Grade 8 Naso

GRADE –VIII
CONTENTS
SECTION-I- GENRAL SCIENCE (20 MCQs)

(PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY)
1. • LIFE SCIENCE:
1.1 Crop Production and Management.

1.2 Micro Organisms.
1.3 Conservation of Plants & Animals.
1.4 Reproduction in Animals.
1.5 Cell Structure and Function.
1.6 Life Process.
1.7 Human Body and its Function.
2. • PHYSICAL SCIENCE:
2.1 Force and Pressure.

2.2 Friction.
2.3 Sound.
2.4 Light.
2.5 Natural Phenomena.
2.6 Sources of Energy.
3. • CHEMICALCAL SCIENCE:
3.1 Synthetic Fibres & Plastic.

3.2 Metals & Non Metals.
3.3 Coal & Petroleum.
3.4 Pollution & its Types.
3.5 Water & Land.
SECTION-II- ASTRONOMY ( 30 MCQs)

(Earth Science)
4. • EARTH SCIENCE:
4.1 Introduction to Astronomy.

4.2 Our Solar System.
4.3 Inner Planets.( Mercury, Venus, Mars & Earth)
4.4 Outer Planets. ( Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune)
4.5 The Sun.
4.6 Earth.
4.7 Moon.
4.8 Smaller Bodies.
4.9 Comets, Asteroids & Meteoroids.
4.10 Stars.
4.11 Eclipse.
4.12 Lunar & Solar Eclipses.
4.13 Galaxies.
4.14 Milky way Galaxy.
4.15 Dwarf Planets.
4.16 ISRO & NASA.
4.17 Telescopes.
NATIONAL ASTRONOMY & SCIENCE OLYMPIAD- VIII GRADE SYLLABUS
QUIZ
CROP PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT
1 The Crops which are grown in rainy season are called_________?
a Rabi crop b Seasonal crop

c Monsoon crop d Kharif crop
2 Rabi Crops are grown in _______ season?

a Summer b Spring
c Winter d rainy
3 Now a day’s seed is sown in the field using?

a Seed Tractor b Seed drill
c Seed Tiller d Seed Plough
4 Which of the following description is true for describing ‘fertiliser’?

a Used in large quantity b Organic in nature
c Does not cause pollution d Produced in factories
5 Rhizobium (Bacteria) which fixes atmospheric nitrogen is found in

nodules growing in?
a Roots of leguminous plants c b Leaves of leguminous plants
Stem of Leguminous plants d All of the above.
Before sowing the seeds, it is necessary to break soil to the size of grains to
6 get better yield. The main tools used for such are____________?
a Tractor, Hoe, Seed drill b Bullock, tiller, tractor

c Plough, Hoe, Cultivator d Plough, Seed Drill, Tractor
7 Growing different crops alternately on the same land is technically called?

a Crop Alternation b Crop Rotation
c Crop Revolution d Crop Change
8 Moat, Dhekli and Rahat are different___________?
a Traditional methods of b Traditional methods of Weeding

cultivation
c Traditional methods of Seed d Traditional methods of irrigation
sowing
9 In the harvested crop the grain seed is separated from the chaff. This
process id called ___?
a Threshing b Seeding
c Ploughing d Weeding
1
QUIZ
10. The farm appliance ‘Combine’ is a combined__________?

a Plough and Harvester b Seed drill cum Thresher
c Harvester and Thresher d Harvester cum Sprayer
MICRO-ORGANISMS
1 Diseases like polio and chicken pox are caused by _______?
a Bacteria b Fungi
c Virus d Worms
2 Examples of Multi cellular Microorganism are___________?

a Algae, Bacteria b Bacteria and Fungi
c Bacteria and Viruses d Algae and Fungi
3 Some medicines obtained from micro-organisms are applied to kill or stop

the growth of disease-causing microorganisms. Such medicines are called
______.
a Antibodies b Antibiotics
c Antiseptics d All of the above
4 A common preservative used in jam and pickles is_________?

a Sodium benzoate b Nitric acid
c Sodium Chloride d Copper Sulphate
5 Rhizobium found in root nodules of leguminous roots is an?

a Atmospheric Carbon fixer b Atmospheric Oxygen fixer
c Atmospheric Nitrogen fixer d All of the above
6 Lactobacillus is commonly found in __________?

a Cake b Curd
c Bread d All of the above
7 The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol by yeast is called?
a Fermentation b Pasteurization
c Alcoholism d All of the above
8. The pores in the bread are due to gas bubbles of_________?
a Oxygen b Nitrogen di oxide

c Nitrogen d Carbon di oxide
2
QUIZ
9 Deliberately injecting weak microbes into a healthy body and producing

antibodies to fight against strong microbes is called _______?
a Medication b Antibiotics
c Vaccination d All of the above
10. The microbe for Malaria is carried by______________?
a Male Anopheles mosquito b Female Anopheles Mosquito

c Male Aedes mosquito d Female Aedes mosquito
SYNTHETIC FIBERS & FABRICS
1 A chain of small chemical units combined to form a large single unit is

called_____________?
a Polymer b Poly
c Polythene d None of the above
2 Polythene and PVC are examples of_________?
a Bio degradable substance b Thermosetting plastics

c Thermoplastics d Rayon
3 Plastics which when molded once cannot be softened by heating. Such

plastics are called ____?
a Polythene b Thermoplastics
c Polyester d Thermosetting plastics
4 Polycot is made by mixing two types of fibres namely?
a Silk + Cotton b Polythene + cotton

c Silk + Polyester d Polyester + Cotton
5 The 4 R Principle is__________?
a Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, b Remember, reduce, Recycle, Rejoice

Recover
c Repeat, Rejoice, recycle, reduce d None of the above
6 _____________ is an example of natural polymer?

a Rayon b Cellulose
c Nylon d All of the above
3
QUIZ
7 Which of the following is Non-biodegradable?
a Woolen clothes b Plastic bag,

c Cotton cloth d Wood
8 Bakelite and Melamine are examples of _____?
a Thermosetting plastics b Silk

c Nylon d Rayon
9 Fire proof plastic uniform worn by fire fighters has a coating of _____ to make
it fire resistant.
a Nylon b Rayon
c Melamine plastic d Silk
10 The coating on modern non- stick cookware and electric iron is of?
a Terrycot b Rayon
c Polyester d Teflon
MATERIALS : METALS AND NON-METALS
1 The property of metals by which they can be beaten into thin sheets
is called ____?
a Ductility b Sheet ability

c Metallic d Malleability
2 The property of metal by which it can be drawn into wires is called _____?
a Ductility b Sheet ability

c Metallic d Malleability
3 The metal found in liquid state?
a Iron b Aluminum
c Mercury d Gold
4
QUIZ
4 When a copper vessel is exposed to moist air for long, it acquires a

dull green coating. The green material is a mixture of______?
a Copper oxide and Copper b Copper hydroxide & Copper

Nitrate Carbonate
c Copper carbonate and d Copper hydroxide and
Copper sulfate Copper Nitrate
5 When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water __________ is formed.
a Sulphuric acid c b Sulphoxy acid

Sulphurous acid d Sulphur trioxide
6 Sodium metal is stored in ____?
a water b Kept under open air

c alcohol d Kerosene
7 Phosphorus is stored in_____?

