FAST BUS-TRANSFER TECHNIQUES FOR MAINTAINING FULL PLANT PRODUCTION ‘Copyigh atl IEEE pet No, PCIC-3-08 6. W. Sottrel!, Menber IEEE PTS, ines 12117 desarut? ve, Downey, Celtfornia 30281 Té5} 203-4700" Aostract - Residual-voltage ond delayed bus-transfer ‘peratians often result in severe process. upsets or Cormlete loss af plant. production: Fast. teoncfer ecnniqies might salve such problems. but can they be Safely and” effectively applied in. petroleum and Ehontat plants?" Tris. paper” attenpts fo answer that wastion by reviewing the strengths. and weaknesses of SWV"fact ate" inepnase transfer” schemes, Including tre rewlysdevelopee fast transfer’ ewiten Inteoduet son nen disconnected fron the power source, sotors procuce at thei terminals a resicual voltage which fceays with tine and" rotates with the ‘speed of the Sotor’ rotors Tritiatly, the” residual voltage Magnitude 1s nearly equal’ 10. that’ of the ‘source Wwoltage, but decays exponent ally to 36-8 percent of Hts Gritian value ina period of tine equal to. the fotor open circurt tine constant Ths time constant For induction motors wories fro 1/2. second forthe Smaller motors to 3 or seconds for larger units Lf the power source to a motor ts interrupted and quickly "reestablished, the motor willbe Subsecteq to “Yes own" residual “voltage” adéee ‘eetoriaity to that of whe source. “The motor or Griven egutpnont nay be aataged fron high current ana orque iF the resultant voltage {6 excessive” The vast majority of tus transfer systens in the petroleum ‘and. chenieal” industry. are of the esicual-voltage or delayed type tn witch a residual Neitege, relay” or timer celays "switching to an Mtemnste” source” unt" motor residue! voltage nay Secayed to 23 or 30 percent of motor rated voitoge Delayed transter 15 essentially rise free but usually So stow a5 to interrupt plant operations." Also, In fost “cases, "otore ‘comot be» resccelerated Simsitoneously following 4 delayed transfer as. thelr Speeds "have fallen” so “low thot inrush. currents Sppreach motor locked rotor values and” stalling would Secur. due to depressed voltage. Ag) a result mast Gelayeg transfer schemes" provide for reaccelerating nly’ those rives necestary fore safe and orderly Shutsom. “"in"other’ cases" erfetcal drives are Festarted in. staggered blocks “so. that full. plant operations "may. nat be reestablished for. severs! inutes, usuatly Pesulting tn severe plant upsets cost of shutdowns an IEEE Connittes Report on reliability survey of snaustrial plants reported the ndings, shown In apie T for petroteun and chemical plants. {13 TABLE 1 IEEE Comittee Findings sre Average Coste cost Per Fatlure Par Naxinuw comand s.495/04 ost, Per Hour Oowntine ee Ki Hoxie 5.785, Plant Restart Tine {eran Complete PTant Shutdown 23 Hours Thus. plant or process unit with 10 HM maximum donane\ could cost.” $252,000 tn. 1972 and_ perhaps $400,000" current. costs for_each forced. shutcorn. That is “a “high price’ indeed and may. justify tNternative.ousctranster schemes. $f" the proceet 1 Unable to. survive a conventvonal deloyed. transfer operation. ster Appl tions Alternative bus-transter techniques include 1) highespeed "transfer, 2)" tneghase transfer, 3) eckeith transfer and. 4)” the fart. trenefer. seiteh {n1S) transfer “Ore "of "these. may "be required wherever” unporaileled reduneart sources are provided {hich “serve motors of a ize which might be danaged ‘rom rangon high-speed ‘switching. Motors 30 p_and Vorger ore. 