1.

0
COMPANY
BACKGROUND

1
1.1 Company Profile

Group Formation

Company’s Logo

Company’s Name: GOLDEN SQUARE ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS

NEVER LET SUCCESS GET TO YOUR HEAD AND NEVER

Company’s Motto
LET FAILURE GET TO YOUR HEART

LOT 837, JALAN SUBANG 7, TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN

SUBANG,
Company’s Address
47610 SUBANG JAYA,
SELANGOR

Tel : 0 3-8024 2525

Company’s Contact
Fax :03-8024 2323

1. Everyone needs to take a fair share of the group work.

2. Every voice deserves to be heard, even if people don't agree with
the point of view being expressed.
Company’s Ground
Rules 3. Respect the privacy of others in the group by not repeating what is
discussed outside of the focus group.
4. Mobiles on silent when in group meeting.

2
COMPANY MEMBER’S BIODATA

3
1.2 Organization Chart

ORGANIZATION CHART

DIRECTOR

MUHAMAD TAUFIQ BIN MAT RASLI

GENERAL MANAGER

BADRUL ZAMAN BIN KAMARUL-ZAMAN

SENIOR PROJECT SENIOR ARCHITECT

MANAGER
IZHAR BIN AWANG
MUHAMMAD WAZIEN BIN
KAMSANI

ARCHITECT

MUHAMAD FAHMI BIN

IBRAHIM

4
COMPANY’S BACKGROUND

Golden Square Engineering Consultants Sdn. Bhd. first started business as a sole
proprietor firm back in 2008 at its former premise in Puchong, Kuala Lumpur. In the
inception stage, due to financial and manpower constraints, its business was centered
primarily on private household. However, in a relatively short span of a few years,
through hard work, prudent financial management and budgeting coupled with careful
manpower planning, the firm was able to diversify into the business or commercial
sector.

Over the years, the credibility of the firm among its numerous client as a reliable
and dependable constructing and sanitary consultant had been more than established and
sustained, as reflected by the increasing volume of business secured by the firm in each
succeeding years. Today, with his diligence and efficiency in management, Golden
Square Engineering Consultants Sdn. Bhd. is well known as a reliable and prompt
consultant.

5
 2.0
PROJECT
BRIEF

6
2.1 Project Description

The project involves the designing the foundation of water tank. This building
mainly used reinforcement concrete to support the water tank. A site investigation is to
determine the soil profile of each layer at the proposed site. The resistance to the applied
structure load is derived mainly from the frictional resistance developed at the soil pile
interface.

This water tank we built in pile foundation and building structure is using the
reinforcement concrete and brick wall. The design of the foundation to ensure the
building can sustain all type of loading.

Objective of this project:

1. To identify load from superstructure

2. To identify the most appropriate type of foundations.

3. To design the foundation for the structure

2.2 Soil Investigation

It is performed to obtain information on the physical properties of soil and rock

around a site for the purpose of earthworks and foundation design of the proposed
structures. The soil investigation techniques are also applicable for repair of distress to
earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions.

To obtain information about the soil conditions below the ground, some form of
subsurface exploration is required. Methods of observing the soils below the surface,

7
obtaining samples, and determining physical properties of the soils and rocks include
test pits, boring and in situ tests.

Test Pits can be carried out by manual hand dug with shovel or machine
excavated up to 4.5m deep for the purpose of soil sample collection and observing soil
condition. This technique is usually applicable only for low rise developments where it
does not involve deep foundation.

For deep soil boring, the most commonly used technique is Rotary Wash Boring,
where our drilling rig can bore up to 100m depth, depending on site condition. Disturb
and Undisturbed soil samples can be collected by Split Spoon (SPT Sampler), Piston
Sampler, Thin wall tube, Mazier, etc. When a rock layer is reached, coring method can
be used to core through the rock and collect rock samples.

