Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Part 1
Pr. Balboul Younes
Docteur en Télécommunications et Ingénieur Télécoms Radio Mobile
HUAWEI Certified Academy Instructor
Part 1 : Cours HCIA Routing & Switching
1) Basic Enterprise Network Architectures
2) Introduction to Transmission Media
3) Ethernet Framing
4) IP Addressing
5) Internet Control Message Protocol
6) Address Resolution Protocol
7) Data Forwarding Scenario
8) Questions HCIA R&S
Pr. Balboul Younes
Docteur en Télécommunications et Ingénieur Télécoms Radio Mobile
HUAWEI Certified Academy Instructor
Certifié : HCIA Switching & Routing (2019-2022)
1) Basic Enterprise Network Architectures
Branch A
Headquarters
Branch B
On-site employees
Branch C
Servers, and
printers are
connected to
each other using
Layer 2 switches
same broadcast
domain
R<20 users
Deux types d’architectures
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 4
1) Basic Enterprise Network Architectures
Summary
⚫ What are some of the general differences found between small and medium-sized
enterprise networks?
⚫ What are some of the basic design considerations that need to be taken into
account for small and medium-sized enterprise networks?
Page 5
2) Introduction to Transmission Media
Physical Medium
⚫ Networks are comprised of at least two end stations, and a medium over which data can be carried.
Coaxial :
Thick coaxial
⚫ Copper coaxial cabling commonly used to support users as part of a shared network.
Ethernet :
RJ 45
Fiber Optic :
Supports a range of standards
of 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps
and also 10Gbps (10GBASE)
transmission.
Connecteurs V.35
Standard Speed
RS-232 Standards define up to 20000bps, but can reach 1Mbit/s
Collision Domains :
Duplex Modes
CSMA/CD is required
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
No requirement for CSMA/CD
Summary
⚫ Which forms of cabling can be used to support Gigabit Ethernet
transmissions within an enterprise network?
⚫ What is a collision domain?
⚫ What is the purpose of CSMA/CD?
Page 14
3) Ethernet Framing
Provision of communications
7 Application between applications
3
Network layer Addressing and routing
1
Physical layer Bit flow transmission
7 Application Data
4
Transport layer Data
3
Network layer Data
2
Data link layer Data
1
Physical layer
⚫ Data link layer frames are used to govern transmission over the communications medium.
Host A Host B
⚫ The Ethernet II frame type is associated with protocols with a type value greater than
1536 (0x600).
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 21
3) Ethernet Framing
IEEE802.3 Frame Max 1500 byte
⚫ The IEEE 802.3 frame type is associated with protocols with a type value less than 1500 (0x05DC).
MAC:10-0B-A9-23-38-10 MAC:10-0B-A9-9D-C9-B8
D.MAC
MAC:10-0B-A9-9D-B9-C8
⚫ Media Access Control (MAC) addressing facilitates data link layer communication.
48 bits
24 bits 24 bits
⚫ MAC addresses are comprised of an organizationally unique identifier and a vendor assigned
address value.
7 bits 0
Host A Host B
unicast
Host C Host D
FF FF FF FF FF FF
Host A Host B
broadcast
Host C Host D
7 bits 1
Host A Host B
multicast
Host C Host D
Carrier Sense
Host A Host B Host C
Data
Data
IP 0x0800
⚫ The next set of instructions for processing are referenced in the type field of the
frame header.
IP Packet Header
20-60 Bytes
IP Data
0 16 31
Header DS Field Total Length
Version
Length
Destination IP Address
IP Options
Network Host
192.168.1 .1
11000000.10101000.00000001 .00000001
Network Address
192.168.1 .0
11000000.10101000.00000001 .00000000
Broadcast Address
192.168.1 .255
11000000.10101000.00000001 11111111
⚫ The upper and lower most host address values are reserved.
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 33
4) IP Addressing
Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal
Binary 0—1 2
Decimal 0—9 10
Hexadecimal 0—F 16
⚫ Binary and Hexadecimal are common numbering systems used within IP networks.
Bit Order 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Binary
Power 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 00000000 00 9 00001001 09
1 00000001 01 10 00001010 0A
2 00000010 02 11 00001011 0B
3 00000011 03 12 00001100 0C
4 00000100 04 13 00001101 0D
5 00000101 05 14 00001110 0E
6 00000110 06 15 00001111 0F
7 00000111 07 … … …
Network Host
27+26 27+25+23 20 20
1.0.0.0~126.255.255.255
128.1.0.0~191.254.255.255
192.0.1.0~223.255.254.255
Class C 110 Network (24bit) Host (8bit)
224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255
Class D 1110 Multicast
240.0.0.0~255.255.255.254
IP Address Types
Special Addresses
Diagnostic 127.0.0.0 ~ 127.255.255.255
Any Network 0.0.0.0
Network Broadcast 255.255.255.255
⚫ The IP network address range has been divided, and certain addresses and ranges assigned
special functions in the network.
