1.2 –0.8 2 f (kHz)
0 0.8 1.2 =10  12 kHz
 =120 kbps
1
11. Ans: (a)
Sol: (fs)min = ( f s1 )min+ ( f s 2 )min
0 + ( f s 3 )min + ( f s 4 )min
 = 200 + 200 + 400 + 800
  P (f  n 2 k )  1
n  
= 1600 Hz

12. Ans: (c) 2n = 500

Sol: n=9
Rb = n(fS)TDM + 9
C1 C2……….CN
fS = RN + 20%RN = RN + 0.2RN
fS = 1.2RN = 1.2 2
wi fS = 2.4 K samples/sec
T (fS)TDM = 5(fS)
N = 5  2.4 K
Minimum B.W of TDM is w
i 1
i = 12 K sample/sec
Rb = (nfS) + 0.5%(nfS)
13. Ans: (b) 0.5
= (9 12k) + (912k)
Sol: Number of patients = 10 100
ECG signal B.W = 100Hz = 108540 bps
(Qe)max  (0.25) %Vmax
2Vmax 0.25 15. Ans: (b)
 Vmax
2  2 n 100 Sol: To avoid slope over loading, rate of rise of
2n  400 the o/p of the Integrator and rate of rise of
n  8.64 the Base band signal should be the same.
n=9
fs = slope of base band signal
Bit rate of transmitted data = 109200
= 18kbps   32  103 = 125
 = 28 Volts.
14. Ans: (a)
16. Ans: (b)
Sol: Peak amplitude  Am
Sol: x(t) = Emsin2fm(t)
Peak to peak amplitude Am
   dm( t )
 Qe  <  slope overload distortion
2 2 TS dt
 takes place
PCM maximum tolerable = 0.2% Am
2 fS < Em2fm
Peak to peak 2A / m 0.2 f S
=  = Am  < Emfm (  = 0.628)
L 2L 100 2
2A m 0.628  40K
(  = )  < Emfm
L 2
 L = 500 fS = 40 kHz  4 kHz < Emfm

Check for options 18. Ans: (c)

(a) Em  fm = 0.3  8 K = 2.4 kHz Sol: Pulse rate which avoid distortion
(4K  2.4 K)
d
(b) Em  fm = 1.5  4K = 6 kHz f s  m( t )
dt
(4K < 6 K) correct
(c) Em  fm = 1.5  2 K = 3 kHz 28  10 5
fs 
0.314
(4K  3K)
fs = 280103 pulses/sec
(d) Em  fm = 30  1 K = 3 kHz
(4K  3K)
17. Ans: (a)

Sol: Given
m(t) = 6 sin (2103t) + 4 sin (4103t)
 = 0.314 V
d 
Maximum slope of m(t) = (m( t )) / t 
dt 2
= 2103(6) + 4103[4] = 28103

9
Chapter Bandpass Data Transmission
01. Ans: (c) 04. Ans: (a) & (c)

Sol: (BW)BPSK = 2fb = 20 kHz Sol: Non coherent detection of PSK is not
(BW)QPSK = fb = 10 kHz possible. So to overcome that, DPSK is
implemented. A coherent carrier is not
required to be generated at the receiver.
02. Ans: (b)
Sol: fH = 25 kHz ; fL = 10 kHz 05. Ans: (c)
 Center frequency bit rate 34
Sol: In QPSK baud rate = =
 25  10  2 2
=  kHz
 2  = 17 Mbps
= 17.5 kHz
 Frequency offset, 06. Ans: (d)
Sol:
 = 2 (25  17.5)  103
b(t) o/p b1 (t)
3
= 2 (7.5)  10
= 15  103 rad/sec. Delay
The two possible FSK signals are
orthogonal, if 2T = n b(t) 0 1 0 0 1
 2(15)  10  T = n 3 b1(t)(Ref.bit) 0 0 1 0 0
Phase   0  
 30  103  T = n (integer)
This is satisfied for, T = 200sec. 07. Ans: (b)
Sol: Given
03. Ans: (a) Bit stream 110 111001
Reference bit = 1
Sol: rb = 8 kbps
Coherent detection b(t)
b|(t)
nr
f = b
2
Q(t)
Best possible n = 1
8K
f = = 4K b|(t) = b(t) Q(t)
2
To verify the options f = 4k 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
i.e. fC2 fC1 = 4K
1
(a) 20 K – 16 K = 4 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
(b) 32 K – 20 K = 12 K
(c) 40 K – 20 K = 20 K
(d) 40 K – 32 K = 8 K 0 0    0  

