Bluetooth

Personal Computing Division
Bluetooth Wireless Technology
Jamel Lynch
Sr.Consultant/ Architect, IBM
jamel@us.ibm.com
919 543 6421
© 2003 IBM Corporation
Agenda
Bluetooth Overview
What is Bluetooth?
What isn’t Bluetooth?
Bluetooth Air Interface
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Profiles
Bluetooth Security
2
Wireless landscape
3
What is ‘Bluetooth’? CABLES
The term Bluetooth refers to an open specification for a technology

to enable short-range wireless voice and data communications
anywhere in the world.
It is the fastest growing standard ever proposed.
Over 2,800 companies have signed up to be adopters of the
Bluetooth specification.
In 1994 Ericsson initiated study to investigate the feasibility of a low
power, low cost, short range radio interface between mobile phones
and their accessories.
Aim - eliminate cables between mobile phones and PC Cards.
1998 - Ericsson, Nokia, IBM ,Intel, Toshiba formed a
SIG.
4
Why is it called ‘Bluetooth’?
The Origin of the Bluetooth name:

Named after Herald Bluetooth, the Viking King who
Christened, united and controlled Denmark and
Norway in the 10th century.
King of Denmark 940 - 981
Bluetooth Wireless technology will unite
mobile electronic devices of the world.
5
BT Specification adopted by 802.15.1

IEEE formed a working group (802.15) to develop
standards for WPAN.
IEEE approved IEEE 802.15.1 standard for PANs
SIG provided BT spec 1.1 to IEEE 802.15 as a
candidate for an IEEE 802 WPAN.
IEEE licensed wireless technology from the BT SIG.
IEEE Adoption
Collaboration between standards organization and
SIG improve specification.
Further strengthens the position of Bluetooth as the
de-facto WPAN standard.
Formally elevates BT from industry spec into the
realm of an official industry standard.
BT will be better accepted in the US once one can
refer to it as an IEEE standard.
6
Bluetooth Industry Timeline
New Feature Spec
BT BT BT
v1.1 v1.2 v2.0
Ratification Ratification
Core Spec & Product & Product
2.4GHz
V2.0 Spec Release
721kbps
Specification
V1.2 Spec. Ratification Major release

Minor spec. release Higher BW
AFH (Adaptive Frequency - MR: 2Mbps
Hopping) - HR: 10Mbps
No radio HW nor driver HW update (radio)
impacts New Profiles
FW update only
Backward compatible
IEEE 802.15
BT
v1.1 802.15.1
Bluetooth v1.1
Standard
Ratified
(MAC & Phy)
IEEE future efforts abandoned
Current 4Q03 1Q04 2Q04 3Q04 4Q04 1H05 2H05
7
Bluetooth Technology Summary

Globally free spectrum
2.45 GHz, ISM band
GFSK modulation
Frequency Hopping (1600 hops/sec)
Range
10m piconet (0dBm)
100m optional (+20dBm)
Data and voice capable (1Mbps)
Full duplex: 478kbps, Asymmetric 721kbps
Secure
Authentication
128 Encryption
Limited Signal range 0 - dBm
Pseudo Random hop sequence
8
Form factors
PC Card
Compact Flash
USB devices
Mini-PCI
Secure Digital cards
ultraport
9
What does Bluetooth provide?
Provides point-to-point connections.

Provides ad-hoc networking capabilities.
Bluetooth specification details how the technology works.
Bluetooth Profiles detail how specific applications work to
ensure interoperability.
10
Master /Slave Bluetooth Network Topology
• 1 master and up to 7 slaves per piconet.

• scatternet is not yet supported.
11
Point-to-Point (Piconet)
Two devices locate each other.

Form a connection and transfer data.
“Wireless cable replacement” scenario.
The device that initiates the connection is called the
Master.
Any other devices the Master is connected to are
referred to as Slaves.
12
Point-to-Multi-Point: The Piconet
¾ Two devices create a point-to-point connection.

