Gender Differences PDF

See all › See all ›Search for publications, researchers, or questions Discover
or Download by subject area Join for free full-text PDF

Download Log in
citation Share
39 References 1 Figure
Discover scientific knowledge at ResearchGate, and make your research visible. Join for free
Article · August 2016 with 111 Reads

Cite this publication
Maryam Jawaheer
Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation
Abstract
This research attempts to find differences in working women and men in their decision to make an investment in Mauritius, with an objective to find whether
gender differences exist in investment decision making. The literature review elaborates on the three variables which contribute to investment decision making
have been chosen, namely, risk tolerance, financial literacy and types of investment. The methodology consisted of the planning process in which this research
is going to collect data through questionnaires among the working class of Mauritians in the capital city Port Louis, to analyze those data and finally to test the
data. The independent samples t-test was chosen as the test of difference to prove the hypotheses of this research. The results obtained revealed that there is
a significant difference between gender and risk tolerance while there is no significant difference between gender and financial literacy and also types of
investment. The findings of this research were helpful in finding out possible causes which generated such results. Finally, the limitations were discussed and
recommendations were given on the research topic.
Discover the world's research

• 14+ million members
• 100+ million publications
• 700k+ research projects
Join for free
Figures
People who read this publication also read:
Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

See all › See all › Download full-text PDF
Download citation Share
Full-text (PDF)
Available from: Maryam Jawaheer, Jun 15, 2017

Download full-text PDF
Other full-text sources



39 References 1 Figure 1
Faculty of Accounting and Finance, Research scholar, Asia Pacific University of
Technology
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary and(IJIR)
Research Innovation, Malaysia
2
Lecturer,
Vol-2, Issue-9, 2016 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Malaysia.
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Abstract: This research attempts to find differences in order to make the most appropriate choice of
Gender Differences in Investment Decision Making
in working women and men in their decision to
make an investment in Mauritius, with an objective
investment which responds to his needs. Basically,
everyone makes investments at some point in their
Among the Working Class of Mauritius
to find whether gender differences exist in
investment decision making. The literature review
life; whether it is depositing money in the bank,
pension plans, any savings schemes, purchasing
elaborates on the three variables which contribute types of insurance. All investments represent
Bibi Maryam Jawaheer1 &
to investment decision making have been chosen,
namely, risk tolerance, financial literacy and types
Vikneswaran S/O Manual2 risk. The
returns accompanied together with
amount of returns and risk undertaken has to be
of investment. The methodology consisted of the decided by the investor, and for that, he needs
planning process in which this research is going to substantial knowledge. Usually, higher returns are
collect data through questionnaires among the associated with higher risks. Investors usually have
working class of Mauritians in the capital city Port different level of risk tolerance; some are risk-
Louis, to analyze those data and finally to test the takers while other are risk averse. The amount of
data. The independent samples t-test was chosen as risk they are willing to take will result in the
the test of difference to prove the hypotheses of this amount of returns they will get.
research. The results obtained revealed that there
is a significant difference between gender and risk Furthermore, Jonas Berggren (2010) has developed
tolerance while there is no significant difference an interesting theory that “conventional portfolio
between gender and financial literacy and also theory tries to explain how financial markets
types of investment. The findings of this research perform and it assumes that investors are rational;
were helpful in finding out possible causes which the field of behavioral finance questions this
generated such results. Finally, the limitations were assumption. Behavioral finance attempts to show
discussed and recommendations were given on the how the investor behaves and shows that people
research topic. base their behavior on several physiological factors
such as; fear and greed.” Thus, behavioral finance
helps to understand patterns which lead to a
Keywords: Investment, investment decision making, difference in gender in the investment decision
gender differences, financial literacy, risk making. Recently, gender has really influenced the
tolerance, types of investment concern of financial advisors and companies’
interests.
The study of gender difference is viewed as an
1. Introduction endeavor of many types of researches. Gender
differences have evolved since men and women are
almost equally involved in financial decision
Decisions that we make today will shape the form making in most developed and developing
of tomorrow. Individuals engaging in investment countries. Compared to some years back, when
decision making every day is indeed a fascinating gender gap was higher in many countries and when
topic; the investment decision that they make today men used to dominate the financial sector and were
will be tomorrow’s profits or losses. Indeed, not all the primary decision makers. Whilst the new
investments are going to generate profits as the generation has almost a gender equality in many
investor is not considered rational at all times. parts of the world as both men and women work,
Many factors influence the investor such as thus it can be a fair way to analyze their inner
overconfidence, framing effects, a bad judgment, or instincts to come up with reasons whether they act
simply a lack of knowledge. Investing can really differently when it comes to investment decision
have a significant impact on an investor’s future, if making.
he knows how, where and when to invest. Financial
literacy is important for the success of an investor
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1405




