CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC: ANALYSIS OF FRUIT JUICES TO TEST THE

CONTENT AND ACIDITY IN THEM.

SUBMITTED BY: ADITI JOSHI

CLASS: 12 B
SUBMITTED TO: MS. DEEPALI SRIVASTAVA
INDEX PAGE:
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM
4. MATERIALS REQUIRED
5. DIFFERENT TESTS PERFORMED
6. TEST FOR ACIDITY
7. OBSERVATION FOR ACIDITY
8. TEST FOR STARCH
9. OBSERVATION FOR STARCH
10. TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
11. OBSERVATION FOR CARBOHYDRATES
12. TEST FOR IRON
13. OBSERVATION FOR IRON
14. TEST FOR CALCIUM
15. OBSERVATION FOR CALCIUM
16. HEALTH BENEFITS OF ALL JUICES
17. CONCLUSION
18. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ADITI JOSHI OF CLASS 12 B

HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED HER RESEARCH ON
THE TOPIC “STUDY OF CONTENTS AND ACIDITY IN
FRUIT JUICES” UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MS. DEEPALI
SRIVASTAVA DURING THE YEAR 2019-20 IN THE
PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION CONDUCTED BY CBSE.

(SIGNATURE OF EXAMINER) (SCHOOL STAMP)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PRINCIPAL “MS. ALKA

AWASTHI” FOR PROVIDING ME WITH ALL THE
FACILITIES THAT WERE REQUIRED.
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL THANKS OF
GRATITUDE TO MY CHEMISTRY TEACHER “MS. DEEPALI
SRIVASTAVA” FOR PROVIDING GUIDANCE AND
SUPPORT IN COMPLETING MY PROJECT.
AIM:

TO ANALYSE SOME FRUIT JUICES FOR THE CONTENT

PRESENT IN THEM. ALSO TESTING THEIR ACIDITY.
CONTENTS TESTED- CARBOHYDRATES, STARCH, IRON
AND CALCIUM.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
COMPONENTS:
1. TEST TUBES
2. BURNER
3. LITMUS PAPER
4. VARIOUS FRUIT JUICES (ORANGE, APPLE,
POMEGRANATE, GUAVA)

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
1. pH INDICATOR
2. IODINE SOLUTION
3. FEHLING SOLUTION (A AND B)
4. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
5. AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION
6. AMMONIUM OXALATE SOLUTION
7. POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANIDE SOLUTION
DIFFERENT TESTS PERFORMED:
1. TEST FOR ACIDITY
2. TEST FOR STARCH
3. TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
4. TEST FOR IRON
5. TEST FOR CALCIUM
TEST FOR ACIDITY:

2 ML OF JUICE WAS TAKEN IN A TEST TUBE AND A

pH PAPER WAS DIPPED IN IT. IF THE pH WAS LESS
THAN 7, THE JUICE WAS ACIDIC.
 INTRODUCTION

 What is a pH?
This stands for “Potential or power of H+ ion”. It is
the measurement of acidity or basicity of an aqueous
solution.
Mathematically, pH is the negative logarithm of the
activity of the hydronium ion, more often expressed
as the measure of hydronium ion concentration.
Acidic solutions have a lower Ph while the basic
solutions have a higher one.
 pH INDICATORS
A pH indicator is a chemical compound that is added in
small amounts to a solution
so that the pH of the solution
can be determined visually.
Normally, the indicator
causes the colour of the
solution to change depending
on the pH. Indicators can also
show change in other
physical properties, fo e.g.
olfactory indicators show
change in the smell.
Some pH indicators are:
Phenophthaline, methyl
orange, litmus paper, pH
paper etc.

pH scale RANGES FROM 0-14 IN WHICH:

 A pH of 7 is neutral (example: pure water)
 A pH less than 7 is acidic (example: HCl)
 A pH greater than 7 is basic (example: baking soda)
pH OF JUICES
The table given below shows the type and pH
value of the most commonly used fruit juice:

MOST OF THE JUICES ARE ACIDIC IN NATURE

NAME OF THE JUICE pH VALUE

ORANGE JUICE 2.8-4
APPLE JUICE 3.4-5
POMEGRANATE JUICE 3.5-4
GUAVA JUICE 3.4-4
 RESULT OF ACIDITY

After conducting several tests, it was concluded

that the different types of juices like orange,
apple, guava and pomegranate they are all acidic
in nature.
REASON OF ACIDITY: Fruit juices are generally
acidic due to the presence of natural acids in
them like “CITRUS ACID” and “PHOSPHORIC
ACID”. pH values of juices of different types are
different due to variation in amount of acidic
content.
 TEST FOR STARCH
Few ml of juice was taken in a test tube and a few drops of
iodine solution was added to it. If the result came out to be
blue black colour that indicated the presence of starch.
 Starch or AMYLUM is a polymeric carbohydrate
consisting of large number of Glucose joined by
Glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by
most green plants as an energy store. It is the most
common carbohydrate in a human diet and is taken in a
large quantity in staple foods such as potatoes, wheat,
maize(corn), rice and cassava.
 Pure starch is a white, colourless, odourless powder that
is insoluble in cold water or alcohol. It consists of two
types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and
the branch amylopectin. Depending on the plant starch
generally contains 20-25% amylose and 70-80%
amylopectin by weight. Glycogen, the glucose store of
animals, is more branched version of amylopectin.

BRANCHED AMYLOPECTIN
 OBSERVATIONS FOR STARCH

Each juice was tested in a test tube with

some iodine solution and the observations
were as follows:

NAME OF THE OBSERVATIONS INTERFERENCE

JUICE
Orange juice No blue-black Starch is absent
colour
Apple juice No blue-black Starch is absent
colour
Pomegranate juice Blue-black colour Starch is present
Guava juice Blue-black colour Starch is present
TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
2 ml of juice was taken in a test tube and 1 ml of
Fehling solution (A and B) was added and it was boiled.
If red precipitaes occurred it represented the presence
of producing sugar like maltose, glucose, fructose and
lactose.
 A CARBOHYDRATE is a biological molecule
consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
usually with hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as
in water) in other words with the empirical
formula Cm (H2O) n (where m could be different
form of n). some exceptions exist for example,
deoxyribose, a sugar component has a formula
C5H10O4. Carbohydrates are technically Hydrates of
carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view
them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.
OBSERVATIONS FOR CARBOHYDRATES

FEHLING SOLUTIONS (A AND B) WERE ADDED TO

JUICES IN THE TEST TUBES AND THE OBSERVATIONS
WERE AS FOLLOWS:

NAME OF THE OBSERVATIONS INTERFERENCE

JUICE
ORANGE JUICE RED PRECIPITATE CARBOHYDRATE
IS PRESENT
APPLE JUICE RED PRECIPITATE CARBOHYDRATE
IS PRESENT
POMEGRANATE RED PRECIPITATE CARBOHYDRATE
JUICE IS PRESENT
GUAVA JUICE NO RED CARBOHYDRATE
PRECIPITATE IS NOT PRESENT
 TEST FOR IRON
2 ML of juice was taken in a test tube and conc. Nitric
acid was added to it and the solution was boiled. Then
it was cooled and 2-3 drops of potassium
sulphocyanide solution was added. If turned blood red
this showed the presence of iron.
 Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and
atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first
transition series. It is by mass the most common
element on earth, forming much of earth’s outer
and inner core.
 Like the other group 8 elements ruthenium and
osmium, iron exists in a wise range of oxidation
states, -2 to +6 although +2 and +3 are the most
common. Elemential iron occurs in meteoroids and
other low oxygen environments, but is reactive to
oxygen and water. Fresh iron surfaces appear
silvery-gray, but oxidise in normal air to give
hydrated iron oxides, commonly known as rust.
 OBSERVATIONS FOR IRON

CONC. NITRIC ACID WAS ADDED TO EVERY SAMPLE

THEN BOILES AND COOLED THEN 2-3 DROPS OF
POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANIDE WAS ADDED, THE
OBSERVATIONS WERE AS FOLLOWS:

NAME OF THE OBSERVATIONS INTERFERENCE

JUICE
ORANGE JUICE BLOOD RED IRON IS PRESENT
COLOUR
APPLE JUICE BLOOD RED IRON IS PRESENT
COLOUR
POMEGRANATE BLOOD RED IRON IS PRESENT
JUICE COLOUR
GUAVA JUICE BLOOD RED IRON IS PRESENT
COLOUR
 TEST FOR CALCIUM
2 ml of juice was taken and ammonium chloride and
ammonium hydroxide solution were added. The solution was
filtered and to that 2ml of ammonium oxalate solution was
added. White ppt if occurred represented the presence of
calcium.
 Calcium is a chemical element with a symbol Ca and
atomic number 20, calcium is a soft gray group 2
alkaline earth metal, fifth most abundant element by
mass in the earths crust. It is also the 5th most abundant
dissolved ion in the sea water by both molarity and
mass. Free calcium metal is too reactive to occur in
nature. It is produced in supernova nucleosynthesis.
 It is very essential for living organisms, particularly in cell
physiology where movement of the calcium ion in and
out of the cytoplasm functions as a signal for many
cellular processes. It is also used in making of bones,
teeth and shells.
 OBSERVATIONS FOR CALCIUM

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND AMMONIUM

HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS WERE ADDED TO JUICE
SAMPLES AND AFTER FILTERATION AMMONIUM
OXALATE WAS ADDED. THE OBSERVATIONS
WERE AS FOLLOWS:

NAME OF THE OBSERVATIONS INTERFERENCE

JUICE
ORANGE JUICE WHITE PPT CALCIUM IS
PRESENT
APPLE JUICE WHITE PPT CALCIUM IS
PRESENT
POMEGRANATE WHITE PPT CALCIUM IS
JUICE PRESENT
GUAVA JUICE NO WHITE PPT CALCIUM IS
ABSENT
HEALTH BENEFITS OF ORANGE JUICE
 MAINTAINS BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS
 PROMOTES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
 CONTAINS HEALING PROPERTIES
 PREVENTS CANCER
 PREVENTS ULCER
 PREVENTS KIDNEY STONES
 ASSISTS IN WEIGHT LOSS
 REDUCES RISKS OF HEART ATTACKS
 TREATS ANAEMIA
 MAKES SKIN HEALTHY
HEALTH BENEFITS OF APPLE JUICE
 PROMOTES HEART HEALTH
 PREVENTS ASTHMA
 CLEANSES LIVER
 REDUCES CHOLESTEROL
 MAKES BONES TSRONG
 BOOSTS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
 PREVENTS CANCER
 OFFERS A SOLUTION FOR CONSTIPATION
 IMPROVES EYE HEALTH
HEALTH BENEFITS OF GUAVA JUICE
 IMMUNITY BOOSTER
 LOWERS RISK OF CANCER
 DIABETES FRIENDLY
 TREATS CONSTIPATION
 IMPROVES EYESIGHT
 BEATS TOOTHACHE
 STRESS BUSTER
 WEIGHT LOSS
 COUGH AND COLD
HEALTH BENEFITS OF POMEGRANATE
JUICE
 IMPROVES HEART HEALT
 MAINTAINS BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL
 MAINTAINS BLOOD PRESSURE
 REDUCES RISK OF CANCER
 HELPS IN TREATING DIARRHOEA AND DYSENTERY
 BOOSTS IMMUNITY
 PREVENTS ANAEMIA
 HELPS IN DIGESTION
 HELPS IN HEALING SCARS
CONCLUSION:
FRUITS ARE THE BEST SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS AND
VITAMINS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR PROPER
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF OUR BODY AND
MIND. FRUITS SHOULD BE EATEN REGULARLY AS THEY
ARE RICH IN MANY NUTRIENTS AS WE TESTED ABOVE.
THE FRUIT JUICES BOUGHT SHOULD BE OF GOOD
QUALITY BRAND ONLY OTHERWISE IT MAY LEAD TO
HARMFUL DISEASES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
https://www.wikipedia.org/