1. O.C AND S.

C TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To perform open circuit test and short circuit test on given a single phase transformer
and to draw efficiency versus load curves and equivalent circuit referred to HV side.
APPARATUS:
SNO NAME TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. VOLTMETER MI 0-150V,0-30V 1NO.EACH
2. AMMETER MI 0-1A,0-10A 1NO EACH
3. WATTMETER DYNAMOMETER 150V,1A,LPF 1NO EACH
75V,10A,UPF
4. VARIAC IRON CORE 230/0-270V, 8A 1NO
5. TRANSFORMER CORE TYPE 115/230V, 2KVA 1NO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

O.C.Test:
DPST Knife 150V, 1A, LPF,
A Dynamometer type
Switch (0-1)A, MI
2A
Ph
M L
A
115V 230V
Fuse B

C V
1-Ф, 230V
50Hz, AC Supply HV Open
V (0-150)V, MI

0V 0V
Fuse
C

N 2A
2KVA, 230/115V
1-Ф Auto Transformer 1-Ф Transformer
230V/(0-270)V, 8A

S.C.Test:
DPST Knife 75V, 10A, UPF,
A Dynamometer type
Switch (0-10)A, MI
10A
Ph M L
A
Fuse 230V
B 115V

C V
1-Ф, 230V
50Hz, AC Supply
V (0-30)V, MI
LV
Short Circuited
E

0V
Fuse 0V
C

N 10A
2KVA, 230/115V
1-Ф Auto Transformer 1-Ф Transformer
230V/(0-270)V, 10A

Theory:
OC-test:-In this test low voltage winding is connected to the supply of normal voltage and
frequency and the high voltage winding is left open as. The primary winding draws very low
current hardly 3 to 5% of full load current under this condition .As such copper loss in the primary
winding will be negligible. Thus mainly iron losses will occur in the transformer under no load or
open circuit condition, which are indicated by the wattmeter reading connected in the circuit.

SC-test: - In this test low voltage winding in short circuited and a low voltage hardly 10 to
20% of the rated voltage of the high voltage winding is applied to this winding. This test is
performed at rated current flowing in both the windings. Iron losses occurring in the transformer
under this condition is negligible, because of very low applied voltage. Hence the total losses
occurring under short circuit are mainly copper losses of both the windings, which are indicated by
wattmeter connected in the circuit.
Normally it is conducted at the HV side but if it is conducted on the LV side voltage
would be very less and current will be very high so there is a possibility of damage for the
windings.
PROCEDURE
O.C TEST:
1. Connect the circuit as per diagram.
2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply and apply the rated voltage to the Primary winding by varying dimmerstat.
4. Note down the readings.
5. Reset the variac to zero voltage position.

SC TEST:
1. Connect the circuit as per diagram.
2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment.
3. Apply the voltage by varying variac till rated current of HV winding is obtained (i.e.,
2KVA/230V).
4. Note down the readings.
5. Reset the variac to zero voltage position.

TABULAR FORMS:
OC TEST:
V0(v) I0(A) W0(w)

SC TEST:
Vsc(v) Isc(A) Wsc(w)

CALCULATIONS:

(a) EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

From Open Circuit Test:

Wo
1. No Load Power Factor (CosΦ0) =
V0 I o
Where, Wo – No load Power in Watts
V0 – Open Circuit Voltage in Volts
Io – Open Circuit Current in Amps.
2. Magnetizing component of No load current, Im = Io sinΦo
3. Working component of No load current, IW = Io cosΦo
V
4. Core loss resistance, Ro = 1 
Iw
 V1
5. Magnetizing Reactance, Xo= 
I
From Short Circuit Test:
Vsc
6. Equivalent impedance referred to HV side (Z01) = 
I sc
Where, Vsc – Voltage applied to circulate rated current
Isc – short circuit current
W
7. Equivalent resistance referred to HV side (R01)= sc2 
I sc
Where, Wsc – Short circuit Power in Watts
8. Equivalent reactance refereed to HV side (X01) = ( Z 02 − R02 )
2 2

9. Transformation ratio (K) = 115/230=0.5

10. Equivalent resistance referred to LV side (R02) = K 2 * Ro1 Ω
11. Equivalent reactance referred to LV side (X02) = K 2 X 02 Ω

Equivalent Circuit referred to HV side

(b) EFFICIENCY:
1. Output power = (X × KVA × cosΦ) in watts.
Where, X – Fraction of load
KVA – power rating of Transformer
CosΦ- Power Factor
2
2. Copper loss = (X × Wsc) in watts.
Where, Wsc – Copper Loss in Short Circuit Condition at full load
Core Losses Wi
3. Total Loss = (Cu Loss + Iron Loss) in watts
Outputpower
4. Efficiency =  100%
Outputpower + totallosses
5. Core losses = Copper losses is the condition for maximum efficiency of the transformer.
6. KVA rating corresponding to Max.efficiency = Full load KVA*√𝑊𝑖/𝑤𝑐.

