Project Report on

Vibration Isolators

Submitted by

Ms.Prachi Adsul : MM17M01

Mr.Brijesh Mistry : MM17M10
Mrs.Akanksha Gujar:MM17MP02
Ms.Vinaya Patil: MM17M13
Mr.Rajesh Kamble: MM17MP03

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007
 Abstract
Vibrations and shocks are studied using various techniques and analyzed to predict their
detrimental effect on the equipment and structures. In cases, where the effects of vibration be-
come unacceptable, it may cause structural damage and affect the operation of the equipment.
Hence, adding a discrete system to isolate the vibration from source becomes necessary. An
isolation system is said to be active or passive depending on whether or not external power
is required for the isolator to perform its function. A passive isolator consists of a resilient
member (stiffness) and an energy dissipator (damping).
Keywords: - vibrations, isolator, active, passive, discrete.

i
Contents

Abstract i

Table Of Contents ii

1 Literature review 1
1.1 Top Chamber Volume Characteristics Analysis of Dual-chamber Pneumatic
Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Wire rope isolators for vibration isolation of equipment and structures A re-
view,IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 78 (2015) . . . . . 1
1.3 Active Piezoelectric Vibration Isolation System of Machine Tools, Interna-
tional Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Mechatronics (ICEEM 2015) 2
1.4 Application of Vibration Isolators with a Low Stiffness for the Strongly Vi-
brating Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 6
2.1 Vibration isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Types of Isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Source path receiver model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 Possible Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 11
3.1 Numerical 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Numerical 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 Numerical 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

ii
4 13
4.1 MATLAB PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

References 17

iii
Chapter 1

Literature review

1.1 Top Chamber Volume Characteristics Analysis of Dual-

chamber Pneumatic Spring
Ji Chunhua et al discussed in this paper about dual-chamber pneumatic springs are widely in
the vibration system for precision instruments, its controller design and structure optimization
requires an accurate model. The top chamber model is an important and complicated part of
the model for its volume variety caused by piston movement and rubber deformation. In order
to obtain top chamber volume characteristic, a hyper-elastic constitutive model of rubber has
been established firstly, then a fluid-structure model of top chamber is built in ADINA. By
analyzing simulation results, the influence of piston displacement and rubber deformation on
top chamber volume is concluded finally.

1.2 Wire rope isolators for vibration isolation of equipment

and structures A review,IOP Conf. Series: Materials
Science and Engineering 78 (2015)
P.S.Balaji et al in this paper have studied that the Wire Rope Isolator (WRI) can be used to
effectively isolate the system from disturbing vibrations. The WRI is a type of passive isolator
that exhibits nonlinear behavior. It consists of stranded wire rope held between two metal
retainer bars and the metal wire rope is made up of individual wire strands that are in fric-
tional contact with each other, hence, it is a kind of frictiontype isolator. This paper presents

1
Chapter 1 Introduction

the research work under two categories, namely monotonic and cyclic loading behaviors of
WRI. The review also discusses the different terminologies associated with vibration isolation
system and highlights the comparison between various isolation systems. Wire Rope Isolators
(WRI), a type of passive isolator which exhibits non-linear behavior in both elastic stiffness
and damping, has become the subject of intensive studies. The advantages of WRI include
wide temperature range operations between -100oC to +250oC and less susceptible to the
detrimental effects of environmental conditions like extreme temperature, salt, fog, grease,
radiation, dust and low manufacturing cost . The polycal type of WRI is primarily used for
micro mechanical and electronic applications . For heavy machinery applications the helical
WRI is used.that WRI provides a 10 pecent for large deformation and about 20pecent to 30pe-
cent for small deformation.
Conclusion: The conventional passive isolators exhibits linear behavior and it needs an im-
provement to enhance the safety of the isolated system. WRI is a non-linear passive isolator
and can provide a better isolation than the conventional passive isolators. The major advantage
of WRI is that, it can provide isolation in all three planes and in all orientations. The behav-
ior of WRI can be studied under monotonic and cyclic loading to understand its stiffness and
damping behavior. WRI is a newly developed isolation system relatively

1.3 Active Piezoelectric Vibration Isolation System of Ma-

chine Tools, International Conference on Electrical, Elec-
tronics and Mechatronics (ICEEM 2015)
Miaoxian Guo et al in this paper studied the theory and practice of vibration isolation reduc-
ing vibration transmitted from vibrating base to sensitive equipment have been studied in the
paper. And a Z-direction isolation system is designed and provided by using proportional-
integral-derivative controller and piezoelectric element. Active vibration cancellation analysis
shows that the active vibration isolation system, it cancels vibration in real time by sensing