¾ A third device comes into range.
¾The new device is discovered.
¾is added to the piconet and data can be transferred.
13
Point-to-Multi-Point: The Piconet

Up to seven slaves can be connected to one master.
Slaves cannot pass data to other slaves without sending
through the master.
The master defines the timing for the piconet.
14
Piconet-to-Piconet: The Scatternet

Scatternets allow devices to be active in numerous
piconets.
The device can be a slave in one piconet and a master in
another. It cannot be a master in two piconets!
The device can act as a gateway from one piconet to
another.
15
Identifying Bluetooth Devices
Each Bluetooth device is assigned a unique 48-bit MAC

address by the Bluetooth SIG.
This is enough addresses for 281,474,976,710,656
Bluetooth units, this should last a few years even with the
optimistic predictions of the analysts!
The address is split into three parts:
LAP: Lower Address Part - used to generate frequency hop
pattern and header sync word.
UAP: Upper Address Part - used to initialise the HEC and
lsb CRC engines. msb
NAP: Non-significant
LAP [0:23] UAP[24:31]
Address Part - used to seed
NAP [32:47]the
encryption engine.
16
Bluetooth Channels
A master can create two types of logical channel with a slave device:
Asynchronous Connection Less (ACL): Packet Switched System
provides a reliable data connection with a best effort bandwidth;
depends on radio performance and number of devices in the
piconet.
Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO): Circuit Switched
System provides real time unreliable connection with a guaranteed
bandwidth; usually used for voice based applications.
The Bluetooth connections are limited to 1Mbps across the air.

This gives a theoretical maximum of ~723kbps of useable data.
17
What Bluetooth isn’t!
Bluetooth is not intended to compete with or replace

802.11b, they are complimentary technologies.
The data rates, usage scenarios and fundamental ethos
behind them are all different!
It is unlikely to be used in corporate wireless LAN’s.
It is not suitable for high data rate applications.
High is defined to be >600kbps this allows suitable margin
for re-transmissions.
Therefore, high quality video streaming is not possible.
18
The Air Interface and Bluetooth Baseband
19
The ISM Band
Bluetooth uses the 2.4GHz ISM frequency band.

The Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band is an
unlicensed band, I.e. any one can use it provided they
don’t exceed certain power constraints.
The 2.4GHz ISM band is unlicensed all over the world
which makes Bluetooth the only completely world wide
standard.
Bluetooth uses the frequency range 2.4000 - 2.4835GHz.
20
Spectrum Usage
The 2.4GHz ISM band is a free for all for anyone who
wants to use it.
•The 2.4GHz ISM Band is also
Direct
Current
Radio waves
100 kHz – 300 GHz
Visible
light
X-rays used by:
Extremely Ultraviolet Gamma
low frequency
(ELF)
FM radio
88-108 MHz
radiation rays • Microwave Ovens.
Very
low frequency Microwaves • Digital Cordless Phones.
(VLF) 300 MHz – 300 GHz
mediumwave radio • 802.11b.

550-1600 kHz
Infrared
longwave radio radiation • Home RF.
150-350kHz
Frequency in hertz (Hz)

kHz MHz GHz
0 102 104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022
Bluetooth
21
Overcoming Interference
Due to the unrestricted nature of the ISM band, Bluetooth

must overcome interference from other systems and
minimise its interference on other systems.
Bluetooth does this by using a Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum (FHSS) technique.
This spreads the RF power across the spectrum which
reduces interference and the spectral power density.
22
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum - FHSS
Bluetooth splits the spectrum up into 79 1MHz wide

channels with a small guard band at each end of the
whole band.
The Bluetooth radio changes transmission frequency
1600 times a second.
The frequency hops follow a pseudo random
sequence that meets the power density requirements
for the FCC and other regulatory bodies.
Guard Guard
Band Band
Frequency,
GHz
2.400 2.402 2.480 2.483
0 0 0 5
23
Hop Selection and Synchronisation
One frequency hop lasts 625us, this increment is