Load Efficiency
CosΦ=0.8 CosΦ=1
(1/4)th full load
(1/2)th full load
 (3/4)th full load
Full load
Maximum Efficiency

PRECAUTIONS:
1. No loose connections should be made.
2. Take the readings without parallax error.
3. Conduct SC test on HV side only.

RESULT:

VIVA:
1. Does the flux linking both the windings of transformer remain same?
2. What are the various tests that give the complete parameters of the equivalent circuit of the
transformer?
3. How can iron loss be measured?
4. How can copper loss be measured?
5. Is the efficiency of a transformer same at the same load at 0.8 p.f lag and 0.8 p.f lead?
6. Does the transformer draw any current when its secondary is open?
 2. LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To conduct load test on a given single phase transformer and to find its % Efficiency and
% Regulation.

APPARATUS:

S.NO. NAME TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Ammeter MI 0 – 20 A 1 NO.

2. Voltmeter MI 0 – 150 V 1NO.

0 – 300 V 1NO.
3. Wattmeter Dynamo meter 300V,10A ,UPF 1NO.
150V,20A, UPF 1NO.
4. Auto transformer Iron cored 230V/(0-270)V, 1NO.
10A
5. Resistive & --------- 2KW,230V 1NO.
Inductive Load

Circuit diagram:
DPST Knife
Switch
300V, 10A, UPF, 150V, 20A, UPF,
Dynamometer type W1
10A
A (0-20)A, MIDynamometer type W2
Ph
M L M L
A2

Fuse 230V 115V

B
C V
C V RL-Load
(0-150)V,
1-Ф, 230V MI
V1
50Hz, AC Supply
V2
(0-300)V, MI
E

Fuse
0V 0V
C
N
10A 2KVA, 230/115V
1-Ф Auto Transformer 1-Ф Transformer
230V/(0-270)V, 10A

THEORY:
When the secondary is loaded, the secondary current I2 is set up. The magnitude and phase
of I2 w.r.t V2 is determined by the characteristics of the load. Current I2 is in phase with V2 if the is
non-inductive it lags if load is inductive and it leads if load is capacitive.
The secondary current sets up its own m.m.f (=N2I2) and hence its own flux Ø2 which is in
opposition to the main primary flux Ø which is due to I0. The secondary amperes-turns N2I2 are
known as demagnetizing amp-turns. The opposing secondary flux Ø2 weakens the primary flux Ø
momentarily. Hence primary back e.m.f E1 tends to be reduced. For a moment V1 gains the upper
hand over E1 and hence causes more current to flow in primary.
Let the additional primary current be I2’. It is known as load component of primary current.
This current is anti-phase with I2’.The additional primary m.m.f N1I2 sets up its own flux Ø2’ which
is in opposition to Ø2 and is equal to its magnitude. Hence, the two cancel out each other. So, we
find that the magnetic effects of secondary I2 are immediately neutralized by the additional primary
current I2’ which is brought into existence exactly at the same instant as I2.

Hence, whatever the load conditions, the net flux passing through the core is approximately
the same as at no-load. An important deduction is that due to the constancy of core flux at all loads,
the core loss is also practically same under all load conditions.
As Ø2= Ø2’
Therefore, N2I2=N2I2’
Therefore, I2’=N2/N1*I2= KI2
Hence, when transformer is on load, the primary winding has two currents in it; one is I0 and the
other is I2’ which is anti-phase with I2 and K times in magnitude. The total primary current is the
vector sum of I0 and I2’.

