BAYAH 2×60MW POWER PLANT (PHASE I)

Operation Manual & Training Document

PART 1

60MW Steam Turbine

Electric Power Research Institute of

Architectural Design & Research Institute of Southeast University

DEC, 2015

Table of Contents

1
BAYAH 2×60MW POWER PLANT (PHASE I) .................................................................................................................. 1 
Operation Procedure for Steam Turbine ............................................................................................................................. 1 
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 
General ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 
Regulations on Important Operations .......................................................................................................... 2 
Part I Operation Procedure for Steam Turbine ........................................................................................................... 4 
Chapter 1 Technical Specifications and Characteristics of Turbo-generator ............................................................. 4 
Section I Technical Specifications and Characteristics of Steam Turbine .............................................. 4 
1.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 
1.2 Main Parameters ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 
1.5.2 Rotor ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 
1.5.8 Revolution equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 9 
1.5.9 Regulating valve and cam type steam distribution device .............................................................................. 9 
Section II Working principle of control system and unit technical specifications .............................. 12 
2.5.1.4 Solenoid-operated protections .................................................................................................................. 19 
2.5.1.5 Calibration of valve position in DEH control system .............................................................................. 19 
2.5.1.7 Closing test of other valves ....................................................................................................................... 20 
2.5.2.2 Mechanical over-speed test Conditions for over-speed test ........................................................... 20 
2.5.2.3 Nozzle test valve test ................................................................................................................................. 20 
2.5.2.4 Test of start-up latch device ....................................................................................................................... 21 
2.5.2.5 Test of solenoid-operated protections ...................................................................................................... 21 
2.5.2.6 Leakage test of MSV and regulating valve ............................................................................................. 21 
2.5.2.7 Load-rejection test ...................................................................................................................................... 21 
2.5.2.8 Closing test of other valves ....................................................................................................................... 21 
Section III Accessories .............................................................................................................................. 56 
Chapter 2 Turbine Startup ........................................................................................................................................ 63 
Section I Important Operating Principles ................................................................................................ 63 
2 Startup of a unit is forbidden in the following conditions: ........................................................................... 64 
Section II Preparation before Startup ...................................................................................................... 64 
Section III Check before Startup .............................................................................................................. 65 
3.2 Main steam pipe and its drainage system ..................................................................................................... 65 
3.3 Extraction system ................................................................................................................................................ 66 
3.4 Steam seal system ............................................................................................................................................... 66 
3.5 Water-jet ejecting system ................................................................................................................................... 66 
3.6 Condensate system ............................................................................................................................................. 67 
3.7 Check of flange bolt heating device ................................................................................................................ 67 
3.8 Check of circulating water and service water system ................................................................................ 67 
Section IV Tests of Auxiliary Oil Pump and Regulating System .......................................................... 67 
4.2. Switch to turning gear ....................................................................................................................................... 68 
4.5 Speed-regulating system test ........................................................................................................................... 68 
Section V Pipe Heating ............................................................................................................................. 69 
Section VI Startup and Switching of Auxiliary Devices ....................................................................... 69 
6.1 Start condensing system and vacuumize ...................................................................................................... 69 
Section VII Startup and Speedup (at sliding parameters) .................................................................. 70 
7.2 Requirements on the startup at sliding parameters ................................................................................... 71 
7.3 Principled startup parameters and definitions ............................................................................................. 71 
A Cool state .................................................................................................................................................................... 72 
B Hot state ..................................................................................................................................................................... 72 