called a time slot.
Each Bluetooth device has a clock circuit that counts
frequency hops.
The address of the master of the piconet is used to
seed a frequency hop calculation algorithm.
The phase of the hop sequence is defined by the
Bluetooth clock of the master.
Device address and clock phase information is
exchanged during connection negotiation.
The slave synchronises its own clock to the master’s
during connection so that both devices change
frequency at the same time.
24
The Bluetooth Clock
msb lsb
C27 C12 C2 C1 C0
The Bluetooth Clock keeps each device synchronised to
the Bluetooth slot timing.
28-bit free running clock clocked at 3.2kHz.
The clock must have an accuracy of +/-20ppm.
Bits of importance:
C0: 312.5us - Twice slot rate or Inquiry rate.
C1: 625us - Slot rate.
C12: 1.28s - Inquiry scan period.
C27: ~23.3h - Clock wraps about once per day.
25
Modulation Scheme
During each hop, data is transmitted using Gaussian

Frequency Shift Keying, G-FSK.
FSK uses two different frequencies to transmit a binary
‘1’ or ‘0’.
For Bluetooth the two frequencies are:
fc + for ‘1’
fc - for ‘0’ where fc = frequency of current hop and
= ~157kHz
26
Transmission Timing
A slave can only send data to the master after it has

received a valid packet from the master.
Masters transmit in even numbered slots and slaves
respond in the next odd numbered slot.
Single slot packets are less then 366us long to allow the
synthesiser to retune to the next frequency hop.
f(k + 2)
Master
Slave
t
27
Time Division Duplex
• Master and slave alternate transmitting and receiving.
28
Power Classes
Bluetooth defines 3 power classes for devices:

Class 1: 0dBm to +20dBm (1mW to 100mW).
Class 2: -6dBm to +4dBm (250uW to 2.5mW).
Class 3: <0dBm ( <250uW).
These power classes translate in to approximate distances
often used when discussing Bluetooth:
Class 1: 100 Meters.
Class 2: 10 Meters.
Class 3: <10 Meters.
29
Bluetooth & 802.11b interference
Bluetooth hops over the entire 2.4 GHz frequency band.

Bluetooth splits the spectrum up into 79 1MHz wide channels with a
small guard band at each end of the whole band.
The Bluetooth radio changes transmission frequency 1600 times a
second.
The frequency hops follow a pseudo random sequence that meets
the power density requirements for the FCC and other regulatory
bodies.
If there are other users in the band (802.11,Microwave, cordless
phones) collisions are unavoidable.
Frequency Collision
Guard Guard
Band Band
Frequency,
GHz
2.4000 2.4020 2.4800 2.4835
30
Software
Protocol stack : allows devices to locate, connect and
exchange data with each other.
Major components of the Bluetooth protocol stack
Application layer – actual applications that make use of BT
links. Application, APIs.
Middleware layer – transport protocols needed for existing
and new applications to operate over BT links. SDP,
RFCOMM.
Transport layer – composed of protocols designed to allow
devices to locate and to create, configure and manage
both physical and logical links that allow higher layer
applications to pass data through these transport
protocols. L2CAP, link manager.
31
Architecture and Protocol Stack
L o g ic a l L in k C o n t r o l &
Applications A d a p t a t io n P r o t o c o l
(L 2 C A P )
TCP/IP HID RFCOMM
Software
Software
S e g m e n t a t io n & R e a s s e m b ly
M u lt ip le x in g
Q oS
ol
Data L in k M a n a g e m e n t
ntr
P ro to c o l (L M P )
Co
S e tu p a n d M a n a g e m e n t o f
B a s e b a n d C o n n e c t io n s
A u t h e n t ic a t io n & S e c u r it y
L2CAP
Firmware
Hardware Firmware
F lo w c o n t r o l
Audio LMP
Link Manager LMP B aseband & M A C
4 8 b it I E E E a d d r e s s
3 b it c o n n e c t io n a d d r e s s
Baseband
Hardware
P t - p t , P t - M p t lin k s
P o w e r e f f ic ie n t m o d e s
RF L in k T y p e s :
SCO
ACL
32
What can you do with Bluetooth?
The Bluetooth specification defines a series of profiles

that aid interoperability between similar devices.
The profiles describe applications and usage scenarios
for common applications.
Application Profile Name

