Cours BY PART 4 PDF

Cours HCIA Routing & Switching
Part 4
Pr. Balboul Younes
Docteur en Télécommunications et Ingénieur Télécoms Radio Mobile
HUAWEI Certified Academy Instructor
Part 4 : Cours HCIA Routing & Switching
1) Basic Knowledge of IP Routing
2) IP Static Routes
3) Distance Vector Routing with RIP
4) Link State Routing with OSPF
5) Question HCIA Routing & Switching
Pr. Balboul Younes

Docteur en Télécommunications et Ingénieur Télécoms Radio Mobile
HUAWEI Certified Academy Instructor
Certifié : HCIA Switching & Routing (2019-2022)
Autonomous Systems
⚫ An IP network, or networks, controlled by one or more operators with a clear policy that
governs how routing decisions are made.
Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 3
Local Area Network and Broadcast Domains
LAN 3
LAN 1 LAN 2
Broadcast Domain Broadcast Domain

Routing Decisions
? Destination
⚫ Routers are responsible for the decision making process that determines
the path via which packets are forwarded.

IP Routing Table
[Huawei]display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
-------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 2 Routes : 2
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
⚫ The IP routing table lists the networks that are reachable via the router. Packets
that have no route are subsequently discarded.

Routing Decisions – Longest Match
RTA RTB RTC

.1 20.1.1.0/30 .2 .2 10.1.1.0/30 .1
Ethernet0/0/0
[RTA]display ip routing-table
10.1.1.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 20.1.1.2 Ethernet0/0/0
10.1.1.0/30 Static 60 0 RD 20.1.1.2 Ethernet0/0/0
⚫ Routes to the same network destination will be initially compared and chosen
based on a longest match.

Routing Decisions – Preference
OSPF OSPF
RT 20.1.1.0/30 OSPF RTB
A
10.1.1.0/30
RIP RIP
30.1.1.0/30
10.1.1.0/30 OSPF 10 60 RD 20.1.1.2 Ethernet0/0/0
……
Route Direct OSPF Static RIP

Preference 0 10 60 100

Routing Decisions – Metric
Metric = 100
20.1.1.0/30
RTA OSPF OSPF RTB
10.1.1.0/30
Ethernet0/0/1
OSPF OSPF
30.1.1.0/30
Metric = 50
10.1.1.0/30 OSPF 10 50 RD 30.1.1.2 Ethernet0/0/1

Routing Table Forwarding Requirements
Interface Next Hop Destination
RTA RTB RTC
20.1.1.1/30 20.1.1.2/30
10.1.1.0/30
E0/0/0 E0/0/0
IP Packet
⚫ The forwarding of packets requires that the destination be known as well as the
forwarding interface and next-hop.

2) IP Static Routes
Application for Static Route
Static Route
Gateway
⚫ Static routes define a means of path selection to other networks.

2) IP Static Routes
Static Route Behavior
RTA RTB
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
.1 .2
10.0.12.0/24
RTA RTB
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
.1 .2
10.0.12.0/24
⚫ The forwarding of packets based on a serial interface requires that the

outbound interface be defined.

2) IP Static Routes
Static Route Behavior
RTA
192.168.1.0/24
.1
.2 10.0.123.0/24 .3
192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24
RTB RTC
⚫ The forwarding of packets over broadcast networks such as Ethernet, requires that
the next-hop be defined.

2) IP Static Routes
Configuring a Static Route
RTA RTB
S1/0/0 S1/0/0
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
.1 .2
10.0.12.0/24
[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.12.1

[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 Serial 1/0/0
[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 Serial 1/0/0
⚫ A static route can be configured based on one of three variations.

2) IP Static Routes
Static Route Load Balancing
RTA RTB
G0/0/0 10.0.12.0/24 G0/0/0

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
.1 .2
G0/0/1 20.0.12.0/24 G0/0/1

⚫ Static routes support load balancing to the same destination where the cost of routes are
equal.

