Table A.2.

4
FLUID MECHANICS
POWER REQUIREMENTS OF A PUMP
Valeriano O. Marco D., 4276481804, semester VII
Professional School of Food Industry Engineering Juliaca National University

I. INTRODUCTION
In any commercial food processing plant, the movement of liquid foods from one location to another
becomes an essential operation. Various types of systems are used for moving raw or unprocessed
liquid foods as well as processed liquid products before packaging. The range of liquid foods
encountered in a processing plant is extremely wide, encompassing foods with distinctly different
flow properties, from milk to tomato paste. The design of these systems in food processing is
significantly different from most other applications because of the essential need for sanitation
to maintain product quality. The transport system must be designed to allow for ease and
efficiency in cleaning.
A fluid begins to move when a force acts upon it. At any location and time within a liquid
transport system, several types of forces may be acting on a fluid, such as pressure, gravity,
friction, thermal effects, electrical charges, magnetic fields, and Coriolis forces. Both the
magnitude and direction of the force acting on a fluid are important. Therefore, a force balance
on a fluid element is essential to determine which forces contribute to or oppose the flow. (R.
Paul Singh & Dennis R. Heldman, 2014)
POWER EQUATION FOR STABLE FLUID FLOW
As noted in the previous sections, fluid flow occurs with the application of a force Therefore, a
fluid transport system depends on a source of energy; For liquids we use pumps, while for gases
we use blowers.
Develop a spreadsheet using the data given in Example 2.11. Rework the problem using
the spreadsheet. Determine the influence on the power requirements of changing the pipe
length to 60, 90, 120, and 150 m. Also, determine the influence on the power requirement
of changing the pipe diameter to 1.5 in, 2 in, and 2.5 in nominal diameters.
Given
The conditions are the same as in Example 2.11
III. METHODOLOGY
Data provided from the fluid mechanics course were used, and then inserted into
Microsoft Excel. And make a scatter plot X Y to see the behavior of the trend line of
the required power with respect to the given values of the pipe lengths and diameters
respectively, consequently the constants were found; required power, friction losses
and the sum of losses.

Table 1. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Fig. 1 Dispersion curve Diameter Vs.

Power.

Equation (2.80) is the general energy equation for a system involving steady fluid flow, where
Qm is the heat added to the fluid system per unit mass, and Wm is the work done per unit mass
by the fluid system on its surroundings (such as by a turbine). Note that for an incompressible
and inviscid fluid (viscosity=0) if no transfer of heat or work takes place (Wm=0, Qm=0) and
the internal energy of the flowing fluid remains constant, then Equation (2.80) reduces to the
Bernoulli equation.
However, in case of a real fluid, we cannot ignore its viscosity. A certain amount of work is done
to overcome viscous forces, commonly known as fluid friction. Due to friction work, there is a
transferof energy into heat, with an increase in temperature. However, the temperature rise is Fig. 2 Dispersion curve length Vs. Power.
usually very small and of little practical value, and the frictional work is often referred to as a
loss of useful energy.
Therefore, in Equation (2.80), we may express the terms (Ei2 –Ei1) as Ef, the frictional loss of
energy. Furthermore, in problems involving pumping of a liquid we may replace W m with the
work done by the pump, Ep. Note a change in sign will be required, since Wm was work done by
a fluid on the surroundings. Assuming no transfer of heat with the surroundings, or Q m=0, Source: Own elaboration.
Equation (2.80) is rewritten as:

Rearranging terms in Equation (2.81) to obtain an expression for the energy requirements of a  From the table and Fig. 1 and 2 we can deduce that as long as the transport length
pump, Ep, per unit mass, and noting that for an incompressible fluid, ρ2= ρ1=ρ, of the tube is longer proportionately the required power will be greater, while, with
respect to the diameter, we can deduce that the less the required power is the
Diameter it will be greater, since the curve shows us a potential behavior.

ENERGY LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FITTINGS

All pipe fittings such as elbows, tees and valves will contribute to energy losses due to friction.
The energy loss associated with pipe fittings is VI. CONCLUSIONS
 The powers required for the given Values are:

The length of the pipe and the accessories affected to the loss of energy by friction. We will
examine them in the experiment.

 We can say that the smaller the diameter of the pipe, the greater the power of
the required pump, as well as its length, because we see that as the length of
the pipe is greater, the required power of the motor will also be much higher.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Example 2.11: A 20° Brix (20% sucrose by weight) apple juice is being pumped at 27° C from an
open tank through a 1-in nominal diameter sanitary pipe to a second tank at a higher level, illustrated
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE
in Figure E2.3. The mass flow rate is 1 kg/s through 30 m of straight pipe with two 90° standard
elbows and one angle valve. The supply tank maintains a liquid level of 3 m, and the apple juice leaves
the system at an elevation of 12 m above the floor. Compute the power requirements of the pump.  R. Paul Singh, & Dennis R. Heldman. (2014). Introduction to Food
Engineering. USA, LINCOLN: ELSEVIER.
Given
Product viscosity (μ)=2.1x10-3 Pa s, assumed to be the same as for water,
from Table A.2.4
Product density (ρ)=997.1 kg / m3, estimated from the density of water at 25°C
Pipe diameter (D)=in nominal = 0.02291 m, from Table 2.3
Mass flow rate (m)=1 kg /

Source: (R. Paul Singh & Dennis R. Heldman, 2014)