Transmission & Disribution of Power

Department of Electrical Engineering

Pailan Technical Campus

Plot No B149-156, Phase II, Bengal
Pailan Park, Near IIM Joka, Off
D.H.Road, Kolkata,
West Bengal 700104

Laboratory Manual
Transmission & Distribution of Power
EE/S4/TDP

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EXPERIMENT NO:- PTC/EE/TDP/EXP-01

Title: To study different kinds of insulators.

Objective: To study different kinds of insulators used in Overhead Transmission

Lines.

Theory:- An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow
freely; very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field.
This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct electric
current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity; insulators
have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors.
A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile
charges (charge carriers) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators
become electrically conductive when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric
field tears electrons away from the atoms. This is known as the breakdown voltage of an
insulator. Some materials such as glass, paper and Teflon, which have high resistivity, are
very good electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials, even though they may have
lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to prevent significant current from flowing at
normally used voltages, and thus are employed as insulation for electrical wiring and cables.
Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics which can
be thermoset or thermoplastic in nature.
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate
electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material
used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The
term insulator is also used more specifically to refer to insulating supports used to
attach electric power distribution or transmission lines to utility poles and transmission
towers. They support the weight of the suspended wires without allowing the current to flow
through the tower to ground.

Types of Electrical Insulator :- Overhead line insulators are used to separate line conductors from
each other and the supporting structures electrically. Permittivity and dielectric strength of
the insulating material are very high so that it can withstand high electrical stress. Insulators
protect the transmission line from over voltages which occur due to lightning, switching, or
other causes under the severe condition. There are three main types of insulation used for
the overhead line.

1. Pin type insulator:-

It is used for the transmission of lower voltages up to 33kv. The pin insulator is supported on
a bolt which is secured to the cross arm of the supporting structures. The conductor is tied to
the insulator on the top groove. Single piece type insulator is used for lower voltage, but for
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higher voltages, two or more pieces are connected to provide sufficient thickness of
porcelain. A pin type insulator is shown in the figure below.

2. Suspension type insulator:-

A suspension type insulator consists of some separate insulator units connected to each
other by metal links to form a flexible chain or a string. The insulator string is hanged from
the cross arm of the support. The conductor is attached to the lower unit of the insulator. In
higher voltage, beyond 33KV. Each suspension disc is designed for normal voltage rating
11KV (Higher voltage rating 15KV), so by using different numbers of discs, a suspension string
can be made suitable for any voltage level. If any one of the disc insulators in a suspension
string is damaged, it can be replaced much easily.
Mechanical stresses on the suspension insulator is less since the line hanged on a flexible
suspension string.
As the current carrying conductors are suspended from supporting structure by suspension
string, the height of the conductor position is always less than the total height of the
supporting structure. Therefore, the conductors may be safe from lightning.

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3. Strain or tension-type Insulator:

nsulator:-
Strain or tension type insulator is designed for handling mechanical stress at angle positions
where there is a change in the direction of the line or at the terminations of the lines. For
high voltage lines having longer spans and greater mechanical loading, suspension insulator
strings are arranged in a horizontal plane.

4. Stay Insulator:-
For low voltage lines, the stays are to be insulated from ground at a height. The insulator
used in the stay wire is called as the stay insulator and is usually of porcelain and is so
designed that in case of breakage of the insulator the guy-wire
guy wire will not fall to the ground.

5. Shackle Insulator :-
The shackle insulator (also known as a spool insulator)) is usually used in low voltage
distribution network. It can be used in both the horizontal or vertical positions. The use of
such insulator has decreasedsed recently after increasing the using of underground cable for
distribution purpose.
The tapered hole of the spool insulator distributes the load more evenly and minimizes the
possibility of breakage when heavily loaded. The conductor in the groove of shackle insulator
is fixed with the help of soft binding wire.

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EXPERIMENT NO:- PTC/EE/TDP/EXP-02

Title: To study PILC, PVC, FRLS and XLPE cables.