08. Ans: (d) 10. Ans: (d)

Sol: rb = 1.544 × 106 Sol:
α = 0.2
r
BW  b M 1   
1og 2
Here only phase is changing.
1.544  10 6 From options (d) is the optimum answer.
 1  0.2 (∵ M = 4)
2
11. Ans: (b)
BW = 926.4 × 10 Hz 3 Sol: Here 16-points are available in constellation
which are varying in both amplitude and
phase. So, it 16QAM.
09. Ans: 0.25
Sol: BW = 1500 Hz 12. Ans: (d)
BW required for M-ary PSK is rb
Sol: BW  1   
R b [1  ] log 2 M
 1500Hz
log 2 16 r
36  10 6  b 1  0.2  M  4, QPSK 
 Rb [1 + ] = 1500  4 = 6000 2
rb  60  10 6 bps
6000
 (1  ) 
4800
6000
Roll off factor     1  0.25
4800

10
Chapter Noise in Digital Communication
5
25
Noise Ratio Signal Power =  x 2 f(x)dx = volts 2
5
3
Vpp 10
01. Ans: (b) Step size =   0.039 V
L 28
Sol: Signal to quantization noise ratio only
depends on no. of quantization levels (L)  2
Nq =  0.126 mW
and no. of bits per sample(n) 12
For sinusoidal input SQNR = 1.76+6n dB Signal to noise ratio, SNR in dB is
= 1.76 + 6×12
= 73.76 dB  signal power 
SNR  10 log  
 Noise power 
For uniform distributed signal = 6ndB
= 6×12
= 72 dB  25/3 
 10 log  
3 
 0.126  10 
02. Ans: (a)  48 dB

Sol: For Bipolar pulses,
04. Ans: (b)
| P(ω ) | 2  ω Tb  Sol: For every one bit increase in data word
PSD = . sin2  
Tb  2  length, quantization Noise Power becomes
1
The zero magnitude occurs for th of the original. Hence, Data word
4
f = n/Tb. length for n = 9 bits is,
The width of the major lobe = 1/Tb  L = 2n = 29 = 512
= fb
05. Ans: (c)
(B.W)min = fb
Sol: VP – P = 5V to 5V
Here, Data rate = nfs
= 8(8 kHz) = 64 kbps 20logL = 43.5
(B.W)min = 64 kHz L = 102.175
= 149.6
03. Ans: (c)
VH  VL
Sol: Since the signal is uniformly distributed, =
L
1
f(x) = for 5 x 5 5  (5)
10 =
10 2.175
= 0 : else where.
 = 0.06683

06. Ans: (c) 

5 10
(125 10 6  125 10 6 )  [(0.025) 3  (0.025) 3 ]
Sol: 3 3
fx(x) 5 10
 (125 10 6  125 10 6 )  (3.125 10 5 )
3 3
0.05V 1
1250 312.5
10  10 6  10 6
0.1V 3 3
= 520.83333  106
5 4.94.8 0 0.05  25 
x (SNR) dB  10 log  4

4.95 4.85 0.025  3  5.2 10 
 42.04 dB
50 100  42 dB
levels levels
Rx(x)
5
1
Signal power E[X 2 ]  x
2
  dx
5  10 
5
1  x3  1 25 X
    (250)  W 0
10  3  5 30 3 1
 
3
Quantization Noise power 20 2
= E[[X- Q(X)]2]
07. Ans: (b)
5
Sol: E[X – Q(x)] 2
  [x  Q(x)]
2
f X (x) dx 0.3 1
5 =  (X  0) (1)dx  (X  (0.7)) 2 (1)dx
2
4.9 0 0.3
1
  [x  (4.95)] dx 2
x3 
0.3
 ( x  0.7) 3 
1
10 =   
5