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 38
4) IP Addressing
IP Communication
Host A Host B
192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1
192.168.1.2 192.168.2.2
Host C Host D
Network Host
192 168 1 0
192 168 2 0
11000000.10101000.000000001 00000000
Subnet
255.255.255 0
11111111.11111111.11111111 00000000
⚫ Subnet masks distinguish between the binary values that represent each (sub)network and
those that represent each host.
Class A 255 0 0 0
⚫ Certain subnet masks are applied to address ranges by default to denote the fixed range that is
used for each network class.
Network Address
(Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
IP Address 172 16 1 7
Network Address ? ? ? ?
Host Addresses: 2n ?
Valid Hosts: 2n - 2 ?
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.1.0/24 20 Hosts
30 Hosts 192.168.3.0/24
10 Hosts
⚫ Network design using the default subnet mask results in address wastage.
20 Hosts
30 Hosts
10 Hosts
⚫ Using only the network 192.168.1.0/24, implement VLSM for the given number of
hosts in each network segment.
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 46
4) IP Addressing
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
10.24.0.0/24
10.24.1.0/24
Announce route
10.24.0.0/22
10.24.2.0/24
10.24.3.0/24
Host A Host B
L3 L3
192.168.1.1 L2 192.168.2.1
Host A Host B
L3
L2 L2
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options
Host A Host B
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options
IP Data
0x06/0x11 TCP/UDP
0x01 ICMP
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options
Message
Return Message
⚫ Le but des messages de contrôle est de fournir des informations en retour sur
les problèmes rencontrés dans l'environnement de communication.
Public Network
20.0.0.1/24
20.0.0.2/24
10.0.0.200/24
③ ① 10.0.0.100/24
② ICMP Redirect
IP: 10.0.0.1/24
Gateway: 10.0.0.100/24
Host A
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 53
5) Internet Control Message Protocol
ICMP (Diagnostics)
Host A Server
⚫ Two separate messages are used for the request and reply.
.2 10.0.0.0/24 .1 .2 20.0.0.0/24 .1
Host A Server
Packet Forwarding
0 8 15 31
Internet Header + 64 bits of Original Data Datagram – Dependant on ICMP Type Field
3 0 Network Unreachable
3 1 Host Unreachable
3 2 Protocol Unreachable
3 3 Port Unreachable
8 0 Echo Request
.1 10.0.0.0/24 .2
RTA RTB
<RTA>ping ?
-a Select source IP address, the default is the IP address of
the output interface
-c Specify the number of echo requests to be sent, the
default is 5
-n Numeric output only. No attempt will be made to lookup
host addresses for symbolic names
-t Timeout in milliseconds to wait for each reply, the
default is 2000ms
STRING<1-255> IP address or hostname of a remote system
……
<RTA>ping 10.0.0.2
<RTA>ping 10.0.0.2
PING 10.0.0.2 : 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Reply from 10.0.0.2 : bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time=340 ms
Reply from 10.0.0.2 : bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time=10 ms
Reply from 10.0.0.2 : bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time=30 ms
Reply from 10.0.0.2 : bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time=30 ms
Reply from 10.0.0.2 : bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=255 time=30 ms
30.0.0.0/24
Host A RTA RTB Host B
10.0.0.0/24 20.0.0.0/24
<RTA>tracert ?
-a Set source IP address, the default is the IP
address of the output interface
-f First time to live, the default is 1
-m Max time to live, the default is 30
-name Display the host name of the router on each hop
-p Destination UDP port number, the default is 33434
STRING<1-255> IP address or hostname of a remote system
……
<RTA>tracert 30.0.0.2
<RTA>tracert 30.0.0.2
1 10.0.0.2 130 ms 50 ms 40 ms
2 20.0.0.2 80 ms 60 ms 80 ms
3 30.0.0.2 80 ms 60 ms 70 ms
⚫ TTL value is used to define a hop limit for each set of results.
Host A Host B
Dest IP : 10.1.1.2
Source IP : 10.1.1.1
0 15 31
ARP Process
Host B
10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC
⚫ Host A wishes to forward data to Host C, but must identify whether it is able to
reach the destination at the data link layer.
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 64
6) Address Resolution Protocol
ARP Cache Lookup
Host B
10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC
Host A>arp -a
10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC
10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC
Host C>arp -a
Internet address Physical address Type
10.0.0.1 00-01-02-03-04-AA Dynamic
Host B
10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC
Host A>arp -a
Internet address Physical address Type
10.0.0.3 00-01-02-03-04-CC Dynamic
Host A Host B
10.1.0.1/8 10.2.0.1/8
① ARP Request to 10.2.0.1
Host A
Host A Server A
RTA RTB
Host B Server B
10.1.1.2/24 172.16.10.2/24
⚫ Data forwarding may be local or remote, however the general forwarding process is the same.