Objective: To study PILC, PVC, FRLS and XLPE cables used in Underground Transmission &
Distribution System.
Theory:- An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with
suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. Although several types of cables
are available, the type of cable to be used will depend upon the working voltage and service
requirements. In general, a cable must fulfill the following necessary requirements :

The conductor used in cables should be tinned stranded copper or aluminum of high
conductivity.
Stranding is done so that conductor may become flexible and carry more current.
The conductor size should be such that the cable carries the desired load current
without overheating and causes voltage drop within permissible limits.
The cable must have proper thickness of insulation in order to give high degree of
safety and reliability at the voltage for which it is designed.
The cable must be provided with suitable mechanical protection so that it may
withstand thorough use in laying it.
The materials used in the manufacture of cables should be such that there is complete
chemical and physical stability throughout.

Construction of Cables:-
The various parts are :
(i) Cores or Conductors:- A cable may have one or more than one core (conductor)
depending upon the type of service for which it is intended. For instance, the 3-conductor
cable shown in Fig. below is used for 3-phase service. The conductors are made of tinned
copper or aluminum and are usually stranded in order to provide flexibility to the cable.
(ii) Insulation:- Each core or conductor is provided with a suitable thickness of insulation, the
thickness of layer depending upon the voltage to be withstood by the cable. The commonly
used materials for insulation are impregnated paper, varnished cambric or rubber mineral
compound.
(iii) Metallic sheath:- In order to protect the cable from moisture, gases or other damaging
liquids(acids or alkalis) in the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of lead or aluminum is
provided over the insulation.
(iv) Bedding:- Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which consists of a
fibrous material like jute or hessian tape. The purpose of bedding is to protect the metallic
sheath against corrosion and from mechanical injury due to armouring.
(v) Armouring:- Over the bedding, armouring is provided which consists of one or two layers
of galvanized steel wire or steel tape. Its purpose is to protect the cable from mechanical
injury while laying it and during the course of handling. Armouring may not be done in the
case of some cables.

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(vi) Serving:- In order to protect armouring from atmospheric conditions, a layer of fibrous
material (like jute) similar to bedding is provided over the armouring.This is known as
serving.
It may not be out of place to mention here that bedding, armouring and serving are only
applied to the cables for the protection of conductor insulation and to protect the metallic
sheath from mechanical injury.

Fig-Shows the general construction of a 3-conductor cable

Classification of Cables:-

Cables for underground service may be classified in two ways according to (i) the type of
insulating material used in their manufacture (ii) the voltage for which they are
manufactured. However, the latter method of classification is generally preferred, according
to which cables can be divided into the following groups :
(i) Low-tension (L.T.) cables — upto 1000 V
(ii) High-tension (H.T.) cables — upto 11,000 V
(iii) Super-tension (S.T.) cables — from 22 kV to 33 kV
(iv) Extra high-tension (E.H.T.) cables — from 33 kV to 66 kV
(v) Extra super voltage cables — beyond 132 kV

Insulating Materials for Cables:-

The satisfactory operation of a cable depends to a great extent upon the characteristics of
insulation used. Therefore, the proper choice of insulating material for cables is of
considerable importance. In general, the insulating materials used in cables should have the
following properties :
(i) High insulation resistance to avoid leakage current.
(ii) High dielectric strength to avoid electrical breakdown of the cable.
(iii) High mechanical strength to withstand the mechanical handling of cables.
(iv) Non-hygroscopic i.e., it should not absorb moisture from air or soil. The moisture tends
to decrease the insulation resistance and hastens the breakdown of the cable. In case the
insulating material is hygroscopic, it must be enclosed in a waterproof covering like lead
sheath.
(v) Non-inflammable.
(vi) Low cost so as to make the underground system a viable proposition.
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(vii) Unaffected by acids and alkalis to avoid any chemical action.