whether there are gender differences affecting the
investmentJournal
Imperial decision
ofmaking. This research
Interdisciplinary will be(IJIR)
Research Furthermore, Dwyer et al. (2002) and Niessen &
carried Issue-9,
Vol-2, out in a positivistic
2016 view, based on detailed Ruenzi (2007) both carried out a survey among
past research. managers of US mutual funds and came to the
conclusion that a gender gap exists and it is very
significant, even when the level of education and
Over the years, women have gained an active role possibility
work experience of losswere
and the
uncertainty, more heavily
same. Consonant with
in
2. the Mauritianreview
Literature society. They are mostly than
thesemen.” Consonant
findings, with
Hartog et al. these
(2002)findings, Dohmen
who carried out
financially independent and they participate in aet survey
al. (2006)
amongcarried outand
Dutch a survey in Germany
also came and
to the same
investment decision making as much as the men do. Perrin
conclusion (2008)
that who
“beingcarried
a womanout a immediately
survey in
Mauritius, which is a developing country,
2.1. Risk tolerance Switzerland
increases the both
degreeconcluded that the males were
of risk aversion.”
consisting of 1.3m population, will be analyzed positively correlated with risky financial assets
through a sample from the working class to find out while women
However, were not.
no matter how many studies proved that
The level of risk tolerance in men versus women is women are more risk averse than men, some studies
surely different since studies have shown that men have also proved the contrary. As a matter of fact,
are more aggressive and assertive in nature while Badunenko (2009) conducted surveys in Germany
women are found to be generally more emotive. and the Netherlands and concluded that the gender
Bandura (1986) studies were among the first ones seems to have no significant effect on the risk
to point out that risk tolerance was influenced by tolerance level. He further argues that even though
self-assertiveness and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy there is a significant amount of evidence in
can be determined when a person is involved in an literature that men are more risk taker than women,
encounter with a competitor, or whether they are it is still insufficient to conclude that a gender gap
optimistic or pessimistic about their future and if exists in investment decision making. He pointed
they think of self-enhancing. Generally, no concrete out that most of the studies were carried out in the
evidence exists to prove that the risk tolerance is a U.S and only a few are from different countries,
biological trait although many studies suggest that therefore gender gap cannot be generalized since
men’s risk tolerance differs from that of women. there exist cross-country differences present in the
However, enough evidence from studies can help to institution, in social policies and in the economy.
categorize the level of risk tolerance. Over the Badunenko (2009) has further pointed out another
history, women have been more risk averse even interesting opinion that gender differences could
when factors such as individual characteristics were exist because of several factors other than the
controlled (Schmidt & Serak, 2006). Brown “innate differences in risk attitudes”. To illustrate
University’s sociologist, Brooke Harrington, this point, the survey done by Sunden (2004) stated
suggested that females have the “demographic risk” that “women are not generally risk averse when
which means that since women are mothers, they they are married, compared to unmarried ones.”
tend to retire sooner and content themselves on Similarly, Keller & Siegrist (2006) carried out a
pension benefits. Moreover, Fellner & Maciejovsky survey in Switzerland and concluded that females
(2007) found that women are more likely to choose are as much willing as males to invest in the same
the less volatile investments, less risky and they types of investment options carrying the same
show low market activity compared to men. UBS amount of risk.
Investor Watch (2014) carried out a survey and
found out that more women (32%) were more To explain this contradictory analysis of risk
likely to be happy with a “small guaranteed rate of tolerance, it can be said that risk perception is a
return than men did (28%). UBS Investor Watch vital concept. Barber & Ocean (2001) suggested
also examined carefully the risk tolerance of that men have a tendency to simplify financial data
women in two types of couples – one where women while women take into consideration every little
were in “woman-led couples” and one where detail, thus completely understand the investments’
women were in other couples. aspects, and which explains why they take less risk.
Similarly, Graham et al. (2002) believe as well that
Similarly, Olsen & Coz (2001) conducted a survey women are more thoughtful and they can be more
among professionals in investment decision making informed since they ask more questions and interact
and came to a conclusion that when it comes to risk more before making an investment decision. Age
tolerance, “women weigh risk attributes, such as the can also be a factor in risk tolerance since young