Serial Emulation Generic Serial
Ad-hoc Network LAN Access
Dial up w/ Phone DUN
File transfer FTP
FAX FAX
Audio Headset
Print HRCP
33
The Bluetooth Ultimate Headset
Cable replacement technology

Keep your hands free with the ultimate
solution for the:
Road
Office
Car
Streaming MP3s
34
Dial Up Networking (DUN) Profile
Allows wireless connection from a PC to a mobile phone

for remote LAN or Internet access.
Any PC should interoperate with any mobile phone in a
secure fashion.
Profile interoperability is tested at qualification and
voluntarily at UnPlug Fests.
35
The Conference Table

Create and share informations with your
colleagues by forming small private work
space
Collaborative work
File and resource sharing
LAN connection
36
The Instant Postcard

Send instant photos and video clips from any
location
Suitable for professional as well as private use
GSM
D-AMPS
CDMA
PSTN
etc….
37
Other Profile Examples
Electronic Business
Card Exchange (OBEX)
& P.I.M. Synchronisation Personal Area
Networking (PAN)
LAN Access
38
Bluetooth Security
The BT system provides security measures both at the

application layer and the application the link layer for
usage protection and information confidentiality.
Four different entities are used for maintaining security at
the link layer
A public address unique for each user
Two secret keys
A random number unique for each new transaction
39
Future Usages
40
Emerging Technology
WLAN
WWAN
RFID
SDR
41
WLAN 802.11a/b/g Technical Specifications

Frequency band
- 802.11a - 5.15 GHz to 5.85 GHz
- 802.11b/g- 2.412 GHz to 2.484 GHz
Modulation
• - 802.11a and 802.11g: OFDM (54Mbps)
• - 802.11b : DBPSK,DQPSK, CCK (11Mbps)
Security
Data encryption: 64-bit, 128-bit, Wired Equivalency
Protection (WEP)
802.1x EAP
WPA
CCX
42
Wireless LAN - Standards
802.11g
Speed: 54 Mbps
Uses: 2.4 GHz band
Three non-overlapping channels
802.11b
Speed: 11 Mbps
Uses: 2.4 GHz band 802.11i 802.11e
Three non-overlapping channels Security and QoS and CoS
802.11 Authentication Mechanisms
enhancements
802.11a
Speed: 54 Mbps
Uses: 5 GHz band
Eight non- 802.11h
overlapping Modifications to comply with
channels European regulations
802.11f
Protocol for interoperability
between WLAN access points
www.ieee.org
43
Wireless WAN
Switching Technologies
Circuit Switching - an electrical physical didcated path that transmits ever-fluctuating voice or data signals. A dedicated
path is established through every switch and transmission line needed to connect the call before the person being called
ever hears the telephone ring.
Packet Switching - a virtual path for data switching. The addresses of the packets are read by the switches and routed
to the approiate path. Bursts of data are sent only when needed allowing an "always on state"
Wireless Access Standards

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) - analog wireless transmission technology that allocates a single channel
to one user at a time
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) - digital transmission technology that allows a number of users to access a
single radio-frequency (RF) channel without interference by allocating unique time slots to each user within each
channel.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) - digital wireless spread spectrum technique allowing multiple
users to share the same frequency assigning each active user an individual code
44
Wireless WAN
W W A N c o n n e c tiv ity re q u ire s a w ir e le s s a c c e s s d e v ic e a n d a w ire le s s n e tw o rk in fra s tr u c tu re ,
p ro v id e d b y a w ir e le s s s e rv ic e c a rrie r.
C a rrie r - w ire le s s s e rv ic e p r o v id e r p ro v id in g s u b s c rib e r a c c e s s to th e n e tw o rk