No one insulating material possesses all the above mentioned properties.Therefore, the type
of insulating material to be used depends upon the purpose for which the cable is required
and the quality of insulation to be aimed at. The principal insulating materials used in cables
are rubber, vulcanized India rubber, impregnated paper, varnished cambric and polyvinyl
chloride.

HR-PVC:-
Heat resisting PVC compound has good thermal stability at an
accelerated process temperature. The rate of degradation of HRPVC
compound with time under the influence of temperature is less. It has
high thermal stability can withstand high continuous temperature which
is an indication of performance of the cable at normal and elevated
temperature in actual usage.
The cables with HR PVC compound can work continuously at an
operating temperature of 85 Deg. C. The usage of HR insulated cables is recommended in
humid atmosphere and at places with constant high temperature than normal
temperature. The current rating of the HR insulated cables is higher than the general PVC
insulated cables.

FRLS-Compound:
Fire Accidents in cable galleries and other vulnerable areas like power
plants and industrial complexes and in public places like theatres, hotels
and airports, etc. have demonstrated the need for reliable electrical
installation, resistant to fire and ability to operate during a fire without
propagating it. The use of correct electrical installation makes
evaluation of buildings easier, minimizes the element of panic and
enables the emergency services do their job efficiently, significantly
aiding damage control operations and reducing loss of life and property.
Electric Cables supplying these circuits must be manufactured and
tested for certain standards and specifications concerning their behavior in fire. Flame
Retardant Low Smoke (FRLS) cables, which are manufactured using specially developed
FRLS compound for sheathing, are resistant to ignition and flame propagation, and reduce
smoke emission and release of acid fumes.

XLPE-COMPOUND:
XLPE means cross linked polyethylene or vulcanized polyethylene. The basic
material of XLPE is low density polyethylene. Polyethylene is a thermoplastic
material consisting of long chain Hydrocarbon Molecules at elevated
temperature and these molecules tend to move relative to one another so that
the material becomes increasingly deformable and will eventually melt at a
temperature of around 110 Deg. C. By means of process similar to the
Vulcanization of Rubber the PE Molecules can be cross linked. The process of

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cross linking or vulcanization consists of producing chemical bonds at intervals between the
long molecular chain to give a "Ladder" effect which prevents slippage between molecules.
As a result of Cross linking, the material becomes heat resistance and does not soften at
higher temperature. Further it has better resistance to stress cracking and good resistance
to ageing in hot air with the change in structure. There is no adverse effect on electrical
properties. XLPE Cables are excellent in electrical, thermal, mechanical and chemical
properties.

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EXPERIMENT NO:- PTC/EE/TDP/EXP-03

Title: To study different types of excitation system for alternator.

Objective: To study different types of excitation system for alternator.
Theory:-
The system which is used for providing the necessary field current to the rotor winding of the
synchronous machine, such type of system is called an excitation system. In other words,
excitation system is defined as the system which is used for the production of the flux by
passing current in the field winding. The main requirement of an excitation system is
reliability under all conditions of service, a simplicity of control, ease of maintenance,
stability and fast transient response.
The amount of excitation required depends on the load current, load power factor and speed
of the machine. The more excitation is needed in the system when the load current is large,
the speed is less, and the power factor of the system becomes lagging.
The excitation system is the single unit in which the each alternator has its exciter in the form
of generator. The centralized excitation system has two or more exciter which feeds the bus-
bar. The centralized system is very cheap, but the fault in the system adversely affects the
alternators in the power plant.

Types of Excitation System:-

The excitation system is mainly classified into three types. They are

1. DC Excitation System
2. AC Excitation System :- a. Rotor Excitation System & b. Brushless Excitation System
3. Static Excitation System

Their types are explained below in details.

1. DC Excitation System:-
The DC excitation system has two exciters – the main exciter and a pilot exciter. The exciter
output is adjusted by an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) for controlling the output
terminal voltage of the alternator. The current transformer input to the AVR ensures limiting
of the alternator current during a fault.When the field breaker is open, the field discharge
resistor is connected across the field winding so as to dissipate the stored energy in the field
winding which is highly inductive.