2.3 Equation uses

Correlation between Angle of Fiction (∅′ ) and Standard Penetration Number

(𝑁60 ) are calculated in order to design foundation based on our site. The formulas that
we used are shown below:

1. Angle of Fiction (∅′ ) :

∅′ = 27.1 + 0.3 𝑁60 − 0.00054[𝑁60 ]2

Where:

𝑁60 = field standard penetration number

∅′ = soil friction angle

2. Standard Penetration Number (𝑁60 ):

8
 𝑁𝜂𝐻 𝜂𝐵 𝜂𝑆 𝜂𝑅
𝑁60 =
60

Where:

𝑁60 = Standard penetration number, corrected for field conditons

N=measured penetration number

𝜂𝐻 =hummer efficiency (%)

𝜂𝐵 =correction for borehole diameter

𝜂𝑆 =sampler correction

𝜂𝑅 =correction for rod length

3. Void Ratio

e = wGs / Sr

4. Unit weight

𝛾 = (w Pb) / 1000

5. Saturated Unit weight

𝛾sat = (Gs + e) (w) / 1 + e

1. Variation of hummer efficiency (%), 𝜂𝐻

Country Hammer Type Hammer Release 𝜂𝐻 (%)

Japan Donut Free fall 78
Donut Rope and Pulley 67
United States Safety Rope and Pulley 60
Donut Rope and Pulley 45
Argentina Donut Rope and Pulley 45
China Donut Free fall 60
Donut Rope and Pulley 50

9
 - 𝜂𝐻 Value that we obtained from table above is 78% / 0.78. We had chosen Japan
made Donut type hammer. The Hammer was released from the air to ground by
free fall.
2. Variation of correction for borehole diameter, 𝜂𝐵

Diamiter (mm) 𝜂𝐵
60 - 120 1
150 1.05
200 1.15

- 𝜂𝐵 Value we obtained from table above is 1 as the size of boreholes was 100mm
in diameter.

3. Variation sampler correction, 𝜂𝑆

Variable 𝜂𝑆
Standard Sampler 1
With liner for dense sand and clay 0.8
With liner for loose sand 0.9

- 𝜂𝑆 Value that we obtained is 1 as the soil is standard sampler.

4. Variation of correction for rod length, 𝜂𝑅

Rod Length (m) 𝜂𝑅

>10 1
6 to 10 0.95
4 to 6 0.85
0 to 4 0.75

- We assume that the rod length is between 0 and 4 meter. Therefore 0.75 is
obtained as 𝜂𝑅 value.

10
2.4 Data according to its depth:

BOREHOLE 2 DATA

DEPTH (m) N60 CU Ø'

1.5 – 1.95 5.85 0 28.84
3.0 – 3.45 4.88 0 28.55
4.5 – 4.95 13.65 0 31.09
6.0 – 6.45 7.80 0 29.41
7.5 – 7.95 7.80 0 29.41
9.0 – 9.45 1.95 0 27.68
10.5 – 10.95 7.80 0 29.41
12.0 – 12.45 6.83 0 29.12
13.5 – 13.95 12.68 0 30.82
15.0 – 15.45 15.60 0 31.65
16.5 – 16.95 14.63 0 31.37
18.0 – 18.45 20.48 0 33.02
19.5 – 19.95 9.75 0 29.97
21.0 – 21.45 14.63 0 31.37
Total 144.33 0

𝜂𝐻 = 78%
𝜂𝐵 = 1.0
𝜂𝑆 = 1.0
𝜂𝑅 = 0.75

Average N60 =144.33/14 = 10.3 ≈ 10

11
2.5 Soil properties

𝛾 = 27.17𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 c = 0 N=6 SILTY SAND

e = 1.05 Φ = 28.84 1.5 m
𝛾sat = 16.57𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 c = 0 N = 14 SILTY SAND
e = 1.41 Φ = 31.09
3m

𝛾sat = 16.00𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 c = 0 N=8 CLAYEY SAND

e = 1.60 Φ = 29.41 1.5 m
𝛾sat = 16.00𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 c = 0 N=7 GRAVELLY SAND
e = 1.60 Φ = 29.12
6m

𝛾sat = 16.00𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 c = 0 N = 15 GRAVELLY SAND

e = 1.58 Φ = 31.37
4.5 m

𝛾sat = 18.23𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 c = 0 N = 10 SILTY SAND

e = 0.90 Φ = 29.97 3m

𝛾sat = 18.37𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 c = 0 N = 15 SILTY SAND

e = 0.89 Φ = 31.37 1.5 m

Deep Foundation design (Calculation) based on the site:

QU G.L

𝒄′ = 𝟎
∅′ = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟕
𝑸𝒖𝟏 = 625.98𝑘𝑁
QS 𝑸𝒖𝟐 = 888.32𝑘𝑁
𝑸𝒖𝟑 = 1150.66𝑘𝑁

20 m 21 m Bulk density
D =2.77 Mg/𝑚3

𝜸 = 2.77𝑥10𝑥 3 9.81/1000
= 27.17𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

QP
12
 3.0
ANALYSIS
OF
STRUCTURE

13
3.1 Column load

A column is structural element, is generally square or rectangular, but circular and other
shape are also used. Columns in a structure carry load from the slabs and beam down to
foundations. . Strength of the column depends upon shape, size, cross section of column
and column length. A column is subjected to axial compressive load.