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7.3.2 Notes regarding the startup at sliding parameters ...................................................................................... 73 
7.4 Conduct the speedup and machine-heating as per the following requirements ................................ 73 
Section VIII Parallel Operation and with Load ....................................................................................... 75 
8.4 Switch to other protections .................................................................................................................................... 75 
A Cool state .................................................................................................................................................................. 75 
B Hot state .................................................................................................................................................................... 76 
Section IX Requirements on Hot-State Startup of the Unit ................................................................ 76 
Chapter 3 Tests of Turbine Unit ............................................................................................................................ 77 
Section I Notes regarding the tests ......................................................................................................... 77 
Section II Test Items and Period ............................................................................................................ 78 
Weekly items ................................................................................................................................................................ 78 
Monthly items .............................................................................................................................................................. 78 
2.1.5 Switching of the condensate pump by the day shift on every 10th day ....................................................... 78 
2.1.7 Switching of the feedwater pump by the day shift on every 20th day .......................................................... 78 
2.1.9 Clean the rubble ball every 8th and 23rd day for 10 hours at each side ...................................................... 79 
2.2 Test items for startup and shutdown .............................................................................................................. 79 
2.2.2 Tests before the unit’s shutdown for maintenance .................................................................................. 79 
Section III Test Method .............................................................................................................................. 80 
3.1.1 Trial run of oil pump ......................................................................................................................................... 80 
3.1.2 Turning gear test ............................................................................................................................................... 80 
3.1.3 Pumps interlock tests ...................................................................................................................................... 80 
3.1.4 Water pump’s low water pressure interlock test ...................................................................................... 80 
3.2 Turbine’s tests before startup ........................................................................................................................... 81 
3.2.4 Protection test in case of large axial displacement ................................................................................. 82 
3.2.5 Protection test in case of large differential expansion ........................................................................... 82 
3.2.6 Protection test in case of high temperature of bearing .......................................................................... 83 
3.2.7 Test of turbine’s emergency trip button...................................................................................................... 83 
3.2.8 Differential protection test .............................................................................................................................. 83 
3.2.5 Protection test in case of low vacuum ........................................................................................................ 83 
3.2.10 Low oil pressure interlock test ................................................................................................................... 83 
3.2.11 Test of manual shutdown button ................................................................................................................ 84 
3.2.12.2 Composite valve test .................................................................................................................................. 84 
3.3.4 Overspeed test .................................................................................................................................................. 87 
3.3.5 Load shedding test ........................................................................................................................................... 88 
3.3.6 Vacuum leakage test ........................................................................................................................................ 88 
Chapter 4 Turbine Shutdown .............................................................................................................................. 89 
Section I Normal shutdown ....................................................................................................................... 89 
Section II Shutdown at Sliding Parameters ............................................................................................ 91 
Chapter 5 Maintenance of Turbine in Operation ................................................................................................ 92 
Section I Limits of Normal Operation ...................................................................................................... 92 
Section II General Operation Maintenance .......................................................................................... 96 
Chapter 6 Turbine’s Accident Prevention and Handling.......................................................................................... 97 
Section I Principles of Accident Handling ............................................................................................... 97 
Section II Shutdown in Case of Failure ................................................................................................... 98 
Section III Handling of abnormality of Steam Temperature and Pressure.......................................... 100 
3.7 Steam pressure decrease ................................................................................................................................ 101 
Section IV Condenser’s Vacuum Declination ...................................................................................... 102 
Main reasons for the vacuum declination: ......................................................................................................... 103 

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 Section V Oil system abnormal ................................................................................................................. 106 
5.1.2 Oil level limit value ......................................................................................................................................... 106 
5.2 Handling of auxiliary oil pump operation abnormal ................................................................................. 107 
5.3 Handling of oil system on fire ......................................................................................................................... 107 
1) Check whether the oil gauge float is free, eliminate the leak point ................................................................. 108 
Section VI Load rejection .................................................................................................................... 109 
When the unit is found rejecting load, report it immediately to the monitor. ........................................... 109 
2) The unit vibration and internal sound .................................................................................................................. 109 
4) Open vacuum breaking valve according to the speed decrease situation .................................................... 109 
Section VII Unit running out of synchronization ................................................................................... 109 
7.2 Generator running out of synchronization, high cycle operation occurred ....................................... 109 
7.2.1.3 Make adjustment of the shaft seal steam supply and recirculation ........................................................ 109 
Section VIII Water impact........................................................................................................................ 110 
8.1.4 Handle it immediately according to breaking vacuum emergency shutdown .......................................... 110 
8.2 Preventive measures for water impact .............................................................................................................. 110 
8.2.5 When extraction pipe stops operating, pipe water drain has to be opened ............................................. 110 
Section IX Increase of axial displacement.......................................................................................... 110 
9.1.1 Thrust bearing temperature and thrust pad temperature ............................................................................ 110 
9.1.3 Whether the axial displacement indicator is normal .................................................................................... 111 
Section X Steam turbine severe overspeed ......................................................................................... 111 
Section XI Generator, exciter has smoke or on fire ............................................................................ 111 
Section XII Abnormal vibration and abnormal sound of turbine unit ................................................ 112 
Section XIII Main stop valve, governing valve, rotary diaphragm operation abnormal.................. 112 
Automatic main stop valve fault: .......................................................................................................................... 113 
Valve jamming ............................................................................................................................................................. 113 
Section XIV Piping fault ....................................................................................................................... 114 
Section XV Service power interrupted .................................................................................................. 114 
15.3 Service power partially interrupted ............................................................................................................. 115 
Section XVI DEH system fault.............................................................................................................. 115 
Section XVII Handling of auxiliary equipment fault ............................................................................. 116 
17.1.2 Bearing has smoke and is on fire ................................................................................................................. 116 
17.1.5.4 Rolling bearing lubricated by grease without cooling water device: 100℃ ........................................ 116 
17.3 Method for emergency stop of auxiliary equipment ...................................................................................... 116 
17.4 Auxiliary equipment automatic trip ................................................................................................................... 117 
Section XVIII Heater water level rising ................................................................................................. 117 
Part II Operation procedure of auxiliary equipment ............................................................................................... 119 
Chapter I Operation of oil system .......................................................................................................................... 119 
1.2.1 Operation and maintenance of oil cooler ....................................................................................................... 120 
Prepare measures and monitor well when switching over oil cooler. ........................................................ 121 
Chapter II Operation of jacking oil pump and turning gear................................................................................ 121 
2.1.1 Start of jacking oil pump and turning gear ..................................................................................................... 121 
2.1.1.5 Start of jacking oil pump ................................................................................................................................ 121 
2.1.2 Stop of jacking oil pump and turning gear ..................................................................................................... 122 
Chapter III Operation of circulating water system ............................................................................................. 122 
3.1.1 Operation of condenser water side ................................................................................................................ 122 
3.1.2 Stop of condenser water side .......................................................................................................................... 122 
3.2 Half stop and operation of operating condenser .................................................................................... 122 
3.2.2 Operation of the stopped side condenser ..................................................................................................... 123 