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The main and the pilot exciters can be driven either by the main shaft or separately driven by
the motor. Direct driven exciters are usually preferred as these preserve the unit system of
operation, and the excitation is not excited by external disturbances.

The voltage rating of the main exciter is about 400 V, and its capacity is about 0.5% of the
capacity of the alternator. Troubles in the exciters of turbo alternator are quite frequent
because of their high speed and as such separate motor driven exciters are provided as
standby exciter.

2. AC Excitation System:-
The AC excitation system consists of an alternator and thyristor rectifier bridge directly
connected to the main alternator shaft. The main exciter may either be self-excited or
separately excited. The AC excitation system may be broadly classified into two categories
which are explained below in details.

a. Rotating Thyristor Excitation System

The rotor excitation system is shown in the figure below. The rotating portion is being
enclosed by the dashed line. This system consists an AC exciter, stationary field and a
rotating armature. The output of the exciter is rectified by a full wave thyristor bridge
rectifier circuit and is supplied to the main alternator field winding.

The alternator field winding is also supplied through another rectifier circuit. The exciter
voltage can be built up by using it residual flux. The power supply and rectifier control
generate the controlled triggering signal. The alternator voltage signal is averaged and
compare directly with the operator voltage adjustment in the auto mode of operation. In the
manual mode of operation, the excitation current of the alternator is compared with a
separate manual voltage adjustment.

b. Brushless Excitation System

This system is shown in the figure below. The rotating portion being enclosed by a dashed

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line rectangle. The brushless excitation system consists an alternator, rectifier, main exciter
and a permanent magnet generator alternator. The main and the pilot exciter are driven by
the main shaft. The main exciter has a stationary field and a rotating armature directly
connected, through the silicon rectifiers to the field of the main alternators.

The pilot exciter is the shaft driven permanent magnet generator having rotating permanent
magnets attached to the shaft and a three phase stationary armature, which feeds the main
exciter field through silicon rectifiers, in the field of the main alternator. The pilot exciter is a
shaft driven permanent magnetic generator having rotating permanent magnets attached to
the shaft and a 3-phase stationary armature, which feeds the main’s exciter through 3-phase
full wave phase controlled thyristor bridges.

The system eliminates the use of a commutator, collector and brushes have a short time
constant and a response time of fewer than 0.1 seconds. The short time constant has the
advantage in improved small signal dynamic performance and facilitates the application of
supplementary power system stabilising signals.

3. Static Excitation System:-

In this system, the supply is taken from the alternator itself through a 3-phase star/delta
connected step-down transformer. The primary of the transformer is connected to the
alternator bus and their secondary supplies power to the rectifier and also feed power to the
grid control circuit and other electrical equipment.

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This system has a very small response time and provides excellent dynamic performance.
This system reduced the operating cost by eliminating the exciter windage loss and winding
maintenance.

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EXPERIMENT NO:- PTC/EE/TDP/EXP-04

PTC/EE/TDP/EXP

Title:- To demonstrate the improvement of p.f.

p using static condenser.
Objective:- To demonstrate the improvement of p.f.
p.f. using static condenser of a transmission
line by transmission line simulator kit.

Theory:- In electrical engineering,, the power factor (PF or cos φ) is the ratio between the power that
can be used in electric circuit (real power, P) and the power from
from the result of multiplication between
the current and voltage circuit (apparent power, S). The power factor is defined as: P/S

Power triangle

PF ranges from zero to one. The higher the PF, the more efficient the circuit is because more power
can be used, and vice versa. Factors that can cause PF to be less than one is non-linear load,
which are capacitive load and inductive load.
load

We know that most of the industries and power system loads are inductive that take lagging current
which
ch decrease the system power factor (See Disadvantages of Low Power factor)
factor . For Power
factor improvement purpose, Static capacitors are connected
connected in parallel with those devices which
work on low power factor.