Axial loading, represented as products from permanent load, Gk and variable load Qk.
Where the permanent action Gk is the self-weight of the structure, weight of finishes,
ceilings and service and the variable action Qk is action caused of the people, furniture,
equipment etc.

3.2 Beam load

Beam is a structural member that resists lateral loading in bending, shear, and torsion.
Load that apply on beam may consist of beams self-weight, parmanent load Gk and
variable load Gk from slabs, others structural or non-structural members supported by
beam. After carry load from the slab, beam will transfer the load to the column.
Determination of beam load consists of permanent load Gk and variable load Qk.

14
3.3 Distribution load for each column

1 3.5 m 2 3.5 m 3

3.5 m

3.5 m

3.3.1 General

Beam size = 250 mm x 450 mm

Column size = 500mm x 500 mm

Self-weight of water = 200 m3 = 1962 kN / 49 m2 = 40kN/m2

Self-weight of slab = 0.2 x 25 = 5 kN/m2

Characteristics permanent action, gk = 40 + 5 = 45 kN/m2

Characteristics variable action, qk = 4.0 kN/m2

15
 W2y
W1z W1z
Roof
W1y
3m

3m

3m

GF

3.3.2 Loading from roof to foundation

Roof W1z W2z W1 y W1 y

GK 63 63 63 63

QK 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2

Max 101.55 101.55 101.55 101.55

GF - 3 W1z W2z W1 y W1 y

GK 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

QK 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Max 16.125 16.125 16.125 16.125

16
Loading for column A/1

Roof to 2nd

Z-beam = 101.55 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 177.71 kN

y-beam = 101.55 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 177.71 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 380.73kN

2nd to 1st

Z-beam = 16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 28.22 kN

y-beam = 16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 28.22 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 462.48 kN

1st to GF

Z-beam = 16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 28.22 kN

y-beam = 16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 28.22 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 544.23 kN

GF to foundation

Z-beam = 16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 28.22 kN

y-beam = 16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 28.22 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 625.98 kN

17
Loading for column column A/2

Roof to 2nd

Z-beam = (101.55 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (101.55 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 355.425 kN

y-beam = (101.55 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 177.71 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 380.73kN

2nd to 1st

Z-beam = (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 56.43 kN

y-beam = 16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 28.22 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 490.69 kN

1st to GF

Z-beam = (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 56.43 kN

y-beam = 16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 28.22 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 600.65 kN

GF to foundation

Z-beam = (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 56.43 kN

y-beam = 16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5 = 28.22 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 888.32 kN

18
Loading for column A/1

Roof to 2nd

Z-beam = (101.55 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (101.55 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 355.425 kN

y-beam = (101.55 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (101.55 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 355.425 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 736.15 kN

2nd to 1st

Z-beam = (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 56.43 kN

y-beam = (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 56.43 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 874.32 kN

1st to GF

Z-beam = (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 56.43 kN

y-beam = (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 56.43 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 1012.49 kN

GF to foundation

Z-beam = (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 56.43 kN

y-beam = (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) + (16.125 x 3.5 x 0.5) = 56.43 kN

Self-weight = 1.35 ( 0.5 x 0.5 x 3 25 ) = 25.31 kN

= 1150.66 kN

19
3.4 Grouping of load for each type of lolumn

GROUP LOAD kN

A 625.98

B 888.32

C 1150.66

Column LOAD kN

A/ 1
A/ 3
625.98
C/ 1
C/ 3
A/ 2
B/ 1
888.32
B/ 3
C/ 2

B/2 1150.66

20
 4.0
DESIGN
OF
FOUNDATION

21
4.1 Selection of foundation

Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the loads of
the structure to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does,
to a subsurface layer or a range of depths below ground surface. The selection of pile to
be used depends on some condition such as soil layers are highly compressible and
week to support the load by structure, characters of structure, types of loading,
availability of the materials and length of pile in relation to the load and types of soil.
Selection also based on the investigation report. Site investigation report suggests the
need of pile foundation, type of pile foundation to be used, depth of pile foundation to be
provided. The main components of the pile foundation are the pile cap and the piles. The
pile cap carrying very heavy point loads tend to produce high tensile stresses at the pile
cap.