2) IP Static Routes
Verifying Static Route Load Balancing
[RTB]display ip routing-table
--------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 13 Routes : 14
……
192.168.1.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
Static 60 0 RD 20.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet 0/0/1

2) IP Static Routes
Floating Static Routes
RTA RTB
G0/0/0 10.0.12.0/24 G0/0/0

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
.1 .2
G0/0/1 20.0.12.0/24 G0/0/1

preference 100
⚫ Floating static routes provide an alternative route in the event that the primary static
route fails.

2) IP Static Routes
Floating Static Route Check
--------------------------------------------------------------
……
192.168.1.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
⚫ Prior to the failure of the primary route, only the primary static route will be present within the
routing table.

2) IP Static Routes
Floating Static Route Check
[RTB]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0

[RTB-GigabitEthernet 0/0/0]shutdown
--------------------------------------------------------------
……
192.168.1.0/24 Static 100 0 RD 20.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
⚫ In disabling the primary route, the floating static route is then added to the routing table.

2) IP Static Routes
Default Static Routes
RTA RTB
192.168.1.0/24
G0/0/0 G0/0/0
.1 .2 192.168.2.0/24
10.0.12.0/24 192.168.3.0/24
[RTA]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.12.2
⚫ Default routes provide a form of last resort route in the event that no other longest match is found
within the routing table.

2) IP Static Routes
Default Static Route Check
--------------------------------------------------------------
……
0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.12.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/0

Routing Information Protocol
RTA
RTB Site B
RIP
Site A
RTC
⚫ Distance Vector Site C
⚫ Minimal Overhead
⚫ Suited to Small Networks
⚫ Simple implementation
Principle Behavior
RTB RTA
Route Advertisement Route Advertisement
RTC
⚫ Route Advertisements are sent periodically.
⚫ Advertised information is used to discover the best routes.

Metrics
10.0.0.0
RTB Metric=1 RTA
10.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.0
Metric=1
10.0.0.0
Metric=2
RTC
⚫ Metric is used to measure the distance to a given network.
⚫ Calculation is based on hops representing a metric of 1.

Routing Loops and Hop Limits
RTB RTA
+1
+1
+1
Metric+1
RTC
⚫ Metric is incremented by 1 before advertisement is forwarded.
⚫ A limit of 15 hops is defined to prevent infinite forwarding.

Loop Formation
Destination/Mask Nexthop metric
RTA
10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.1 16
10.0.0.0/8
.1
10.0.0.0/8 Metric =3
.2
10.0.0.0/8 Metric =2
RTC
10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.2 16
⚫ When a network fails, the next best route may generate a loop.
⚫ A metric of 16 represents an unreachable route.

Loop Prevention-Split Horizon
RTB 10.0.0.0/8 Metric =1 RTA
10.0.0.0/8
.1
10.0.0.0/8 Metric =1
.2
10.0.0.0/8 Metric =2
RTC
10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.2 1
⚫ A route cannot be advertised on the interface via which it was learned.

Loop Prevention-Poisoned Reverse
10.0.0.0/8 Metric =16 10.0.0.0/8 Metric =1
RTB RTA
10.0.0.0/8
.1
10.0.0.0/8 Metric =1
.2
10.0.0.0/8 Metric =16
RTC
10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.1 16
⚫ Poisoned Reverse improves convergence time, however generates additional overhead due
to extra route information.
Loop Prevention-Triggered Updates
10.0.0.0/8 Metric =16

RTB RTA
10.0.0.0/8
.1
10.0.0.0/8 Metric =16
.
2
RTC
⚫ Updates are sent by default approximately every 30 seconds.
⚫ Triggered updates allow updates to be sent almost instantly.