Therefore, an individual analysis or risk attitude is take advantages of investment opportunities.”
vital before
Imperial comingoftoInterdisciplinary
Journal a conclusion. As Lemaster
Research&(IJIR)
Strough (2013)
Vol-2, Issue-9, 2016 suggests “social roles and Academic literature has generally accepted that
personality traits are important for understanding both genders make different investment decisions
financial tolerance in men and women.” and that their difference in financial literacy could
be one factor. This is mainly due to the fact that
men and women tend to make riskier decisions than Similarly,
many countriesMarkow have and been Bagnaschi (2005)
lacking financial
older ones. Benzion
2.2. Financial & Yagil (2003) suggested that
literacy conducted
education asince
surveythebased on Development
Asian economical, money,
Bank
women are more conservative than men since they interest rates
(2013), and inflation
Australian knowledge
Securities and the
and Investment
have lower salaries. To counter this, Atkinson et al. findings
Commission proved that men
(2013), scoredLiteracy
Financial higher thanand
(2003)
Fonsecastated
(2010)thatdescribes
“even if financial
a womanliteracy
is a fund
as women.
EducationFinally, Chen &(2011)
Commission Volpehave
(2005)
all concluded
come up
manager,knowledge,
“special she is still a the
risk-averse investor.”
ability or skills to apply that
with people must be
one strategy: to “financially knowledgeable
improve financial in
literacy via
that knowledge, perceived knowledge, good order to make
financial informed
education investment
programs. These decisions
programs hadand
financial behavior, or even certain financial been designed mainly because it was found that
experience.” Empirical evidence has proven that women were vulnerable since they had less
financial literacy has a positive influence on financial knowledge compared to men.
financial performance and financial status of an
investor. Financially-literate investors are much The importance of being financially literate in order
efficient in doing their budgets, to save money and to provide one with cognitive skills to make
to control their expenses (Moore, 2003; Perry and investment decisions was pointed out. Atkinson &
Morris, 2005) also to handle mortgages and loans Messy (2011) discussed that “an individual need to
(Lusardi and Tufano, 2009) and finally to have the motivation to seek out financial
participate in the market (Van Rooij, Lusardi et al., information, the ability to control emotions that can
2011). Each individual should be able to make an affect their decision-making, and assurance in their
appropriate financial decision to be sure that he will own decision making and financial management
obtain a positive result. However, it has been seen capabilities. Similarly, Charness & Gneezy (2012),
that investors are objectively and subjectively Dwyer, Gilkeson & List (2002), Hackett & Betz
limited on their understanding of financial matters (1981), Hira (2010), Hira & Loibl (2008), Mottola
since they proved to be unable to achieve a good (2013), Webster, Ellis & Bryan (2004), have all
level of financial knowledge and they proved to be concluded that lower level of financial literacy and
unmotivated in that matter (Yoong, 2010). this had them experience financial disadvantage.
Many studies have been conducted on the gender Lusardi & Mitchell (2008) found out that elderly
gap in financial literacy in the past. Empirical women have a significant lower knowledge about
studies have shown that, in many cases, women are finances and retirement plans than men did.
less financially literate than men. Hung et al. (2009) Similarly, (ANZ Banking Group, 2008) conducted
have conducted a study based on questions about a research in Australia, proving the same result, and
financial concepts, investing, life insurance, explaining that women want to be financially
annuities, originally based on Lusardi & Mitchell independent, but they do not have the ability to
(2006) research. The study was aimed to measure retain their earnings until they are old since they do
financial knowledge in investment decision not make the right financial decisions. Clark &
making, which will be helpful in this study to Strauss (2008) in the US also pointed out that
measure the gender gap and concluded if financial “participants made inconsistent decisions because
literacy is really a factor which accounts for gender they lack financial knowledge and understanding.”
gap differences. Similarly, Worthington (2004) is
among those who concluded that women tend to To explain more about why there is actually a
have a relatively lower level of financial gender difference in financial literacy, Barclays led
knowledge. Delavande et al. (2008) also proved a research together with Ledbury and concluded
that women scored much lower than men did on a that women tend to make a different decision since
financial knowledge survey which included they are uncertain, and the reason why they are
complex financial concepts like diversification of uncertain is because they lack knowledge. Women
portfolio, annuities, and institutional knowledge. have declared that they need “greater financial
education and information across a diversity of