A pile is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven deep into the
ground to a depth below. Pile can be divided into the following some types such as l
steel, concrete, timber and composite piles and every types of piles have advantages and
disadvantage itself. The method installation of pile can be install with driven pile and
cast in situ pile.

Based on the soil profile, the subsoil is weak as it consists of silty sand. Silty
sand is unstable because of composed of finely divided rock and mineral particle.
Settlement may be occur because of the profile of silty sand is weak to carry the load.
Because of that deep foundation is chosen to overcome the problem.

22
4.2 Description on selected foundation

4.2.1 Type of Piles Used: (Friction Bearing Piles)

To avoid the silty sand (based on soil profile/borelog) the piles are inserted 1.5 m
below the ground. Friction bearing piles are chosen because no layer of rock or hard soil
strata is encountered at a reasonable depth below the ground surface. The resistance to
the applied structural load is formed from the frictional resistance developed at the soil–
pile interface

4.2.2 Material of Piles Used (Square Piles)

In this project, we use concrete square piles where reinforcement is provided

because of have more advantage and more resistance. Concrete piles may be divided
into two categories precast piles and cast in situ piles. This pile also can carry high load
when loaded. Usual load for this pile can 300 KN to 3000 KN.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Square piles

Advantage Disadvantage
Relative cheap Difficult to splice after concreting
Allow for inspection before pouring Thin casings may be damaged during
concrete driving
Easy to extend Difficult to transport
Higher axial capacity Noisewhendriving the piles.

23
4.2.3 Design steps

1. Analysis soil profile, know the types of soil.

2. Find the angle of friction, standard penetration number (N60), void ratio, unit
weight and saturated unit weight.
3. Determine the foundation is shallow or deep foundation.
4. Choose suitable type of pile is determined and pile length is assumed.
5. Determine number of piles required.
6. Designing the size of pile cap and pile arrangements.
7. Calculate the total load-carrying capacity of the piles
8. Calculate the settlement of pile.

24
4.3 Design of Foundation Calculation

4.3.1 Analysis of Every Soil Layer

GROUP A

Determine Qp:

Qp = Ap q’ Nq* q’= 𝜸′L

= (0.305x0.305)(12.84)(72.9) = (18.37-9.81)(1.5)

= 87.07 kN = 12.84

Qp = Ap (0.5 Pa Nq* tan Φ)

= (0.305x0.305)(0.5 x100 x 72.9x tan 31.37⁰)

= 206.73kN

Hence, Qp = 87.07 kN

Determine Qs:

1. Z = 0 – 1.5m

Qs = k𝝈′ tan (0.8 𝚽’) pL

=0

2. Z = 1.5m – 4.5m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(20.28) tan (0.8)(31.09)] (0.305x4) (20)

= 344.10 kN

25
3. Z = 4.5m – 6.0m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(9.29) tan (0.8)(29.41)] (0.305x4) (20)

= 148.04 kN

4. Z = 6.0m – 12m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(37.14) tan (0.8)(29.12)] (0.305x4) (20)

= 585.30 kN

5. Z = 12.0m – 16.5m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(27.86) tan (0.8)(31.37)] (0.305x4) (20)

= 477.56 kN

6. Z = 16.5m – 19.5m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(25.26) tan (0.8)(29.97)] (0.305x4) (20)

= 411.16 kN

7. Z = 19.5m – 21.0m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(12.84) tan (0.8)(31.37)] (0.305x4) (20)

= 220.10 kN

26
Total:

Qs = 0+344.10 + 148.04 + 585.30 + 477.56 + 411.16 + 220.10

= 2186.26kN

Determine Qu:

Qu = Qp + Qs

Qu = 87.07 kN + 2186.26 kN

= 2273.33 kN

Determine Qall:

Qall =2273.33/3

=757.78 kN > 625.98 kN OK !