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 Chapter IV Operation of condensate system ......................................................................................................... 123 
4.1.1 Every thing is checked before start ................................................................................................................ 123 
Chapter V Operation of shaft seal system ........................................................................................................... 123 
5.1.1 Supply steam to shaft seal .............................................................................................................................. 123 
Chapter VI Operation of vacuum, water jet system .......................................................................................... 124 
Chapter VII Operation of air cooler .................................................................................................................... 125 
7.1.1 Start of air cooler ............................................................................................................................................... 125 
7.1.2 Maintenance during operation ........................................................................................................................ 125 
7.1.3 Stop of air cooler ............................................................................................................................................... 125 
Chapter VIII Use of flange bolt heating appliance ............................................................................................. 125 
8.1 Precautions for putting flange bolt heating appliance into operation ................................................. 125 
8.1.4 Conditions to put it into operation ................................................................................................................... 126 
8.2 Operation of putting flange bolt heating appliance into operation ....................................................... 126 
8.3 Stop of flange bolt heating appliance ........................................................................................................... 126 
Chapter IX Start and stop of pump ..................................................................................................................... 127 
9.1.1 Check before start ............................................................................................................................................. 127 
9.1.2 Start .................................................................................................................................................................... 127 
9.1.2.4 Put another pump interlock standby according to the needs .................................................................. 127 
Chapter X  Operation of low pressure (LP) heater ........................................................................................... 128 
10.1 Operation and maintenance of LP heater .................................................................................................. 128 
10.1.2 Putting into operation .................................................................................................................................. 128 
10.1.3 Stop .................................................................................................................................................................. 129 
Chapter XI  Operation of high pressure (HP) heater ......................................................................................... 129 
11.1.1 Inspection and preparation prior to startup and relevant provisions ....................................................... 129 
11.1.3 Stop .................................................................................................................................................................. 130 
Part III  Operation procedure of feedwater pump ................................................................................................. 131 
Chapter I  Start and stop of feedwater pump ...................................................................................................... 131 
1.4 Inspection before start ...................................................................................................................................... 132 
1.5 Pump warming .................................................................................................................................................... 132 
1.6 Start........................................................................................................................................................................ 132 
1.7 Stop of feedwater pump ................................................................................................................................... 133 
Chapter II Operation and maintenance of feedwater pump ................................................................................... 133 
Chapter III  Accident treatment for feedwater pump ........................................................................................ 136 
Section I  Accident treatment principle................................................................................................. 136 
Section II  Emergency stop of feedwater pump .................................................................................... 136 
2.2 Emergency stop steps for pump .................................................................................................................... 136 
Section III  Abnormal pressure of feedwater header ........................................................................... 137 
3.2 Treatment ............................................................................................................................................................. 137 
3.3 Cause for feedwater header pressure rise .................................................................................................. 137 
Section IV Vaporization of feedwater pump ............................................................................................ 138 
4.2 Water vaporization ............................................................................................................................................. 138 
4.3 Pump vaporizztion treatment .......................................................................................................................... 138 
Section V   Feedwater pump auxiliary power failure............................................................................ 138 
5.2 Treatment ............................................................................................................................................................. 139 
Section VI   Failure of feedwater pump oil system ............................................................................... 139 
6.2 Oil tank oil level decreases .............................................................................................................................. 139 
Section VII  Interruption of feedwater pump cooling water ............................................................... 140 
Chapter IV  Test of feedwater pump .................................................................................................................. 140 

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 Section I  Feedwater pump oil pump interlock test .............................................................................. 140 
1.2 Standby feedwater pump oil pump interlock .............................................................................................. 141 
Section II   Feedwater pump interlock test ............................................................................................ 141 
2.2 Feedwater pump interlock test ....................................................................................................................... 141 
Section III  Feedwater pump protection test.......................................................................................... 141 
3 Conduct the following tests (static and dynamic test) ............................................................................. 141 
Part IV   Operation procedure of deaerator equipment .................................................................................... 142 
Chapter I  Basic characteristics and technical data ............................................................................................. 142 
Chapter II  Start and stop of HP deaerator ....................................................................................................... 143 
2.1 Steam sourcew ................................................................................................................................................... 143 
2.6 Stop ........................................................................................................................................................................ 144 
Chapter III  Operation and maintenance of deaerator equipment...................................................................... 145 
3.2 Normal operation limits .................................................................................................................................... 145 
Chapter IV  HP deaerator safety valve test ........................................................................................................ 145 
Chapter V  Start and stop of drain tank drain pump ......................................................................................... 146 
5.3 Stop ........................................................................................................................................................................ 146 
Chapter VI   Accident treatment of deaerator ..................................................................................................... 146 
Section I  Accident treatment principle................................................................................................... 146 
Section II  Accident treatment of deaerator ........................................................................................... 147 
2.2 Reduced internal steam pressure of deaerator .......................................................................................... 147 
2.3 Increased deaerator level ................................................................................................................................. 148 
2.4 Decreased deaerator level ............................................................................................................................... 148 
Part V  Operation of attemperating and pressure reducing device................................................................... 149 
Chapter I characteristics and relevant requirements on attemperating and pressure reducing device ................ 149 
Chapter II  Putting into operation, operation and stop of attemperating and pressure reducing device ......... 151 
Motor-driven admission valve of attemperating and pressure reducing devic .................................................. 151 
2.3 Stop of attemperating and pressure reducing device .............................................................................. 152 
2.4 Hot standby of attemperating and pressure reducing device ................................................................ 152 
Schedule I  Saturated pressure MPa corresponding to saturated temperature t ............................ 153 
Schedule II  Saturated steam pressure-temperature sheet P (MPa)t(℃) .................................... 154 

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General

1 Operating personnel must stand fast at his post, and execute orders form higher level accurately and

immediately.