RTA RTB
10.1.1.1/24 G0/0/0 Internet 172.16.10.1/24
10.1.1.254/24
Host B Server B
10.1.1.2/24 172.16.10.2/24
10.1.1.1/24 RTA
00-01-02-03-04-05
G0/0/0
Host B 10.1.1.254/24 Internet
00-01-02-03-04-08
10.1.1.2/24
00-01-02-03-04-06
⚫ The ARP cache table is used to discover the data link next-hop.
Host A
Segment
Network
Source Port Destination Port
Sequence Number
Data Link
Acknowledgement Number
Header N C E UA P RS F
Resv.S W C R C S S Y I Window
Length R E GK H T N N Physical
Checksum Urgent Pointer
Options Padding
Network
Version Header DS Field Total Length
Length
Destination IP Address
IP Options
Host A
Frame
Transport
Frame Forwarding
Host A
⚫ Data link layer uses carrier sense to detect for existing traffic.
Host A
Error Check
RTA
DESTINATION MAC
G0/0/0
Host B 00-01-02-03-04-08
TYPE
0x0800
RTB
172.16.10.1/24
08-07-06-05-04-AA
G0/0/1 Server B
172.16.10.2/24
08-07-06-05-04-BB
D.MAC S.MAC Type(0x0800)
172.16.10.2/24 IP Options
08-07-06-05-04-BB
RTB 172.16.10.1/24
02-03-04-05-06-AA Source Port: 1027 Destination Port: 80
Sequence Number
G0/0/1
Server B Acknowledgement Number
Header NC E UAPR S F
Length Resv.S W C R C S S Y I Window
R E GK H T N N
Checksum Urgent Pointer
172.16.10.2/24
02-03-04-05-06-BB Options Padding
Rx
Switch A Switch B
RTA
Q 2 : REP : A,B,D
Which of the following statements about collision domains and broadcast domains are correct? (Choose three)
Q4:D
[R1]display interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 current state : Administratively DOWN
Line protocol current state : DOWN
Refer to the display output. What can be determined based on the output of the display command?
Q 8 : REP D
According to OSI reference model, which layer is responsible for end to end error checking and flow control?
A. Physical layer
B. Data link layer
C. Network layer
D. Transport layer
A. Acknowledgement
B. Buffering
C. Source quench messages
D. Windowing
Q 10 : REP A,C
An Ethernet frame is captured by network protocol analyzer tool and the value of Type/Length field is 0x0800.
Which of the following statements about the frame are correct? (Choose two)
A. The TTL defines how many packets the source can send.
B. The TTL defines the duration during which the source can send packets.
C. The TTL value will decrement by 1 each time the packet is routed.
D. The TTL value will increment by 1 each time the packet is routed.
Q 12 : REP B,C
Which of the following statements are correct about TTL field in IP packet? (Choose two)
Q 14 : REP D
To provide the information about the IP addresses that a user packet traverses along the path to the
destination, which of the following does Tracert record in each expired ICMP TTL packet?
A. Destination port
B. Source port
C. Destination address
D. Source address
A. The ping 127.0.0.1 command can be used to check whether the network cable is correctly inserted into the
host’s Ethernet port.
B. The ping command with the host IP address as the destination can be used to verify that the TCP/IP protocol
suite is functioning correctly.
C. The ping command can be used to verify connectivity between the host and the local gateway.
D. The command “ipconfig /release” can be used to check connectivity problems between the host and the local
gateway.
Q 16 : A,C
A network administrator uses the ping command to check for points of failure in the network. Which protocols
will be used during this process? (Choose two)
A. ICMP
B. TCP
C. ARP
D. UDP Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 92
8) Questions HCIA R&S
Q 17 : B,C
A network administrator recently used tracert to trace the path to the destination IP address of an external
website, however the trace path displayed only a timeout result. Which of the following statements correctly
explains the reason for this? (Choose two)
Which of the following statements explains the behavior of the ICMP redirect function? (Choose two)
A. When a router receives data on the interface via which the same data needs to be forwarded, and the source is
on the same segment as the next hop, an ICMP redirect message will be sent by the router to the source.
B. When a router receives data on an interface, and the router’s IP address matches the destination IP of the data,
an ICMP redirect message will be sent by the router to the source.
C. When a router receives data on the interface via which the same data needs to be forwarded, and the source is
on the same segment as the next hop, an ICMP Redirect message will be sent by the source to the router.
D. When a router receives data on the interface via which the same data needs to be forwarded, and the source is
on a different segment from the next hop, an ICMP redirect message will be sent by the router to the source
Q 21 : C
An ARP request is sent by host A to obtain the destination MAC address of host D, Which statement is true
about regarding the ARP reply?