4.8
 3 0  3  0.3
1
  [x  (4.85) ] 10 dx  .....(50 times)
2
 4.9
=
0.33 
(0.3) 3 (0.4) 3

0.05 3 3 3
1
  ( x  0.025) 2
dx = 0.198
0
10
0.1
1 08. Ans: (b) .
  [(x  0.075) dx  .....(100 times)
2
]
0.05
10 Sol: Since, all the quantization levels are
4.9 0.05
equiprobable,
1 1
 50  (x  4.95) dx  100  (x  0.025)
2 2
dx a
10 10 1 1 2
5
4.9
0
0.05
 4 dx  3
a
 a
3
 (x  4.95) 3   (x  0.025) 3 
 5   10  
 3  5  3 0 09. Ans: (a)
2/3 2/3
5 10 1 4
 x 2 f ( x ).dx  x .dx 
2
 [(0.05) 3  (0.05) 3 ]  [(0.025) 3  (0.025) 3 ] Sol:
3 3 4 81
2 / 3 2 / 3

Matched Filter 05. Ans: (d)

Sol: Output of the matched filter is maximum
01. Ans: (d) which is equal to the energy in the signal
Sol: The time domain representation of the o/p of 1 2
a Matched filter is proportional to Auto E   1.t 2 dt   (1)dt

correlation function of the i/p signal, except 0 1
for a time delay 1 1

 t3 
    1t 1
10 4 2
Rss () =  S(t ).S(t  )dt  3 0

0
1 0 1 2 t
10 4
 1  4
  10sin(2π  10
6
t).10sin (2π  10 6 (t  τ)] dt 3 3
0
104
The time instant which occurs the maximum
 50  cos(2π 10 
τ )  cos(4π  106 t  2 π  106 τ) dt value is its time period T = 2
6
= 50  104 cos(2  106)  06. Ans: (c)

 The Peak is 5mV Sol: Given,
1  e  j t
02. Ans: (b) H (f ) 
Sol: The matched filter has maximum value of j
output at t = T is energy of the signal 1 e  j t
1 3 H (f )  
j j

 E s  A 2 dt  A 2 (1) dt
0

2 Applying I.F.T
2
 A  A  2A 2 2
h(t) = 0.5(sgn(t) – sgn (t – T0))
 2 
03. Ans: (d)  F(sgn( t ))  
 j 
B2
.T = 0.5[2 u(t) – 1 – [2u(t–T0) – 1]]
ES
Sol: (SNR)0 = = 2 = [u(t) – u(t – T0)]
N0 N
B2T We know that
= 1
2N h (t) = s(t – T)
N0 Si (t) 0 T t
07. Ans: (d)

Sol: The maximum value in the output is energy
04. Ans: (b) inside the signal
Sol: Given, S(t)
S 02 ( t ) S 01 ( t ) 2E s1 2E 2
  
N N N N
2
B2 B
A 2T  T  A T/2
2 2 T
t

T Given both constellation dmin is

 S 0 t  max   2 . dt
2
same i.e.,‘d’
T
2 Average Symbol Energy:
T E s1  E s 2  E s3  E s 4
 4  1.dt (E s ) 4 PSK 
4
T
2
Where E s k is the symbol ‘Sk’ Energy
 4[T  T 2]
= 2T = (distance from the origin to the symbol
‘Sk’)2
Probability of Error r12  r12  r12  r12