A) UPF load B) lagging P.F load

Fig (2)

In fig (2) vectors diagrams for a load transformer when load is non-inductive and when load is
inductive is shown. Voltage transformation ratio of unity is assumed so that primary vectors are
equal to the secondary vectors. With reference to fig (2.a), I2 is secondary current in phase with E2.
It causes primary current I2’ which is anti-phase with it and equal to it in magnitude (K=1). Total
primary current I1is the vector sum of I0 and I2’ and lags behind V1 by an angle Ø1.
 In fig (2.b) vectors are drawn for an inductive load. Here, I2 lags E2 (actually V2) by
Ø2.Current I2’ is again anti-phase with I2 and equal to its magnitude. As, before, I1 is the vector sum
of I2’ and I0 lags behind V1 by Ø1.
It will be observed that Ø1 is slightly greater than Ø2. But if we neglect I0 as compared to
I2’ as in figure (2.c) then Ø1= Ø2. Moreover, under this assumption
N1I2’=N2I1=N1I2
I2’/I2=I1/I2=N2/N1=K
It shows that under full-load conditions, the ratio of primary and secondary currents is constant.
This important relationship is made the basic of current transformer – a transformer which is used
with a low range ammeter for measuring currents in cuits where the direct connection of the
ammeter is impracticable.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per diagram.
2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply and apply the rated voltage to the Primary winding by varying Variac.
4. Note down all meter readings at no-load.
5. Now, increase the load in steps till rated current and note down all meter readings at each step.
6. Reset the variac to zero voltage position.
7. Calculate efficiency and regulation at respective loads and plot graphs between output power
versus efficiency and output power versus regulation.

TABULAR FORM:
Sl. Primary side Secondary side Efficiency Voltage Regulation
No =(115-V2) *100/115
V1 W1 V2 I2 W2 % 𝜂 =(W2/W1)*100

Model Graph:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. No loose connections should be made.
2. Take the readings without parallax error.

RESULT:

VIVA
1. When transformer is loaded, what is the total current drawn by the primary?
2. What is the purpose of no load current?
3. What are the components of no load current?
4. What are the various causes of voltage drop in a transformer?
5. In this experiment, even after the load on secondary is thrown off, wattmeter connected to
primary does read some power. Why this power is consumed?
6. A single phase transformer has a rated secondary voltage of 230V. When loaded by a purely
inductive load to its rated value of current, its terminal voltage drops to 200V. Calculate its
regulation?
7. A single phase transformer has a rated secondary voltage of 230V. When loaded by a purely
capacitive load to its rated value of current, its terminal voltage drops to 200V, what is the
regulation?
 3. SUMPNER’S TEST ON TRANSFORMER

Aim: By conducting Sumpner’s test on given two identical single phase transformers to find the %
Efficiency at Full load 0.8 P.F & draw % Regulation curve.

APPARATUS:
S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. TRANSFORMER 115/230V,3KVA 2.NO
2. VOLTMETER MI (0-500)V 1.NO EACH
(0-150)V
(0-75)V
3. AMMETER MI 0-2A,0-20A 1.NO EACH
4. WATTMETER DYNAMOMETER 75V,20A,UPF 1 NO EACH
150V,2A,LPF
5. VARIAC IRON CORED 230/(0-270V),8A 1NO EACH
230/(0-
270V),15A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1-Ф Auto Transformer
230V/(0-270)V, 8A

DPST Knife 150V, 2A, LPF,

A Dynamometer type W1
Switch (0-2)A, MI
2A
Ph
A1 M L

115V 230V 230V 115V

Fuse B
SPST
C V
1-Ф, 230V V
50Hz, AC Supply
V1 (0-150)V, MI
(0-500)V, MI

Fuse 0V 0V 0V 0V
C

N
3KVA, 230/115V 3KVA, 230/115V
2A
1-Ф Transformer 1-Ф Transformer

DPST Knife 75V, 20A, UPF,

Switch A Dynamometer type W2
20A (0-20)A, MI
Ph M L
A2
Fuse B
C V

1-Ф, 230V
50Hz, AC Supply V2

(0-75)V, MI
E

Fuse
C

N
20A

1-Ф Auto Transformer

230V/(0-270)V, 15A

THEROY:

The efficiency and regulation of the transformer can be determined from open circuit and
short circuit test accurately. In Sumpner’s test the two transformers are loaded fully in a similar way
to two DC machines in a regenerative test and the power required for the supply is that necessary
for supplying the iron and copper losses of both transformers. For this test two identical
transformers are used.
The two primary windings are connected in parallel across a single phase supply with
voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter in the circuit. The supply voltage should be equal to the rated
voltage of the primary winding. The secondary windings of the transformers are connected in series
opposition. The volt meter which is connected in between the one end of the secondary windings
shows zero volts then, the two transformers are connected in series opposition .This test is also
known as “BACK TO BACK” test and this test provides data for finding regulation, efficiency and
heating under load condition and is employed only when two similar transformers are available.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per diagram.
2. Ensure that variacs are set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply on LV side and apply the rated voltage by varying dimmerstat.
4. Polarity Test: Check the voltmeter reading connected across SPST switch on HV side. If the
voltmeter reading is Zero, HV terminals of both the transformers are connected with correct polarity. If
the voltmeter reading is showing double the rated value of HV winding, interchange the HV terminals
of one of the transformers. Close the SPST switch after the polarity is checked.
5. Switch ON the supply on HV side and apply the voltage by varying dimmerstat until rated current
on HV side is obtained.
6. Note down all meter readings.
7. Reset variac to zero voltage position.
MODEL CALCULATIONS:

XVS I S cos 
= x100%
PCu + Pcore + VS I S cos 
Vsc=V2/2
OBSERVATIONS:
V1 (V) I1 (A) W1 (W) V2 (V) I2 (A) W2 (W)

Model Graph:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connections must be avoided.
2. Readings should be taken without any parallax error.

RESULT:

VIVA:
1. Why Sumpner’s test provides data for finding the regulation & efficiency under load
conditions?
2. Why primaries of the two transformers are connected in parallel?
3. What is the purpose of Sumpner’s test?
4. What are parameters evaluated from back to back test?
5. What is meant by regulation & efficiency?
6. Why is the transformer rating expressed in KVA?
7. What is disadvantage of Sumpner’s test?
 4. SCOTT CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMERS

AIM: 1) to obtain balanced 2-Ѳ supply from 3-Ѳ supply by Scott arrangement of 2 transformers.
2) To perform load test at unity power factor for balanced load and verify test results.
APPARATUS:
S.NO NAME OF THE TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. VOLTMETER MI (0-500)V 1 NO.
(0-150)V 4 NO,2 NO
(0-300)V 1 NO
2. AMMETER MI (0-20),(0-10) 2NO
3. VARIAC IRON CORED 400/(0-420)V,20A 1NO
4. TRANSFORMER 1-PH,CORE 115/230V,2KVA
5. RHEOSTAT TWW 300OHM,10A 1NO

6. TEST LAMP 40W,230V

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Teaser Transformer
230/115V, 2KVA
A1
100% (0-20)A, MI

TPST (0-10)A, MI A4
10A
R A1
Fuse B1 100%

86.6% L
O
V V A
(0-500)V, MI D
(0-150)V, MI
3-Ф, 415V, 50Hz
AC Supply
E1 0%
C1 (0-10)A, MI
0%
A2
100% 50% 0%
A2

10A
100% 0%
Y
Fuse B2 Main Transformer
(0-20)A, MI 230/115V, 2KVA
A5
(0-150)V, MI
V

E2 LOAD
C2
(0-10)A, MI

A3

A3

10A B3
B
Fuse

E3

N
C3

3-Ф, Auto Transformer

415V/(0-470)V, 20A

THEROY: Phase conversion from three to two phase is needed in special cases, such as in
supplying 2-phase electric arc furnaces. Scott connection of two-single phase transformers is
employed for conversion of a three-phase system to two phase system or vice-versa. Rating of one
transformer should be 15% greater than that of the other, but in practical two identical transformers
are used for interchangeability and spares. The connection scheme, known as Scott connections is
as shown in the figure 1, 50% tap of one transformer (Main transformer) is connected to 86.6% tap
of the other transformer (Teaser transformer). The secondaries for balanced supply system have
equal number of turns.
Consider the Scott connection of two single-phase transformers with turn’s ratio N1:N2 as shown in
figure 1. The phase diagram of line voltages on the primary side, VAB, VBC, VCA form an equilateral
triangle.

Output voltages of two transformer secondaries must be equal Va = Vb

𝑁2
Va= 𝑉𝐴𝑀
𝑁

𝑁2
Vb= = 𝑁1 𝑉𝐵𝐶

𝑁1×√3/2×𝑉𝐿
N=
𝑉𝐿

Input MMF = Output MMF

VOLTAGE REGULATION:
S.NO V (V) V 2t (V) V 2m (V) V2n (V) V

BALANCED LOAD:
S.NO IR (A) IY (A) IB (A) I2t (A) I2m (A) I2n (A)

PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the variac in steps up to rated value of transformer, the values of transformer voltage Vam,
Vbm were noted.
3. The voltages values were theoretically verified.
4. This process was done at no load of the transformer.
5. By closing switch SPST switch load was applied to the both loading rheostat.
6. By applying equal load on both transformers the readings of ir, iy, ib, i2m, i2t, i2n are noted and
were tabulated.
7. The values of currents were theoretically verified.i2n is equal to sum of i2m and i2t.
8. By applying unequal loads on both transformers the process was repeated.
9. By applying the spst switch of the transformer the procedure was repeated and readings are
tabulated.
10. By applying load on teaser transformer only and on main transformer only the process was
repeated.