a water b Kept under open air
c alcohol d Kerosene
8 Since metals produce ringing sounds, they are said to be ____.
a Sound metal b Sonorous

c Ring metal d malleable
9 A substance which cannot be broken down further by chemical

reactions, by cooling, heating, or by electrolysis is called ______?
a Metal b Non Metal

c Element d Compound
10 They are not sonorous and are poor conductors of heat and
electricity. These materials are _____?
a elements b Metals
c Compound d Non metals
5
QUIZ
COAL AND PETROLEUM
1 Resources present in unlimited quantity in nature and are not

likely to be exhausted by human activities are called_________?
a) Exhaustible Natural Resources b) Inexhaustible Natural Resources

c) Exhaustible Resources d) None of the above
2 Coal, Petroleum and natural gas are examples of _______?
a) Exhaustible Natural Resources b) Inexhaustible Natural Resources

c) Expensive Resources d) None of the above
3 Naphthalene balls used to repel moth and insect is derived from?
a) Petroleum b) Sugar
c) Coal tar d) LPG
4 CNG is the abbreviated form of _____________?
a) Combined natural gas b) Compressed Natural Gas

c) Confirmed Natural gas d) Condemned Natural gas
5 The slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called?
a) Carbonization b) fuelification
c) Coalfication d) None of the above
6 In India petroleum deposit was first found in the state of ______?
a) Gujarat b) Maharastra
c) Assam d) West Bengal
7 Use of CNG in automobile is better than petrol because it is_______?
a) cheaper b) Less polluting

c) Cannot be adulterated d) All of the above
8 To reduce fuel consumption in automobile one should___________?
a) Drive very fast to reach early b) Not switch off the engine at
traffic lights
c) Not check tyre pressure d) Ensure proper maintenance of
regularly the vehicle
6
QUIZ
9 Black gold is actually________?
a) Gold which became black on b) Petroleum

burning
c) Gold sold in black market d) Diamond
10 The earth’s temperature is increasing due to Global warming which is

due to
a) The Sun giving out more heat b) The Earth slowly moving toward
the sun
c) Increased use of fossil fuel d) Less duration of winter every
year
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
1 A chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give off

heat is called ______?
a) Conduction b) Conjunction
c) Combustion d) Confusion
2 Fuel may be___________?
a) Solid only b) Solid, Liquid or gas

c) Liquid only d) Gas only
3 The amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of_____

fuel is called its calorific value.
a) 1 litre b) 1 Kg
c) 1 milli litre d) 1 gram
4 The substances which have very low ignition temperature and can
easily catch fire with a flame are called____________?
a) inflammable substances b) Flaming substance

c) Fire proof substance d) None of the above
5 When we heat water in a paper bowl over a candle, the paper does not
catch fire because_______?
a) Paper is not inflammable b) Paper gets wet

c) Due to water the ignition d) This is not possible
temperature of paper is not
reached
7
QUIZ
6 When oil or petrol catches fire, water is not used to extinguish

it because_____________?
a) Water covers oil and oil burns b) Water is heavier than oil / petrol
under water layer which may and so remains below the oil
not be noticeable layer which continues to burn
c) Water get mixed with oil and d) Water gets evaporated
increases fire
7 In combustion__________?
a) Both heat and light is produced b) Only heat is produced

c) Only light is produced d) All are correct
8 A person caught fire on clothes is wrapped with blanket because?
a) The person suddenly feels cold b) To hide the burnt body parts
c) The person’s clothes gets burnt d) To reduce air supply and put fire
off
9 Ignition temperature is _________?
a) The maximum temperature at b) The minimum temperature at

which a substance catches fire which a substance catches fire
c) The temperature of burning d) The temperature in the
substance substance when fire if put off
10 Explosion takes place because of______________?
a) Release of large amount of gas b) Release of large amount of heat

under pressure due to sudden
reaction
c) Release of large amount of light d) None of the above
CONSERVATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
1 Deforestation means_______?
a) Planting more trees b) Designing a forest
c) Demanding a forest d) Clearing of forests and using
that land for other purposes.
2 Ill effect of deforestation is it ___________?

a) Increases temperature of earth b) Increases pollution level
c) Increases CO2 level of d) All of the above
atmosphere
8
QUIZ
3 Increased level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere traps the heat

rays reflected by the earth causing an increase in the temperature on
the earth. This is ______________?
a) Local warming b) House warming

c) Global warming d) Country warming
4 Part of the earth which supports life where living beings exists is
called ____?
a) Atmosphere b) Biosphere
c) Biology d) Biodiversity
5 Variety of organisms existing on the earth, their interrelationships and

their relationship with the environment is called___________?
a) Diversity b) Biosphere
c) Biology d) Biodiversity
6 Species of plants and animals which are found exclusively in a

particular area are called___________?
a) Endemic species b) Exotic species

c) Local species d) Specific species
7 Animals whose numbers are reducing to a level that they might

face extinction are____________?
a) Reducing species b) Extinction species

c) Endangered species d) Dangerous species
8 ____ is the Source book which keeps a record of all the endangered
animals and plants.
a) Blue Data book b) Red Data book

c) Green data book d) Black data Book
9 Migratory birds fly to far off places in a particular season of the year
because that place becomes_____________?
a) Very cold b) Very hot

c) People hunt birds d) Birds do not
9
QUIZ
10 Reforestation means____________?
a) Planting trees b) Restocking of the destroyed

forests by planting new trees.
c) Cutting trees d) Burning trees
CELL- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
1 Hen’s egg is____________?
a) An organ b) A Single cell

c) A tissue d) Is none of the above
2 A projection of different lengths protruding out of the body of

Amoeba is called_____?
a) Walking legs b) Legs

c) Pseudopodia d) Needle
3 Which of the following cells can change its shape_______?
a) White blood cell b) Egg cell

c) Red blood cell d) All of the above
4 One millionth of a meter is _________?
a) Millimeter b) Micrometer
c) Nanometer d) Centimeter
5 Which of the following combinations are present in plant cell but

not in animal cell___________?
a) Cell Wall & Plastid c) b) Cell wall and Cell membrane d)

Plastid and Nucleus Cell Membrane and Cytoplasm
6 Nucleus is separated from cytoplasm by___________?
a) Protoplasm b) Cell membrane

c) Cell Wall d) Nuclear membrane
7 Robert Hooke first observed_________?
a) Nucleus b) Cells
c) organs d) Virus
10
QUIZ
8 A cell without organized nucleus is called_____________?
a) Prokaryotic cell b) Eukaryotic cell

c) Virus d) None of the above
9 Jelly-like substance present between the cell membrane and the

nucleus is______________?
a) Water b) Nucleoplasm
c) Cytoplasm d) oil
10 Chromosome carries _____ which transfers characters from parents

to offspring’s?
a) Ribosome b) Genes
c) Plastid d) Mitochondria
REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
1 Human Male germ cell is______?
a) zygote b) ovum
c) testis d) sperm
2 Every month ____ mature egg(s) can be released from human ovary?
a) 1 b) 2
c) 3 d) 4
3 Internal fertilization does not occur in________?
a) human b) dog
c) fish d) cow
4 Fertilization results into formation of ___________?

a) egg b) zygote
c) sperm d) individual
5 Which one is not an oviparous animal?

a) human b) crow
c) hen d) crocodile
11
QUIZ
6 The transformation of the larva into an adult through drastic changes

is called______?
a) Metaphase b) Metastasis
c) Meteorite d) Metamorphosis
7 In asexual reproduction involves _______?
a) Two parents b) Four parents

c) One parent d) No parents
8 Dolly the famous animal was a__________?
a) donkey b) girl
c) Cloned sheep d) Normal sheep
9 During a cell division____________?
a) Nucleus divides first and then b) Cytoplasm divides first and then
cytoplasm Nucleus
c) Nucleus and cytoplasm divides d) No such relationship
together
10 Budding is found in_______________?
a) Yeast b) Hydra and Yeast

c) Hydra d) None
REACHING THE AGE OF ADOLESCENCE
1 The period of life, when the body undergoes changes, leading to

reproductive maturity, is called___________?
a) childhood b) adolescence
c) Grown up d) Old age
2 The human body undergoes several changes during

adolescence. These changes mark the onset of____?
a) puberty b) Prematurity
c) Post adolescence d) Ageing
12
QUIZ
3 Adam’s apple is prominent in________?
a) Boys of any age b) Adolescent girls

c) Girls of any age d) Adolescent boys
4 Larynx is also called________?
a) Voice box b) Sound box

c) Black box d) All of the above
5 Acne and pimples on the face is due to secretion of ______?
a) bile from liver b) Oil glands during puberty

c) Enzymes in the digestive tract d) Tear from tear glands
6 Testosterone is a hormone found in human ______?
a) Children b) males and females

c) Females only d) Males only
7 The first menstrual flow is called?
a) Menstruation b) Menstruation
c) Menarche d) Menopause
8 Menopause occurs at the age of ?
a) 10-12 years in boys b) 45-50 years in men d)

c) 10-12 years in girls 45-50 years in women
9 When a sperm containing Y chromosome fertilizes an egg with X

chromosome, the zygote develops into a _____ child?
a) Female b) Either a male or female

c) Male d) No child
10 The change from larvae to adult is called?
a) Metabolism b) Metamorphosis
c) Metastasis d) Morphology
13
QUIZ
FORCE AND PRESSURE
1 A push or pull on an object is called?
a) Pressure b) Push-pull
c) Force d) All of the above
2 If two forces act in the opposite directions on an object, the net force
acting on it is the _______?
a) Sum of the two forces b) difference between the two forces