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SPPU,M.Tech-MM YEAR 2017-18 2

Chapter 1 Introduction

ground vibration, then expanding and contracting piezoelectric actuators to filter out floor
motion. PID controller in the paper continuously calculates an error value as the difference
between a measured vibration variableand a desired set point. The controller attempts to
minimize the vibration on the machine by adjustment of a control variable, to a new value
determined by a weighted sum.In the machine tool system, the accelerometers monitor the
vibration and the piezoelectric ceramics actuator cancels vibration in real time; in the vibra-
tion excitation system, the exciter general the vibration to simulate the Z-direction disturbance
vibration from the foundation; and in the control system, the NI data acquisition 6341 acquire
the vibration signal by accelerometer and output control signal to diving power device using
the PC program.
Conclusion:The graph shows a comparison of control system performance: the vibration am-
plitude of system is isolated when the control system is on, the reduction of relative vibration
along the Z-direction is about 40percent in the case of control on. Therefore, the active vi-
bration isolation system has good isolation performance against the disturbance acting on the
system within the frequency range.

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SPPU,M.Tech-MM YEAR 2017-18 3

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.4 Application of Vibration Isolators with a Low Stiffness

for the Strongly Vibrating Equipment
A. Valeeva et al in this paper studied that vibration isolators with a low or quasi-zero stiffness.
They can provide a low natural frequency less than 1 Hz. Different materials for manufacturing
were analyzed. Various vibration isolators with quasi-zero stiffness with operating load from 1
kg to 1000 kg have been calculated. The scheme of installation of invented vibration isolator
with a quasi-zero stiffness is offered. Calculations of the working lifetime for a vibration
isolator were conducted. In this paper they explained low natural frequency at high load
can be achieved by system with quasi-zero stiffness . As systems with quasi-zero stiffness
has shown that these systems have great potential in vibration isolation. The form of the
vibration isolators is adopted as diaphragm (or dome). It allows obtaining the effect of quasi-
zero stiffness in single element.
The developed vibration isolator with quasi-zero stiffness and reinforcing ring as Methods
of adjustment the workload of whole range of systems with small (quasi-zero) stiffness is
relevant. These systems have the highest efficiency only at the point where the stiffness is
minimal (i.e. the system achieved the quasi-zero stiffness).
principleand selection of material: Under load of pump or compressor unit, vibration iso-
lator is compressed and the inclined wall experiences two types of deformation: bending and
compression in the radial direction. Deformation by pure bending has a linear force charac-
teristic. Under compression, radial compression of the inclined wall increases hence inclined
wall tends to return to its initial position, compensating a deformation by bending. This gives
the force characteristics of a given structure non-linearity. The material of developed vibration
isolator can be any elastic material, permitting a large elastic deformation, such as technical
rubbers like plates MBS, AMS (atmosphere oil resistant rubber) polyurethanes, other elas-
tic polymeric material, metals and alloys with a high maximum relative deformation, as well
as other materials having a small Young’s modulus (up to about 100 MPa).Reinforcing ring
should be made of materials such as metals, alloys, hard plastics, plastics and other similar
materials having a large Young’s modulus.
Conclusion: The essentials of design, calculation and manufacturing of vibration isolator with
quasi-zero stiffness were represented. This type of vibration insulators has natural frequency
approximately 0.5-1 Hz that allows relatively efficient reduction of high level of vibration.
Various vibration isolators with quasi-zero stiffness with operating load from 1 kg to 1000 kg

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SPPU,M.Tech-MM YEAR 2017-18 4

Chapter 1 Introduction

have been calculated. Since the vibration isolators is consists of only one element (or two el-
ements in a case of application reinforcing ring) it design provides considerably high level of
reliability.Likewise, vibration isolator has an easy manufacturing technology and large-scale
production can be established with relatively insignificant capital expenditures.

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SPPU,M.Tech-MM YEAR 2017-18 5

Chapter 2

2.1 Vibration isolation

Vibration isolationis the process of isolating an object, such as a piece of equipment, from the
source ofvibrations. Vibration is undesirable in many domains, primarily engineered systems
and habitable spaces, and methods have been developed to prevent the transfer of vibration
to such systems. Vibrations propagate via mechanical waves and certain mechanical linkages
conduct vibrations more efficiently than others. Passive vibration isolation makes use of mate-
rials and mechanical linkages that absorb and damp these mechanical waves. Active vibration
isolation involves sensors and actuators that produce disruptive interference that cancels-out
incoming vibration. In a simple system, Damping serves as an energy dissipation dashpot
to limit the magnification of system response. Actual Damping cis conveniently referenced
toCritical Damping Ccwhich is the value of damping at which a system will not oscillate
when disturbed from equilibrium. Critical Damping is related to the system mass and natural
frequency, as follows:
Cc= 78.96 (mf2 )