PREACAUTIONS:
1. Loose connections should be avoided.
2. The operation of the transformer is done at rated voltage only.

RESULT:
Viva
1. What is the purpose of Scott connection
2. What are the applications of Scott connection
3. In the Scott connection, are the two single phase transformer magnetically coupled?
4. Name a method of 3phase to single phase conversion.
5. Is the primary side balanced with a balanced load on secondary?
6. What is the ratio of no of turns on the primaries of teaser and main transformers?
7. Is it possible to get a balanced 3phase supply from a 2 phase supply
 5. PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Aim: To understand prerequisites for operation of transformers in parallel

To study power-sharing between two single-phase transformers operated in parallel
Transformer.
APPARATUS:
S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. TRANSFORMERS CORE TYPE 115/230V,2KVA 1.NO EACH
115/230V,3KVA
2. VOLTMETER MI (0-500)V (0-150)V 1.NO EACH
(0-300) V
3. AMMETER MI 0-20A,0-10A 1.NO EACH
4. VARIAC IRON CORED 230/(0-270V),10A 1.NO EACH
5. RESISTIVE LOAD WIRE WOUND 250V,20A 1N0

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 KVA, 115/230V (0-10)A, (0-20)A,
A
DPST 1-Ф Transformer MI MI
SWITCH 20A
Ph
A1 A3
B
Fuse 230V
115V

(0-300)V,
1-Ф, 230V SPST MI 1-Ф Lamp
50Hz, AC Supply V SWITCH V’ V3 Load
(0-150)V, (0-500)V,
0V
E MI MI
0V
Fuse C
N 20A
1-Ф Variac
230V/(0-270)V, 10A (0-10)A,
MI
A2

115V 230V

0V 0V

2 KVA, 115/230V
1-Ф Transformer

Theory: A power transformer is one of the most vital and an equally expensive components in a
power system. It may so happen that, over time, due to load growth in its service area, an existing
transformer may not be able to withstand the demand during peak-hours without exceeding its long-
term MVA rating. Operating a transformer in such a fashion would cause overheating and degrade
its expected life. In most cases, instead of commissioning an entirely new higher capacity unit, a
more viable alternative exists in adding a smaller unit in parallel to complement the existing one. In
other words, a new smaller capacity transformer can now be connected in parallel to the existing
one such that the two share a large peak load in a specific proportion and the one operating near
limits is relieved of the burden. Also, during light load conditions, the additive capacity can be kept
offline, if desired. To successfully operate the transformers in parallel, while commissioning,
certain rules must be followed. We state them below, as applied to the single-phase transformers
used in the experiment.
Conditions for parallel operation of transformers:
• The polarities of corresponding primary and secondary terminals of the two transformers
must be same.
• The no-load primary and secondary voltages of the two transformers should match closely
in magnitude as well as in phase.
• The per unit impedances of two transformers on their respective Z bases must be equal if the
transformers have to share the load in proportion to their ratings.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per diagram.
2. Ensure that variacs are set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply on LV side and apply the rated voltage by varying dimmerstat.
4. Polarity Test: Check the voltmeter reading connected across SPST switch on HV side. If the
voltmeter reading is Zero, HV terminals of both the transformers are connected with correct polarity. If
the voltmeter reading is showing double the rated value of HV winding, interchange the HV terminals
of one of the transformers. Close the SPST switch after the polarity is checked.
5. Apply the load in steps until rated current of 2KVA on HV side is obtained, note down all meter
readings in each step.
6. Reset variac to zero voltage position.

Observations:
Z2KVA= Ω Ω, Z3KVA= Ω

S.NO V3 Practical Theoretical

I1 I2 I3 I1= I2 I3

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Before starting the variac should be kept in minimum position.
2. Polarity should be checked carefully.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are conditions for parallel operation of transformers?

2. Why dead short circuits occur in parallel operation?
3. How does change in frequency affect the operation of a transformer?
4. How to share the load among the parallel connected transformers?
5. What are the methods adopted for synchronization of bus voltages?
6. Why the transformers are not connected in series for load sharing?