c) Multiplication of the two forces d) Division of the two forces
3 Which of the following is proper example(s) to explain that force on

an object may change its shape?
a) A ball of dough rolled into b) Pressing a rubber ball kept on

chapati table
c) Making model using clay d) All of the above
4 A ball rolling on the ground slows down and finally stops. This
is because of _______?
a) Force b) Less force applied

c) Friction d) None of the above
5 Force of friction always acts on moving objects and its direction shall
be ____?
a) On any direction b) Along the direction of motion

c) Perpendicular to the direction d) Opposite to the direction
of motion of motion
6 If In a tug-o-war, when two teams are pulling a rope, and the rope
does not move towards any team, it implies that________?
a) Equal force is being applied in b) Equal Force is being applied

the same direction in opposite direction
c) No force is applied in any d) Cannot be explained
direction
7 An example of a non- contact force is_________?
a) Force exerted by us to lift a b) Push a stationary car

bucket
c) Force exerted by magnet d) Hit a cricket ball for a 6 run
14
QUIZ
8 Pressure =?
a) Area / force on which it acts b) force / area on which it acts

c) Volume / force on which it acts d) Force / volume on which it acts
9 Gravity is ___________?
a) Repulsive b) Attraction + Repulsive force

c) Attractive force d) Not a force
10 A batsman hits the ball for a boundary past the bowler i.e. four runs.
The batsman thus__________?
a) Changes the direction & speed b) Does not change the

of the ball direction but speed only
c) Does not change the speed but d) Does not change either
direction only direction or speed
FRICTION
1 It is difficult to walk on an oily floor because_______?
a) Floor gets spoiled b) There is more resistance

c) Force of friction is high d) Force of friction is very less
2 Spring balance is a device used for measuring the _____________ acting

on an object.
a) mass b) pressure
c) force d) None of the above
3 A matchstick struck on a matchbox catches fire easily because?
a) Friction may cause fire b) Of chemical reaction

c) Force heated the match stick d) None of the above
4 Tyres are treaded to__________?
a) look good b) Increase friction

c) increase its longevity d) increase weight of the tire
5 Lubricants are substances which_______?
a) Increase friction b) Are used to light fire

c) Reduce friction d) Are used to put out a fire
15
QUIZ
6 Sliding friction is _________ than / to rolling friction?
a) smaller b) greater
c) equal d) None of the above
7 The frictional force exerted by fluids is also called ______?
a) drug b) drag
c) drop d) drown
8 Four children were asked to arrange forces due to rolling, static and
sliding frictions in an increasing order. Their arrangements are given
below. Choose the correct arrangement?
a) Rolling, Static, Sliding b) Static, Rolling, Sliding

c) Rolling, sliding, static d) Sliding, Static, Rolling
9 A boat or an aero plane has a pointed or tapering front / head. Why?
a) To increase the friction of fluid b) To reduce the friction of fluid

c) To look good d) For no reason
10 The sole of the shoes becomes plain after wearing it for several
months. The reason is___________?
a) Wearing out due to friction b) Wearing out due to no friction

c) Sole is of bad quality d) None of the above
SOUND
1 Sound is produced by _____________?
a) Non-Vibrating objects only b) Vibrating and non- vibrating

objects
c) Vibration has no relation to d) Vibrating objects only
sound
2 Sound cannot travel through__________?
a) vacuum b) air
c) water d) Solids
16
QUIZ
3 Vibration is also known as __________?
a) Vibratory motion b) Translatory motion

c) Oscillatory motion d) None of these
4 Frequency is expressed in______?
a) Kilometer b) Hertz
c) gram d) Degree centigrade
5 The number of oscillations per second is called?
a) Amplitude of oscillation b) Pitch of oscillation

c) Frequency of oscillation d) None of the above
6 Above _____ dB the sound becomes physically painful.
a) 60 b) 40
c) 120 d) 80
7 When the amplitude of vibration is large, sound produced is?
a) No sound b) feeble
c) loud d) No relation between amplitude
and sound
8 Human can hear sound in the range of __________?
a) 200-2000 Hz b) 20-20,000 Hz
c) 2-20000 Hz d) 2000-200000 Hz
9 Ultrasound equipment works at frequency?
a) Higher than 20,000 Hz b) Higher than 10,000 Hz

c) Lower than 20,000 Hz d) Lower than 10,000 Hz
10 Voice of man is heavy compared to a woman because_____?
a) Female vocal cord is longer b) Male vocal cord is shorter

c) Male vocal cord is longer d) The concept is not related
CHEMICAL EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

1 In LEDs, the longer lead (wire) is always connected to the _______
terminal?
a) negative b) neutral
c) positive d) Any terminal
17
QUIZ
2 Tap water is a good conductor of electricity while distilled water is not

because_______?
a) Tap water contain salts b) Distilled water do not contain

salt
c) Only a) is correct d) Both a &b is correct
3 When electrodes are immersed in water and electricity passed, the

bubbles formed on the positive terminal is actually _______ gas.
a) Hydrogen b) Carbon di oxide

c) Oxygen d) Nitrogen
4 Why do we add little dilute sulphuric acid to copper sulphate solution

during electroplating?
a) To increase acidity b) To increase conductivity

c) So that the colour becomes d) To burn copper sulphate
more prominent
5 A coating of _________is deposited on iron to protect it from corrosion

and formation of rust?
a) copper b) aluminum
c) Zinc d) silver
6 Chromium plating is done on many objects such as car parts, bath

taps, kitchen gas stove etc. Why?
a) It does not corrode but b) It looks beautiful

prevents scratches
c) It costs less d) Articles can be sold at higher
price
7 The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another

material by means of electricity is called ___________.
a) Electric plating b) Electroplating

c) Electric depositing d) None of the above
8 Some liquids are good conductors of electricity and some are

poor conductors. Which one is a poor conductor?
a) Acidic solution b) Alkaline solution

c) Common Salt solution d) Distilled water
18
QUIZ
9 Tin cans, used for storing food, are made by electroplating tin
onto iron. Why?
a) Tin gives a shiny appearance b) To make the vessel cheap

c) Tin is less reactive than iron. d) To make the vessel lighter
SOME NATURAL PHENOMENA
1 It is a convention to call the charge acquired by a glass rod when it is

rubbed with silk as ___________?
a) Negative b) Positive
c) Neutral d) Can be any one
2 A device used to test whether an object is carrying charge or not is

called ______.
a) Electrometer b) Charge meter

c) Electroscope d) Chargoscope
3 During lightning actually _____________ takes place?
a) Electric discharge b) Electric charging

c) Electric charge accumulation d) All of the above
4 During a thunderstorm which action may be done?
a) Using Telephone having cord b) Switching on / off electric lights

c) Using a mobile phone d) None of the above
5 To protect tall buildings from the damage of lightning, what can be

done?
a) Not to build tall buildings b) Install lightning conductors

c) Install many TV antennas d) Have a roof top garden with tall
trees
6 A major earthquake occurred on 26th January 2001 in which part of

India?
a) Uri (Kashmir) b) Mumbai (Maharashtra)

c) Guwahati (Assam) d) Bhuj (Gujarat)
19
QUIZ
7 During thunderstorm it is safer to?
a) Carry an open umbrella b) Take shelter under short trees

c) Take shelter under tall trees d) Stand in open fields
8 The process of transferring charge from a charged body to earth

is called?
a) transferring b) Processing
c) Charging d) Earthing
9 Seismograph is an instrument used to_____________?
a) Record strength of wind b) Record vibrations of earthquake

c) Record lightening d) Record temperature
10 The power of an earthquake is expressed in terms of magnitude on a

scale called________?
a) Righter Scale b) Quake scale

c) Richter Scale d) Earth Scale
LIGHT
1 If the angle of incidence of light falling on a plane mirror is

