Prepared By Lab Engineer Javeriah Iftikhar Abbasi

Lab 12

Study the Phase Relations in Series RC and RL circuits

Theory:

Phase in sinusoidal waves is the initial angle of a sinusoidal function at its origin and is
sometimes called phase offset. The phase of an oscillation or wave refers to a sinusoidal function
such as the following:

where , , and are constant parameters called the amplitude, frequency, and phase of the
sinusoid.

Phase shift is any change that occurs in the phase of one quantity, or in the phase difference
between two or more quantities.

is sometimes referred to as a phase shift or phase offset, because it represents a "shift" from
zero phase. But a change in is also referred to as a phase shift.

Phase difference is the difference, expressed in electrical degrees or time, between two waves
having the same frequency and referenced to the same point in time.

In-phase waves are the waves that have the same frequency and oscillate at the same time while
out-of-phase waves are the ones that have certain phase difference.

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 Prepared By Lab Engineer Javeriah Iftikhar Abbasi

Series RC circuit:

The capacitor voltage lags the source voltage. The reason for this behavior is that in an AC
circuit, the current must flow initially to deposit charges on the capacitor and hence the
development of voltage across the capacitor.

The phase difference between current and voltage can be found using the following formulas:

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Xc =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶

Where Xc is the capacitive reactance, f is the input frequency and C is the value of capacitance.

𝑋𝑐
Q = arctan ( )
𝑅

Where Q is the phase difference and R is the resistance.

Series RL circuit:
Voltage across an inductor leads the current. Since there is an induction part in the circuit, the
inductor offers resistance for change of current. Thus current rise or fall is delayed. Voltage remains
unaffected. Thus voltage leads current.

Current change in an inductor leads to flux change which induces back emf. This back emf produces flux
opposing the changing flux. The back emf produces current in the opposite direction and hence resisting
change in current.

The phase difference between current and voltage can be found using the following formulas:

XL = 2πfL

Where XL is the inductive reactance, f is the input frequency and L is the value of inductance.

𝑅
Q = arctan ( )
X

Where Q is the phase difference and R is the resistance.

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 Prepared By Lab Engineer Javeriah Iftikhar Abbasi

Procedure:
1. Make the following circuit on bread board:

R= 330 ohm and C= 1uF

2. Give Sinusoidal input from the function generator with the following specifications:
f= 1k Hz and Vin= 2Vp-p
3. Turn on the oscilloscope and calibrate CH-1 and CH-2.

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 Prepared By Lab Engineer Javeriah Iftikhar Abbasi

4. Now connect the AC input to CH-1 of the oscilloscope and the voltage across the
capacitor to CH-2 of the oscilloscope.
5. Select the vertical mode to “Dual” for viewing both the waveforms simultaneously.
6. Observe the waveforms. You will see that the capacitor voltage lags the source voltage.
7. Read the phase difference between the two waveforms.
8. Draw the waveforms on a graph sheet and then write a brief conclusion.
9. Now make the following circuit

R= 100 ohm and L= 4.7mH

10. Repeat the above procedure. This time connect the voltage across the inductor to CH-2 of
the oscilloscope. Draw the waveforms and write a conclusion.