Circuit Theory

1. Basic Circuit
2. Circuit Network With Load
Resistance
3. Circuit Analysis/Electrical Network
4. Circuit With Inductor(L)
5. Circuit With Capacitor(C)
6. Circuit With Reactance(X) and
Impedance(Z)
 1. Basic Theory
1. Draw the Basic Circuit
2. Unit and Term-
1. Ampere (A)-electrical current
2. Volt (V)-different potential. Figure 3: Basic
Circuit
3. Ohm(Ω)-resistance At least 4 part:
4. Coulomb (Q)-electrical charge 1.Source of emf
2.Conductor
5. E.m.f.- Electromotive force 3.A load
4.Switch (control)
3. Part of Basic Circuit (next page)
Symbol Symbol

Wire no Wire
connecte connecte
d d
Node /
Resistor
Junction

Variable Resistor Lamp

w
w
Cell Watt meter
A
A

Inductor Amp meter

V
V

Capacitor Volt meter

 2. Circuit Network With Load
Resistance(R)
• Connection of resistors
1. Series-
• R total=R1+R2+Rn
• I total=I (R1) = I (R2) = I (Rn)
• E=V(R1) + V (R2) +V(Rn)
• Voltage drop depend on resistor value
1. Parallel-
• 1/R total=1/R1+1/R2+1/Rn
• I total=I (R1) + I (R2) + I (Rn)
• E=V(R1) = V (R2) = V(Rn)
 3. Circuit Analysis/Electrical
Network
1. Ohm’s law
2. Kirchhoff’s Current Laws (KCL)
3. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Laws (KVL)
4. Thevenin’s Theorem
5. Maximum Power Transfer
6. Wye-Delta Transformations
 1. Ohms Law (1)
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage across
a resistor is directly proportional to the
current I flowing through the resistor.
• Mathematical expression for Ohm’s Law
is as follows:
v = iR
 Example
V
I R

V
I R

V
I R
Nodes, Branches and Loops
• A branch represents a single element
such as a voltage source or a
resistor.
• A node is the point of connection
between two or more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
 Nodes, Branches and Loops
Example

Original circuit

Equivalent circuit

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

 3. Kirchhoff’s Current Laws (KCL)
• states that :
– the algebraic sum of currents entering a node is zero. or
– The total currents enter a node=The current exit a node

∑i
n =1
n =0

itotal =i1+i3+i2+i4+i5=
0…(i)
itotal =i1+i3+i4=i5+i2…
Mathematically, ….(ii)
Example: Give the
expression of itotal

Answer:

itotal =i1-i3+i2=0…(i)
itotal =i1=i2+i3…….(ii)
 4. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• states that:
– the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path
(or loop) is zero.

Mathematically,

v1 − v2 − v3 + v4 − v5 = 0
 4. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
(KVL)
Example

• Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the

figure below.

va-v1-vb-v2-v3 = 0

V1 = IR1 v2 = IR2 v3 = IR3

⇒ va-vb = I(R1 + R2 + R3)

va − vb
I=
R1 + R2 + R3
 5. Thevenin’s Theorem

It states that a linear two-terminal

circuit (Fig. a) can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit (Fig. b) consisting of
a voltage source VTH in series with a
resistor RTH ,

where
• VTH is the open-circuit voltage at the
terminals.

• RTH is the input or equivalent resistance at

the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off.
Step of Thevenin’s Theorem
• Step 1:
– Remove resistor(RL) and mark terminal a-b
• Step 2:
– Find RTH by close voltage supply and open current
supply
• Step 3:
– Find VTh at terminal a-b
• Step 4:
– Draw equivalent circuit for Thevenin and put RL
 6. Maximum Power Transfer
If the entire circuit is replaced by
its Thevenin equivalent except for
the load, the power delivered to
the load is:
2
 VTh 
P = i 2 RL =   RL
 RTh + RL 

For maximum power dissipated

in RL, Pmax , for a given RTH ,
and VTH ,
2
V
RL = RTH ⇒ Pmax = Th
4 RL The power transfer profile with
different RL
 7. Wye-Delta Transformations

Delta -> Star Star -> Delta

Rb Rc R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R1 = Ra =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R1

Rc Ra R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R2 = Rb =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R2

Ra Rb R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R3 = Rc =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R3