Assignment: Introduction to Textile

Name: Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad

Registration: 19-NTU-TE-0044

Semester: First

Department: Textile Engineering

Date of submission: 03-11-2019

Submit To: Dr. Yasir Nawab

National Textile University FSD

Spinning:
Spinning is the process of taking textile fibers and filaments and making them into
yarn.
In this process input is raw cotton or different fibers like polyester etc. and output
of spinning is yarn.
The flow chart of spinning process is as follow:
Blow Room:
The function of blow room is to opening the bale,cleaning,mixing and blending
and to form lap.
 Opening: To open the compressed bales of fibers & to make the cotton tuft
as small as possible.
 Cleaning: To remove dirt, dust, broken seeds, broken leaves, and other
foreign materials from the fibers.
 Mixing & Blending: Uniform mixing/blending of fibers of different varieties.
 Lap: To transfer opened and cleaned fibers into sheet form of definite width
and length which is called lap.

Carding Machine:
Carding machine is used to individualize the fibers, to remove impurities and to
convert lap to carded sliver. This is also called the heart of spinning.
Draw Frame:
This machine is used to straighten the curled and hooked fibers, to make the
fibers parallel to their neighboring fibers, to improve uniformity of fibers by
drafting and doubling and to reduce weight per unit length of sliver.

There are two types of draw frame:

 Breaker draw frame
 Finisher draw frame

Roving Frame:
This machine is used to insert a small amount of twist to strengthen the roving and
to wind the twisted strand roving into a bobbin.
Combing:
This machine is used to remove short fibers, elimination of remaining impurities
and to straighten the fibers.

Ring Frame:
This machine is used to twist the drafted strand to form yarn of required count and
strength and to winding the twisted yarn on to the bobbin.
Cone Winding:
This machine is used to convert small bobbins to large cones. This is the final
process of spinning.
Weaving:
The process of producing a fabric by interlacing warp and weft threads is known
as weaving.
The input of this process is yarn and the output of this is fabric.
The flow chart of weaving process is as follow:
Warping Machine:
The parallel winding of warp yarn or warp ends from cone to a warp beam.
In this input is yarn or cone and output is warper beam.

Sizing:
Sizing is the process which is used to protect the yarn from abrasion, to improve
the breaking strength of the yarn, to increase smoothness of yarn and to increase
yarn elasticity. In this process input is warper beam and output is weaver beam.
Drawing-In:
After sizing, the sized warp beam is prepared to be placed on the weaving
machine.

Looms:
A loom is a device used to weave cloth. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold
the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads.
The input of loom is weaver beam and output is fabric.
There are different types of looms few are discuss here:
 Projectile Looms
 Rapier Looms
 Water Jet Looms
 Air Jet Looms.
Textile Processing:
The fabric collected from various weaving setups, can’t be used directly for
manufacturing various textile products. There are number of impurities present in
the fabric such as dust, dirt, oil stains, oil and waxes, starches or other sizing
materials, seed particles, and natural coloring materials. These impurities can be
classified as.
1. Natural Impurities
2. Added Impurities
The flow chart of textile processing is:

Singeing:
The main objective of the Singeing is removal of protruding fibers from both sides
of fabric. For this purpose, the fabric is passed through singeing Machine in open
width, flat and under tension. Fabric is passed over an open flame at a high speed
to prevent scorching.

Desizing:
Desizing is the process or removing the starch or size the covering the warp yarn
using enzyme. Oxidizing agent, or other chemicals.
Scouring:
The term ‘scouring’ applies to the removal of impurities such as oils, waxes, gums,
soluble impurities and sold dirt commonly found in textile material and produce a
hydrophilic and clean cloth.

Bleaching:
After scouring process, the fabric is free from oils and waxes, however natural
colouring matter are still present in the fiber. If this colour is not removed at this
stage than it will be very difficult to attain the desired shade in dyeing process.
The main objective of the bleaching process is removal of natural coloring matter
and to make the fabric perfect white with minimum damage to fibers and within
the shortest possible time.
Mercerising:
In the Mercerization process, cotton fabric or yarn is treated with a cold
concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide for one minute or less. In this process
cotton fibers swell, untwist and their bean shaped cross section changes into a
round form.
Dyeing:
Dyeing is the process of give color to fibers, yarn, or fabrics by using natural or
synthetic dye. There are many type of dyeing that using in textile wet processing
such as cross dyeing, union dyeing and gel dyeing.