'genereliy considered "tobe in that Category, This paper ill show that the frst three Techniques are poorly” sulted to. most’ petroteur and Chenteal” plant "operations as drive ‘inerzias are normally £00 low and_pre-transfer ‘conditions too ‘omencing. the new £15 transfer appeers to be welt futtes. as it in Tietle affected by. Inerties or brestransfer conditions. The most, comon application for fast-transfor sitching, Tn the petroteun and chenical Industry, 15 ‘he secondary-eelective substation as. som in Figure 1 other appieationssnelude single-bus substations wien primary or secondary” emergeny preferred s.cn77 60080229 $01.00 @ 9SHEEEFig, 1 Fast Transfer Application to Secondary-Seloct ive Substation Importance of inertia The_nost inoortant pareneter in convent ional fest-transter techntaues, "e rive inertiay In generat, the higher-inertia drives Mave s much better. hance Of success than do. the. Tower inertia. drives Aso, in many Tnstances,_the high inertia. drives. ack 5 Generators to support the” low-inertia “drives es Motors” through the "open-circuit transfer” periods hus, not only are the individual drive, sherties ‘important but so. is. the. aggregate or equivalent ‘nertia"for a crives on the eransferred bus In thts paper an inertia constant, H's is used. It ts defined op the’ tive in seconds "to. decelerate he inertia’ of the ator and’ driven. equipment, Fron standstill" to fUNTstoas “speed, sth rated motor {torque applied and'2ero mechanical Toad. ner fealty, HY is equal to 3.095 we (new)? x 10°? seconds ere ue? ts tnertia of motor and driven equipaent, 18-1 REM 45 Fall-lood speed, Fevoluttons per ainute HP is moter naneplats. horsepower For composite drives, the equtvaient HM §s equal to Hr equiv. + (HP) Hy" + Hat! + (HP + HP + Listed in Table 11 are inertia constants for various type drives commonly: found in the pesroleut bag lcheneat “inustry. these are” bated” on. the WoL 11 Typical inertia Constants Motor 4 orive Ht “pe orive ange Hest voltage Systens Centrifugal pums 0.3 1.5 os fener fot conprestors tea 1s ecigracat i compressors 0.7 01.5 1 raft ane 218 3 Low-voreage systems Centrifugal pumps 0.2 190.8 0.35 ‘coated wxchanger fan ltoe 1s In adeition to. the rive inertia, process ‘inertia ay’ sonetines be significant [2]. ana fn such its, aes Co hat of he gree, ere \ariable flow conditions. are possible this may result fn \"varianle total. inertia, thereby "creat ing uncertainty with respect "89: Migh-speed and. nephase transfer Systeme. Applic Ast Standard 50.61-1982 [3] covers. polyphase snauctton motors for pouer generating. stetions.) for bus "transfer and reclosing, ft recommends. that. the resultant vectorial. volts per "Hert? ‘between the ‘Incoming source: and the motor resicual voltage shoutd not exceed 1.33 per unit-an the aotor rated base. The Bir eceaneyaatfon 1, Shown graphical tn igure’ Basically, 1t_stlows high vestyal voltage co ong 32 the transfer 1s completed at a favorable’ phase engle The ANGI criterion Ts: based on vales per heres rather than voltage magnitude. 96 both current and torque ore Getermined by that ratio, ne Standards NEMA adopted the above AUS{ eriterfon in 2 1980 revision of NEM MGI=I978. (4). However, the criterion ‘has recently. boon withdrawn "because of oncern for the mechanical response ‘of motor érive Syston (5). "The praslens_of transient. torques. ane nechanical "responce, folloning. fast-trensfer Svitening, wit Be covered Tater"in this’ paper With the musi erftarion no longer in effect, the following NEMA recommendations sand 36 Fegan bus transfer ond reclosing 1. Slow transfer is recommended in which Switching’ Is. delayed one open-circuit tine constant or more If faster transfers are used, the lectrancchanical interactions of the Iotor, the driven equiprent and the power Syston Should be stusiegs2g Ea Tee OE Fig. 2 betermination of Resultant Volts per Hertz East-tranafer Techniques he available techniques for fast_transter are depicted graphically. in the polar disgran of Figure SP hotorrestal voltage and ghase angle are’ shown 1: they decay through the open-eireuit period of the arsfers “the manent “of reclosing. Se. shown for Iighespesd, “in-phose, fastetrensear switch” and resteuatovoltage schenes 270° 30° 2 FighcSpeed transcei 3 insphace tranecer” Peckwith @ Residual-veltage | f Transfer Postetraneter switch (9. 