These static capacitors provides leading current which neutralize (totally or approximately) the

lagging inductive component of load current (i.e. leading component neutralize or eliminate the
th

lagging component of load current) thus power factor of the load circuit is improved.

These capacitors are installed in Vicinity of large inductive load e.g Induction motors and

transformers etc, and improve the load circuit power factor to improve the system
s or devises

efficiency.

Suppose, here is a single phase inductive load which is taking lagging current (I) and the load power

factor is Cos θ as shown in fig-1.

In fig-2,
2, a Capacitor (C) has been connected in parallel with load. Now a current
cur (Ic) is flowing

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through Capacitor which lead 90° from the supply voltage ( Note that Capacitor provides leading

Current i.e., In a pure capacitive circuit, Current leading 90° from the supply Voltage, in other

words, Voltage are 90° lagging from Current). The load current is (I). The Vectors combination of (I)

and (Ic) is (I’) which is lagging from voltage at θ2 as shown in fig 3.

It can be seen from fig 3 that angle of θ2 < θ1 i.e. angle of θ2 is less than from angle of θ2.

Therefore Cosθ2 is less than from Cosθ1 (Cosθ2> Cosθ1). Hence the load power factor is improved

by capacitor.

Also note that after the power factor improvement, the circuit current would be less than from the

low power factor circuit current. Also, before and after the power factor improvement, the active

component of current would be same in that circuit because capacitor eliminates only the re-active

component of current. Also, the Active power (in Watts) would be same after and before power

factor improvement.

Advantages:
• Capacitor bank offers several advantages over other methods of power factor improvement.
• Losses are low in static capacitors.
• There is no moving part, therefore need low maintenance.
• It can work in normal conditions (i.e. ordinary atmospheric conditions).
• Do not require a foundation for installation.
• They are lightweight so it is can be easy to installed .

Disadvantages:
• The age of static capacitor bank is less (8 – 10 years)
• With changing load, we have to ON or OFF the capacitor bank, which causes switching
surges on the system.
• If the rated voltage increases, then it causes damage it.
• Once the capacitors spoiled, then repairing is costly.

Apparatus:- Transmission Line Simulation Kit, Connecting wires.

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Experimental Data:-
Before using Static Condenser-
Sl no Current Voltage Active Reactive Apparent Power Frequency
(Amp) (Volt) Power Power Power Factor
(Watt) (VAR) (VA)
1
2
3

After using Static Condenser-

Rating of condenser=

Sl no Current Voltage Active Reactive Apparent Power Frequency

(Amp) (Volt) Power Power Power Factor
(Watt) (VAR) (VA)
1
2
3

Note- Draw the phasor diagram and show the improvement of p.f. in a separate sheet.

Conclusion:-By this experiment we can prove that the p.f. of a T.L. can be improved
effectively by using static condenser.

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EXPERIMENT NO:- PTC/EE/TDP/EXP-05

Title:- Study of the supply system of 6.6 KV/400V sub-station to a housing complex using
model.

Objective:- To demonstrate the supply system of 6.6 KV/400V sub-station to a housing

complex using model.