(E s ) 4 PSK   r12
4
01. Ans: (d) Similarly, For 8 PSK
Sol: d/2 Q (E s ) 8 PSK  r22
S2 Q
π 2
d 8 r2
2
(E s ) 8 PSK r   1.307d 
d r r1   2    
S3 1 r2 r2 (E s ) 4 PSK  r1   0.707d 
I
I In dB,
r1 S1 2
 1.307 
(E s )8 PSK (dB)  (E s ) 4 PSK (dB)  10 log  
 0.707 
S4
= 5.33 dB
π (d/2) (E s ) 8 PSK  (E s ) 4 PSK  5.33 dB
d  2 r1 sin 
8 r2 8 PSK required additional 5.33 dB
d
 r1   0.707 d
2 03. Ans: (b)
 r2 
d
1.307 d
Sol: Constellation 1:
π s1(t) = 0 ;
2 sin
8
s2(t) =  2 a 1 + 2 a 2
02. Ans: (d) s3(t) = 2 2 a.1 ;
s4(t) =  2 a 1  2 a 2
Sol: 4-PSK, 8-PSK both have same error
probability when both signals have same Energy of S1(t) = ES1 = 0 ; ES2 = 4a2 ;
minimum distance between pairs of signal ES3 = 8a2; ES4 = 4a2
points.
 d2  Average Energy of constellation 1
Pe  Q  min 
 2 N0  = E S1  E S2  E S3  E S4 = 4a2
  4
 2 Es  π  Constellation 2:
Pe  2 Q  sin 2   
 N0
  M  
s1(t) = a1  ES1 = a2
Where Es is the average symbol energy s2(t) = a.2  ES2 = a2

s3(t) = a.1  ES3 = a2 Energy of the signal:

Tb
s4(t) = a.2  ES4 = a2 A 2T
0 (A cos c t )  2
2
Average Energy of constellation 2

E S1  E S2  E S3  E S4 A 2 Tb A 2  Tb
=  a2
4 d  2 2 A
2 2
The required Ratio is 4

 Tb  1
2

 d=A
04. Ans: (a)

06. Ans: (c)
Sol: The distance between the two closest points
in constellation 1 is d1 = 2a.  Eb 
Sol: Pe  Q  
The same in constellation 2,  N o 
d2 = 2 a  2 Tb 2
Since d1 > d2, Probability of symbol error Eb  
2 2R b
for constellation 1 is lower
 = 4mV, Rb = 500 kbps,
05. Ans: (a) No = 10–12W/Hz.
2E  2  Eb 16  10 6
Sol: S( t )   cos (c t  (i  1)   16
Tb  m  N o 2  500  10 3  10 12

2E 

Tb 
 2T  2 
cosc t..cos (i 1)   sinc t.sin (i 1)
m  m
 
Pe  Q 16  Q4

2  2  2 2
07. Ans: (d)
 cos  t Ecos (i 1)  sinct Esin (i 1)
Tb m  Tb m Sol:
Given binary digital communication m = 2 fR/1 (r)
2
cos c t E cos 
Tb 1/6
 basic function  2 cos c t
–1 0 5 r
 Tb  1
2
fR/0 (r)
 
2 cosc t E cos(f  1)  [2 sin c t] E sin (i  1)
1/4
r
–3 0 1
x x
P(0) = 1/3; P(1) = 2/3
(– E ,0 ) ( E ,0 )
The probability of error of the symbols 0 &
Distance between two points is: 1 are not the same.
( E  E )2  0  The intersection point of the two pdf’s is
4E  2 E not the threshold of detection.

Assume the threshold value to be VTH P(x1) = 0.75, P(x2) = 0.25

fR(r/1) 
2  0.25  2
x
2 n 0.75    2
1/6 
So x should be strictly negative.
r
–1 0 5
fR (r/0)
09. Ans: (c)
Sol: Y = X + Z
1/4
Z is Gaussian RV with mean x
r
–3 0 1 x  { –a, +a }
when  = 0 E[y] = E [x] + E[z]
r E[y] = E [x] = +a
–1 0 VTH 1
= a
For minimum error the VTH should lie in the
BER = Q(a) = 1  10–8
area of intersection of the 2 pdf’s.
VTH   v2  v2
1 1 1
Pe1    dr  VTH  1
2 v
Q( v)  e 2
du  e 2
6
1  
6
1
1 1 a2
Pe0    dr  1  VTH  Q(a) = 1  10  e –8 2
4
VTH  
4
a=6
Decision error probability when  = –0.3 mean = 6  –0.3 = –1.8
 Pe0 P0  Pe1 P1
so E (y) = E(x)+E(z)
1
 1  VTH  1   1 1  VTH  2  = 6 – 1.8 = 4.2
4  3 6 3
1  VTH 21  VTH 
 ( 4 .2 ) 2
Pe   so BER = Q (4.2)  e 2
12 18
For minimum decision error probability,  0 . 0001
–1  VTH  1  10 4
For VTH = –1
1   1 1
BER   (min value) 10. Ans: 1.414
12 6 Sol: When the signal is transmitted through a
 Decision error probability = 1/6 channel BER = Q[ r ] .
08. Ans: (c)
AWGN
Sol: The optimum threshold value is Channel 1
 2  P( x 2 ) x12  x 22  +
x
x1  x 2   n P ( x )  2 2  X
 1  AWGN
Channel 2
x1 = 1, x2 = –1