2 Polar Diagram of Transfer Techniques High Speed Iranefer Highespeea transfer is carried out with no intentional selay. "tt. can be accomplished. ins Vttle ez told cycles if Sxeycle. storedceneray lveuie breakers are seg, | Ite success or. folure Sajends on whether transfer takes place before. ‘the Fesultane vectoriel volts. per hertz ‘exceeds 1-38 per Units A phase ongle of sbout a0 degrees or Yess will Uouoity ae successful. transfer fs initiated under Falt-vottage conditions. ‘The curve of Figure 4 shows Este reclosing angie versus resiovol volts per Herts Magnitude, based on 21-0 por unt onconing voltage pe \ gust Bt pe pi Ea d ee 7 i.0 NoTOR RESIDUAL VOLTS/ He, pu Fig. 4 Acceptedte Reclosing Angle Based on ANS! ceiterton or 1-33 por unt VolEs/H. oplications of high-speed transfer in the power Industry ore of Urs types 1. Insetate opening main breaker and closing alternate Breaker or bus-tte reaker? st the. sone tine. 2, Open main breaker and. sniciat siternate breaker from an early, of main breaker 3. Sane": 2. except using 9 standard "b" closing ‘ype 1. in which breaker opening and closiag 1s initiates stiultancousiyy. is generally considered too Tiskyespectatly for industriel applications. R Strong possibility exists that both Breaters could be Closed st the sone tise with the following serious Eonsequences 1, Wieh the two sources paralleled, switchgear Faute, capabilities "coula be" greatly 2, Inuncleared fault on a source transtorner or ‘transformer circuit. woula subject. the Neaithy source to ashore etreutt, possibly disabling both Sources Most industrial, applications would use Type 2 or 3 mighespeed transfer, resulting in 2 to 10 cycles transfer” tine depending upon the ratings and chorecteristics of the breakers. “Examples inthis paper ore based on s Sucycle transfer" tine which Ve Eonsidered “sare "and rénatiy achievable. Sh most ‘the curves of Figure §. show motor residual voltage "phase angle "and volts per” Hertz versus ead:bus "tine. “"Desg-ous tine. sf the tine fran pening. the normal source breaker to. closing “the frcoming source breaker. The curves. are drawn for Sdeat. conditions in which "eranefer “is ‘Initiates onuatty "or by. on" occurrence uhich ‘approximates fanuel initiat%on, ~ mrFig. 5 Development of High-speed Transfer System ‘he procedure for checking for 4 safe high-apeec tronster is 29 fol lowe: 1, Plot angie and volte per Herts of internat ‘oltoge as shown in Figure 6 2. Rlbresker closing’ tsa [assumed 0.1 see.) ecamine residual volts per bert 3. Fron” the" curve. of Figure find the ‘oximun allowable phase ongle fintehing the Wolts per Hertz found tn Step 2 4. ny. design watch "cous not reach the atlowbie phase angle. before. the oncoxing breaker closes 1s consicered safe Figure 5 is based on futly-loaded motors with constant torgue,” One cin see that's Sucycle fase transfer, “Initiated maruatiy, raguives” an inertia onstant'i oF 10 second or grester lIn-Phase Transfer A phase angle relay, comected between the rotor bus and the oncowing source, will effectively Measure the phase ‘angle ef motor Internal voltage Wersuse thet oF the “oncoming” lines The imephase transfer system uses such 2 relay to initiate closing the" oncoming. breater' so “that. it closes when the Pesscuat voltage iz essentially" in pnace with. the foneoning voltage. "This te normally seeigned ta becur St the. First inephase ‘coneition (360°), with an omable tolerance. of “maybe plus or” einus 60 degrees. Atypical incphase transfor devetopaent 4s shown in Figure 6, Curve A. "The Following procedure an'be used! 1. Plot residual vottage angle and magnitude (votes per Herts) versus tine 2. Determine’ the. tine. at whieh” phase angle crosses” the 360 degree” in-phase) angle {iresker closing tine! 3. Determine the restdvel voltage sagnitude ot breaker closing tine. 4. Find the rakiman atiowble phase angie, fram Figure ay at the voltage found. from Step 3. 5. Plot ‘safe closing window fron the angle Found ‘in Step 4 6. Find. the angie” at which the phase angle relay should pick up by subtracting noninal Breaker closing tine “end. relay operating ime. Mark ia the plus ona minus angles £2 prosice’s safe closing windom. 