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▪ INTRODUCTION
▪ MECHANICAL EXPLOSION
▪ CHEMICAL EXPLOSION
▪ MULTIPHASE REACTIONS
▪ TRANSPORT EFFECTS AND GLOBAL RATES.
▪ REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION
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MECHANICAL EXPLOSION
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CHEMICAL EXPLOSION
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▪ There are many chemical reactions that will release energy. These are known
as exothermic reactions. If the reaction proceeds slowly, the released energy
will be dissipated and there will be few noticeable effects other than an
increase in temperature. On the other hand, if the reaction proceeds very
rapidly, then the energy will not be dissipated. Thus, a great quantity of energy
can be deposited into a relatively small volume, then manifest itself by a rapid
expansion of hot gases, which in turn can create a shock wave or propel
fragments outwards at high speed. Chemical explosions may be distinguished
from other exothermic reactions by the extreme rapidity of their reactions. In
addition to the violent release of energy, chemical explosions must provide a
means to transfer the energy into mechanical work. This is accomplished by
expanding product gases from the reaction. If no gases are produced, then the
energy will remain in the products as heat.
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▪ Combination reactions require that two or more components react together
exothermically to produce hot gases. Some examples are ammonium nitrate
and fuel oil (ANFO), gunpowder (potassium nitrate, carbon, and sulfur), and
fireworks. In these explosions, the reactants that make up the explosive must
be carefully mixed to assure that the reaction will continue.
▪ The damage caused by an explosion depends partly on how fast the explosive
reaction occurs. Decomposition reactions generally occur much faster than
combination reactions. They are more likely to be used for military
applications because they are more destructive. They also have a stronger
shattering effect (called brisance) than combination reactions. Combination
explosions are frequently used in mining operations because they have lower
brisance and occur at slower rates.
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MULTIPHASE REACTIONS
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Multiphase catalytic reactions
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Multiphase rector technology areas
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Common types of gas-solid reactors
•Packed bed
•Fluidized bed
•Monolith
•Riser and Downer
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Fluidized bed
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to
carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions. In this type of reactor,
a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually
a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to
suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid. This
process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the
FBR. As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial
applications.
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Basic principles
▪ The solid substrate (the catalytic material upon which chemical species react)
material in the fluidized bed reactor is typically supported by a porous plate,
known as a distributor.[1] The fluid is then forced through the distributor up
through the solid material. At lower fluid velocities, the solids remain in place
as the fluid passes through the voids in the material. This is known as a packed
bed reactor. As the fluid velocity is increased, the reactor will reach a stage
where the force of the fluid on the solids is enough to balance the weight of the
solid material. This stage is known as incipient fluidization and occurs at this
minimum fluidization velocity. Once this minimum velocity is surpassed, the
contents of the reactor bed begin to expand and swirl around much like an
agitated tank or boiling pot of water. The reactor is now a fluidized bed.
Depending on the operating conditions and properties of solid phase various
flow regimes can be observed in this reactor.
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Riser and Downer
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▪ And a circulating device positioned above said upflow zone and
configured to continuously circulate fluid upwardly though said
upflow zone and downwardly through said downflow zone, the
support assembly and the basket configured to promote the
formation of a fluid vortex within a portion of the downflow zone.
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Strategies for Multiphase Reactor Selection
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TRANSPORT EFFECTS
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▪ Major accidents cause extensive damage but that is not all. We forget
easily that small amounts of oil, gasoline, battery acids and refrigerator
fluids are released to environment daily. Even small but frequent
wastes from ships, households, cars or agriculture increase the load to
the environment. For example one litre of oil can, under unfavorable
circumstances, spoil 100 000 litres of drinking water. A spill of
hydraulic fluid from a truck can lead to environmental damages
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▪ Dangerous situations
▪ There is always a risk of spillage during the transport of hazardous goods.
When incompatible substances mix with each other there is a possibility of a
chemical reaction, which can produce enough heat to cause fire or explosion
and can release dangerous gases. For example, toxic nitrous oxides are
formed when ammonium nitrate (in fertilizers) decomposes in a fire. Another
example is the toxic gases which fume off when a spillage of concentrated
sulphuric acid is absorbed in sawdust
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▪ Special conditions can increase the risksA chemical substance or preparation
may be hazardous in itself when it comes into contact with other chemicals
including air, water or humidity. For example, when calcium carbide (used in
the production of acetylene and pyrotechnics) comes to contact with water, it
releases the extremely flammable gas acetylene (used in welding flame) and
creates an explosion hazard
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Vehicle requirements
▪ Transport by road may take place as bulk materials, or in containers and
tanks.The detailed technical requirements for different transport methods are
usually given in national regulations.
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▪ The transporter should check that the following documents are attached:
▪ Transport document (letter of consignment)
▪ Declaration that the packing and labelling is properly done.
▪ Transport emergency card (instructions in writing in case of accident or
emergency that may occur during transport)
▪ Driver's training certificate
▪ Certificate of approval given by technical inspection for the tank and vehicle
▪ Labels and placards for the vehicle
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▪ Organizing safety
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GLOBAL RATES.
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Accident Statistics
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REFERENCES
▪ https://www.britannica.com/technology/explosive#ref624903
▪ .P. L. Mills and R. V. Chaudhari, “Multiphase catalytic reactor
engineering and design for pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals,”
Catalysis Today, 37(4), pp. 367-404 (1997).
▪ Daniel Crowl and Joseph Louvar “Chemical Process Safety:
Fundamentals with Applications”, Prentice Hall, 2001
▪ http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/protection/safework/cis/products/saf
etytm/transpo.htm
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