Printing:
Textile printing is the process of applying color to fabric in definite patterns or
designs. The method of printing so far described is simply adapted a multi colored
pattern on a white fabric.
Finishing Department:
In finishing department final process is done. The fabric is brought to finishing
department after bleaching dyeing or printing. Many qualities are produced in
fabric during finishing like
The finishing process is divided into two major portion

1. Mechanical Finishing
This is surface treatment of textile by means of special mechanical processing
machine. This process is used to developed the special fabric characteristics
e.g. Shearing, Gigging etc.
2. Thermal Finishing
Thermal Finishing includes finishing process that requires warmth, coating of
chemical finishes and drying processes are belong to this group.
 Garments:
Garment production is an organized activity consisting of sequential processes
such as laying, marking, cutting, stitching, checking, finishing, pressing and
packaging. This is a process of converting raw materials into finished products.

1. Design:
Design is provided by the buyer. After placing an order buyer send the technical
sheet and art-work of an order to the merchandiser. This process is done by both
manually or by using computer.
2. Pattern Making:
By following technical sheet and art-work, pattern of each garment style should
be made. It’s done by both manually and by using computerized method.

3. Fit Sample Making:

The main target of making a fit sample is to follow the details instruction about
that garments style. After making it’s sent to the buyer to rectify. It’s done by
manually.

4. Production Pattern Making:

For bulk production, allowance added here with net dimension. Production
Pattern Making is done by both manually and by using computer.

5. Grading:
During an order confirmation, the buyer suggests about the size ratio of that
order. So that order should be graded according to the buyer’s instruction.
Grading is done by manually or by using computer.

6. Marker Making:
Marker is a very thin paper which contains all the parts of a particular garment. To
make the cutting process easy, it’s must be needed. Marker making process can
be done by both manually and by using computer.

7. Fabric Spreading:
To cut the fabric properly fabric is spread in lay form. Fabric Spreading is done by
manually or by using computerized method.
8. Fabric Cutting:
Fabrics have to cut here according to marker of garments. Fabric Cutting process
is done by using manual method or computerized method.

9. Cutting Parts Sorting or Bundling:

Here, cutting parts have to sort out or make bundling to send these easily into the
next process. This process is done by manually.
10. Sewing:
All the parts of a garment are joined here to make a complete garment. Sewing
process is done by manually.

11. Garments Inspection:

After completing sewing, inspection should be done here to make fault free
garments. Garments Inspection is done by using manual method.

12. Garments Ironing and Finishing:

Here garments are treated by steam; also required finishing should be completed
here. This process is done by using manual method.
13. Final Inspection:
Finally the complete garments are inspected here according to the buyer’s
specification. Final Inspection is done by manual method.

14. Garments Packing:

Complete garments are packed here by using buyers instructed poly bag.
Garments packing are done by using manual method.

15. Cartooning:
To minimize the damages of garments, all the garments have to cartooned by
maintaining buyers instruction. This process is done by manually.

16. Shipment:
After completing all the required processes it’s finally send to the buyer.
Knitting:
Knitting is a process of fabric forming by the intermeshing the loops of yarns.
When one loop is drawn through another, loops are formed in horizontal or
vertical direction.

There are two main industrial categories of machine knitting:

 warp knitting
 weft knitting.

Warp Knitting:
Warp knitting is the process of making a fabric in which the loops form in a
vertical or warp wise direction; the yarn is prepared as warp on beams with
one or more yarns for each needle. The fabric has a flatter, closer, less elastic
knit than weft knit.
Weft Knitting:
Weft knitting is the most common type of knitting, it is the process of
making a fabric by forming a series of connected loops in a horizontal or
filling-wise direction; produced on both flat and circular knitting machines.
• Most of the sweaters, cardigans, and other knitted outerwear are weft
knitted.
Stitch:
The stitch is the smallest dimensionally stable unit of all knitted fabrics. It
consists of a yarn loop, which is held together by being intermeshed with
another stitch or other loops.
There are three basic knitted stitches:
 KNIT
 TUCK
 MISS
HAND FLAT MACHINE:
Hand operated machines were not expensive and could be found in many
developed countries around the world. Great skills were developed by the
knitters and soon small businesses flourished.

ELECTRONIC FLAT MACHINE:

Because of the almost unlimited patterning scope available with electronic flat
machines, considerable numbers are used for the production of patterned fabrics.