At the input of the receiver signal amplitude 1

4
E d , d  4  t  dt 
2
is doubled. But when two independent
3
Gaussian Random Variables are added, the 0
resultant random variables is also a Pe is minimum when Ed is maximum

Gaussian random. The pdf is the Ed of signal (a) is more when compared to
convolution of individual pdf’s. Ed of other signals.
The variance indicates the noise power Probability of error is minimum for
But the variance is doubled. signal (a).
Signal power increased by a factor of
4(mean is doubled). 12. Ans: (b)
But the noise increases by a factor of 2 Sol: o/p Noise Power = o/p PSD  B.W
= 10-20  2  106
So the signal to noise increases by a factor of 2
= 2  10-14 W
So b = 2 =1.414 Since mean square value = Power
BER = Q[ 2r ] = Q[ 2 r ] = Q[1.414 r ] 2
= 2 10-14   = 107
So b = 1.414  2
13. Ans: (d)

11. Ans: (a) Sol: When a 1 is transmitted:
Sol: Probability of error for an AWGN channel Yk = a + Nk
for binary transmission is given as a
Threshold Z = = 10-6
 Ed  2
Pe  Q 
  a = 210 -6
 2N0  For error to occur, Yk < 10-6

210-6 +Nk < 10-6
Where E d   s1 ( t )  s 2 ( t ) dt
T 2
0 Nk <  10-6
106
Given s1 ( t )  g ( t )
s 2 ( t )  g ( t )
P(0/1) =  P(n ) dn :

10 6
E d   g ( t )  (g ( t )) dt
T
 (0.5).e
2  n
0
 .dn , with   107

T
= 4  g 2 ( t )dt = 0.5  e-10
0
1
When a ‘0’ is Transmitted:
E d ,a  4  1 dt  4
2
Yk = Nk
0
For error to occur, Yk > 10-6
1/ 2 2 1
2

E d ,b  4   2t  dt    2t  2  dt  P(1/0) =  P(n) d n  0.5  e 10
0 1/ 2  10  6
4 4 4 Since, both bits are equiprobable, the

   Probability of bit error
6 6 3
1
1
4 = [P(0/1) + P(1/0)]
E d ,c  4  1  t  dt  2
2
0
3 = 0.5  e-10