2.2 Types of Isolators

Typical vibration isolators employ a helical spring to provide stiffness, and an elastomeric
layer (such as neoprene) to provide some damping.
Other types use a solid elastomeric element for both the stiffness and the damping. Some
commercially available isolators are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
Isolators are available for tension applications (for hanging equipment, such as pipes) or
compression. When even lower stiffnesses are required than can be obtained with coil springs,
pneumatic springs can be employed. The stiffness of pneumatic springs is controlled by their

6
Chapter 2 Viberation Isolation

inflation pressure.

2.3 Working
For analysis it is customary to idealize structures, objects and isolation systems as simple
mass-spring-damper systems as shown in Figure 1. The massmis infinitely rigid. The spring
is weightless and its stiffness isKlbs/in. The damper, or dashpot, is weightless and its damping
coefficient is c lbs/in./sec.
Natural Frequency: All objects vibrate when subjected to impact, noise or vibration. When
the stimulation is removed, the object will experience periodic sinusoidal oscillations or free
vibration at a frequency which is called itsNaturalFrequency fnin (Hz cycles/sec). With little
or no damping, the Natural Frequency of a simple system such as Figure 1 is defined as
follows:
q
k
fn = 3.13 w
...................(1)
Where,
w
mass m = g
and
g = acceleration of gravity = 386 in/sec2

2.4 Source path receiver model

A vibration problem can also be nicely described by the source path receiver model as
follows:
Source: a mechanical or fluid disturbance, generated internally by the machine, such as
unbalance, torque pulsations, gear tooth meshing, fan blade passing, etc. These typical occur
at frequencies which are integer multiples of the rotating frequency of the machine.
Path: the structural or airborne path by which the disturbance is transmitted to the receiver.
Receiver: the responding system, generally having many natural frequencies which can
potentially be excited by vibration frequencies generated by the source. (Murphy says the
natural frequency of the system will always coincide with an excitation frequency.) Any or all
of these areas can be attacked to solve the problem.
The best choice for a given application will be dictated by the laws of physics, your inge-
nuity, and money.

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SPPU, PhD-EE YEAR 2014-15 7

Chapter 2 Viberation Isolation

2.5 Possible Solutions

The best solution to a vibration problem is to avoid it in the first place. Intelligent design is
far more cost effective than building a bad design and having to repair it later. The intelligent
solution to any vibration problem involves the following steps:
1) Characterize the system parameters (mass, stiffness, damping) by experimental methods,
manufacturers data, or a combination of both.
2) Model the system dynamics using a simple lumped parameter model
a) identify natural frequencies, look for coincidence with excitation frequencies
b) if excitation forces and frequencies are known, system response can be calculated
3) Use the model to assess the effect of changes in system parameters

2.5.1 Vibration Solutions - Source

1) Relocate machine place machine on as rigid a foundation as possible (on grade is best) and
as far as possible from potential receivers
2) Replace machine with a higher quality or different type of machine that is quieter (and
probably more expensive)
3) Change the operating speed of the unit to avoid coinciding with structural resonances
4) Balance rotating elements,
5) Add a tuned vibration absorber 6) Use active vibration control

2.5.2 Vibration Solutions - Path

1)Minimizing the vibration transmission generally involves using isolator springs and/or iner-
tia blocks.
2)The basic principle is to make the natural frequency of the machine on its foundation as far
below the excitation frequency as possible.
3)The mathematics for this case, and isolator selection procedures are discussed in the next
sections.

2.5.3 Vibration Solutions- Receiver

1) Change the natural frequencies of the system to avoid coinciding with excitation frequen-
cies. This can be accomplished by adding stiffeners (which raises the natural frequency) or by

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SPPU, PhD-EE YEAR 2014-15 8

Chapter 2 Viberation Isolation

adding mass (which lowers the natural frequency)

2) Add structural damping

2.6 Derivation

If we consider only the vertical motion, the case shown in Figure 2b can be described
mathematically by a single degree of freedom, lumped element system.
ma+ cv+ kx = F (t). (i)
where:
m = mass of system
k = stiffness
c = viscous damping
a = acceleration
v = velocity
x = displacement
x(t) = vertical displacement
F(t) = excitation force
If we neglect damping, the vertical motion of the system, x(t) can be shown to be:
Fo sinwt
x(t)= k
* 1−r2

where,
q
w k
r= wn
and wn = m
(ii)
The system has a natural, or resonant frequency, at which it will exhibit a large amplitude
of motion, for a small input force. In units of Hz (cycles per second), this frequency, fn is:
q
fn= w2πn = 2π
1 k
m
. (iii)