GROUP B

Determine Qp:

Qp = Ap q’ Nq* q’ = 𝜸′L

= (0.406x0.406)(12.84)(72.9) = (18.37-9.81) (1.5)

= 154.29 kN = 12.84

Qp = Ap (0.5 Pa Nq* tan Φ)

= (0.406x0.406)(0.5 x100 x 72.9x tan 31.37⁰)

= 366.31 kN

Hence, Qp = 154.29 kN

27
Determine Qs:

1. Z = 0 – 1.5m

Qs = k𝝈′ tan (0.8 𝚽’) pL

=0

2. Z = 1.5m – 4.5m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(20.28) tan (0.8)(31.09)] (0.406 x4) (20)

= 458.05 kN

3. Z = 4.5m – 6.0m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(9.29) tan (0.8)(29.41)] (0.406 x4) (20)

= 197.06 kN

4. Z = 6.0m – 12m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(37.14) tan (0.8)(29.12)] (0.406 x4) (20)

= 779.13 kN

5. Z = 12.0m – 16.5m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(27.86) tan (0.8)(31.37)] (0.406 x4) (20)

= 635.71 kN

28
6. Z = 16.5m – 19.5m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(25.26) tan (0.8)(29.97)] (0.406 x4) (20)

= 547.31 kN

7. Z = 19.5m – 21.0m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(12.84) tan (0.8)(31.37)] (0.406 x4) (20)

= 292.98 kN

Total:

Qs = 0+ 458.05 + 197.06 + 779.13 + 635.71 + 547.31 +292.98

= 2910.24 kN

Determine Qu:

Qu = Qp + Qs

Qu = 154.29 kN + 2910.24 kN

= 3064.53 kN

Determine Qall:

Qall =3064.53/3

=1021.51 kN > 888.32 kN OK !

29
GROUP C

Determine Qp:

Qp = Ap q’ Nq* q’= 𝜸′L

= (0.508x0.508)(12.84)(72.9) = (18.37-9.81) (1.5)

= 241.56 kN = 12.84

Qp = Ap (0.5 Pa Nq* tan Φ)

= (0.508x0.508)(0.5 x100 x 72.9x tan 31.37⁰)

= 573.50 kN

Hence, Qp = 241.56 kN

Determine Qs:

1. Z = 0 – 1.5m

Qs = k𝝈′ tan (0.8 𝚽’) pL

=0

2. Z = 1.5m – 4.5m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(20.28) tan (0.8)(31.09)] (0.508x4) (20)

= 573.12 kN

3. Z = 4.5m – 6.0m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(9.29) tan (0.8)(29.41)] (0.508x4) (20)

= 246.57 kN

30
4. Z = 6.0m – 12m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(37.14) tan (0.8)(29.12)] (0.508x4) (20)

= 974.87 kN

5. Z = 12.0m – 16.5m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(27.86) tan (0.8)(31.37)] (0.508x4) (20)

= 795.42 kN

6. Z = 16.5m – 19.5m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(25.26) tan (0.8)(29.97)] (0.508x4) (20)

= 684.81 kN

7. Z = 19.5m – 21.0m

Qs = kσ’ tan (0.8 Φ’) pL

= 1.5 [(12.84) tan (0.8)(31.37)] (0.508x4) (20)

= 366.59 kN

Total:

Qs = 0+ 573.12 + 246.57 + 974.87 + 795.42 + 684.81 + 366.59

= 3641.38 kN

31
Determine Qu:

Qu = Qp+ Qs

Qu = 241.56 kN + 3641.38 kN

= 3882.94 kN

Determine Qall:

Qall = 3882.94 /3

= 1294.31 kN > 1150.66 kN OK!

4.2 Calculation of settlement

GROUP A

Se (1) =(Qwp + 𝜺Qws) L / ApEp = [(87.07 +(0.5)(2186.26)](20) / (0.093)(28x 106)

= 6.3mm

Se (2) = (qwpD / Es) (1-𝝁2) Iws = (87.07 / 0.093)(0.305/ 25 x 103)(1-0.352)(0.85)

=8.5mm

Se (3) = (Qws / pL) (D / Es) (1-𝝁2)Iws

𝐿 20
Iws = 2 + 0.35(√(𝐷) = 2 + 0.35√0.305 = 4.83

= (2186.26/ (1.220x20))(0.305/ 25 x 103) (1-0.352)(4.83)

= 4.6mm

Se = Se (1) + Se (2) + Se (3)

= 9.1+8.5 + 4.6 = 19.4 mm < 25mm OK!