Theory:- Sub-transmission lines carry large amounts of power from the bulk power
substations to the main distribution substations within the immediate area of use at
intermediate voltages. The medium voltage network carries electrical power from the main
distribution substations either directly to large industrial and commercial consumers or to
distributor centers within residential areas at medium voltages. The primary feeders carry
the electrical power from distributer centers to step down distribution transformers. The
three-phase 410 V four-wire secondary cable carries the electrical power from the
distribution transformer to building main switchboard.
1. Generating Station: The place where electric power produced by parallel connected three
phase alternators/generators is called Generating Station. The Ordinary generating voltage
may be 11kV, 11.5 kV 12kV or 13kV. But economically, it is good to step up the produced
voltage to 132kV, 220kV or 500kV or greater by Step up transformer (power Transformer).
2. Primary Transmission: The electric supply (in 132kV, 220 kV, 500kV or greater) is transmit
to load center by overhead transmission system. Secondary transmission: Area far from city
which have connected with receiving station by line is called Secondary transmission. At
receiving station, the level of voltage reduced by step-down transformers up to 132kV, 66 or
33 kV, and Electric power is transmit by three phase three wire overhead system to different
sub stations.
3. Primary Distribution: At a sub station, the level of secondary transmission voltage (132kV,
66 or 33 kV) reduced to 11kV by step down transforms. Generally, electric supply is given to
those heavy consumer whose demand is 11 kV, from these lines which caries 11 kV and a
separate sub station exists to control and utilize this power. For heavier consumer (at large
scale) their demand is about 132 kV or 33 kV, they take electric supply from secondary
transmission or primary distribution (in 132 kV, 66kV or 33kV) and then step down the level
of voltage by step-down transformers in their own sub station for utilization ( i.e. for electric
traction etc).
4. Secondary Distribution: Electric power is given by (from Primary distribution line i.e.11kV)
to distribution sub station. This sub station is located near by consumers areas where the
level of voltage reduced by step down transformers 440V by Step down transformers. These
transformers called Distribution transformers, three phase four wire system). So there is 400
Volts (Three Phase Supply System) between any two phases and 230 Volts (Single Phase
Supply) between a neutral and phase (live) wires. Residential load (i.e. Fans, Lights, and TV
etc) may be connected between any one phase and neutral wires, while three phase load
may be connected directly to the three phase lines.

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Layout and Single Line Diagram Of Pole Mounted Distribution Substation

Distribution substation consists of:
1. Pin type insulator 2. AB switch
3. Lightning Arrester 4. Circuit Breaker
5. Distribution Transformer 6.Ea
6.Earthing
7. DO Fuse 8. Stay Wire
9. MV cable 10.LV cable

Diagram
m of an electric power transmission system

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EXPERIMENT NO:- PTC/EE/TDP/EXP-06

Title:- Study of the power generation by wind power by using model.

Objective: To study power generation by wind power by using model.

Theory:- Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.
Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative
cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be
used to generate electricity.
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to
generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as
grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into
electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and the like.

Wind Turbines:-

Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an electric
generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of a
fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make
electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and
makes electricity.

Wind Turbine Types:-

Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the
traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design, like the
eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor. Most large modern wind
turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.

Turbine Components:-

Horizontal turbine components include:

• blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft energy;
• a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator;
• a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and
• other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support
equipment, and interconnection equipment.

Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power plant, also known as
a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into a
utility grid and distributed to customers, just as with conventional power plants.

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Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power plant, also known as
a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into a
utility grid and distributed to customers, just as with conventional power plants.

Turbine Configurations:-

Advantages of Wind-Generated Electricity:

1. A Renewable Non-Polluting Resource:

Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the
technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators. Roughly 80% of
the cost is the machinery, with the balance being site preparation and installation. If wind
generating systems are compared with fossil-fueled systems on a "life-cycle" cost basis
(counting fuel and operating expenses for the life of the generator), however, wind costs are
much more competitive with other generating technologies because there is no fuel to
purchase and minimal operating expenses.

2. Environmental Concerns:

Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to
fossil fuel power plants, there is some concern over the noise produced by the rotor
blades, aesthetic (visual) impacts, and birds and bats having been killed (avian/bat mortality)
by flying into the rotors. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced
through technological development or by properly sitting wind plants.

Disadvantages of Wind-Generated Electricity:

Supply and Transport Issues The major challenge to using wind as a source of power is that it

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is intermittent and does not always blow when electricity is needed. Wind cannot be stored
(although wind-generated electricity can be stored, if batteries are used), and not all winds
can be harnessed to meet the timing of electricity demands. Further, good wind sites are
often located in remote locations far from areas of electric power demand (such as cities).
Finally, wind resource development may compete with other uses for the land, and
those alternative uses may be more highly valued than electricity generation. However, wind
turbines can be located on land that is also used for grazing or even farming.

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