2 At the time of unit failure, operating personnel shall take action in the following sequence to eliminate

faults:

2.1 Confirm the failure according to instrument indications and external displays.

2.2 Remove promptly dangers to person and equipment, and immediately take the faulty equipment off-line if

necessary.

2.3 Ascertain at once the nature, location and damage extent of the fault.

2.4 Guarantee that all non faulty equipment can operate properly.

2.5 In case of failure, operating personnel shall work in accordance with the Procedure, and report to the

shift chief-operator and turbine supervisor or turbine engineer as quick as possible for timely and correct

counter-measures to prevent the development of the accident.

3 Be quick-moving in fault elimination and correct in mission performance; repeat an order after acceptance

and make detailed inquiries if not understand, report to the order giver immediately after execution.

4 The team leader is under the leadership of shift chief-operator during troubleshooting, he shall join in the

fault elimination immediately and report to shift chief-operator to the best of his ability.

5 The turbine supervisor shall arrive on site to supervise the site fault elimination once he learns about the

fault.

6 Operating personnel shall not leave his post without authorization from occurrence of fault till unit

recovering.If the fault happens at the relief of a shift, the shift handing over shall be delayed. The handing

over personnel shall continue working, while the taking over personnel give assistance to the troubleshooting

under the leadership of handing over team leader and shift chief-operator until the unit returns to normal, or

only having accepted the taking over order from the shift chief-operator,can he sign the daily account of

taking over for the relief of the shift.

7 In case of faults not specified in the Procedure, operating personnel ought to take counter-measures based

on his knowledge and judgment, and report to the master operator or shift chief-operator to the best of his

ability. When operating personnel finds out phenomena which he does not know, he must report to the

master operator in a timely manner and make jointly on-the-spot observation and study. If it is impossible to

ascertain the facts, report to the shift chief-operator and take action according to his instructions.

8 For unit start-up after failure, it is imperative to inspect it in an all-round way taking into account the

1
phenomena of the accident, and only by confirmation of the unit conditions can operating personnel start the

machine. strengthen inspections during start-up, and shut down in case of abnormalities and report.

9 Keep records in a detailed way after fault elimination.

10 strengthen control of metal temperature during unit start-up, run up, run down and shutdown, take strict

precautions against the excess of temperature difference over specified values, and try to avert equipment

deformation or damage arising from it.

11 Unit System is applied for the set, part of the common systems shall be given overall consideration during

start-up/shutdown operation, troubleshooting, testing and taking maintenance precautions.

Regulations on Important Operations

1 The following work are to be done under the guardianship of turbine supervisor or person assigned

by the manager of Thermal Power Department.

1.1 Start of steam turbine set after overhaul and minor repair.

1.2 Periodical oil filling pressure test of emergency governor during operation.

1.3 Governing system tests, including tightness test of MSV, GV and rotary diaphragm.

1.4 Switch-over operation of oil cooler during unit operation.

1.5 Switch-over operation of oil filter during unit operation.

1.6 The first start-up of equipment after major improvement or the initial trial of new technology.

2 The switch-over of critical equipment shall be performed with operation permit and under the

supervision of guardian. Before giving switch-over order, review the predetermined operation procedure

against relevant system diagrams to ensure correctness. All the switch-over and supervision of critical

equipment shall be undertaken by competent personnel and the lower level can not monitor the operation by

the upper level.

3 When taking system isolation measures, do not use valves on LP side for isolating whenever HP

and LP sides are connected in series without non-return valves. Valves on HP side shall be closed first and

only after they are confirmed tight can those on LP side be closed; even with non-return valves, valves on HP

side shall be closed first and only after the HP side valves and non-return valves are confirmed tight can

those on LP side be closed. If the HP valves are not tight or the non-return valves leak, precautions shall be

extended for thorough isolation of HP system to prevent piping and valve breakage due to pressure

accumulation.

4 In the following cases, elimination measures shall be taken for turbine, otherwise, start is prohibited

2
(for special cases, the management is held the responsibility for making decision and laying down

corresponding safeguard rules):

4.1 Governing system and protections function abnormally;

4.2 Motor-operated MSVs, automatic MSVs,governing valves and extraction check valves function

abnormally.