30degree, what will be the angle of reflection?
a) 90 degree b) 60 degree
c) 30 degree d) 0 degree
2 When we stand in front of our dressing table, our left hand seems
to be right and right seems to be left. This is called?
a) Left-right confusion b) Lateral inversion

c) Up -side down phenomenon d) mirage
3 Light passing through a prism splits into seven colors. This is

called_____?
a) Dispersion b) Dissolution
c) Division d) None of the above
4 Rainbow is a natural phenomenon showing

a) Reflection b) Deflection
c) Dispersion d) Diversion
20
QUIZ
5 In the retina of the eye, the area having no sensory cells is called___?
a) iris b) Blind spot

c) cornea d) Dark spot
6 If light falls perpendicularly on a plane mirror, what will be the angle

in which it will be reflected?
a) 45 degrees b) 90 degrees
c) 180 degrees d) 360 degrees
7 Which of the following is not a luminous object?
a) sun b) candle
c) moon d) Tube light
8 To make a kaleidoscope we require_______?
a) Three plane mirrors b) Four plane mirrors

c) Three glass sheets d) Four glass sheets
9 In our eye _______cells can sense color?
a) Rod b) Cone
c) Both rod and cone d) Neither rod nor cone
10 An owl can see clearly at night but not day time because it has?
a) More rods and few cones b) Less rod and more cones
c) More rods and more cone d) Less rods and less cones
POLLUTION OF AIR AND WATER

1 Carbon monoxide in vehicle exhaust causes?
a) Increased oxygen carrying b) Reduced Nitrogen carrying
capacity of RBCs capacity of RBCs
c) Reduced oxygen carrying d) Reduced carbon carrying
capacity of RBCs capacity of RBCs
2 Smog =?
a) Smoke in dog’s stomach b) Smoke + fog
c) Smoke dog d) frog in fog
3 The gas used in refrigerating appliance causing serious damage to

ozone is?
a) MFCs b) CFCs
c) LPCs d) DPCs
21
QUIZ
4 Acid rain mainly contains_________?

a) Sodium chloride b) Sulphur di oxide and Nitrogen di
oxide
c) Hydrochloric acid d) Carbon tetra chloride
5 Marble cancer is caused by_______?
a) bacteria b) virus
c) Acid rain d) Alkali rain
6 Greenhouse effect is________?

a) Painting house green in coloUr b) Wearing green colour dress
c) Having green room in the d) Sun’s heat is trapped and not
house allowed to escape
7 Greenhouse gases include?
a) CO2, Methane, Nitrous oxide b) CO2, Argon, Nitrous oxide

c) CO2, Methane, Chlorine d) CO2, Methane, Flourine
8 _____ is a commonly used chemical method for purifying water.
a) Brominization b) Flourination
c) Filtration d) Chlorination
9 Ganga Action Plan is associated with_____________?
a) Increase of fish culture in b) Reduce Ganga water pollution

the Ganges
c) Construct more bridges over d) Increase water transport on
the Ganges the Ganges
10 Van Mahotsav is_________?
a) Planting trees in January b) Cutting trees in January

c) Cutting trees in July d) Planting trees in July
22
QUIZ
ASTRONOMY SYLLABUS
1 If I am 13 years old, I have gone round the sun ___ times.
a) Never gone round the sun b) 13

c) 26 d) Shall go round the sun when
I shall be 15
2 The least dense planet is_____________?
a) Earth b) Jupiter
c) Saturn d) Uranus
3 ____ appears as a bright head with a long tail. The tail grows in size as
it approaches the sun.
a) Asteroid b) Comet
c) Planet d) Meteor
4 During a clear night sky, bright light streaks are often visible. They are
called shooting stars. They are actually?
a) Falling stars b) Comet

c) Meteors d) Planet
5 _____ was the first Indian satellite.
a) INSAT b) EDUSAT
c) IRS d) Aryabhatta
6 If Saturn is thrown into an ocean?
a) It will float b) It will sink

c) It will dissolve d) It will soak all water
7 It is difficult to observe Mars because____________?
a) It is the smallest planet of this b) It is too far away from our planet
universe
c) It is hidden by the glare of the d) None of the above
sun
23
QUIZ
8 Ravi was looking for Venus in the sky at midnight. Mohan laughed at
him because Venus_________?
a) Appears 1-3 hours after b) Appears 1-3 hours before sunrise

sunrise or 1-3 hours after or 1-3 hours after sunset
sunset
c) Appears 1-3 hours before d) Appears 1-3 hours after sunrise or
sunrise or 1-3 hours before 1-3 hours before sunset
sunset
9 Earlier we had 9 planets in our solar system of which one name

has been eliminated as per IAU (2006). The planet is?
a) Uranus b) Neptune
c) Pluto d) Earth
10 Light Year is ______________?
a) Year full of light b) Year having light work

c) Year which earth shall become d) Distance travelled by light in 1
lighter year
SECTION-I
1. Which of the following planets has the greatest eccentricity?
A) Pluto B) Jupiter C) Mars
2. The largest moon in our solar system has an atmosphere that is denser than
the atmosphere of Mars. The name of this moon is______?
A) Titan B) Ganymede C) Triton
3. On which of the following planets would the sun rise in the west?
A) Saturn B) Mercury C) Venus
4. Which planet seems to be turned on its side with an axis tilt of 98 degrees?
A) Uranus B) Pluto C) Neptune

24
QUIZ
5. The period from one full moon to the next is__________?
A) 30.3 days B) 30 days C) 29.5 days
6. When a superior planet is at opposition it is making an angle of how many

degrees with the sun?
A) 45 degrees B) 90 degrees C) 180 degrees
7. Galileo discovered something about Venus with his telescope that shook the
old theories. Which of the following was Galileo's discovery?
A) Venus was covered in clouds

B) Venus had phases like the moon
C) Venus' surface was similar to the earths
8. Name the phase that the moon is in for each type of eclipse, lunar and
solar__________?
A) Full moon for both phases.

B) New moon for both phases.
C) Full moon for lunar and new moon for solar.
9. The orbital plane of the moon is how many degrees inclined from the ecliptic?
A) 15 degrees
B) 10 degrees
C) 5 degrees
10. Which of the following constellations has more bright stars than any other
Constellation?
A) Big Dipper B) Cassiopeia C) Orion
11. A line through the three stars in Orion's belt points toward which one of the
following stars?
A) Mizor B) Polaris C) Sirius
12. A pulsar is actually a__________?
A) White dwarf B) red giant C) neutron star
25
QUIZ
13. In the Milky Way there are approximately.
A) 2 million stars B) 400 million stars C) 200 billion stars.
14. Astronomers use Cepheid’s principally as measures of what? Is it_____?
A) Size B) Speed C) Distance
15. Where are most asteroids located? Is it between?
A) Jupiter and Saturn

B) Mars and Jupiter
C) Earth and Mars
16. The Sun rotates about its own axis approximately?
A) Once every 24 hours.

B) Once every 365 days.
C) Varies with solar latitude
17. PRESENTLY, what is the farthest planet from the sun?
A) Pluto B) Neptune C) Uranus
18. Which of the following men was the first to make systematic use of a telescope in
astronomy?
A) Copernicus B) Kepler C) Galileo
19. The Magellanic cloud is a___________?
A) Nebula B) Galaxy C) Star cluster
20. Which one of the following planets has no moons?
A) Mars B) Neptune C) Venus
21. With which one of the following astronomical objects are meteor showers associated?
A) Asteroids B) Comets C) Planets
22. In what year did Galileo first use an optical telescope to study the moon?
A) 1492 B) 1611 C) 1212
26
QUIZ
23. Which planet is approximately thirty times farther from the Sun than Earth is?
A). Jupiter B).Saturn C).Neptune
24. Which object is located at one foci of the elliptical orbit of Mars?
A) Sun B) Betelgeuse C) Earth
25. The apparent daily path of the Sun changes with the seasons because?
A) Earth's axis is tilted

B) Earth's distance from the Sun changes
C) the Sun revolves
26. Summer days in New York State are likely to be hotter than winter days because in
summer?
A) Earth is closer to the Sun.