1, Harkin “Breaker ang relay operating tolerances to be sure” breaker wilt slnays Close within the sete closing window. Fig. 6 Development of in-phase Transfer Systen Curve 8 of Figure 6 sttustrates the asin isagvantage of the ‘insphase’ trarster schener Carve B Shows angle grift. far the sane. deive os Curve tucept its shaft Toad 1s 25 percent rated unite Curve N's toaded' to 100'percent. "The fixed setting of the phase angie relay is seen t0 cause breaker ‘closing For outaice the” sate ‘window. “Thus, the in-phase raster scheme “may "oe unsafe” where’ Yorvable stechenical Toading 1s experienced. -m-Bechith Transfer system The Beckwith transfer. system consists of sophisticated solva-state relays, desioned to perform 2PFasty inephase end resigual-valtage. transfer on ¢ Priortéizea bests." The system automatically aojuste Hes" characteristics to sceommodate changes in the hase angle decay curve chereny avoiding many of the Sreblene’ with. incphace transtars Tt reverts to Fesidvol voltage transfer if motor slip ae transfer exceeds about 8 percent The curves of Figure 6 flustrate operation of the Beckwith relay system as well as. the” in-phese fchene. TF the ortve 1s aperating at 25 percent Toes Carve" g)y the ‘Beckwith systen should 'be able to Sense thet fost transfer ‘ie. safe. ang close the Gnconing breaker st 0-1 seconds. However, if fast Transfer is" not ‘attalnable for some ressony the Dphaserangle curve will be evaluated by the relay se that a'afe.neghase transfer takes” plece “st 360, degrees phase angie The major problem with the Sechwith relay ts sTiustrated By curve Ae R fast transfer willbe ejected e6 unsafe. fn in-phase transfer will. then bev attenpted end, 25 we have seen for the” in-phase transfery Should. “be” aceonplvateg “safely. Unfortunately, ‘the Beckwith system requires 7 cycles for detection. That tine,” added “C0. the Sueycle Brosker closing tim, voqiires. that. the” Snaghese transfor be rejected if the motor tlip exceeds 81d Percent ab the Sreater It closed. For, the drive Witustrated ‘in curve Ay the botor slip ts over 16 percent at. dreaker closing. "An in-phase: transfor LITT" Then be resected and the system will watt. to perform a resisuel-voltoge transfer, vences while fhe arive “will” be" properly protected, the “ain Objective. of acnieving a fast. or in-phase transfer Wilt be defeated. "it is estimated thet Tully-Toaded drive must have an srertia constant" of 2 seconds or more to overcome 2his problem. Fase-Transfer_suitch The FasteTransfer switch (F15) functions to short circuit the leees to motors after the source Voltage has been interrupted [é). The short circuit Ys “maintained untit motor residual. veltages "have decayed to TS t0 30 percent, at which time itis, Femoved and Uhe Source voltage re-established without farther delay. ‘The F15. fonctions such. the. zane a= ‘the residualsvoltage transfer systen. The eifference is" TMlustratee “in Figure Ty which shows. motor esigual-voltage decay for. 2. typleal” 200 iP Hotor jhe FTS. transfer Is sean to reach 2 safe value in A cycles while. the residual-voltage ‘transfer requires GO cyeies, Such a short delay. greatly laproves. the SbiTTty oF the motor or motor group tO reaccelerate following «bus trensfer: a esibun.-vournat fe Bes é ar Fig. 7 Residuat-voleage decay, FTS and fesigual-voitage Teansfor The FTS short circuit must be applied long enough for the residual voltage of the Targest, motor to decay to a safe value. smaller matars will then have Tower vatues. ond phase angles of al! waters wil be'at random positions az recieving tates place. Upon closing the alternate source breaker (oe bus-tie Breaker!y” the power "systen will) experience high inrush currents fran ait ertves.. however, Because of the fost twitening sequence the. speed of Tost. motors will" not fail, Below 80. to”30\ percent ‘ime offers the following) significant es, in Feaccelerating the entire bus Toad: ‘otor ‘torus ‘currents will oe Tees, chan Tockea-rotor values (typically 202). Hetor power” factors will be. above rotor Values (typically 60% nigher) ter "Speeds. will” bt ebove, the” noraat Stalling’ point. of 75. percent For entrutugal punps, compressors and Fons formal ockes Notor