4.3 Turbine rotor swinging value exceed 0.254mm over original value;

4.4 Governing system can’t maintain no-load operation or control speed after full-load rejection;

4.5 One of the major gauges or automatic protections fails;

4.6 Any oil pump or its self-priming device fails;

4.7 Unacceptable oil quality or oil temperature lower than specified limit value;

4.8 Audible metal rubbing sound of turbine rotating part;

4.9 Metal temperature difference between upper and lower casing exceeds 50℃;

4.10 Turbine can’t maintained a vacuum of -61kPa.

Notes: 1. Major gauges refer to :main steam temperature gauges, steam gauges, flow meters,

speedometers, vacuum meters, etc.

2. Automatic protections refer to: I&C protections which can automatically shut down the unit in case of

unit failure, such as low oil pressure, axial displacement, MSV interlocks, etc.

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Part I Operation Procedure for Steam Turbine

Chapter 1 Technical Specifications and Characteristics of Turbo-generator

Section I Technical Specifications and Characteristics of Steam Turbine

1.1 General

S/N Description Condensing steam turbine

1 Model N60-8.83-8

High temperature, high pressure, single cylinder,

2 Type
impulse and condensing type

Nanjing Turbine & Electric Machinery (Group) Co.,

3 Manufacturer
Ltd.

4 Serial no.

5 Date of operation June, 2016

6 Rotor weight 18.7t

7 Upper casing weight 25t

8 Proper weight 127t

9 Complete set weight ---t

10 Rotor direction of rotation CW (viewed from turbine to generator)

11 Rated speed 3000 r/min

12 No. of stages 21 stages

13 Critical speed of turbine 1850 r/min

15 Outline dimensions 5000mm×2000mm×2542mm (L X W X H)

16 Rated power 60MW

17 Feed-water temperature 226.2℃

18 Exhaust steam pressure 9.5kPa

19 No. of extractions 6 stages

Note: Unless otherwise specified, all the pressures in the Procedure are indicated in absolute ones.

1.2 Main Parameters

4
 Item Unit Maximum Normal Minimum

Pressure of main steam before MPa 9.32 8.83 8.34

MSV

Temperature of main steam ℃ 540 535 525

before MSV

Cooling water temperature ℃ 35 33 --

Steam flow under rated t/h -- 230 0

operating condition

Unit heat rate kJ/kW·h --- 9745.86 ----

Unit steam rate kg/kW.h -- 3.83 --

1.3 0.589 MPa Extraction parameters (with deaerator running at constant pressure and unit under

rated operating condition)

No. of
1 2 3 4 5 6
extractions

Heater No.2HPH No.1HPH DTR No.3LPH No.2LPH No.1LPH

Extraction
1.127 0.332 0.144 0.047
steam 2.84 MPa 1.66 MPa
MPa MPa MPa MPa
pressure

Extraction

steam 387℃ 318.9℃ 273.8℃ 149.8℃ 110.1℃ 79.7℃

temperature

17.909 10.323
Flow 12.914t/h 9.375 t/h 11.12 t/h 10.44 t/h
t/h t/h

1.4 Turbine is capable of generating rated output

Steam pressure drop before MSV is 8.83MPa, main steam temperature decreases to 535℃, and

cooling water temperature increases to 33℃.

1.5 Structure of turbine proper

1.5.1 General

The steam turbine is composed of stationary part and rotating part；the stationary part includes front,

middle and exhaust hoods, diaphragm sleeve, diaphragm, front& rear bearing pedestals, front & rear

5
bearings and front & rear gland seals. The flow part of turbine consists of one single row control stage and 21

pressure stages. The front bearing point,relative dead point of the unit, is a combined journal-thrust bearing

installed in front pedestal; the rear bearing is a journal bearing installed in exhaust hood. The turbine is

connected to generator via a pair of semi-flexible bellows-type couplings.

Turbine front cylinder is provided with a pair of claws extended from lower casing flanges, touching the

sliding pins on both sides of front pedestal. Inside sliding pins there are cooling water chambers for insulating

heat transfer from claw to front pedestal. The front pedestal is supported on front stand, to ensure free

expansion and alignment of unit during operation, the front stand is arranged with axial guiding pins, and

axial guide plates are provided at the tail end of exhaust hood and vertical pins between front cylinder and

front pedestal. The exhaust hood is supported on rear stand, which consists of three pairs of bases (middle,

rear and side), among which the left and right side bases are provided with traverse pins, the point of

intersection with turbine center-line determines the unit expansion dead point.

nside turbine front pedestal are installed parts such as front thrust bearing, main oil pump, main oil

pump coupling,emergency governor, emergency governor shaft, internal oil piping of front pedestal; speed

measuring devices and axial displacement measuring probes, and brackets for eccentricity probes are also

installed in front pedestal. On the front base is installed thermal expansion indicator to show the absolute

thermal expansion of turbine stationary part. Brackets of differential expansion probes are installed at

exhaust hood couplings and vibration speed sensors are installed on bearing cap.

1.5.2 Rotor

The turbine rotor is of integrally-forged - shrinking fit structure. Control stage and the first 16 pressure

stages are of integrally-forged structure; while stages no.17-21 are of shrinking fit structure. Radial pins are

assembled between shrinking fir impellers, and there is no key-way in bore, greatly increasing the strength of

shrinking fit impellers.