14. Ans: (a) 18. Ans: 0.125

Sol: P(0/1) = P(1/0) = p Sol: fN(n)
 P(1/1) = P(0/0) = 1 p.
Reception with error means getting at most 0.5
one 1. P(N<–1) 1/4 1/4
 P(reception with error) P(N>1)
= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) n
–2 –1 1 2
= 3C0 (1p)0 p3 + 3C1 (1p)1p2
 R   R 
= p3 + 3p2(1p) PE   Px   1P  0   Px  1P  0
 x   1   x  1 
15. Ans: (d)
Sol: p = probability of a bit being in error = 10–3 = 0.5P(x+N>0) + 0.5 P(x+N<0)
q = probability of the bit not being in error = 0.5 P(–1+N>0) + 0.5P(1+N<0)
= 1 – p = 1 – 10–3
= 0.999 = 0.5 P(N>1) + 0.5P(N<–1)
(1) Total number of bits = 10;
Pe = probability of error  0. 5  1  0.5 1 1 
1 1 
= 1 – P(X = 0) 2 4  2 4
P(X = 0) = Probability of no error 1
Pe= 1  [10 C 0 (10 3 ) 0 (1  10 3 )10 ] = 0.00995   0.125
8
(2) Total number of bits = 100
Pe  1  [100 C 0 (10 3 ) 0 (1  10 3 )100 ] 19. Ans: –0.5
= 0.0952
(3) Total number of bits = 1000 Sol: x = {–0.5 , 0.5}
Pe  1  [1000 C 0 (10 3 ) 0 (0.9991000 )] P(x = – 0.5) = ¼, P (x = 0.5) = 3/4
Pe = 0.632
(4) If total number of bits = 10, 000  y  –0.5
1/2
 1  [(10, 000 C 0 )(1  10 3 ) 0 (0.999)10, 000 ] f  –1.5  0.5 y
 x   0 .5 
= 0.9999  y  1/2
f 
Conclusion: As the number of bits  x  0.5  
–0.5 1.5
increases, the probability of error increases
and it approaches unity.
Pe in the overlap region – 0.5 <  < 0.5
16. Ans: (a)
11 31
Sol: Higher modulation techniques requires Pe  0.5       0.5
more power i.e., to achieve same probability 42 42
of error, bit energy has to be increased. 0 .5 1 .5  3 1 
So, power also increased.      
8 8 8 8
17. Ans: (a) 2 2
Sol: Higher modulation techniques requires   
8 8
more power i.e., to achieve same probability
of error, bit energy has to be increased.  Pe is minimum for  = – 0.5
So, power also increased.

11 Information Theory & Coding

Chapter
01. Ans: (b) 04. Ans: (b)

Sol: Huffman encoder is the most efficient Sol: Given
B. W = 3 kHz
source encoder
SNR = 10dB
0.5 1 0.5 0  10 log10 (SNR) = 10
0.25 00 0.5 1 SNR = 10| = 10
0.25 01 Number of characters = 128
L = 10.5+20.25+20.25  S
Channel capacity = B log2 1  
= 1.5 bits/symbol  N
= 3  103 log2(1 + 10)
Average bit rate = 3000  1.5
= 10378bps
= 4500 bps
05. Ans: (b)
Sol: Number of characteristics can be sent
02. Ans: (c)
c c
Sol: Assuming all the 64 levels are without any error    1482.cps
log 2 M 7
equiprobable, H = log 2 64 = 6 bits/pixel
Total No. of pixels = 625  400  400 06. Ans: (c)

= 100 M pixels /sec Sol: n/2
Data rate = 6 bits/pixel100106 pixel/sec

= 600 Mbps
Ideal
03. Ans: (b) AWGN
S
Sol: C = B log (1+ ) n/2
N
S S S
Since 1. 1+ 
N N N B B
S S
 C1 = B log C = Blog2(1+)
N N
S S n  S 
C2 = B log (2. ) Lim C  Lim  B log 2 1  
N B  B n S  nB 
S S
= B log2 + B log ( ) = C1 +B Lim C  log 2 e
N B  n

 1 09. Ans: 0.4

( Lim xlog 1   = loge)
n 
 Q  x  1  P( x  1, y  0)
Sol: P  
Lim C  1.44
S  y  0 P( y  0)
B  n  y  0
P( x  1)P 
 x 1
07. Ans: (b) 
 y  0  y 0
P( x  1)P   P( x  0)P 
Sol: Max. entropy = 512  512  log 2 8  x 1  x  0
= 786432 bits 1
0.8 
 7 = 0.4
1 6
08. Ans: (d) 0.8   0.2 
Sol: Maximum entropy of a binary source: 7 7
H( x ) / max  log 2 M
H( x ) / max  log 2 2 = 1 bit/symbol