A. The destination MAC address of this frame is the MAC address of Switch A
B. The destination IP address of this packet is the VLANIF1 IP address of Switch A
C. The destination MAC address of this frame is the MAC address of Host A
D. The destination IP address of this packet is a broadcast IP address.
A. 3
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
Q 23 : C
Which of the following applications can be used to detect the path along which the data packets are transmitted
from the source to the destination?
A. Route
B. Netstat
C. Tracert
D. Send
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 97
8) Questions HCIA R&S
Q 24 : B,C
Which of the following types can ICMP packets be classified into? (Choose two)
Q 25 : B,C
A router functioning as a Proxy receives an ARP request packet, but finds that the destination address in the
packet is not intended for itself. In this case, what will the router do? (Choose two)
A. The destination address of an ARP request from each station will be a unicast MAC address.
B. The destination address of an ARP request from each station will be a broadcast IP address.
C. The destination address of an ARP reply from each station will be a unicast MAC address
D. The destination address of an ARP reply from each station will be a broadcast MAC address.
Q 27 : B
What will the destination MAC address be at the moment a frame is transmitted by the host, when the router is
the IP destination?
A. A system can determine whether conflicting IP addresses are used by sending a gratuitous ARP packet
B. A gratuitous ARP packet uses the same format as an ARP request packet.
C. A gratuitous ARP packet can help to update an IP address.
D. A gratuitous ARP packet uses the same format as an ARP reply packet.
Q 29 : A
The administrator has configured an IP address for Host A and Host B, but had forgotten to configure a
default gateway. What effect will this have on the hosts?
A. Neither host will be affected, and therefore will be able to communicate with the peer.
B. Host A will be unable to connect to the router’s G0/0/0 interface.
C. Hosts will be unable to comminicate unless arp-proxy is enabled on the router.
D. The host will be unable to reach neither the local nor remote network destinations .
A. Neither host will be affected, and therefore will be able to communicate with the peer.
B. Host A will be unable to connect to the router’s G0/0/0 interface.
C. Hosts will be unable to comminicate unless arp-proxy is enabled on the router.
D. The host will be unable to reach neither the local nor remote network destinations .
Q 31 : D
The administrator uses the ping command on the host to test connectivity to the website www.huawei.com.
The command line shows a request time out. The administrator displays the ARP entries for the host.
Which entry will be found in the ARP cache table of the host?
A. The MAC address of the destination www.huawei.com will exist in the ARP cache.
B. The MAC address of the switch will exist in the ARP cache.
C. The IP address of the destination www.huawei.com will exist in the ARP cache.
D. The MAC address of router interface G0/0/0, will exist in the ARP cache.
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 101
8) Questions HCIA R&S
Q 32 : A,B
When R2 forwards data to R3 from R1, which of the following items will change? (Choose two)
A. Host B will send an ICMP request to the destination with the configured IP address. If a reply is received, the
host will notify of an address conflict.
B. Host A will send a gratuitous ARP request to resolve the MAC address of the destination 192.168.1.1, for
which Host B will reply.
C. Host B will send a gratuitous ARP request to resolve the MAC address of the destination 192.168.1.1, for
which Host A will reply.
D. Host A will ignore any received ARP request intended for destination 192.168.1.1.
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 102
8) Questions HCIA R&S
Q 34 : C
<Quidway>display mac-address
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAC Address VLAN/VSI Learned-From Type
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5489-98ec-f018 1/- GE0/0/13 dynamic
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total items displayed = 1
Refer to the graphic. A switch attempts to forward a frame to the MAC destination 5489-98ec-f01. What
operation will occur on the switch?
A. The switch will send a request to obtain the MAC address of 5489-98ec-f011.
B. The switch will report that the destination is unreachable and report this to the source.
C. The switch will flood the frame via all ports, with exception of the port on which the frame was received.
D. The switch will drop the frame because it does not have an entry in its MAC address table.
Q 36 : B
A server is linked to port interface G0/0/1 of a switch. The administrator wishes to allow only this server to be
linked to this interface on the switch. Which method can be used to achieve this?
A. Configure a static ARP entry using the server’s IP address and MAC address in the switch.
B. Configure a static MAC address binding entry of the server’s MAC address and the interface in the switch.
C. Configure the default gateway of the switch to be the same as the server’s IP address.
D. It is not possible to enable a single device to be associated with an interface.
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 104
8) Questions HCIA R&S
Q 37 : A
An administrator connects two switches together in a local enterprise network. The ports of one switch support
Fast Ethernet, while the ports of the other switch support Gigabit Ethernet. Hosts connected to one switch are
able to communicate, however communication between the two switches fails. What is the possible reason for
this?
A. 192.168.176.0/25
B. 192.168.176.0/30
C. 192.168.176.48/29
D. 192.168.176.96/27