performance through a typteal_ TS transfer, following a renate fault, 13" shown in Figure! Fig. 8 Typical Performance Through FTS Transfer Initiation of Fast Teansfer Beckground Historicatiy, high-speed and in-phase transfer schemes nave beer initiated by non-electrical trips Inthe power inustry for example, ost. high-speed Eransters are ‘insesated manually. ar fron bobler or furbine trip sensors. In'that way, one can be pretty Sure that all motors’ to be transferred sre operating in a steady, more or less predictoble stete. Such Urarafers eine Sed beter. the nord. source Significantly disturbed. In sone power plants Granefor te initiated by failure of ‘an ayelliary transformer "Sut such a practice may be unsafe under certain circumstances as eovered belt The usual purpose for bus transfer in. industry is tol ultch to" an alternate source after” sont probien with the moraal source se, detected. To Bratuate performance of such a transfer, first. it 8 Imcessory to evaluate pre-transfer’ conditions which 23 -say range fron an inadvertent trip of an up-stream Breaker to 4 bolted S-phase Fault’ on » source veever Virkaatty” 201 such dtsturbances will have” a. major jnpact Gn the’ safety and success) of "the fast bubs transfer system “Thege Phase Faults Electrically-renate three-phase foults depress the motor bus voltage, causing all. aotors to. slow Gomn"in order to rebolonce the "load torques “The Eurves of Figure 9. show celevlated response. of 's Singte sotor system through ¢ Greyele remote. faulty andthe effect this can have on 9 subsequent fest {transfer ‘poration. The mater ‘diver a centrifugal compressor with system Srertia constant equal to Curve A shows phase angle érift when one source fs, interrupted manually ‘(no rascte. f2uTt) ok SiosequentSeeycle” Migh-spned "transfer would be Sueeessful as ie 15 completed before the hace. angle rifts beyond 60 degrees Curye 8 shows the sme drive when the bus-tronsfer 1s initiated by a remote dophasetavity Fasulting in 68 percent. fnitial voltage. atthe motor bus. "During te fault, "cleared in 6 cycles,” the Motor phase angle Is. seen te arift front? to 3 Segrees as the motor slip increoses fram s01e to 029 per unity” Thus the initial congitions. for transfer fre drastically changed by the pre-transfer faults A Sreycle fast. transfer now givee resultant. ols per be OF 1.58 per unit unite an Secycle transfer results in T.61" per unit. “Both ore. dangerously. above the Mist “criterion "of 1.38 per ‘untt volts per He Fig. 9 Conditions With and without 2 Pre-transfer Rencte Favit Fig. 10_Mulet-nacnine system Through Prevtranster Renate Fault Figure 10 sttustrates 2 phenomenon effecting ait high-speed” and in-phase transfer” schemes, Ta general, such. schenes “are. successful “oecause the Froneingreta drives function 9. generatore to. support the Tow inertia. erives through "the open-circuit transfor sequence. Bry tisturbance Which uposts. that fotor-generstor relationship can "produce unsafe Transersy especiatly for the Tow snertia drives. Figure 10 shows conputer-sinulated conditions for a Fast ‘transfer ‘systen’ feeding 23500 HP gheinertia fen grive ond 9.2000 1 Tow-inertia. pump rive.” A renate Sophase fault causes voltage on ane motor bus to fall to 68 percent on the motor base. ‘The fault is cleared ang Eranefer initiated efter 8:1 seconds. ‘During the faulty the ‘slips of the Wo Iotors increase but at greatly csfferant rates,” The Inign-inertie. fan. drive" (generator) “stip. snereases Fron 01 £00125 ‘nile thw lowinertiay pune drive (ator) srereaces. from DIS, to” 0278. "the pace ingles. of the two, leo ar4rt parts the fan drive ‘ncgeasing Yeon "14° to ~20" andthe play rive fron rial to"398.” The phase angie ‘atthe bus, yore Condit ons ere normatly wonitared reade” only 5 High-sosed Transfer During a G-cycle high-speed transfer, the two sachine phase angles continue to arift apart ven though the fants supplying energy to" the pio {9 an ettespe to bring the two drtves. tnt Syrchrontse, the. phase” angie” at. the Bus aesunes 2 position between the. two" drives, but Eloser to thet of the Targer fan driver Art Gecyele Fast transfer 1s about te be completes, the” conditions. i Table Ill ‘were found. 