Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Mahmoud F. Radwan
Subsurface & Integrity Operations Sec. Head
Presenter Name:
Mahmoud Farag Radwan
5 Mud Removal
Objectives of Primary Cementation
Properly conditioned
hole and mud
No sloughing
Gauge
diameter Uniform as possible
( no washouts or restrictions)
NO LOSSES NO FLOW
1. Hole cleaning
2. Conditioning the drilling fluid
3. Displace the drilling fluid from the
annulus
Well Preparation
• Drill with good mud properties
– Thin filter cakes
– Low flat gel strengths
• Drill an in-gauge hole
• Drill a smooth hole with minimal doglegs
• Maintain wellbore stability
• Clean cuttings from hole
– Wiper trips
– Controlled mud properties for transport
Well Preparation
• Hole Cleaning
• Controlled & optimized mud properties
• Wiper trips
• > 95 % Total hole volume in circulation
• Caliper log
• Conditioning Mud
• Break gel strength – circulate – interface between bulk mud and
filter cake
• Lower Ty + Pv
• Drill solids < 6 %
• Determine MPG to find Qmin for all-around flow
• Displace Mud from Annulus – START THE DESIGN
• Optimized slurry placement
• Casing centralization optimized (STO > 75 %)
• Casing movement
Circulating and Conditioning
• Circulate minimum 1 hole volume
• Break gel strength
• Lower rheologies as much as practical
– YP = 8 - 10 lbf/100 ft2
– No barite sag
• Lower drill solids
• Satisfy MPG requirement
– Try for 100 % circulation efficiency
– Verify with a fluid caliper
Fluid Calipers
• To determine circulation efficiency or amount of fluid which is
moving in the wellbore.
• Procedure :
• Run multi-arm open-hole caliper log and determine total hole
volume
• Circulate at cementing rate and determine mud pump efficiency
• Drop marker or tracer in staged intervals
• Monitor returns for marker
• Calculate volume circulated from rate and time (Should be ±
mechanical caliper volume)
• Increase rate and re-calculate efficiency
Criteria for Effective Mud Removal
Cementing Operation:
• Casing movement
• Scratchers
• Wiper plugs
Laminar Flow
Velocity Profile V=2 x Vav
(Sliding motion)
Turbulent Flow
Velocity Profile
(Swirling motion)
Turbulent Turbulent
point
• Re annular velocity
• Minm flow rate = QCRIT
• A single point in well at
specific depth • Flow rate line for QCRIT
• QCRIT (or QMIN) not necessarily
• Mistake to assume and to go
the whole well depth
to Laminar flow
• 10 min contact time - empirical
Effective Laminar Rules in Hole Cleaning
Density hierarchy
• QCRIT flow line
• Assumes flat interface in concentric pipe
• Pumping halted – gravity takes over – 10 % difference
• Chemical washes no considered
• Give slurry priority
• Density of the displacing fluid is greater than the density of
the fluid being displaced
Cement by-passing
the mud on the
narrow side on the
annulus due to poor
centralization
Types of Centralizers
• Bow Spring (Spiral or Straight):
• Flexible bow springs
• Centralizer OD slightly larger than OH size
• Rigid Bow (or Positive) type:
• Non-flexible O.D. (Slightly less than previous casing
ID)
• Use inside cased-hole sections
• Effective in in-gauge OH intervals only
• Rigid Solid slip-on type:
• Solid body - no bows
• Use: as per rigid type
Reciprocation
• Movement of casing up and down during the job
• 20 to 40 feet stroke
• Bottom Plugs
• Top Plugs
30 Mud Removal
High quality cementing objectives
Conductor
Surface
Intermediate
Production
Liner
Conductor
Purpose
Prevents washing out under the rig
Provides elevation for flow nipple
Key Points:
Cement contamination
Channelling
Displacement
SHEAR RAMS
PIPE RAMS
Common Cements:
Typically filler slurries followed by high compressive tail
Specialised (light, heavy, salt - saturated, etc)
Two Stage Cementing
2nd
Key Points: Stage
Stage
Separation and Collar
isolation of zones
Reduces hydrostatic
Can leave zone in
the annulus
uncemented (cement
at TD and surface) 1st Stage
Production
Purposes:
Isolates the pay zone from other formations and the
fluids in them.
Protective housing for production equipment.
Subsurface artificial lift
Multiple zone completion
Screens for sand control
Covers worn or damaged intermediate string.