women’s reported level of financial knowledge.” policies.” There are many options in which a person
Also, a lotJournal
Imperial of women agreed to “knowing
of Interdisciplinary less than(IJIR)
Research can invest his funds into. The choice made by
the average
Vol-2, investor
Issue-9, 2016 about financial markets and investors depends on their objectives such as profit,
investing
ISSN: 2454in-1362,
general.” Finally, the IPA concluded
http://www.onlinejournal.in security, income stability and also on their level of
that there are two main issues when it comes to financial literacy (Jain & Mandot, 2012). Literature
financial
financial literacy.
matters.”First, womentohave
According a lower
Barclays, level
“unless such as Gomes
investing (2004) to& people
are available Kesavan such(2012) has
as bank
of financial
women knowledge
understand and secondly,
a financial women
product, they may
will studied
deposits, how people mutual
real estate, makes funds.
their choices
As Mishra of
have same level
not engage withofit.”
financial
Lynchknowledge as men but
(2012) designed an investment and what factors actually influence
(2010) stated, “investment is the commitment of an their
they are less Personality
Investment confident. Assessment (IPA) among decisions. Demographic
investor’s money factors
to derive incomesuchin as
theage,
formsex,
of
11 500 people level of income andpremiums,
level of education
pensions,have shown
Moreover, someand came explain
studies to a conclusion
how women that tend
“the interest,
to
dividend,
be affecting
benefits or
gender difference that seems to have most
to be less financially literate and they have come up appreciation in investors’ choices
the value of of investment.
their capital, purchasing
significant impact
with the cause onthe
being investor behavior
differences is men and
in demographic of
An shares,
example debentures, certificates,
of investment insurance
options which are
characteristics (Fonseca, 2012). However, she also accompanied by a level of risk can be explained as
stated that not enough support was found to prove in the diagram below.
her theory. As a matter of fact, a correlation
between decision making and financial literacy
existed only for men, and which was perhaps
because their level of education was not the same.
Furthermore, different researchers have different
point of view, such as Bucher-Koenen (2012)
pointed out that financial illiteracy is widespread
since women generally live longer than men and
have different saving needs. He also stated that
financial illiteracy is present in the old women as Figure 1: Types of investment
well as the young ones and also mostly among
single women and widows. Similarly, Chen and Source: (www.assetmanagement.hsbc.com)
Volpe (2002), Lusardi and Tufano, 2009) and
The figure above describes the different investment
(Financial Consumer Agency of Canada, 2008) all
avenues which vary according to investors’ level of
pointed out that the a significantly low level of
risk tolerance that they accept (ranging from low to
financial literacy is found in women compared to
high), which also vary according to investors’
men; younger women have relatively more debt,
reason for investing (capital growth, current
have more problems maintaining their budget,
income, marginal capital or capital conservations).
know little about student loans, savings options,
Finally, it provides investment options for each
insurances and they were less financially
categories mentioned previously such as equity,
responsible.
funds, debentures, short-term funds, and short term
Last but not least, Financial Finesse Inc. (2012) deposits.
carried out a survey in order to determine the
Past literature has generally concluded that there
gender gap in financial literacy, his results were as
are significant gender differences when it comes to
follows; there was a great gender gap in money
investing options. Gill & Biger (2009) conducted a
management and investing and a small gender gap
survey in Canada and obtained a gender gap in the
in estate planning and retirement planning. He
choice of investment. They explained that gender
concluded by pointing out that there is a growing
plays a major role in the nature and intensity of
gender gap in knowledge of stocks, bonds, mutual
investment. Charness & Gneezy (2003) also
funds and in the appropriate allocation of
supports this statement by concluding that men
investments.
invest in more types of investment than women.
2.3. Types of investment Bushan & Meduny (2013) have conducted their
In the current economic situation, people invest research among Indian employees and came to a
their money to get an additional source of income conclusion that women mostly go for investment
and thus to secure their future. Various options for