RIP Messaging
UDP ：520
RTB Destination：255.255.255.255 RTA
G0/0/0 G0/0/0
Command Version Must be Zero
Address Family Identifier Must be Zero
IP Address
Must be Zero
Must be Zero
Metric

RIP Extensions
UDP ：520
RTB Destination：224.0.0.9 RTA
G0/0/0 G0/0/0
Command Version Unused
Address Family Identifier Route Tag
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Next Hop
Metric

RIP Extensions – Authentication
RTB RTA
G0/0/0 G0/0/0
Password:huawei
Command Version Unused
0XFFFF Authentication Type
Authentication
⚫ RIP version 2 allows for authentication between peers.
⚫ Supports plaintext and cryptographic authentication.

RIP Load Balancing
RTB
RTA RTD
10.0.0.0/8
RTC
⚫ Load balancing can be used in RIP to utilize redundant links.
⚫ AR2200 supports up to 8 equal cost routes by default.

RIP Network Advertisement
RTB
RTA RTD
10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 Metric =1
RTC
[RTA]rip
[RTA-rip-1]version 2
[RTA-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0

RIP Metricin
RTB
RTA RTD
10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 Metric = 1
RTC

10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.1 3
[RTC]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0

[RTC-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]rip metricin 2

RIP Metricout
RTB
RTA RTD
10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 Metric = 2
RTC

10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.1 2
[RTA]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0

[RTA-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]rip metricout 2
Split Horizon & Poisoned Reverse
RTB
RTA RTD
10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 Metric =1
RTC
[RTC]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0

[RTC-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]rip split-horizon
[RTC-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]rip poison-reverse
⚫ If both are enabled, only rip poison-reverse will take effect.

Configuration Validation
[RTC] display rip 1 interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 verbose

GigabitEthernet0/0/0(192.168.1.2)
State : UP MTU : 500
Metricin : 2
Metricout : 1
Input : Enabled Output : Enabled
Protocol : RIPv2 Multicast
Send version : RIPv2 Multicast Packets
Receive version : RIPv2 Multicast and Broadcast Packets
Poison-reverse : Enabled
Split-Horizon : Enabled
Authentication type : None
Replay Protection : Disabled
⚫ Both show as enabled but only “Poison-reverse” will take effect.

RIP Output
RTB
RTA RTD
10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 Metric =1
RTC

[RTA-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo rip output
⚫ Outbound RIP advertisements restricted on the G0/0/0 interface.

RIP Input
RTB
RTA RTD
10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 Metric =1
RTC
[RTD]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1

[RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo rip input
⚫ Inbound RIP advertisements restricted on the G0/0/1 interface.

[RTD] display rip 1 interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 verbose
GigabitEthernet0/0/1(192.168.1.2)
State : UP MTU : 500
Metricin : 1
Metricout : 1
Input : Disabled Output : Enabled
Protocol : RIPv2 Multicast
Send version : RIPv2 Multicast Packets
Receive version : RIPv2 Multicast and Broadcast Packets
Poison-reverse : Enabled
Split-Horizon : Enabled
Authentication type : None
Replay Protection : Disabled
Silent Interface
RTB
RTA RTD
10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 Metric =1
RTC
[RTD]rip
[RTD-rip-1]silent-interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
⚫ Interface will not participate in RIP, but will receive RIP routes.
⚫ Takes precedence over rip input and rip output commands.

[RTD] display rip

Public VPN-instance
RIP process : 1
RIP version : 2
Preference : 100
Checkzero : Enabled
Default-cost : 0
Summary : Enabled
Host-route : Enabled
Maximum number of balanced paths : 8
Update time : 30 sec Age time : 180 sec
Garbage-collect time : 120 sec
Graceful restart : Disabled
BFD : Disabled
Silent-interfaces : GigabitEthernet0/0/1

Open Shortest Path First（OSPF）
RTA
RTB Site B
OSPF RIP
Site A
RTC
OSPF
⚫ Minimal Routing Traffic
⚫ Rapid Convergence Site C
⚫ Scalable
⚫ Accurate Route Metrics

OSPF Convergence Behavior
RTA
RTB
LSDB
LSA Flooding
OSPF LSA of RTA
Site A
LSA of RTB
RTC LSA of RTC
destination next hop cost

SPF Algorithm
..... ..... ...
..... ..... ... Route Calculation
..... ..... ...
..... ..... ...
..... ..... ...
IP Routing Table Shortest Path Tree

Router ID
2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1
RTB RTA
RTC
3.3.3.3
⚫ A router ID is a 32-bit value used to identify each router running the OSPF protocol.