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SPPU, PhD-EE YEAR 2014-15 9

Chapter 2 Viberation Isolation

In units of RPM (revolutions per minute), the critical frequency is RPM

q
60 k
critical= 60fn= 2π m
The force transmitted to the floor is:
F t = kx
The ratio of transmitted force to the input force is called transmissibility, T
T=Ft /Fo = 1/(1 − r2 ) = X/Y ............. (iv)
This same equation can also be used to calculate the response of a machine X to displace-
ment of the foundation, Y.
The effectiveness of the isolator, expressed in dB is:
E=10log10 1/T ..................... (v)
The effectiveness of the isolator, expressed in percent is:
Isolation = (1 - T ) * 100...............(vi)
The transmissibility as a function of frequency ratio is shown in Figure 3. Vibration iso-
lation (defined as T¡1) occurs when the excitation frequency is ¿ 1.4 fn. For minimum trans-
missibility (maximum isolation), the excitation frequency should be as high above the natural
frequency as possible. The transmissibility above resonance has a slope of 20 dB/decade.
The transmissibility including the effect of damping is:
√
1+(2ζr)
T= √ ...... (vii)
(1r( 2))2 +(2ζr))
c
Where ζ = w
2, n

Figure 3 is plotted as a function of forcing frequency ratiof/fnand critical damping ratio

c
cc
. If external vibration is applied at a frequency which coincides with the Natural Frequency;
i.e.,(f/fn)= 1, a condition of Resonance occurs. At resonance the system will experience very
large potentially damaging magnification of the disturbing forces. The maximum Transmissi-
bilityTmaxat resonance is commonly referred to as the Q of the system and is approximately
related to Critical Damping, as follows:
Tmax= Q = 1/2 Cc
Dashpot or damping force is proportional to velocity. The forces due to high damping are
desirable at resonance to oppose damaging magnification, but less desirable at high frequen-
cies because this tends to negate vibration attenuation. This is evident in Equation(7).
Typical values for damping ratio, are .005 -.01 for steel, and .05-.10 for rubber
The inclusion of damping has the greatest effect in the vicinity of resonance, decreasing the
vibration amplitude. A curious effect of damping is that it results in increased amplitude at
frequencies ¿ 1.4 fn .

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SPPU, PhD-EE YEAR 2014-15 10

Chapter 3

3.1 Numerical 1
A surgical microscope weighing 200 lb is hung from a ceiling by four springs with stiffness
25 lb/in. The ceiling has a vibration amplitude of .05mm at 2 Hz (a typical resonant frequency
of a building). How much vibration does the microscope experience
Answer:Y= 0.05 mm, f= 2 Hz, k= 25 lb/in= 4378.17 N/m,m= 200lb = 90.7185 kg ,
q q
wn = m = 4∗4378.17
k
90.7185
= 13.894rad/s
W = 2 πf = 12.566rad/s
r = w/wn = 12.566/13.894= .904,
—X/Y— =1/(1r2 )= 1/(1 0.9042 ) =5.47 , this transmissibility T
X=5.47* Y= .273 mm (we have amplification)

3.2 Numerical 2
Calculate the transmissibility at 60 and 120 Hz for a 20,000 lb chiller unit supported by eight
springs with 3 static deflection
Answer: δ = 3; f 1 = 60Hz; f 2 = 12Hz; f n = 3.13(1/δ) = 3.13(1/3) = 1.807Hzr1 =
f /fn =60/1.807=33.33 ; T = 1/(1 - r2 )= 1/(1 -33.332 )=.0009; E=10log10 1/T=30.45 dB;
120
Isolation = (1 - T ) * 100=99.91 r2=f/fn = 1.807 = 66.41 ; T = 1/(1 - r2 )= 1/(1 -33.332 2)=.00022;
10log10 1/T =36.57 dB; Isolation = (1 - T ) * 100=99.978

11
Chapter 3

3.3 Numerical 3
A 400 lb duct is to be hung from a ceiling. 30 dB of isolation is desired at all frequen-
cies greater than 100 Hz. Determine the desired stiffness, and static deflection of each isolator
spring if four springs are to be used. Answer: f=100 Hz; m= 400 lb=181.437 kg; E= 30 db; E =
10log10 1/T=30 dB ; T=0.001;T= 1/(1 - r2 )=.001; r=31.6 thus r=f/fn ;31.6=100/fn ; fn = 3.164
q q
keq keq
fn=3.13(1/δ); 3.164 = 3.13(1/δ); δ = 0.98f n = 3.164 = 1/2π m = 1/2π 181.437 ; keq =
71706.5N/m; k = keq/4; k = 17926N/m = 102.36lb/inch(assumingallf ourspringsareequallyloa