Pragathi (2012) found that both genders were choice many also be affected by his financial
affected
ImperialbyJournal
their level of income which isResearch
of Interdisciplinary why they(IJIR) advisor and dependent on his level of financial
tend to have
Vol-2, Issue-9, 2016different choices of investment literacy. As such, there has been inconclusive
options. Gupta et al. (2001) stated that the results from many studies when it comes to whether
investments options were differentiated by the age, financial choices are an issue of gender.
for example, older people, whether men or women,
options
preferredlikebonds
healthwhile
and lifeyounger
insurance, fixedwere
deposits person ones. Gender differences are affected by a
while menbygobonds.
ones
for equity share investments.
not 3. Research methodology
person’s marital status. Many studies have also
appealed This research is said to be a basic research because
been conducted in India, a developing country
Similarly, of its characteristics; namely to “make a
Moreover,Kathuria
Bhushan& Singhania (2012) did aa study
(2013) conducted very where women are mostly a victim of the gender gap
among banking contribution to a general knowledge and theoretical
detailed researchemployees and stated that
in gender differences women
on different in their society and have relatively lower income.
were investing more His
intoresults
risk-free investment understanding”, according to Collis & Hussey
types of investments. concluded that Thus, their investment choice is affected by the
options, like employee provident fund. Harikanth & (2014) and conducted during a short term period of
both genders tend to choose differently in types of level of income. Moreover, a person’s investment
around six months. The purpose of this research
investments. For example, men preferred mutual
was to bring light upon many aspects of the
bonds more than women did. He also found that
Mauritian investment behaviors, therefore this
almost twice men than women chose health
quantitative study was conducted using
insurance. More men also chose life insurance,
questionnaires as the primary data collection
stocks, shares and recurring deposits. However, the
method.
only type of investments chosen by more women
was fixed deposits. Questionnaires were carefully designed and
contained only closed-ended questions which were
Furthermore, Patil (2014) concluded a research
answered through the Likert scale. The adaptation
about different types of investments and concluded
method was used for setting up the questionnaire,
that women preferred to invest in bank deposit, real
and the Cronbach’s alpha was used as a test of
estate, and gold since they lack awareness about
reliability, conducted using IBM SPSS. The alpha
investments (83.33% of men have more awareness
coefficient obtained was more than 0.7, which is
compared to 16.66% women). Thus, this huge gap
considered to be reliable enough by Nunnally
between the two counterparts made them choose a
(1978). Moreover, the validity test of the
different type of investment.
questionnaire used was the Pilot test which
However, there are studies which found no gender consisted of gathering a small set of people (five
differences such as Badunenko (2009) whose has been used in this research) and they have been
research was carried in five European countries assisted in answering the questionnaires. The
whereby he concluded that the investment choices questionnaires were found to be crystal clear to the
and patterns of men and women are equal and no participants and no misunderstandings were
gender differences were detected. Females were detected. Therefore, it can be said that the Pilot test
viewed to be making the same choice of investment has improved the validity of the questionnaire
when compared to men, even though women were
The population of salaried people in the capital of
found to be naturally more risk-averse than their
Mauritius in the year 2016 was approximately
counterparts.
140,000. Since this figure is quite a large sample
Similarly, Gupta & Jain (2008) study found that group, the Raosoft Sample Size Calculator
Indian employees preferred investment in shares, suggested that a sample of 100 is considered
mutual funds, gold, bank deposits and government enough to obtain a reliable result. (Margin of error
saving schemes. However, their choice of = 5%; confidence level = 95%). A total of 100
investment depends on income and age, and not respondents consisting of 50 male and 50 female,
gender, while Verma (2008) found that no gender were of working age which means around 23 years
gap was found but people having a higher level of old – 60 years old who are considered to make
education preferred equity shares and mutual funds. investment decisions. The questionnaires were
distributed to them by physical and online
Furthermore, anecdotal literature consists mainly of distribution by the use of email and Google Forms
researches which have been conducted in the US, during the month of January 2016 and the results
where 30% of American households are single- were collected in that same period for data analysis.