Common sizes:
4 1/2”, 5”, 7”, & 9 5/8”
Liners
Key Points:
Requires less casing
Drill pipe
Deeper wells Wiper Plug
Pipe tally
Hole Preparation
Mud condition
Clearance
Running
Casing crews
Too fast
Landing Casing
Nippling up
Job Procedures
Pre Job:
Check calculations with co-man
Rig up
Stem 1 on equipment
Check materials
Safety and organization meeting
Prepare mix fluids, spacers and washes
Job Procedures
The Job:
Test lines
Load plugs
Pump Washes / Spacers
Drop bottom plug
Mix and pump cement
Drop top plug
Displace
Bump plug and check returns
Job Procedures
Post Job:
Wash up
Rig down
Stem equipment
Paper work
Cementing Process
For oil well cement design… you need water
Pf > Ph
When P Formation > P Hydrostatic
Gas will Migrate
The Consequences
POOR ZONE ISOLATION:
– Lost production
– Stimulation out of zone
– Contamination of nearby formations
– Over pressured shallow formations
BLOW-OUT:
– Lost production
– Danger to personnel
– Lost rig
The Consequences
REPAIR REQUIRED (safety & regulations):
– Damaged well equipment
– Squeeze for zone isolation
– Casing corrosion
– Efficiency not guaranteed
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE:
– Freshwater aquifers
– Surface
A Path for Gas
A channel
– Failure to effectively displace the drilling fluid.
An invasion during cement placement
– Insufficient or excessive loss of hydrostatic
pressure.
Set cement failure
– Failure at the cement to casing and/or cement to
formation interface.
A Path for Gas - Channel
A channel can be cause by
– Failure to effectively displace the drilling fluid
Poor mud removal
– Excessive Free Fluid in Inclined Wells
A Path for Gas – Invasion
(Hydrostatic Loss)
When the cement is in fluid and transition
state:
– Fluid-loss during and after placement
– Chemical shrinkage
– Gel strength development
– Free Fluid
– Highly Permeable Slurry
Marketing
Gas Invasion during Setting
Cement
Fluid Loss
Dynamic
– Increased rheology
– Change in other slurry properties
Static
– Loss of overbalance
– Promote early gelation
– Bridging
– Accelerated hydration kinetics
Recommended fluid loss: < 50 mL/30 min
A Path for Gas – Set cement
Failure
Set Cement may crack or de-bond:
– Down hole stresses
Change in Temperature
Change in Pressure
– Poor Interfacial Bonding (Micro-annulus)
– High Shrinkage
Successful Cementing of Gas
Wells
GAS MIGRATION CONTROL – A complex problem with a
corresponding .
hierarchy of solutions
Aug-04 Marketing
No easy Paths for Gas
Good Mud Removal is a key factor in the Prevention of Gas
Migration
– Centralization
– Conditioning of mud to follow the
density and viscosity hierarchy
– Pipe movement during placement
– Displacement regime and rate
– Spacers/Pre-flushes
No Path for Gas during cement setting
Ideal Slurry Properties minimize the gas migration during
cement setting
During Placement After Placement
– Appropriate Rheology for – Low Fluid Loss to avoid early
good mud/spacer removal gelation
– Short transition time from 100
– Zero Free Fluid (Inclined to 500 lb/100 ft2
Section) – Pore throat plugging materials
– Fluid Loss less than 50
mL/30 min
Methods for Prevention
Improvement of cement placement
practices
Physical means
Cement slurry optimization
Low gel strength development slurries
Short transition times from 100 to 500
lbf/100 ft2
Special techniques
Right Angle Set Cement
Concept
– Slurry sets so rapidly, no time for gas to invade,
shorten transition period
Methods
– Accelerated hydration kinetics
Disadvantage
– Difficult to accomplish < 120 degC (250 degF)
Competitors Systems
– Gas Stop
Right Angle Set Cement
100
Gelified
Slurry
Bc Units
50
RAS
Slurry
Time
Gas Flow Analyzer
Hydrostatic Pressure
= 700 psi
P
Fluid loss grid Slurry
Slurry Pressure
Heating jacket
– Porous medium
DEHYDRATED
CEMENT
Squeeze Techniques
Special precautions
HP Squeeze
Applications
Special precautions
Running Squeeze
Continuous pumping
Final squeeze
pressure attained
Final squeeze
pressure attained
Pressure ( psi )
Large slurry volumes
Low pump-rates
Pressure (psi)
Low pumprates
B C D
High initial leak-off
A
Small slurry volumes
No downhole tools
50'
CEMENT
Exposed casing and
wellhead 10' Sand
BRIDGE PLUG
Job procedure
Squeeze Tool Technique
Retrievable tools
Positrieve Packer
Hurricane Packer
Shorty Squeeze Tool
RBP
Drillable tools
Cement Retainer
Drillable Bridge Plug
Packer with tailpipe Squeeze
Downhole Isolation tool
Packer
– Casing and wellhead
Tail Pipe
protection
– Tailpipe for placement
CEMENT
– Long intervals
– Multiple setting of packer
Packer without tailpipe Squeeze
Downhole Isolation tool
CEMENT
Short intervals
No tailpipe
Suicide squeeze
Cement Retainer Squeeze
CEMENT
Applications
10' Sand
Job Procedure
CT Squeeze
Applications
Producing wells
Through tubing
Advantages
Cost
Accurate placement
Critical slurry design
Job procedure
Thank You