B) The number of sunspots increases.
C) Because of Damage in Ozone Layer.
27. Summer days in New York State are likely to be hotter than winter days because in
summer.
A) Earth is closer to the Sun

B) the number of sunspots increases
C) Earth’s northern axis is tilted toward the Sun
28. Which planet takes more time to complete one rotation on its axis than to
complete one revolution around the Sun?
A) Mercury. B) Venus C) Mars
29. Which planet has an orbit with an eccentricity most similar to the eccentricity of the
Moon’s orbit around Earth?
A).Earth B).Jupiter C).Saturn
30. A cycle of Moon phases can be seen from Earth because of _____.
A).Moon’s distance from Earth changes at a predictable rate.
B).Moon spins on its axis
C).Moon revolves around Earth

27
QUIZ
31. Saturn is rising as the sun sets.
A).Always true B) Sometimes true C).Never true
32. During a total lunar eclipse, an observer on earth would see_____.
A). Moon disappearing completely.
B).Moon turning into red color.
C) No change in moon's brightness.
33. During a total lunar eclipse, an observer on the moon would see____.
A) Total darkness
B) Brightly illuminated ring of earth's atmosphere
C) Photosphere of the sun
34. Which of these is TRUE regarding a PENUMBRAL lunar eclipse?
A) Moon appears in red colour.

B) Moon shows no noticeable change in brightness.
C) Earth will be covered by moon's penumbral shadow.
35. The red colour visible during a lunar eclipse is due to_________.
A) Dust in moon's atmosphere

B) Dust in earth's atmosphere
C) Dust in space
36. The duration of lunar eclipses is___________.
A) Longer than a solar eclipse

B) Shorter than a solar eclipse
C) Almost the same as a solar eclipse
28
QUIZ
37. Yuri Gagarin was the first human in space. He was launched into space this on?
A) March 5, 1956
B) October 15, 1959

C) April 12, 1961
38. What was the spacecraft used by Yuri Gagarin?

A) Vostok 3KA B) Salyut 1 C) Cosmos 557
39. How long did the first human space mission last?
A) 108 minutes B) 21 hours C) 2 days
40. The mission launches site was_________.
A) Kapustin Yar B) Moscow C) Baikonur
41. Low mass stars_________.

[
A) Have shorter lifespan.
B) Remain outside the main sequence

C) Are relatively cold in temperature.
42. A brown dwarf is__________.
A) The smallest type of star

B) End-stage of a white dwarf
C) An object too small to begin nuclear fusion
43. When our sun was a proto star it___________.
A) Produced energy through hydrogen fusion

B) Was more luminous than present
C) Was in the main sequence
29
QUIZ
44. T-Tauri stars are___________.
A) A type of main sequence stars.
B) Produce intense x-ray emissions.
C) Have begun hydrogen fusion.
45. The H-R diagram was created by_______.
A) Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Russell
B) Edwin Hubble and David Reynolds
C) Eugene Hertz and Martin Rees
46. Which constellation has Polaris, the north star______.
A) Cassiopia B) Ursa Minor C) Pegasus
47. What is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpios?
A) Regulus B) Antares C) Vega
48. What is the Latin name of the constellation 'dragon'?
A) Dorado B) Eridanus C) Draco
49. Which constellation is home to the crab nebula?
A) Orion B) Virgo C) Taurus
50. Which Messier object is found on the constellation Hercules?
A) M 4 – globular cluster.
B) M 7 – open cluster.
C) M 13 – globular cluster.
Find The Differences!
Copyright © www.ActivityVillage.co.uk - Keeping Kids Busy

SECTION-I
1. Which of the following planets has the greatest eccentricity?
A) Pluto B) Jupiter C) Mars
2. The largest moon in our solar system has an atmosphere that is denser
than the atmosphere of Mars. The name of this moon is______?
A) Titan B) Ganymede C) Triton
3. On which of the following planets would the sun rise in the west?
A) Saturn B) Mercury C) Venus
4. Which planet seems to be turned on its side with an axis tilt of 98

degrees?
A) Uranus B) Pluto C) Neptune
5. The period from one full moon to the next is__________?
A) 30.3 days B) 30 days C) 29.5 days
6. When a superior planet is at opposition it is making an angle of how

many degrees with the sun?
A) 45 degrees B) 90 degrees C) 180 degrees
7. Galileo discovered something about Venus with his telescope that

shook the old theories. Which of the following was Galileo's discovery?
A) Venus was covered in clouds

B) Venus had phases like the moon
C) Venus' surface was similar to the earths
8. Name the phase that the moon is in for each type of eclipse, lunar and
solar__________?
A) Full moon for both phases.

B) New moon for both phases.
C) Full moon for lunar and new moon for solar.
9. The orbital plane of the moon is how many degrees inclined from the
ecliptic?
A) 15 degrees
B) 10 degrees
C) 5 degrees
10. Which of the following constellations has more bright stars than
any other Constellation?
A) Big Dipper B) Cassiopeia C) Orion
11. A line through the three stars in Orion's belt points toward which one of
the following stars?
A) Mizor B) Polaris C) Sirius
12. A pulsar is actually a__________?
A) White dwarf B) red giant C) neutron star
13. In the Milky Way there are approximately.
A) 2 million stars B) 400 million stars C) 200 billion stars.
14. Astronomers use Cepheid’s principally as measures of what? Is it_____?
A) Size B) Speed C) Distance
15. Where are most asteroids located? Is it between?
A) Jupiter and Saturn

B) Mars and Jupiter
C) Earth and Mars
16. The Sun rotates about its own axis approximately?
A) Once every 24 hours.

B) Once every 365 days.
C) Varies with solar latitude
17. PRESENTLY, what is the farthest planet from the sun?
A) Pluto B) Neptune C) Uranus

18. Which of the following men was the first to make systematic use of a
telescope in astronomy?
A) Copernicus B) Kepler C) Galileo
19. The Magellanic cloud is a___________?
A) Nebula B) Galaxy C) Star cluster
20. Which one of the following planets has no moons?
A) Mars B) Neptune C) Venus
21. With which one of the following astronomical objects are meteor showers
associated?
A) Asteroids B) Comets C) Planets
22. In what year did Galileo first use an optical telescope to study the moon?
A) 1492 B) 1611 C) 1212
23. Which planet is approximately thirty times farther from the Sun than
Earth is?
A). Jupiter B).Saturn C).Neptune
24. Which object is located at one foci of the elliptical orbit of Mars?
A) Sun B) Betelgeuse C) Earth
25. The apparent daily path of the Sun changes with the seasons because?
A) Earth's axis is tilted

B) Earth's distance from the Sun changes
C) the Sun revolves
26. Summer days in New York State are likely to be hotter than winter
days because in summer?
A) Earth is closer to the Sun.

B) The number of sunspots increases.
C) Because of Damage in Ozone Layer.
27. Summer days in New York State are likely to be hotter than winter
days because in summer.
A) Earth is closer to the Sun

B) the number of sunspots increases
C) Earth’s northern axis is tilted toward the Sun
28. Which planet takes more time to complete one rotation on its axis than
to complete one revolution around the Sun?
A) Mercury. B) Venus C) Mars
29. Which planet has an orbit with an eccentricity most similar to the
eccentricity of the Moon’s orbit around Earth?
A).Earth B).Jupiter C).Saturn
30. A cycle of Moon phases can be seen from Earth because of _____.
A).Moon’s distance from Earth changes at a predictable rate.
B).Moon spins on its axis
C).Moon revolves around Earth
31. Saturn is rising as the sun sets.
A).Always true B) Sometimes true C).Never true
32. During a total lunar eclipse, an observer on earth would see_____.
A). Moon disappearing completely.
B).Moon turning into red color.
C) No change in moon's brightness.
33. During a total lunar eclipse, an observer on the moon would see____.
A) Total darkness
B) Brightly illuminated ring of earth's atmosphere
C) Photosphere of the sun

34. Which of these is TRUE regarding a PENUMBRAL lunar eclipse?
A) Moon appears in red colour.

B) Moon shows no noticeable change in brightness.
C) Earth will be covered by moon's penumbral shadow.
35. The red colour visible during a lunar eclipse is due to_________.
A) Dust in moon's atmosphere

B) Dust in earth's atmosphere
C) Dust in space
36. The duration of lunar eclipses is___________.
A) Longer than a solar eclipse

B) Shorter than a solar eclipse
C) Almost the same as a solar eclipse
37. Yuri Gagarin was the first human in space. He was launched into space
this on?
A) March 5, 1956
B) October 15, 1959

C) April 12, 1961
38. What was the spacecraft used by Yuri Gagarin?