The blades of control stage and the first 13 pressure stages are of “T”type root,with uniform

cross-section profile; stages no.14-18 adopt “T”type straddle root expanded tight with shims. Stage no.19

adopts 3-finger fork type root, stages no. 20-21 adopt 4-finger fork type root, and stage no.21 uses lacing

wire. The straight moving blades of stages no.0-13 all have shroud rings installed on top and the moving

blades of stage 14-21 are twisted blades with integral shroud.

1.5.3 Nozzle block, diaphragm and diaphragm sleeve

Segmental nozzle group control is applied for the unit. HP nozzles are divided into 4 groups and

embedded into four nozzle chambers via “T” type key-ways, they are located with radial pins and installed

with seal keys. Meridian plane contracting stationary blade nozzles of nozzle segment are welded in inner

6
and outer shroud rings, with surfaced nitrogen treated, extending the service life.

The turbine has seven diaphragm sleeves, diaphragm of stages no. 1-19 are installed respectively in

diaphragm sleeves, those of stage 20 and 21 are installed inside cylinder.

Application of diaphragm sleeve can reduce the axial length, and help improve start-up and load change.

The split surfaces of diaphragm sleeves are fixed with locating pins and connecting screws, separating from

upper casing.

Suspension pins are used for the connection between diaphragm and diaphragm sleeve, diaphragm

sleeve and cylinder; there are fix stoppers in the middle at the bottom of diaphragm and diaphragm sleeve to

ensure the aligning of stator and rotor at expansion. All diaphragms are of welded structure, HP stages

no.1-3 adopt splitter blading consisting of narrow nozzle and wide profile blade, reduce effectively the loss of

flow while maintaining diaphragm rigidity and strength. Diaphragms of stages no. 1-16 straight blades are all

of shroud ring welded type. Stages no. 17-21 diaphragm stationary blades use compound lead blades, and

stationary blades are welded directly on diaphragm inner and outer rings, without use of traditional cast-in

diaphragms any more.

1.5.4 Cylinder

The steam turbine is of single cylinder type composing of front, middle and rear cylinders.

The front cylinder is made of ZG20CrMoV with bellows-type flanges, and flange heating appliance are

provided for quick start-up. Steam chambers are welded with nozzle chambers as one piece and assembled

with front cylinder. There are guiding pins between nozzle chamber and front cylinder for thermal expansion.

Four steam chambers are arranged separately on the left, upper left, upper right, and right side of front

cylinder with regulating valves installed inside, and connected with main steam piping via four steam leads.

In addition, two extraction openings are cut in front cylinder, leading to HP heater no.1 and 2 respectively.

The middle cylinder is made of ZG25, and its lower casing is cut with extractions openings, leading to

deaerator and LP heaters no.1-3 respectively. On the vertical flange surface connecting front to middle

cylinder, a section of sealing slot is opened each on left and right side; after cylinder covering on site, seal

paint ( which can resist a temperature > 300℃ and a pressure > 0.7MPa)is injected to strengthen the air

tightness of the intersection.

The exhaust hood is welded and made of Q235-A. It has customized diffuser with better aerodynamic

characteristics and rigidity. On the upper part of exhaust hood is installed air-relief device, when the back

pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure, it can automatically open, protecting exhaust hood and

condenser.

1.5.5 Bearing

7
 The turbine has two elliptical journal bearings. The thrust bearing and turbine front bearing composite a

combined journal and thrust bearing, which is an elliptical bearing of three-layer spherical structure and

installed in front bearing pedestal. The rear bearing is an elliptical bearing of two-layer cylindrical structure.

On lower half of each bearing, oil-through holes are provided for HP jacking oil, around which oil pockets are

scraped as the pressure zone for rotor jacking. Tilted thrust pads are adopted for thrust bearing, and each

main thrust pad and journal bearing pad has temperature sensors and white metal temperature can be

monitored during operation. In addition, temperature sensors are provided to indicate bearing return oil

temperature.

1.5.6 Main steam stop valve (MSV)

MSV consists of main steam stop valve, auto-closing gear and valve seat. Steam coming from boiler

enters to MSV steam chamber via main steam piping, and flows to regulating valves in 4 lines after passing

through strainers and valves. MSV is of single valve seat type, and pressurized pilot valve structure is

adopted to reduce the lifting force on valve disk. On valve chest, measuring points for upstream pressure,

downstream pressure and temperature, as well as valve chest wall temperature are provided. Valve lever

steam leakage is connected respectively to deaerator and gland steam condenser.

MSV is installed on the seat support with certain flexibility, which can be taken as dead point to support

the piping thrust upstream of MSV, thus the thrust will not directly act on turbine proper to avoid impacts on

unit dynamic centering due to large piping thrust. Downstream MSV there are four steam leads, connecting

with four regulating valves respectively. The steam leads have certain flexibility to absorb the thermal

expansion deformation of itself and the thermal expansion displacement of the whole cylinder.

Automatic closing gear consists of servomotor and stop pilot oil valve. Safety oil from main oil pump is

applied on lower part of pilot oil valve, and enters to lower part of servomotor piston when oil inlet of the

servomotor is opened against spring resistance. MSV will be opened when the oil pressure is adequate. The

servomotor travel is feed back to pilot oil valve piston via lever, making it stop at any intermediate position for

a better self-stability. Automatic closing gear is provided with movable test pilot valve, which can actuate

MSV for anti-jamming during long-term operation. Under the servomotor shell there are cooling water

chambers to block the steam heat transfer to automatic closing gear.