OSPF Supported Network Types
2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1
RTB RTA
Broadcast
3.3.3.3 4.4.4.4
RTC RTD
⚫ Ethernet based networks adopt the broadcast network type by default.

2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1
RTB RTA
Broadcast
2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1
RTB RTA
Point-to-Point
⚫ Serial technologies such as PPP and HDLC will default to the Point-to-Point
network type.
DR
ATM/FR
ATM/FR
Non-Broadcast Multi-Access (NBMA)

Point to Multi-Point
⚫ ATM & Frame Relay default to Non-Broadcast Multi-Access.

Designated Router & Backup Designated Router
1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2
RTA RTB
BDR DR
RTC RTD
3.3.3.3 4.4.4.4
⚫ Designated Routers limit the number of adjacencies necessary in broadcast

(Ethernet) networks.
Neighbor States
1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2
RTA RTB
Neighbor
Adjacent Adjacent
BDR DR
RTC RTD
3.3.3.3 4.4.4.4
⚫ Defines form of relationship between neighbors.
⚫ Two neighbor states are possible, neighbor and adjacent.

Link State Establishment
Down
Attempt
Init
2-Way Neighbor
ExStart
Exchange
Loading Full Adjacent
⚫ State changes allow for neighbor relationships to be achieved.

Neighbor Discovery
RTA RTB
Hello
Hello
Hello Interval Options Router Priority
Router Dead Interval
Designated Router
Backup Designated Router
Neighbor
⚫ The Hello protocol is responsible for neighbor discovery and maintenance for
two way communication between neighbors.
Designated Router Election
RTA RTB
Priority=0 (Priority=1)
Broadcast
DR (Priority=255)
Broadcast
RTC
RTD
DR (Priority=255)
[RTD]interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
[RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf network-type p2p
⚫A Designated Router is elected based on the priority value.

Backup Designated Router Election
RTA RTB
Priority=0 BDR (Priority=1)
Broadcast
DR (Priority=255)
Point-to-Point
RTC
RTD
⚫ The Backup Designated Router (BDR) forms adjacencies with all other
routers and will become the DR if the existing DR fails.
Database Synchronization
RTA (Router ID: 1.1.1.1) RTB (Router ID: 2.2.2.2)
DD, (Master)(Sequence=X)
DD, (Master)(Sequence=Y)
DD, (Slave)(Sequence=Y)
DD, (Master)(Sequence=Y+1)
DD, (Master)(Sequence=Y+1)
⚫ Neighboring routers form a master/slave relationship.
⚫ Database Description packets contain LSA header information.

Establishing Full Adjacency
Loading
Link State Request
Link State Update
Link State Request
Link State Update

Full
⚫ Missing or newer instances of LSA are requested using LSR.
⚫ The entire requested LSA is sent as an update.

Establishing Full Adjacency
Loading
Link State Request
Link State Update
Link State Request
Link State Update

Full
⚫ Missing or newer instances of LSA are requested using LSR.
⚫ The entire requested LSA is sent as an update.

OSPF Metric
G0/0/0

[RTA-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf cost 20
[RTB]ospf
[RTB-ospf-1]bandwidth-reference 10000
⚫ The cost metric is based on the formula 108/bandwidth.
⚫ The bandwidth reference command improves metric accuracy.