A) Vostok 3KA B) Salyut 1 C) Cosmos 557
39. How long did the first human space mission last?
A) 108 minutes B) 21 hours C) 2 days
40. The mission launches site was_________.
A) Kapustin Yar B) Moscow C) Baikonur

41. Low mass stars_________.
[
A) Have shorter lifespan.
B) Remain outside the main sequence

C) Are relatively cold in temperature.
42. A brown dwarf is__________.
A) The smallest type of star

B) End-stage of a white dwarf
C) An object too small to begin nuclear fusion
43. When our sun was a proto star it___________.
A) Produced energy through hydrogen fusion

B) Was more luminous than present
C) Was in the main sequence
44. T-Tauri stars are___________.
A) A type of main sequence stars.
B) Produce intense x-ray emissions.
C) Have begun hydrogen fusion.
45. The H-R diagram was created by_______.
A) Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Russell
B) Edwin Hubble and David Reynolds
C) Eugene Hertz and Martin Rees
46. Which constellation has Polaris, the north star______.
A) Cassiopia B) Ursa Minor C) Pegasus
47. What is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpios?
A) Regulus B) Antares C) Vega
48. What is the Latin name of the constellation 'dragon'?

A) Dorado B) Eridanus C) Draco
49. Which constellation is home to the crab nebula?
A) Orion B) Virgo C) Taurus
50. Which Messier object is found on the constellation Hercules?
A) M 4 – globular cluster.
B) M 7 – open cluster.
C) M 13 – globular cluster.
th
8 GRADE- SYLLABUS.
Our Solar System
Formation and evolution
The Solar System formed 4.568 billion years ago from the
gravitational collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud.
This initial cloud was likely several light-years across and
probably birthed several stars. As is typical of molecular clouds,
this one consisted mostly of hydrogen, with some helium, and
small amounts of heavier elements fused by previous generations
of stars. As the region that would become the Solar System,
known as the pre-solar nebula, collapsed, conservation of angular
momentum caused it to rotate faster. The centre, where most of
the mass collected, became increasingly hotter than the
surrounding disc. As the contracting nebula rotated faster, it
began to flatten into a proto planetary disc with a diameter of
roughly 200 AU and a hot, dense proto star at the centre. The
planets formed by accretion from this disc, in which dust and gas
gravitationally attracted each other, coalescing to form ever
larger bodies. Hundreds of proto planets may have existed in the
early Solar System, but they either merged or were destroyed,
leaving the planets, dwarf planets, and leftover minor bodies.
Due to their higher boiling points, only metals and silicates could
exist in solid form in the warm inner Solar System close to the
Sun, and these would eventually form the rocky planets of
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Because metallic elements
only comprised a very small fraction of the solar nebula, the
terrestrial planets could not grow very large. The giant planets
(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed further out,
beyond the frost line, the point between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds
to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets were more
plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial
inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture
large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most
abundant elements. Leftover debris that never became planets
congregated in regions such as the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt,
and Oort cloud.
Within 50 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in

the centre of the proto star became great enough for it to
begin thermonuclear fusion. The temperature, reaction rate,
pressure, and density increased until hydrostatic equilibrium was
achieved: the thermal pressure equaled the force of gravity. At
this point, the Sun became a main-sequence star. The main-
sequence phase, from beginning to end, will last about 10 billion
years for the Sun compared to around two billion years for all
other phases of the Sun's pre-remnant life combined. Solar wind
from the Sun created the heliosphere and swept away the
remaining gas and dust from the proto planetary disc into
interstellar space, ending the planetary formation process. The
Sun is growing brighter; early in its main-sequence life its
brightness was 70% that of what it is today.
The Solar System will remain roughly as we know it today until

the hydrogen in the core of the Sun has been entirely converted
to helium, which will occur roughly 5 billion years from now.
This will mark the end of the Sun's main-sequence life. At this
time, the core of the Sun will collapse, and the energy output will
be much greater than at present. The outer layers of the Sun will
expand to roughly 260 times its current diameter, and the Sun
will become a red giant. Because of its vastly increased surface
area, the surface of the Sun will be considerably cooler (2,600 K at
its coolest) than it is on the main sequence. The expanding Sun is
expected to vaporize Mercury and Venus and render Earth
uninhabitable as the habitable zone moves out to the orbit of
Mars. Eventually, the core will be hot enough for helium fusion;
the Sun will burn helium for a fraction of the time it burned
hydrogen in the core. The Sun is not massive enough to
commence the fusion of heavier elements, and nuclear reactions
in the core will dwindle. Its outer layers will move away into
space, leaving a white dwarf, an extraordinarily dense object, half
the original mass of the Sun but only the size of Earth. The
ejected outer layers will form what is known as a planetary
nebula, returning some of the material that formed the Sun—but
now enriched with heavier elements like carbon—to the
interstellar medium.
THE SUN
The Sun is the Solar System's star and by far its most massive
component. Its large mass (332,900 Earth masses) produces
temperatures and densities in its core high enough to
sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium, making it a main-
sequence star. This releases an enormous amount of energy,
mostly radiated into space as electromagnetic radiation peaking
in visible light.
The Sun is a G2-type main-sequence star. Hotter main-sequence

stars are more luminous. The Sun's temperature is intermediate
between that of the hottest stars and that of the coolest stars. Stars
brighter and hotter than the Sun are rare, whereas substantially
dimmer and cooler stars, known as red dwarfs, make up 85%
of the stars in the Milky Way.
The Sun is a population I star; it has a higher abundance

of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium ("metals"
in astronomical parlance) than the older population II
stars. Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were formed
in the cores of ancient and exploding stars, so the first generation
of stars had to die before the Universe could be enriched with
these atoms. The oldest stars contain few metals, whereas stars
born later have more. This high metallicity is thought to have
been crucial to the Sun's development of a planetary
system because the planets form from the accretion of "metals
INNER PLANETS.
The four inner or terrestrial planets have
dense, rocky compositions, few or no moons, and no ring
systems. They are composed largely of refractory minerals, such
as the silicates, which form their crusts and mantles, and metals,
such as iron and nickel, which form their cores. Three of the
four inner planets (Venus, Earth and Mars)
have atmospheres substantial enough to generate weather; all
have impact craters and tectonic surface features, such as rift
valleys and volcanoes. The term inner planet should not be
confused with inferior planet, which designates those planets
that are closer to the Sun than Earth is (i.e. Mercury and Venus)
Mercury
Mercury (0.4 AU from the Sun) is the closest planet to the

Sun and the smallest planet in the Solar System (0.055 Earth
masses). Mercury has no natural satellites; besides impact
craters, it’s only known geological features are lobed ridges
or rupes that were probably produced by a period of
contraction early in its history. Mercury's very tenuous
atmosphere consists of atoms blasted off its surface by the
solar wind. Its relatively large iron core and thin mantle
have not yet been adequately explained. Hypotheses
include that its outer layers were stripped off by a giant
impact; or, that it was prevented from fully accreting by the
young Sun's energy.
Venus
Venus (0.7 AU from the Sun) is close in size to Earth (0.815
Earth masses) and, like Earth, has a thick silicate mantle
around an iron core, a substantial atmosphere, and evidence
of internal geological activity. It is much drier than Earth,
and its atmosphere is ninety times as dense. Venus has no
natural satellites. It is the hottest planet, with surface
temperatures over 400 °C (752°F), most likely due to the
amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. No
definitive evidence of current geological activity has been
detected on Venus, but it has no magnetic field that would
prevent depletion of its substantial atmosphere, which
suggests that its atmosphere is being replenished by
volcanic eruptions.
Earth
Earth (1 AU from the Sun) is the largest and densest of the

inner planets, the only one known to have current
geological activity, and the only place where life is known to
exist. Its liquid hydrosphere is unique among the terrestrial
planets, and it is the only planet where plate tectonics has
been observed. Earth's atmosphere is radically different
from those of the other planets, having been altered by the
presence of life to contain 21% free oxygen. It has one
natural satellite, the Moon, the only large satellite of a
terrestrial planet in the Solar System.
Mars
Mars (1.5 AU from the Sun) is smaller than Earth and Venus
(0.107 Earth masses). It possesses an atmosphere of
mostly carbon dioxide with a surface pressure of 6.1
millibars (roughly 0.6% of that of Earth). Its surface,
peppered with vast volcanoes, such as Olympus Mons, and
rift valleys, such as Valles Marineris, shows geological
activity that may have persisted until as recently as 2
million years ago. Its red colour comes from iron oxide
(rust) in its soil. Mars has two tiny natural satellites
(Deimosand Phobos) thought to be captured asteroids.
Outer Planets.
The four outer planets or giant planets (sometimes called