1.5.7 Exhaust hood water-spraying attemperator

During turbine start-up, no-load or low load operation, the exhaust hood temperature is liable to rise

and result in a series of problems such as cylinder deformation, cylinder rotor center line misalignment due to

small steam flow and impossibility to take away the heat generated by friction blowing in LP cylinder. Water

spray attemperator is arranged on the exhaust hood of the turbine,and when exhaust steam temperature is

8
higher than 65℃,cooling water can be introduced to reduce it to ensure safe operation of the exhaust hood

and condenser.

1.5.8 Revolution equipment

Geared motor for primary gear reduction is applied for revolution equipment, which is installed on

upper cover of rear bearing pedestal. The unit adopts low speed (4 rpm)turning gear. However, before

starting the turning gear, it is necessary to start first HP jacking oil system of bearing to lift up rotor to reduce

significantly start-up friction torque and protect white metal from damage, and then, put revolution equipment

into operation for turning.

1.5.9 Regulating valve and cam type steam distribution device

The unit is provided with four regulating valves, all of single valve seat structure with pressure-relief

pre-lift valve to minimize lifting force. Servomotors control the opening sequence and lift of the four valves via

cam type steam distribution device. There is a cooling water chamber under the cam type steam distribution

device support to stop steam heat transfer to the device.

The four regulating valves are welded respectively on the left, upper left, upper right and right side of

the front cylinder. The opening sequence of them are shown in the diagram below:

The purpose of applying the above mode is to unify the temperature field of front cylinder and stabilize

bearing stress points during unit start-up and non-design-based operating condition.

1.5.10 Gland seal

Serrate-type steam seals are adopted for turbine front, rear and diaphragm seals. The high and low

slot teeth of such rotor seal structure fit with the long and short teeth of seal ring, forming the labyrinth seal.

The long and short seal teeth of seal ring are rigid in strength with good sealing performance, and in

addition, it is easier for maintenance and repair. The rubber washer of front gland seal is an integral structure

and needs to be installed with the rotor.

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 1.6 Thermal cycle

1.6.1 Main steam system

The steam piping from boiler superheater outlet header to turbine inlet, as well as the steam branches

from steam headers to various auxiliaries are all main steam piping. Sectional header system is applied for

the future extension of the plant, when necessary, the boiler and turbine can be independent unit by

switching over of isolation valves. This system is characterized by simple structure and easier management

and maintenance.

1.6.2 Main Feed-water system

The main Feed-water system ranges from deaerator outlet to economizer Feed-water inlet header. Two

motor-driven BFW pumps are furnished for this phase of project, one running and the other standby. The

output of each BFW pump is approximately 110% the evaporation of a single boiler. Single sectional header

system is adopted for the Feed-water piping. LP Feed-water is routed to HP Feed-water cold header after

being pumped by the Feed-water pumps, and the cold HP Feed-water is heated by turbine HP heaters to

215℃, and then routed to hot HP Feed-water header, the hot HP Feed-water is again connected to boiler

economizer and attemperators via Feed-water operating console. Recirculation line is provided at BFW

pump discharge to deaerator.

1.6.3 Condensate system

After expanding and doing work in the turbine, the steam is exhausted to condenser where it

condenses. The condensate builds up pressure via the condensate pump and then goes into the deaerator

through the gland steam condenser and LP heaters. 2x110% (maximum condensate capacity) condensate

pumps are furnished for the turbine, one running and the other standby. The hotwell level of the main

condenser is controlled via regulation of condensate recirculation flow.

1.6.4 Extraction steam system

The extraction-condensing turbine has 6 extraction stages. Stage 1 and 2 extraction steam is supplied

to HP heaters and the drains heating the steam is sent back to deaerator; another line of stage 2 extraction is

connected to stage 3 extraction steam header through pressure reducing valve. Stage 3 extraction steam is

supplied to deaerator while those of stage 4, 5 and 6 are supplied to LP heaters. Electric control valves are

installed at the inlet of deaerator heating steam pipeline for control of deaerator operating pressure

1.6.5 Deaeration system

The Feed-water deaeration system is provided with one 286t/h spinning film type deaerator which

operates at constant pressure of 0.588MPa. The water storage tank has a total volume of 80m3, which can

satisfy the water demand of a single boiler at rated evaporation for 30 minutes. The steam for deaerator

10
heating is supplied by the heating steam header. The condensate is fed to the deaerator by the condensate

pump via gland steam condenser and LP heaters, and the chemical make-up water is connected to the

deaerator.

1.6.6 Evacuation system

Turbine evacuation system consists of 1x100% water ejectors, 2x100% water jet pumps, one water jet

tank, and pipelines.

1.6.7 Chemical makeup water system

After entering into the main building from water treatment plant, one line of the chemical make-up water

goes to the drain tank directly for the purpose of system make-up and boiler filling; a second line to deaerator

through make-up water flow control valve. The water level control of the drain tank is interlocked with the

drain pump. In addition, there is another line of chemical make-up water enters into the condenser for filling

up the hotwell at start-up.