32
GROUP B

Se (1) = (Qwp + 𝜺Qws) L / ApEp = [(154.29+(0.5)(2910.42)](20) / (0.165)(40x 106)

= 4.9mm

Se (2) = (qwpD / Es) (1-𝝁2) Iws = (154.29 /0.165)(0.406/ 25 x 103)(1-0.352)(0.85)

= 11.3 mm

Se (3) = (Qws / pL) (D / Es) (1-𝝁2) Iws

𝐿 20
Iws = 2 + 0.35(√(𝐷) = 2 + 0.35√0.406 = 4.46

= (2910.24/ (1.624x20)) (0.406/ 25 x 103) (1-0.352)(4.46)

= 5.7 mm

Se = Se (1) + Se (2) + Se (3)

= 4.9 + 11.3 + 5.7 = 21.9 mm < 25mm OK!

GROUP C

Se (1) = (Qwp + 𝜺Qws) L / ApEp = [(241.56+(0.5)(3641.38)] (20) / (0.258)(40x 106)

= 4.0 mm

Se (2) = (qwpD / Es) (1-𝝁2) Iws = (241.56 / 0.258) (0.508/25 x 103) (1-0.352)(0.85)

= 14.2 mm

Se (3) = (Qws / pL) (D / Es) (1-𝝁2) Iws

𝐿 20
Iws = 2 + 0.35(√( )
𝐷
= 2 + 0.35√0.508 = 4.20

= (3641.38/ (2.032x20)) (0.508 / 25 x 103) (1-0.352) (4.20)

= 6.7 mm

Se = Se (1) + Se (2) + Se (3)

= 4.0 + 14.2 + 6.7 = 24.9 mm < 25mm OK!

33
4.4 Summary of design

Group Loading A B C

Area of cross section

0.305x0.305 0.406x0.406 0.508x0.508
(m2)
Qu
2273.33 3064.53 3882.94
kN/mm2

Qall
757.78 >625.98 1021.51 >888.32 1294.31 >1150.66
kN/mm2

Settlement,
19.4 21.9 24.9
Se (mm)

Settlement,
Ok! Ok! Ok!
Check < 25mm

34
 5.0
CONCLUSION

35
5.0 Conclusion

As a conclusion, we can conclude that the soil properties that we obtain from the
borelog and the types of soil are suitable to design a pile foundation. Types of soil for
this project is mostly silty sand eventhough there were other two different such as
gravelly sand and fine sand. The friction pile was used in this project due to depth of the
soil profile that is 21 meter. We propose a pile foundation and concrete piles due to the
soil properties. Concrete piles can be subjected to hard driving. It is corrosion resistant
and can be easily combined with a concrete superstructure.

Based on the analysis of structure, we obtain 3 groups of loading for column the
transfer load to foundation. The loads are 625.98 kN, 888.32 kN and 1150.66 kN. All of
these loading is lower than Qall that we calculated which means the loading is bearable
for the foundation to support. Besides that, the settlement for these types of soil is low
and do not highly occur settlement. The result of settlement is 19.4, 21.9 and 24.9 mm
and these settlements are lower than 25mm.

Eventhough, pile foundation cost more than shallow foundation the use of piles
is necessary to ensure the structural safety. Expansive and collapsible soils may be
present at the site of a proposed structure and using shallow foundation may suffer
damage. However, pile foundation considered as alternative when those situation occur.

Finally, we learnt many things in completing in this project such as how to read
the borelog and gain information from it. Besides that, applied the knowledge that learns
from the class to complete this project.

36
 6.0
REFERENCE

37
1) From the Internet
 https://www.worldbuild365.com/blog/soil-investigation-what-is-it-
and-why-is-it-important-for-your-building-project-Bi1R4q
 https://www.scribd.com/document/270573644/42-Pile-Foundation-
Water-Tank-Foundation
 https://www.scribd.com/document/323208922/Boring-Log-Sample-
Computation
2) Book
 Braja M. Das
 Soil investigation report

38
 7.0
APPENDIX

39