Shortest Path Tree
RTB RTE
20.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8
RTA RTD
RTC
192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.0/24
[RTC]display ip routing-table
……
10.0.0.0/8 OSPF 10 20 D 192.168.1.4 G0/0/0
20.0.0.0/8 OSPF 10 20 D 192.168.1.4 G0/0/0
OSPF 10 20 D 192.168.2.1 G0/0/1
⚫ Each router calculates the shortest path to all other networks.

OSPF Areas – Single Area
RTA
Area 0 RTB
RTD RTF
RTC
RTE
⚫ A single link state database for the administrative domain.
⚫ Any area number can be assigned but area 0 is recommended.

OSPF Areas – Multi Area
RTA
Area 0 RTB
Area 1 Area 3
RTD RTF
RTC
RTE
Area 2
⚫ Areas build separate LS databases, minimize impact of change.

OSPF Network Advertisement
Area 0
RTA RTB
G0/0/0 G0/0/0
.1 192.168.1.0/24 .2
Router ID: 1.1.1.1 Router ID: 2.2.2.2
[RTA]ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1

[RTA-ospf-1]area 0
[RTA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
⚫ The network command defines the network to be advertised.
⚫ Route advertisements are forwarded based on areas.

[RTA]display ospf peer
OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1

Neighbors
Area 0.0.0.0 interface 192.168.1.1(GigabitEthernet0/0/0)'s neighbors

Router ID: 2.2.2.2 Address: 192.168.1.2
State: Full Mode:Nbr is Master Priority: 1
DR: 192.168.1.2 BDR: 192.168.1.1 MTU: 0
Dead timer due in 40 sec
Retrans timer interval: 5
Neighbor is up for 00:00:31
Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ]

OSPF Authentication
RTA RTB
G0/0/0 G0/0/0
Password:huawei
[RTA]interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
[RTA-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf authentication-mode md5 1 huawei
⚫ OSPF supports two forms of authentication, simple password or

cryptographic authentication.

<RTA>terminal debugging
<RTA>debugging ospf packet
Aug 19 2013 08:10:06.850.2+00:00 RTA RM/6/RMDEBUG: Source Address:
192.168.1.1
Aug 19 2013 08:10:06.850.3+00:00 RTA RM/6/RMDEBUG: Destination
Address: 224.0.0.5
……
Aug 19 2013 08:10:06.850.6+00:00 RTA RM/6/RMDEBUG: Area: 0.0.0.0,
Chksum: 0
Aug 19 2013 08:10:06.850.7+00:00 RTA RM/6/RMDEBUG: AuType: 02
Aug 19 2013 08:10:06.850.8+00:00 RTA RM/6/RMDEBUG: Key(ascii): * * * *
* * * *

OSPF Silent Interface
RTA RTB
G0/0/0 G0/0/0
192.168.1.0/24
[RTA]ospf
[RTA-ospf-1]silent-interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
⚫ The silent-interface command prevents an interface from forming neighbor

relationships with peers.

[RTA]display ospf 1 interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1

Interfaces
Interface: 192.168.1.1 (GigabitEthernet0/0/0)

Cost: 1 State: DR Type: Broadcast MTU: 1500
Priority: 1
Designated Router: 192.168.1.1
Backup Designated Router: 0.0.0.0
Timers: Hello 10 , Dead 40 , Poll 120 , Retransmit 5 , Transmit
Delay 1
Silent interface, No hellos

Q1 Which of the following statements regarding static and dynamic routing is incorrect?
A. The static route can be easily configured and managed on the enterprise network.
B. The use of dynamic routing is more convenient for the administrator to manage the network following
network convergence.
C. The static route can automatically recover when a link failure is encountered.
D. Dynamic routing will use more resources than static routes.
Q2 Which of the following are routed protocols? (Choose two)