20 ouist rage 111 Conditions at Completion of Fast Transfer 35008 20004 Bus Internat voltage Magnitude, peu. 8112, 4653, Fogle 70° 20 Slips Boa. 0208Tf the bus phase angle through the above transfer were "monitored, it would reed. 80 degrees at the lnstent "of ‘breaker closing’ ond “37 degreet_ at the {ne the signal was given for the breaker to close {5 yeleg cartier). It undoubtedly would ‘alow the GFansfor" to proceed eventhough the angie at the Towsinertie drive is "dangerous. -128 degrees. The resultont voltage applied to the 2000 HP sotor ts Found fron ANSI t50.81 bs Follows te = VER BeOS WHERE: 5 = 1,045 pu By = 0,4765/1-0,0735, 5 cos = ~0.559 Be = 1.4 pu VOLTS FER RENT ox rOTOR MASE The resultant voltage found above exceeds the ANSE Movable criterion of 135 volts por nertz. vniie the"teiterion Te not graaty exceeded, the” example Mustrates potentiat problems with convent onal fast transfer uhenever. the’ transferred. wotors. are int Symone states "A bus ghane angle mncoring Ph iy not prevest sich « dangerous transfer: because 1 Ionttors’conditions af the buss nat at the motor be Inephase Transfer Incphose transfers wilt probably perform safely for this example because’ of the huge inertia of the fon drives The inephase transfer orabably ort Tate place for mbaut | second and’ by that {ine the restdvel voltage of ben machines wtTT beSecayed: to safe values. “thusy wile the Eronsfor willbe safe, it. will BG. no. taster thon a residual voltage (delayed) transfer ‘he Beckwith transfer systen may be programed tovreject a fast and in-phase transfer tf bus voltage falls below a prevset values If so. it iil watt until restauel. voltage has fallen to 2 percent "at wich tines residual. voltage transfer Will be performed. HE not resected ue to tow voltage, 9 Nigh"speed transfer wilt be_atcenpted with the fore results. covered above for ntgheapeed irarster..Such‘s transfor wilt not be Blocked bythe phase angle nonttoring Syston as" the hase angle neasured st. the Buss Tavorable Even though the phose angle’ of the Towinertts rive fs very unfavorable IS Transfer The F15_ transfer will perform safely. Reacceleration "of the entire” bus. will be Sonewhat nore difficult due to. the Sncreased Speed Toss caused by the tule, Motor speeds through sn FS transfer are’ shoun in Figure’ 7. Unbetances Faults The following unbalanced Faults M111 sertously effect ‘performance af "2 subsequent. fast transfer operat fon: © Line-to-ground fault on utility lines or ony folvaly-erounded insplane system. | Toltages. on the Snepiant system will be é? percent positive equence ana if percent. negative sequence [2] Motor restaual voltages will vary from 23. #9 TO" percent” of inseial residual voltage, depending on the phase of the source voltages tthe tine the fault is cleared © Line-torTine fault on utitity ines or in-plant fysten, oltages “an. the plant willbe 30 percent positive and 50 “percent negactve Eequence. Motor” restéual” voltages will vary fran 0” to "100. percent. of Snitial "residual woltage, depending on the phase of the souree voltages at the tine the fault ts cleared ‘he performance of fast transfer systens wilt paraitel thet described. in Figures 9 and. 10 except that tnicial phase angles and slips atthe start of transfer will be even igher. Also, and. of maior ‘portance, motor ‘internat voitages can be aout 50 pereent higher. Figure Il shows the Tocus af motor Unterne) voltage ‘for vartour. system voltage phase anoles at the tine the fault se cleared. Tt cen be Shown that, on average, agtor internal. voltage will freee 80 percent of the pre=fault value for about 20 percent of the attenpted transfers. Thus, allowing for sone voltage decay through the trancter “period, the Following worst-caae eoneitions nay resule 4, Fast transfer ~ Resultant voltage wp to 1.8 per unie votes per Ha. b. ncphase transtor ~ Resultant voltage up to 1 per unte volts