12
Chapter 4

4.1 MATLAB PROGRAM

Figure 4.1: Numerical 1

13
Chapter 4

Figure 4.2: Numerical 2

Figure 4.3: Numerical 3

Chapter 5 Application and Future Scope

4.2 Future Scope

More than twenty buildings with passive response control system, including base-isolation,
have been constructed up to the present, while, active response control system is now enter-
ing the stage of practical use. But their technology have not perfectly been completed yet.
Base-isolated device now widely used, which employs laminated rubbers and some types of
dampers, do not work well for the certain types of input earthquake wave, especially predom-
inate in longer period, and for vertical direction. Active vibration control system has weak
points in the costs and reliability of devices and power supply, but it might be used for partial
control of very important things like computers, nuclear power generators and so on, or for
control of weak vibration excited by winds. The existing problems to be solved are develop-
ment of devices and precise estimation of input motions, but the former point may be expected
to mechanical engineers. Architectural engineers will do duty as system designers, and use
the developed devices for the suitable purpose. Various types of response control system will
be used widely in future, not only for earthquake resistant design of structures but also for
comfortable and ease feeling of the inhabitants.

4.3 Application
1)In the construction of the access bridge substructure for Kansai International Airoport, un-
derwater concrete with S.C.A. (Segregation Control Admixture) is used for fixing a prefabri-
cated pier on steel pipe piles which was driven. The underwater concrete with S.C.A. has the
following advantages. First, it is controlled to prevent segregation inwater. Second, it keeps
strength deterioration underwater at minimum. Third, it is uniform in quality, and has good
flowability, fillability and bond strength, that is good for execution of work. The present paper
refer mainly to the result of examination in mix proportion test and execution control test, and
mix design, quality control and execution control in making use of mass underwater concrete
with S.C.A. in construction work.
2)DYNAMIC TESTING MACHINE: Dynamic stiffness can only be established by measure-
ment on a dynamic test bench. Similarly, the damping coefficients of compounds are further
values that can be measured with this type of machines. One concept that must be taken into
account when designing an anti-vibration mount is its durability. A dynamic testing machine
allows us to conduct fatigue tests that reproduce the real working conditions of the part so that

15
Chapter 5 Application and Future Scope

its useful life can thus be predicted accurately.

4.4 Future Scope

More than twenty buildings with passive response control system, including base-isolation,
have been constructed up to the present, while, active response control system is now enter-
ing the stage of practical use. But their technology have not perfectly been completed yet.
Base-isolated device now widely used, which employs laminated rubbers and some types of
dampers, do not work well for the certain types of input earthquake wave, especially predom-
inate in longer period, and for vertical direction. Active vibration control system has weak
points in the costs and reliability of devices and power supply, but it might be used for partial
control of very important things like computers, nuclear power generators and so on, or for
control of weak vibration excited by winds. The existing problems to be solved are develop-
ment of devices and precise estimation of input motions, but the former point may be expected
to mechanical engineers. Architectural engineers will do duty as system designers, and use
the developed devices for the suitable purpose. Various types of response control system will
be used widely in future, not only for earthquake resistant design of structures but also for
comfortable and ease feeling of the inhabitants.

16
References
[1] Top Chamber Volume Characteristics Analysis of Dual-chamber Pneumatic Spring,Ji
Chunhua, Zhu Yu, Xu Dengfeng, Zhang Ming, Li Qiang The State Key Laboratory of
Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

[2] Wire rope isolators for vibration isolation of equipment and structures A re-
view,P.S.Balaji, M.E.Rahman, Leblouba Moussa, H. H. Lau, IOP Conf. Series: Materials
Science and Engineering 78 (2015)

[3] Active Piezoelectric Vibration Isolation System of Machine Tools, Miaoxian Guo, Beizhi
Li, Jianguo Yang, Wei Li and Steven Y. Liang , Conference on Electrical, Electronics and
Mechatronics (ICEEM 2015)

[4] Application of Vibration Isolators with a Low Stiffness for the Strongly Vibrating Equip-
ment . A. Valeeva,*, S. Kharisova *Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Kos-
monavtov Street, 1, Ufa, 450062, The Russian Federation (paper published in Interna-
tional Conference on Industrial Engineering, ICIE 2016)( Procedia Engineering 150 (
2016 ) 641 646)

[5] Mechanical vibrations by G.V. Grover

17