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Application Note
New Information Table 1. Harmonic Current Distortion Limits (I h and TDD) in % of IL (≤ 69 kV)
April 2007 ISC/IL Ratio Ih ≤ 11 11 ≤ Ih < 17 17 ≤ Ih < 23 23 ≤ Ih < 35 TDD
IEEE 519-1992 provides guidelines IEEE 519-1992 recommends different For a free computerized harmonic
for applying limits to the level of limits on Individual Harmonics (I h) and analysis of AFD contribution to
harmonic distortion that a utility Total Demand Distortion (TDD), system harmonics or for additional
customer may inject into the power depending on the ISC/IL ratio. ISC is information, contact your local
system. This is a concern, since the short circuit current at the PCC, Cutler-Hammer® sales office. A one-
Adjustable Frequency Drives (AFDs) and IL is the maximum demand load line drawing of the electrical distribu-
can contribute significant harmonic current (fundamental) at the PCC. tion system and specification criteria
distortion to a power system. The More current distortion is allowed at will be required. A harmonic analysis
guidelines pertain to percent harmonic higher ISC/IL ratios, since voltage dis- worksheet for required data is
current and voltage distortion at the tortion decreases as the ratio attached.
point of common coupling (PCC), increases.
which is defined as the point where Any additional harmonic mitigation
the utility connects to multiple The voltage distortion guidelines for equipment requirements will be
customers. IEEE-1992 (at 480V) remain the same determined during the analysis. If
as IEEE 519-1981: there are harmonic constraints during
Although many customers and system AFD operation on a standby generator,
designers interpret the PCC to be at ■ 3% — Special systems (i.e. a separate analysis will be required for
the AFD input or various locations hospitals or universities) the generator, and assumptions on
within the 480V distribution, this is not ■ 5% — General systems load-shedding strategies during
consistent with the intent of IEEE ■ 10% — Dedicated systems (AFDs generator operation should be
guidelines. There are no limits only) provided. Several data runs may be
recommended for individual loads, required to evaluate various harmonic
only for the overall system. Customers The best way to estimate AFD har- mitigation methods. Resultant
and system designers can choose the monic contribution to an electrical sys- recommendations may include 1%,
point of analysis (POA) where they tem is to perform a harmonic analysis 3%, or 5% line reactors, phase-shifting
desire, but it may add substantial based on known system characteris- transformers, filters, or CPX9000 Clean
filtering costs if the POA is tics. An individual AFD may meet the Power.
downstream of the PCC. IEEE guidelines in one system and not
meet the guidelines in another system
Current distortion drawn through an depending on the pre-existing charac-
impedance (transformer, cable teristics of the specific system.
resistance) causes voltage distortion.
The distorted current will also cause Some AFD vendors, upon seeing a
additional heating of the input cables specification requirement for IEEE 519-
and the transformer. Excessive voltage 1992, will simply add a line reactor.
distortion is a concern, since it may This is the wrong approach, since
cause interference with other some systems will not require a line
electronic equipment and additional reactor and others will not benefit suf-
motor heating. ficiently to meet the guidelines (or the
specification).
AFD AFD
XFMR
AFD ???
??? AFD
Gen
Set ??? ???
Specification Requirements:
Location Voltage Maximum Load Current (IL) Short Circuit Amps (SCA)
(All Loads) (Not including motor contribution)
PCC
POA #1
POA #2
If SCA (without motor contribution) is not provided, infinite SCA will be assumed on primary of distribution transformer. This will result in lower calcu-
lated voltage distortion and higher calculated current distortion on the transformer secondary.
#1 #1
#2 #2
Tie Breakers Normally Open Describe load-shedding scheme for generator operation in
Tie Breakers Normally Closed “AFD Data” below.
AFD Data:
AFD Type (SVX9000, Quantity Operated Desired, existing or specified line reactor or
hp Clean Power, etc.) on Line / Generator isolation transformer (none, 1% / 3% / 5%)