por He c. Beckwith transfor —'Sane 66.9. oF b. 4 FTS transfer = Resultant voltage no greater than T-2 per untt voles por Fig. 11 Locus of Wotor Residual voltage as vnbatanced Paul se cleared Transtont Torquee ue Effect of Trapped, Rocont analytical studies (7, 8, 9] have shown that a'nigh agnituge ‘of ‘trapped flue aoy create Unexpectedly high transient torques even (f reclosure = 25 =fakes, place at a favorable phase angle. This 1s iMusefated by the date tn Table "It, taken. fron feference 7, "the data are based on 2-280 Py Spole Snduetion ‘otor. ceiving a centrifuge! puns with fatal snertia constant’ Hof "0.62 "and" torsional natirat Frequency of the! aechaniel Syste oF 30 woLe tv INigh-speed Transfer ata From Reference 7 Torque Upon feclos ing, Resultant Ber Unie Noite Transter Time er (jelen ie 6 3 65 é o3 5 oe 10 Bs Normal start Fron Rest 473810 one estar Fro st Speea 28 3.25 1.0 tone * The shaft torque at reclosing 4s assured to build or. ‘ascillations » produeee™ wen motor wes ‘scomected fran the source. The studies sumarized in Table 1V are based on 4 highspeed transfer such that. the nagnituse, of Motor vesicual voltage (Urappee lux) teentgh even for 1O-cyele transfer. Under such conditions the EShie Shoes Nene’ ts" no "consistent revotvonshp between resultant volts por Hertz and peak tran ent toraues, "in fart, the 1OScycle transfer with only 1nd bernie volts per Werte, is. seen to develop’ very Fign"T0\ per unit shaft torque +3 value’ 2-66 tinet that lor''a, “fult-voltege start,” “Ths, “the “ats Eriterfon of, noximum 1253. per unit votes ger sertz Sppeers. to be. faved. wher! Rotor residual volSage iBpritude ts: significant Tt ts tor that reason that NOR'ESS “sthdeon es endorsement or “the” Mel Eriterion, “eno ‘recomendselectro-nehontcal Sralyses tor” any transfer umicn taces plose th oss Ahan” ‘ne ‘openccircute. ine” constant.” Mtghspeed, inephase and Beckwith: transfore are Clearly tn that otegory white residuel-voltage (actayed) transfer ts The 30 verte naturel frequency of the sample rive [of Reference)" shoule “probably ‘have’ been Svotded ‘sou es. not. to greite sctT lations during forme!” operations. “°wowever,, ‘for the. reclosing Sralyses of “interest, the 30 Wertz value ‘does’ not Unauty effect results’ as motor sip never exceeds” 14 percent’ (8.4 sz.) and that 1s far removed frow’the Faturel frequency. 1S torques ‘he F1S transfer appears to meet the spirit of the wend requirements for delayed transfer in wnveh, fhe resiéual voltage is reducea to 36:8 percent or Below. The FTS will normally renain cloted for 1h Shortciecuit Une constant Go that. residual vortage will be on the ‘order of 20 percent of tts tnttiol Value. Howover, the £15 transfer requires threes abrupt torque steps “instead of the two ‘raguired. by ether techniques! V} motor” suttened offs 2) FT. short Cireuit, and '3) "motor "switahed on. Each “step fevelops Tetetively moderate transient" atragap forques which secay so rapicly that they will fet ‘BulTd an" one. another. Near" and" tear on the motor Fron’ lectromagnetic orces 1s" therefore not Considered £0 b0 8 major Factor. on the ther hand, torsional oscfTTations of the shart system may persist for severol seconds 0 ae Teruo fate spe coed Sui an one Snather. They will adé or subtract, depending upon thes natural “Frequency of the. shaft aystem, “the Drectse tinting gf the switching sequence and whether the air-gap torque is positive ov negative. Rena worst-case scenario 12 { praent design to caneteer the three FT3 torque steps to be additive.” However, Such "o scenarion” together with other "worstecase Conditions. nornatly assuned im caTeutating. atr-Gap torques,” might” be expected to occur only” once in every. 