Table 1: Table of hypotheses degree
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Master’s degree
Variable 1: Risk tolerance
Vol-2, Issue-9, 2016
H01: There are no gender differences in risk
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Nature of
tolerance
employment 77 77
H11: There are gender differences in risk tolerance
The statistical software used to analyse gathered Government
schooling 23
4 23
4
data is the Statistical Package for Social Science Private
Less than high 7 7
(IBM SPSS)Variable
v21 as 2:
it Financial literacy
is considered to be the most Monthly
school diploma 22 22
appropriate
H02: Therefor
areanoquantitative
gender differences
research.in financial
SPSS will income
High levelschool 3
43 3
43
eventually be useful inliteracy
testing the hypotheses as in Below
diploma Rs 13
20 13
20
Table 1. There are gender differences in financial
H1 2: 10,000
College 30
4 30
4
literacy Rs 11,000 – Rs
Bachelor’s 54 54
20,000
Rs 21,000 – Rs
Variable 3: Types of investment 30,000
PhD/MD/DDS
H0 3: There are no gender differences in types of Above Rs
investment 30,000
H 13: There are gender differences in types of
investment
In the second section, respondents were required to
answer questions about investment decision making
4. Results which were measured by Likert scale. Inferential
statistics have been carried out by IBM SPSS for
this section for each variable of this study. Since
In the first section of the questionnaire, respondents this study is about finding the gender differences in
were required to answer questions about the investment decision making, therefore the most
demographic factors such as gender, marital status, appropriate statistical technique would be to
age group, level of education, nature of explore the differences between two groups, which
employment and monthly income level. Data is in this case gender (male/female), the
obtained from the 100% responded questionnaires independent sample t-test is being employed. The
categorized the respondents by gender, marital independent sample t-test is used to compare the
status, age group, level of education, nature of mean score, on some continuous variable, for a
employment and monthly income level as Table 2. categorical variable (two different groups of
participants) (Pallant, 2013). It is a hypothesis test
Table 2: Respondents categorized by demographic which aims for testing the null hypothesis, H0
factors whereby the mean score of two different groups are
equal, in contrast with the alternative hypothesis,
Variable Frequency Percentage H1 whereby the mean scores of the two different
groups are not equal. This is referred to as a 2-tailed
Gender 50 50 t-test.
Male 50 50
Female
Marital Status In IBM SPSS, the p-value which is stated as “Sig.
Single 36 36 (2-tailed)” in the results generated from the t-test,
Married 64 64 and is a measure of the difference in the mean
Age Group scores of the two groups (male and female). The p-
25 and below 16 16 value will eventually determine whether to accept
26 – 35 36 36 or reject the null hypotheses.
36 – 50 31 31
51 – 65 17 17 T-test results
Highest level of

Citations (0) References (39)
Gender differences and factors that affect mutual fund investment decision of Western Canadian investors ...
Article Jan 2012
Amarjit Gill
View Show abstract
Business Research Methods ...

Book Jan 2015
Christina Quinlan · William Zikmund · Barry Babbin · Jon Carr · Mitch Griffin
View Show abstract
“A Study on Preferred Investment Avenues Among Salaried People With Reference To Pune, India” ...
Article Jan 2014
Sonali Patil · Dr.Kalpana Nandawar
View
Recommendations
Discover more publications, questions and projects in Mauritius
Project
Maryam Jawaheer
To examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological ownership among employees
View project
Article
December 2014
We propose a novel approach, called random traders, to benchmark equity funds' performance. A random trader adopts an all-in-all-out strategy to buy and sell the
market index at random timing with capital being negligible as compared with the market size. With the empirical distribution of a random trader's return, each equity
fund is scored by the proportion of random traders with poorer... [Show full abstract]
Read more

See all › ConferenceSee all ›
Paper Download full-text PDF
December 2010
This study proposes an emotion detection engine for real time Internet chatting applications. We adopt a Web scale text mining approach that automates the
categorization of affection state of daily events. We first accumulated a huge collection of real-life entities from Web that would participate in events with a user in the
chatting room. Based on the common actions between each entity and... [Show full abstract]
Read more
Article
September 2012 · Expert Systems with Applications · Impact Factor: 2.24
Members of the academic community have increasingly turned to digital libraries to search for the latest work of their peers. On account of their role in the academic
community, it is very important that these digital libraries collect citations in a consistent, accurate, and up-to-date manner, yet they do not correctly compile citations for
myriads of authors for various reasons including... [Show full abstract]
Read more
Conference Paper
March 2012
Asian barrier options are barrier options whose trigger is based on an average underlying price. They provide the advantages of both Asian options and barrier options.
This paper introduces the first quadratic-time lattice algorithm to price European-style Asian barrier options. It is by far the most efficient lattice algorithm with
convergence guarantees. The algorithm relies on the Lagrange... [Show full abstract]
Read more
Discover more
Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Publisher conditions are provided by RoMEO. Differing provisions from
the publisher's actual policy or licence agreement may be applicable.
This publication is from a journal that may support self archiving. Learn more
© 2008-2018 ResearchGate GmbH. All rights reserved. About us · Help Center · Careers · Developers · News · Contact us · Privacy · Terms · Copyright | Advertising · Recruiting

Gender Differences PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Gender Differences PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

See all › See all ›Search for publications, researchers, or questions Discover

or Download by subject area Join for free full-text PDF

Article · August 2016 with 111 Reads

Discover the world's research

Join for free

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

Available from: Maryam Jawaheer, Jun 15, 2017

Other full-text sources

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1405

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1406

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1407

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1408

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1409

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1410

People who read this publication also read:

Full-text · Jan 2018 · BioDrugs