Jovian planets), collectively make up 99% of the mass
known to orbit the Sun. Jupiter and Saturn are each many
tens of times the mass of Earth and consist overwhelmingly
of hydrogen and helium; Uranus and Neptune are far less
massive (<20 Earth masses) and possess more ices in their
makeup. For these reasons, some astronomers suggest
they belong in their own category, "ice giants".All four
giant planets have rings, although only Saturn's ring
system is easily observed from Earth. The term superior
planet designates planets outside Earth's orbit and
thus includes both the outer planets and Mars.
Jupiter
Jupiter (5.2 AU), at 318 Earth masses, is 2.5 times the mass of
all the other planets put together. It is composed largely of
hydrogen and helium. Jupiter's strong internal heat creates
semi-permanent features in its atmosphere, such as cloud
bands and the Great Red Spot. Jupiter has 67 known
satellites. The four largest, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and
Europa, show similarities to the terrestrial planets, such as
volcanism and internal heating. Ganymede, the largest
satellite in the Solar System, is larger than Mercury.
Saturn
Saturn (9.5 AU), distinguished by its extensive ring system,
has several similarities to Jupiter, such as its atmospheric
composition and magnetosphere. Although Saturn has 60%
of Jupiter's volume, it is less than a third as massive, at 95
Earth masses, making it the least dense planet in the Solar
System. The rings of Saturn are made up of small ice and
rock particles. Saturn has 62 confirmed satellites; two of
which, Titan and Enceladus, show signs of geological
activity, though they are largely made of ice. Titan, the
second-largest moon in the Solar System, is larger than
Mercury and the only satellite in the Solar System with a
substantial atmosphere.
Uranus
Uranus (19.2 AU), at 14 Earth masses, is the lightest of the

outer planets. Uniquely among the planets, it orbits the Sun
on its side; its axial tilt is over ninety degrees to the ecliptic.
It has a much colder core than the other giant planets and
radiates very little heat into space. Uranus has 27 known
satellites, the largest ones being Titania,Oberon, Umbriel,
Ariel, and Miranda.
Neptune
Neptune (30.1 AU), though slightly smaller than Uranus, is
more massive (equivalent to 17 Earths) and hence more
dense. It radiates more internal heat, but not as much as
Jupiter or Saturn. Neptune has 14 known satellites. The
largest, Triton, is geologically active, with geysers of liquid
nitrogen. Triton is the only large satellite with aretrograde
orbit. Neptune is accompanied in its orbit by several minor
planets, termed Neptune trojans, that are in
1:1 resonance with it.
Small Bodies in the Solar System
What Are Comets?

The sun, the planets, and their moons are not the only objects in
our solar system. There are also a large number of smaller
bodies, including comets, asteroids, and meteoroids. Scientists
study these objects to learn about the formation and composition
of the solar system. A comet is a small, loosely packed body of
ice, rock, and dust. The nucleus, or core, of a comet is made of
rock, metal, and ice. A comet’s nucleus can range from 1 km to
100 km in diameter. A spherical cloud of gas and dust, called a
coma, surrounds the nucleus. The coma may extend as far as 1
million kilometers from the nucleus.
COMET TAILS
A comet’s tail is its most spectacular feature. Sunlight changes

some of the comet’s ice to gas, which streams away from the
nucleus. Part of the tail is made of ions, or charged particles. The
ion tail, pushed by the solar wind, always points away from the
sun, no matter which way the comet is moving. A second tail,
the dust tail, follows the comet in its orbit. Some comet tails are
more than 80 million kilometers long, glowing brightly with
reflected sunlight.
COMET ORBITS AND ORIGINS
Remember that the planets move in elliptical, or oval shaped,
orbits. Comets also move in elliptical orbits. However, the orbits
of comets are much more stretched out than the orbits of
planets. Scientists think that many comets come from the Oort
cloud. The Oort cloud is a spherical cloud of dust and ice. It
surrounds the solar system, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Pieces
of the Oort cloud may fall into orbits around our sun and
become comets. Some comets may also come from the Kuiper
belt, a flat ring of objects just beyond Neptune’s orbit.
COMPOSITION OF ASTEROIDS.
It is hard to determine what asteroids are made of. This is because
they are small and usually far away from Earth. Mostly, they are
composed of either rock or metal. Some asteroids may contain
carbon and carbon compounds. In general, asteroids do not have
a spherical shape because of their small size. Gravity must be
very strong to pull matter together into a spherical shape. Only
the largest asteroids are spherical.
What Are Meteoroids

Pieces of dust and debris from asteroids and comets, called
meteoroids, are scattered throughout the solar system. Most
meteoroids are about the size of a grain of sand. When a
meteoroid enters Earth’s atmosphere, it can reach a speed of up to
250,000 km/h. Friction with the atmosphere heats meteoroids and
the air around them, causing them to glow brightly. The glowing
trails that form when meteoroids burn up in the atmosphere are
called meteors. A meteor can be a few hundred meters in
diameter and tens of kilometers long before it fades. Sometimes, a
larger meteoroid enters the atmosphere. Some of these
meteoroids pass through the atmosphere without burning up
completely. When they reach Earth’s surface, they are called
meteorites.
TYPES OF METEORITES
Scientists classify meteorites based on composition. There are
three main types of meteorites: stony, metallic, and stony-iron.
Stony meteorites are similar to rocks on Earth. Some of them
contain carbon compounds similar to those found in living
organisms. Stony meteorites probably come from carbon-rich
asteroids. Metallic meteorites have a distinctive metallic
appearance and do not look like terrestrial rocks. They are
made mainly of iron and nickel. Stony-iron meteorites are made
of a combination of rocky material, iron, and nickel.
Three Major Types of Meteorites

1. Stony Meteorite: rocky material
2. Metallic Meteorite: iron and nickel
3. Stony-iron Meteorite: rocky material, iron, and nickel
Remember that asteroids and comets are probably made of
debris from the formation of our solar system. Meteorites are
easier for scientists to study than asteroids and comets. Because
meteorites are pieces of asteroids and comets, scientists study
meteorites to learn about the early solar system.
Galaxies
A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar

remnants, interstellar gas and dust, and dark matter. The word
galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias (γαλαξίας), literally
"milky", a reference to the Milky Way. Examples of galaxies
range from dwarfs with just a few thousand (103) stars to giants
with one hundred trillion (1014) stars, each orbiting their galaxy's
own center of mass. Galaxies can be categorized according
to their visual morphology, including elliptical, spiral,
and irregular. Many galaxies are believed to have black holes at
their active centers. The Milky Way's central black hole, known
as Sagittarius A*, has a mass four million times that of our Sun.
As of May 2015, EGS-zs8-1 is the most distant known galaxy,
estimated to be 13.1 billion light-years away and to have 15% of
the mass of the Milky Way.
There are approximately 170 billion (1.7 × 1011) galaxies in
the observable universe. Most of the galaxies are 1,000 to
100,000 parsecs in diameter and usually separated by distances
on the order of millions of parsecs (or mega parsecs).
The space between galaxies is filled with a tenuous gas with an
average density less than one atom per cubic meter. The majority
of galaxies are gravitationally organized into associations known
as galaxy groups, clusters, and super clusters. At the largest scale,
these associations are generally arranged into sheets and
filaments that are surrounded by immense voids.[
MILKY WAY GALAXY
The Greek philosopher Democritus (450–370 BC) proposed that

the bright band on the night sky known as the Milky Way might
consist of distant stars. Aristotle (384–322 BC), however,
believed the Milky Way to be caused by "the ignition of the fiery
exhalation of some stars that were large, numerous and close
together" and that the "ignition takes place in the upper part of
the atmosphere, in the region of the World that is continuous with
the heavenly motions. The Neo-
Platonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger(c. 495–570
AD) was critical of this view, arguing that if the Milky Way
is sublunary (situated between Earth and the Moon) it should
appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that
it should have parallax, which it does not. In his view, the Milky
Way is celestial.
According to Mohani Mohamed,