Chapter 13 Optical Fiber Communication

01. Ans: (d) 03. Ans: (b)
Sol: NA = 0.25 Sol: Power loss = 0.25dB/km
C For 100km, the power load = 100 × 0.25
n2  = 25 dB
V
C The optical power at 100km
n2  = 10 log0.1×10–3 – 25
C
= –65 dB
r In dBm
n 2   r  2.4375  –65 dB + 30 = –35 dBm.
n2 = 1.56
04. Ans: (c)
NA  n 12  n 22 Sol: Numerical Aperture is used to describes
( NA) 2  n 12  n 22 light gathering (or) light collecting ability of
an optical fiber.
n 1  NA 2  n 22
 (0.25) 2  2.4375 05. Ans: (c)
Sol: The refractive index of the cladding material
10 should be less than that of the core.
  2 .5
4
06. Ans: (d)
02. Ans: (d) Sol: Fibers with higher numerical aperture
V2  exhibit greater losses and lower bandwidth.
Sol: Number of modes M =
2 2
1  2a  
=  ( NA) 2 
2  2
Here a = core radius
 = wavelength
 = refractive index profile.


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Chapter

Sol: We know that F(s)   f ( t )  cos 0 t

02. Ans: (a) 06. Ans: (c)

where, 'cn' is EFS coefficient.

Apply F.T on both sides

So, it is a train of impulse. 13. Ans: (a)

19. Ans: (a)

h(t)  0 for t < 0 –5 0 5 t –2.5 0 2.5 t

Output exists before input is applied i.e. non-

16. Ans: (b) 21. Ans: (d)

17. Ans: (a) 22. Ans: (c)

01. Ans: (a) 1

2 Sol: fC = 1 MHz = 1000 kHz

x(t) = 100(P(t) + 0.5g(t))cosct

10. Ans: (d) 2b 2square term coefficient 

01. Ans: (c) A c2 A 2m

= ak2[m(t) + c(t)]2 – b[m(t) – c(t)]2

b = 0.5[cos 2 (100 106)t. cos 2 (106)t

04. Ans: (b) AcAm

07. Ans: (b)

like J02 (). fc = 1000kHz, fm = 2 kHz

2.4 k  2 From fc to fc + 4fm pass through ideal BPF

12. Ans: (c) 14. Ans: (c)

15. Ans: (b)

01. Ans: (c) 1

07. Ans: (b) E[(Acost1 + Bsint1)(Bcost2  Asint2)]

= cost1.cost2E[AB]  sint1sint2E[BA] RXX(T)  FT

+ E[B2] sint1 cost2] Normalized Gaussian function

Uncorrelated  cov()  RXX() 2() 17.

 = m , integer m = 1, 2, 3 ……. Where Cgp() is the auto covariance of the

N 0  e j2 B0   e  j2 B0   0.5

16. Ans: (b) J

(a) The power spectral density consists of two

Y(t) = X(t)  X(t  To)

01. Ans: (d) 03. Ans: (b)

05. Ans: (a)

(Only SSB modulation in one sided n/2) 07. Ans: (c)

01. Ans: (d) 04. Ans (c)

08. Ans: (b) Option (a) is correct if pulse duration is

10. Ans: (b)

12. Ans: (c) 2n = 500

Check for options 18. Ans: (c)

17. Ans: (a)

01. Ans: (c) 04. Ans: (a) & (c)

08. Ans: (d) 10. Ans: (d)

02. Ans: (a)  48 dB

06. Ans: (c) 

Matched Filter 05. Ans: (d)

a Matched filter is proportional to Auto E   1.t 2 dt   (1)dt

for a time delay 1 1

Rss () =  S(t ).S(t  )dt  3 0

= 50  104 cos(2  106)  06. Ans: (c)

07. Ans: (d)

T Given both constellation dmin is

Probability of Error r12  r12  r12  r12

s3(t) = a.1  ES3 = a2 Energy of the signal:

Average Energy of constellation 2

04. Ans: (a)

Assume the threshold value to be VTH P(x1) = 0.75, P(x2) = 0.25

At the input of the receiver signal amplitude 1

resultant random variables is also a Pe is minimum when Ed is maximum

13. Ans: (d)

 2N0  For error to occur, Yk < 10-6

4 4 4 Since, both bits are equiprobable, the