100" transfers Sicha remote. condttion wilt Contribute very Tittle to. shaft fatigue but. may Be ‘important in establishing shart yield strength, Estimated FIG. poak air-gap torques for_ the rotor Gescribed tn Reference 7 are. Tisted in Table W {oetner with conarative values talen Yvon Reference BLE v FTS Peak Air-gap Torque FTS values ‘Short cireust 6 feclosing 3 Comparative valves Cineeeb-line short céreuie Fullcvoitage Start Mechanical Response (ne reason for the apparent unpresictabitity of share Tongues. isthe “presence of atr-gap torques having vartous frequency conponents, "A motor amen fs reclosed at 90 percent speedy for exemple, wit have atr-sap torque couponents of Tine Frequency (60 Nes}, motor’ speed (St her) and motor” slip (oka) sn edition to uncivectional values (6). "far the FS Short cireult,. the dowinating frequency” will "be Broportional Yo Imtor speeds) To avoid. possible ErpliFication of shast terque it fs recormended that Start naturel trequency be far renoved. fram any oF hese values Conetusfone Table v1 1s an application sumary of the four fastetranster techniques. The inertia constants Usted" are onty approximate as other var tables, such as percent mechanical” Toad, precise switching’ times nd energy Flow fron and’ o the various motor’ drives iin att have’ considerable effect. The table shows that nigh-speed, in-phase and Beckwith Systens "nay bev tpplicabie to" specialty Situations in wnich tnertias are high and sneesation 1s"by “manual “er equivalent means.” These” schemes Shoult "be "voiced “apere "initiated ty" electrical faults umess the "Fault ‘type and location ts preaictable™ and. a ‘full transient. analysts 42 pertormed ~~he FTS system 15. seen to de applicable to lease of any Svar etay whether initiated By faults or Wireualiy) att petraleun and chemical. plant (2 m Upelteations., Its main draxback at tne present’ tine Sa" iack’oF sncusertal experience: wale vt App ication Summary 0 Bockuith sigh: ighespeed/ speed) in-phase “Inghase” FTS_— (4) Monat Tage tation 5) ‘Constant Loading Hegp1.0.H!eq>35. H'eqp1.0/2.0. Any 1 Variable te) Leading’ HegpI.0. Hieqy.5. H'eq3.0/2.0 Any Intetated by faults . | 7 any # fige-through Ferrormance ExceTTent Good Excel /600d Good Installed ose Low Lew Moderate High Engineering oy ose High igh Moderate Low Incustria Enperfence Little Some Someone * Not recommended unless tautt type and location is pregletable anda. full" transient analysis. $= C9] performed. Four bus-transfer techniques have been reviewed = each with the potential to maintain. full) plort progection through lose oF a ecunaant. power “sure. oer invalves. cone risk VF not carefully designed snd fevaluated, and each entails consicerable expense in C10] ferns of "equipment and. "engineering. costs. Nonethetess, “despite the risks and. "costs, a welicdesigned fast-transfer installation will, often pay for teseit on its First successful operation, - are Thus, it Sppears to de well’ suited to [1] EEE, STAWOARD 493-1980, “IEEE Recommenced Practice for the Design of feliableincustriel fd Comeretal Power Systane Charles t. Beene, "Maintaining Process Continuity buring Voltage Dips", TEEE Paper No peices ANSE €50.41-1982, “Anerican Natfonal_ standard for. Polyphase induction. Motors for Power Generating stetion=” NEMA Seandard MGI-1978: Motors ond Generators, National Electrical Manufacturers. Assectot ion EPRI Report €L-4286, "Inproved Motors for Utitrey. Applications", Volume 2 "Bus. Transfer Stuates", etober, 1386 GM. Bottrel and LY. us *A New Fast Bus-Transter Systen", Proscnted” at the [ECC 1 CPs “Technical. Conference in Bale imorey Maryland, Way 2-5, 1988. Re, Oaugherty, "Analysis of Transient EiecertcalTorgues and) shart ""Torgues an Induction Notars as 2 Result. of Power Supply Disturbances", LEEe “Transactiong "on Power Aoparetus. and’ systens, Vols 101, Ko. 3 August 1Bb2, ‘pp. 2826-2636 JS. G. Hisul, "Magnitude, Amplitudes ana Frequencies of Trayetion "Motor Alr-Gap Transient Torque Throwpr Simultaneous Reclosing with or without capectties", IEEE Tran fn Power Apparatus and systems, ol 104, Ro 5) une 1885, pp. 1819+1525, JS. Ge Hisul, “en-Sinultaneous Reclosing Aie-Gap Transient Torque’ of Induction Hotor = Paretn, Sample Seasies "and" Osscussion on Reclosing of ANSI 50-8)" IEEE Transctions on Energy Conversion, Vol €C-2, No. 2y dune 1887, poe 6-204. United states agar Patent Nos. 4,710,841 and