A. IP
B. OSPF
C. BGP
D. IPX
1)C
2)A, D Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 69
Q3 Which of the following statements regarding the routing table are correct? (Choose two)
A. The next hop in the routing table is redundant because the outgoing interface can be used for packet
forwarding.
B. The routes from generated by different protocols have different preferences.
C. The metrics of different routing protocols are comparable.
D. The metrics of different routing protocols are not comparable.
Q4 Which of the following commands can be used to display the routing table on a Quidway router?
A. display ip path
B. display ip routing-table
C. display interface
D. display current-configuration
3)B,D
4) B Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 70
Q5 Which of the following entries is not included in the routing table?
A. source address
B. next hop
C. destination address
D. cost
Q6 Which of the following problems are caused by routing loops? (Choose three)
A. Slow convergence
B. Packets circulate between routers
C. Router restarting
D. Inconsistency of routing information
5)A
6)A,B,D Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 71
Q7 Which of the following statements about the information contained in a Database Description packet are
true? (Choose three)
A. A Database Description packet contains all information about each LSA

B. A Database Description packet contains only the header of an LSA
C. The header of an LSA is the unique identifier of the LSA
D. The header of an LSA is only a small portion of all the data of the LSA
Q8 How many domains can be configured on a Huawei router?
A. 30
B. 31
C. 32
D. 33
7)B,C,D
8) A Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 72
Q9 An authenticator router has been configured with two domains named “Area1” and “Area2”, following
which a user is created with the username “huawei” and the password ”hello” for authentication. Which
domain does this user belongs to?
A. Area1 domain
B. Area2 domain
C. default domain
D. default_admin domain
Q10 Which of the following statements about a designated port working in RIPv2 multicast mode are true?
(Choose three)
A. The port receives only RIPv2 multicast packets.
B. The port does not receive RIPv1 broadcast packets.
C. The port does not receive RIPv2 broadcast packets.
D. The port receives only RIPv1 multicast packets.
9) C
10)A,B,C
Q11 Which of the following statements regarding the router ID in OSPF are incorrect? (Choose three)
A. The router IDs of OSPF routers in the same area must be the same, but can be different in different areas.
B. The router ID must be the IP address of an OSPF router interface.
C. The router ID must be configured manually.
D. A router running OSPF must have a router ID for it to operate properly.
Q12 Which of the following statements regarding Designated Routers in OSPF are correct? (Choose three)
A. DR is elected by all the routers in the same network segment.
B. If the priorities of two routers are different, the router with the lower priority will be elected as DR.
C. If the priorities of two routers are equal, the router with the higher Router ID will be elected as DR.
D. DR and BDR must be adjacent.
11) A,B,C
74
12) A, C,D Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching
Q13 On the VRP platform, which of the following commands is used to configure the Router ID of a router
as 1.1.1.1?
A. <Huawei>router id 1.1.1.1
B. [Huawei]router id 1.1.1.1
C. [Huawei]router-id 1.1.1.1
D. [Huawei]router id 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
Q14 Which of the following OSPF versions is specific to IPv6?
A. OSPFv1
B. OSPFv2
C. OSPFv3
D. OSPFv4
13) B
14) C Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 75
Q15 The administrator wishes to configure OSPF on a router in the network however the router has no loopback
interface. Which value will be used as the router ID?
A. The lowest IP address of the router’s active interfaces.

B. The highest IP address of the router’s active interfaces.
C. The IP address of the management interface
D. The priority value of the router.
Q16 An administrator of a company supporting a large enterprise network wishes to implement OSPF on the
network as opposed to RIP. Which of the following points should the administrator use to support his
reasoning for this change? (Choose three)
A. OSPF has no hop count limitation
B. OSPF has a lower routing update overhead
C. OSPF has a simpler configuration.
D. OSPF supports faster convergence.
15) B
16) A,B,D Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 76
Q16 Which of the following statements regarding single area OSPF are correct? (Choose three)
A. An IP address needs to be configured on a loopback interface of each router before configuring an OSPF
area.
B. The value of an area can be from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
C. A single area can be configured using any supported area number.
D. All of the links of the network need to be advertised in Area 0.
Q17 10.0.1.0/24 O_ASE 150 2 D 10.0.23.3 Serial2/0/0

Refer to the display output. Which of the following statements regarding route shown are true? (Choose
two)
A. The address 10.0.23.3 has been configured on the peer’s serial 2/0/0 interface.
B. The route preference has been changed by the adminstrator.
C. The metric for the route 10.0.1.0 indicates that two hops are needed.
D. The route has been learned via the OSPF protocol.
16)B,C,D
17)A, D Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 77
Q18 Which of the following statements regarding link-state database and routing-table of a “single” OSPF area
are correct? (Choose two)
A. The link-state databases that all routers build are identical.