S IM ( s u b s c r ib e r id e n tity m o d u le - G P R S o n ly ) - a u th e n tic a tio n to s e rv ic e p ro v id e r
W ire le s s A c c e s s D e v ic e - d e v ic e e n a b lin g a c c e s s to th e w ire le s s n e tw o rk
M o b ile P C
+ +
c a r rie r
M o b ile P C W ir e le s s A c c e s s D e v ic e
T h e w ire le s s a c c e s s d e v ic e s e n d s a n d re c e iv e s v o ic e a n d d a ta v ia ra d io w a v e s w ith ra d io
to w e rs , w h ic h c a r ry th e s ig n a l to a m o b ile s w itc h in g c e n te r, w h e re th e s ig n a l is p a s s e d o n to
th e a p p ro p ria te p u b lic o r p riv a te n e tw o rk lin k . T h e s ig n a l c a n th e n b e tra n s fe rre d to a n
o rg a n iz a tio n 's e x is tin g n e tw o r k .
45
Questions
46

Bluetooth

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Personal Computing Division

Bluetooth Wireless Technology

What is ‘Bluetooth’? CABLES

The term Bluetooth refers to an open specification for a technology

Why is it called ‘Bluetooth’?

The Origin of the Bluetooth name:

BT Specification adopted by 802.15.1

Bluetooth Industry Timeline

New Feature Spec

V1.2 Spec. Ratification Major release

IEEE future efforts abandoned

Current 4Q03 1Q04 2Q04 3Q04 4Q04 1H05 2H05

Bluetooth Technology Summary

What does Bluetooth provide?

Provides point-to-point connections.

Master /Slave Bluetooth Network Topology

• 1 master and up to 7 slaves per piconet.

Two devices locate each other.

Point-to-Multi-Point: The Piconet

¾ Two devices create a point-to-point connection.

Point-to-Multi-Point: The Piconet

Piconet-to-Piconet: The Scatternet

Identifying Bluetooth Devices

Each Bluetooth device is assigned a unique 48-bit MAC

The Bluetooth connections are limited to 1Mbps across the air.

What Bluetooth isn’t!

Bluetooth is not intended to compete with or replace

The Air Interface and Bluetooth Baseband

The ISM Band

Bluetooth uses the 2.4GHz ISM frequency band.

mediumwave radio • 802.11b.

Frequency in hertz (Hz)

Due to the unrestricted nature of the ISM band, Bluetooth

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum - FHSS

Bluetooth splits the spectrum up into 79 1MHz wide

Hop Selection and Synchronisation

One frequency hop lasts 625us, this increment is

The Bluetooth Clock

During each hop, data is transmitted using Gaussian

A slave can only send data to the master after it has

Time Division Duplex

• Master and slave alternate transmitting and receiving.

Bluetooth defines 3 power classes for devices:

Bluetooth & 802.11b interference

Bluetooth hops over the entire 2.4 GHz frequency band.

Architecture and Protocol Stack

What can you do with Bluetooth?

The Bluetooth specification defines a series of profiles

Application Profile Name

The Bluetooth Ultimate Headset

Cable replacement technology

Dial Up Networking (DUN) Profile

Allows wireless connection from a PC to a mobile phone

The Conference Table

The Instant Postcard

Other Profile Examples

The BT system provides security measures both at the

WLAN 802.11a/b/g Technical Specifications

Wireless LAN - Standards

Wireless Access Standards

C a rrie r - w ire le s s s e rv ic e p r o v id e r p ro v id in g s u b s c rib e r a c c e s s to th e n e tw o rk

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