the Arabian astronomer Alhazen (965–1037) made the first
attempt at observing and measuring the Milky Way's parallax,
and he thus "determined that because the Milky Way had no
parallax, it must be remote from the Earth, not belonging to
the atmosphere. The Persian astronomer al-Bīrūnī (973–1048)
proposed the Milky Way galaxy to be "a collection of countless
fragments of the nature of nebulous stars.
The Andalusian astronomer Ibn Bajjah ("Avempace", d. 1138)
proposed that the Milky Way is made up of many stars that
almost touch one another and appear to be a continuous image
due to the effect of refraction from sublunary material, citing his
observation of the conjunction of Jupiter and Mars as evidence of
this occurring when two objects are near.
In the 14th century, the Syrian-born Ibn Qayyim proposed the
Milky Way galaxy to be "a myriad of tiny stars packed together
in the sphere of the fixed stars.
.
Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came

in 1610 when the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used
a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is
composed of a huge number of faint stars. In 1750 the English
astronomer Thomas Wright, in his An original theory or new
hypothesis of the Universe, speculated (correctly) that the galaxy
might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars held
together by gravitational forces, akin to the solar system but on
a much larger scale. The resulting disk of stars can be seen as a
band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk.. In a

treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant elaborated on Wright's idea
about the structure of the Milky Way.
The first project to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the
position of the Sun was undertaken by William Herschel in 1785
by counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky.
He produced a diagram of the shape of the galaxy with the solar
system close to the center. Using a refined approach, Kapteyn in
1920 arrived at the picture of a small (diameter about
15 kiloparsecs) ellipsoid galaxy with the Sun close to the center.
A different method by Harlow Shapley based on the cataloguing
of globular clusters led to a radically different picture: a flat disk
with diameter approximately 70 kilo parsecs and the Sun far from
the center. Both analyses failed to take into account the absorption
of light by interstellar dust present in the galactic plane, but
after Robert Julius Trumplerquantified this effect in 1930 by
studying open clusters, the present picture of our host galaxy,
the Milky Way, emerged.
Eclipse:
An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when
an astronomical object is temporarily obscured, either by passing
into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass
between it and the viewer. An eclipse is a type of syzygy.
The term eclipse is most often used to describe either a solar

eclipse, when the Moon's shadow crosses the Earth's surface, or a
lunar eclipse, when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow.
However, it can also refer to such events beyond the Earth–Moon
system: for example, a planet moving into the shadow cast by
one of its moons, a moon passing into the shadow cast by its host
planet, or a moon passing into the shadow of another moon.
A binary star system can also produce eclipses if the plane of the
orbit of its constituent stars intersects the observer's position.
Solar eclipse
As observed from the Earth, a solar eclipse occurs when the

Moon passes in front of the Sun. The type of solar eclipse event
depends on the distance of the Moon from the Earth during the
event. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Earth intersects the
umbra portion of the Moon's shadow. When the umbra does not
reach the surface of the Earth, the Sun is only partially occulted,
resulting in an annular eclipse. Partial solar eclipses occur when
the viewer is inside the penumbra.
The eclipse magnitude is the fraction of the Sun's diameter that is

covered by the Moon. For a total eclipse, this value is always
greater than or equal to one. In both annular and total eclipses,
the eclipse magnitude is the ratio of the angular sizes of the
Moon to the Sun.
Solar eclipses are relatively brief events that can only be

viewed in totality along a relatively narrow track. Under the
most favorable circumstances, a total solar eclipse can last for
7 minutes, 31 seconds, and can be viewed along a track that is
up to 250 km wide. However, the region where a partial eclipse
can be observed is much larger. The Moon's umbra will advance
eastward at a rate of 1,700 km/h, until it no longer intersects the
Earth's surface.
Geometry of a total solar eclipse (not to scale)
During a solar eclipse, the Moon can sometimes perfectly

cover the Sun because its size is nearly the same as the Sun's
when viewed from the Earth. A total solar eclipse is in fact
an occultation while an annular solar eclipse is a transit.
When observed at points in space other than from the Earth's

surface, the Sun can be eclipsed by bodies other than the
Moon. Two examples include when the crew of Apollo 12
observed the Earth to eclipse the Sun in 1969 and when
the Cassini probe observed Saturn to eclipse the Sun in 2006.
Lunar eclipse
The progression of a lunar eclipse from right to left. Totality
is shown with the first two images. These required a
longer exposure time to make the details visible.
Lunar eclipses occur when the Moon passes through the Earth's
shadow. This occurs only when the Moon is on the far side of the
Earth from the Sun, lunar eclipses only occur when there is a full
moon. Unlike a solar eclipse, an eclipse of the Moon can be
observed from nearly an entire hemisphere. For this reason it is
much more common to observe a lunar eclipse from a given
location. A lunar eclipse also lasts longer, taking several hours to
complete, with totality itself usually averaging anywhere from
about 30 minutes to over an hour.
There are three types of lunar eclipses: penumbral, when the
Moon crosses only the Earth's penumbra; partial, when the Moon
crosses partially into the Earth's umbra; and total, when the Moon
crosses entirely into the Earth's umbra. Total lunar eclipses pass
through all three phases. Even during a total lunar eclipse,
however, the Moon is not completely dark. Sunlight refracted
through the Earth's atmosphere enters the umbra and provides a
faint illumination. Much as in a sunset, the atmosphere tends to
more strongly scatter light with shorter wavelengths, so the
illumination of the Moon by refracted light has a red hue, thus
the phrase 'Blood Moon' is often found in descriptions of such
lunar events as far back as eclipses are recorded.
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GRADE –VIII

SECTION-I- GENRAL SCIENCE (20 MCQs)

1.1 Crop Production and Management.

2.1 Force and Pressure.

3.1 Synthetic Fibres & Plastic.

SECTION-II- ASTRONOMY ( 30 MCQs)

4.1 Introduction to Astronomy.

CROP PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT

1 The Crops which are grown in rainy season are called_________?

a Rabi crop b Seasonal crop

2 Rabi Crops are grown in _______ season?

3 Now a day’s seed is sown in the field using?

4 Which of the following description is true for describing ‘fertiliser’?

5 Rhizobium (Bacteria) which fixes atmospheric nitrogen is found in

a Tractor, Hoe, Seed drill b Bullock, tiller, tractor

7 Growing different crops alternately on the same land is technically called?

8 Moat, Dhekli and Rahat are different___________?

a Traditional methods of b Traditional methods of Weeding

10. The farm appliance ‘Combine’ is a combined__________?

2 Examples of Multi cellular Microorganism are___________?

3 Some medicines obtained from micro-organisms are applied to kill or stop

4 A common preservative used in jam and pickles is_________?

5 Rhizobium found in root nodules of leguminous roots is an?

6 Lactobacillus is commonly found in __________?

7 The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol by yeast is called?

8. The pores in the bread are due to gas bubbles of_________?

a Oxygen b Nitrogen di oxide

9 Deliberately injecting weak microbes into a healthy body and producing

10. The microbe for Malaria is carried by______________?

a Male Anopheles mosquito b Female Anopheles Mosquito

SYNTHETIC FIBERS & FABRICS

1 A chain of small chemical units combined to form a large single unit is

2 Polythene and PVC are examples of_________?

a Bio degradable substance b Thermosetting plastics

3 Plastics which when molded once cannot be softened by heating. Such

4 Polycot is made by mixing two types of fibres namely?

a Silk + Cotton b Polythene + cotton

5 The 4 R Principle is__________?

a Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, b Remember, reduce, Recycle, Rejoice

c Repeat, Rejoice, recycle, reduce d None of the above

6 _____________ is an example of natural polymer?

7 Which of the following is Non-biodegradable?

a Woolen clothes b Plastic bag,

8 Bakelite and Melamine are examples of _____?

a Thermosetting plastics b Silk

MATERIALS : METALS AND NON-METALS

a Ductility b Sheet ability

a Ductility b Sheet ability

3 The metal found in liquid state?

4 When a copper vessel is exposed to moist air for long, it acquires a

a Copper oxide and Copper b Copper hydroxide & Copper

5 When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water __________ is formed.

a Sulphuric acid c b Sulphoxy acid

6 Sodium metal is stored in ____?

a water b Kept under open air

7 Phosphorus is stored in_____?

8 Since metals produce ringing sounds, they are said to be ____.

a Sound metal b Sonorous

9 A substance which cannot be broken down further by chemical

a Metal b Non Metal

COAL AND PETROLEUM

1 Resources present in unlimited quantity in nature and are not

a) Exhaustible Natural Resources b) Inexhaustible Natural Resources

2 Coal, Petroleum and natural gas are examples of _______?