B. The link-state databases that all routers build are different.
C. The routing-tables that all routers calculate are different.
D. The routing-tables that all routers calculate are identical.
Q19 Which of the following steps are necessary to configure OSPF on a Huawei router? (Choose three)
A. Configuration of a router ID
B. Enabling of an OSPF process
C. Specifying an OSPF area
D. Configuration of the network segments within each area
18)A,C
19)B,C,D Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 78
Q19 Which of the following statements regarding the DR in an OSPF network are correct? (Choose two)
A. There must be at least one DR in an OSPF area.

B. A DR must be elected among the routers through the negotiations that are defined by OSPF protocol.
C. Only the router with highest priority will be elected as DR.
D. Only NBMA or Broadcast networks need to elect DR
Q20 Which of the following VRP commands can be used to enter area 0 view? (Choose two)
A. [Huawei]ospf area 0
B. [Huawei-ospf-1]area 0
C. [Huawei-ospf-1]area 0.0.0.0
D. [Huawei-ospf-1]area 0 enable
19)B,D
20)B,C Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 79
Q21 With what kind of routers does a DRother router exchange link state information and route information?
(Choose two)
A. DR
B. BDR
C. DRother
D. All OSPF neighbors
Q22 An OSPF area is a collection of a group of routers and networks. OSPF defines that routers that have the
same ( ) belong to the same OSPF area.
A. neighbors
B. LSDB
C. LSA
D. adjacency
21) A,B
22) B Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 80
Q23 Which of the following statements about router IDs are true? (Choose two)
A. The routers contained in the same LSDB have the same router ID
B. Each router in an OSPF network must have a unique router ID
C. Two routers in different OSPF areas can have the same router ID
D. A router ID is expressed in a 32-bit dotted decimal format.
Q24 OSPF allows for “multiple” processes. By default, OSPF selects a process whose number is ( ).
A. 0
B. 1
C. 10
D. 100
23)B,D
24)B Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 81
Q25 Two routers are configured with OSPFv3. OSPFv3 is enabled on all interfaces of each router. Which of the
following is true in the event that the network administrator does not configure a Router-ID?
A. The IP address of the loopback 0 interface will be used as the router ID

B. The IP address of the loopback 1 interface will be used as the router ID
C. The IP address of interface G0/0/0 will be used as the router ID
D. No router ID will be assigned to the router.
25) D Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 82

Q26 Destination/Mask protocol pre Cost Nexthop Interface
9.0.0.0/8 OSPF 10 50 1.1.1.1 Serial 1/0/0
9.1.0.0/16 RIP 100 5 2.2.2.2 Ethernet 0/0/1
Refer to the graphic. Which of the following statements is correct when this router forwards the packet to
the destination host 9.1.4.5?
A. The router selects the first entry to match the destination address of the packet because the preference
of OSPF is higher than the preference of RIP.
B. The router selects the second entry to match the destination address of the packet because the cost of
RIP is lower than that of OSPF.
C. The router selects the second entry to match the destination address of the packet because the
outgoing interface is an Ethernet interface. The forwarding speed of an Ethernet interface is faster than the
forwarding speed of a serial interface
D. The router selects the second entry to match the destination address of the packet because the router
will match the most specific address.
26) D Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 83

Q27 According to the default value of route preference on the VRP platform, which of the following represent
the correct sequence for direct route, static route, RIP and OSPF if they are listed from high preference to
low preference?
A. Direct, Static, RIP, OSPF

B. Direct, OSPF, Static, RIP
C. Direct, OSPF, RIP, Static
D. Direct, RIP, Static, OSPF
Q28 A router has learned two routes for the same network with the same prefix. One route has been learned
via OSPF with a metric of 4882, while the other route has been learned via RIPv2 with a metric of 4.
Which route (s) will be found in the routing table?
A. The RIPv2 route.

B. The OSPF and RIPv2 routes.
C. The OSPF route. 27)B
D. Neither of these routes will be found in the routing table. 28)C
Q29 Assume that the router has learnt the best route to the same destination by using RIP, OSPF and Static Route
respectively. By default, the Huawei router will select the route learnt via ( ) as the best route.
A. RIP
B. OSPF
C. RIPv2
D. Static route
Q30 After checking the OSPF neighbor state, the administrator discovers that the router has established a
TWOWAY state with the peering router. What can be understood from this information? (Choose two)
A. The routers are configured using the same process ID

B. The routers are configured using the same area ID
C. The routers are configured using wrong router ID
D. The routers are considered DROthers in a broadcast network
29)B
30)B,D
Q31 Refer to the graphic. An administrator has configured OSPF on the two routers, following which he then
implements the command silent-interface s0/0/1 on RTA, What effect will this command have on the
network? (Choose two)
A. The link information advertised by RTB will be maintained in the Link State Database of RTA
B. The OSPF neighbor relationship will fail between two routers.
C. The configuration will not affect the OSPF neighbor relationship between the two routers.
D. The link information advertised by RTB will no longer be maintained in the Link State Database of RTA
Q32 What functions does a Hello packet of OSPF implement? (Choose two)
A. Neighbor discovery
B. Deletion of unreachable neighbors.
C. Maintaining of neighbor relationships.
D. Negotiation of parameters among adjacent ports.
31)B,D
32)A,C

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Cours HCIA Routing & Switching

Pr. Balboul Younes

Broadcast Domain Broadcast Domain

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 4

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 5

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 6

RTA RTB RTC

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 7

Route Direct OSPF Static RIP

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 8

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 9

RTA RTB RTC

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 10

⚫ Static routes define a means of path selection to other networks.

⚫ The forwarding of packets based on a serial interface requires that the

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 12

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 13

[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.12.1

⚫ A static route can be configured based on one of three variations.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 14

G0/0/0 10.0.12.0/24 G0/0/0

[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.12.1

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 15

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 16

G0/0/0 10.0.12.0/24 G0/0/0

[RTB]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.12.1

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 17

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 18

[RTB]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 19

[RTA]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.12.2

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 20

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 21

⚫ Distance Vector Site C

Route Advertisement Route Advertisement

⚫ Route Advertisements are sent periodically.

⚫ Advertised information is used to discover the best routes.

⚫ Metric is used to measure the distance to a given network.

⚫ Calculation is based on hops representing a metric of 1.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 24

⚫ Metric is incremented by 1 before advertisement is forwarded.

⚫ A limit of 15 hops is defined to prevent infinite forwarding.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 25

⚫ A metric of 16 represents an unreachable route.

⚫ A route cannot be advertised on the interface via which it was learned.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 27

10.0.0.0/8 Metric =16

10.0.0.0/8 Metric =16

⚫ Updates are sent by default approximately every 30 seconds.

⚫ Triggered updates allow updates to be sent almost instantly.

Command Version Must be Zero

Address Family Identifier Must be Zero

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 30

Command Version Unused

Address Family Identifier Route Tag

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 31

Command Version Unused

0XFFFF Authentication Type

⚫ RIP version 2 allows for authentication between peers.

⚫ Supports plaintext and cryptographic authentication.

⚫ Load balancing can be used in RIP to utilize redundant links.

⚫ AR2200 supports up to 8 equal cost routes by default.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 33