1.6.8 Plant drain system

The plant is provided with one 30m3 drain tank and one 1.5m3 drain flash tank. The condensate or

drains of LP equipment and piping, and chemical maker-up water go directly to the drain tank. The drains of

higher pressure equipment and piping enter into HP drain header, and then to the drain tank via the drain

flash tank. The deaerator is provided with one overflow header, when the auto level control of deaerator

water storage tank fails at unduly high level, the water in the storage tank is discharged via the header to

flash tank first and then to the drain tank.The volume of the flash tank can satisfy the need of discharge for

boiler temporary maintenance.

Two drain pumps are installed in the drain system, one running and one standby. During normal

operation, the water in the drain tank is pumped up by the drain pump to the deaerator; at boiler filling prior to

start-up, the drain pump delivers the water in the drain tank directly to boiler drum through boiler filling

header to intermittent blowdown header.

The heater drain system ensures the smooth water discharge of heaters as well as the safety of

heaters and the unit under various unit operating conditions, recovering heat of drain as much as possible, to

increase unit thermal economics. Drains from HP heaters are routed to deaerator while those from LP

heaters to condenser.Drain from gland steam condenser is routed to condenser.

1.6.9 Plant blowdown system

The plant is provided with one 5.5m3 continuous blowdown flash tank. The indirect steam generated by

the flashing of blowdown in the continuous blowdown flash tank is routed to deaerator via steam equalizing

main, and the blowdown is sent to intermittent blowdown flash tank.

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 The plant is provided with one 12m3 intermittent blowdown flash tank. The blowdown water from the

continuous blowdown flash tank flashes and reduces temperature over again in the intermittent blowdown

flash tank; the steam produced is vented to the atmosphere while the blowdown is discharged to rain

sewerage after temperature reduction. Emergency discharges of boiler and HP heaters are routed to

intermittent blowdown flash tank.

1.7 Oil system

The turbine oil supply system partly supplies lube oil to various bearings of turbo-generator unit and

pressure oil to control and protection system via main oil pump, and partly supplies oil to electro-hydraulic

servo valve in DEH system through oil filter via main oil pump. It is recommend to use turbine oil L-TSA46

specified in GB11120-2011, and in case that cooling water temperature is frequently below 15℃, it is allowed

to use turbine oil L-TSA32 specified in GB11120-2011 as a substitute

Section II Working principle of control system and unit technical specifications

2.1. For main technical specifications of turbine control and protection system,refer to the table below.

S/N Item Unit Technical Remarks

specifications
1 Turbine rated speed r/min 3000

2 Pressure at oil pump suction MPa(a) 0.1～0.15

3 Pressure at main oil pump discharge MPa ～1.57

4 Speed variation rate % 3-6

5 Delay rate % ≤0.2

6 Maximum travel of servo-motor mm 210

7 Actuation speed of emergency governor r/min 3270～3330

8 Reset speed of emergency governor r/min 3055±15

9 TSI over-speed protection value (shutdown) r/min 3300

Negative
10 Rotor axial displacement alarm value (positioning) mm +1.0 or -0.6
means reverse

11 Rotor axial displacement protection value mm +1.3 or -0.7 Shutdown

12 Low lube oil pressure alarm (start AC lube oil pump) MPa 0.055

13 Low lube oil pressure alarm (start DC lube oil pump) MPa 0.04

14 Low lube oil pressure protection value (shutdown) MPa 0.02

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 15 Low lube oil pressure protection valve (stop turning MPa 0.015

16 High lube oil pressure alarm value (stop AC lube oil MPa 0.16

17 Low oil pressure at main oil pump discharge alarm value MPa 1.3

18 Bearing return oil temperature alarm value ℃ 65

19 Bearing pad temperature alarm value ℃ 100

20 Bearing return oil temperature shutdown value ℃ 75

21 Bearing pad temperature shutdown value ℃ 110

22 Low condenser vacuum alarm value MPa -0.087

23 Low condenser vacuum protection value (shutdown MPa -0.061

24 Shaft vibration alarm value mm 0.127

25 Shaft vibration shutdown value mm 0.254

26 Differential expansion alarm value mm +4.0 or -3.0

27 Differential expansion shutdown value mm +4.5 or -3.5

28 DEH over-speed shutdown value r/min 3300

2.2 Oil supply system

The turbine oil supply system partly supplies lube oil to various bearings of turbo-generator unit and

pressure oil to governor system via main oil pump, and partly supplies oil to electro-hydraulic servo valve in

DEH system through oil filter via main oil pump. It is recommend to use turbine oil L-TSA46 specified in

GB11120-2011, and in case that cooling water temperature is frequently below 15℃, it is allowed to use

turbine oil L-TSA32 specified in GB11120-2011 as a substitute

2.2.1 Low pressure oil supply system

Mainly include main oil pump, oil injector I, oil injector II, oil drain valve at start-up of main oil pump, HP

AC oil pump, AC/DC lube oil pumps, oil tank, oil cooler, oil filter, lube oil pressure controller and overpressure

valves, etc.

Centrifugal main oil pump is driven by turbine main shaft, during normal operation, the oil pressure at

main oil pump discharge is 1.57MPa and oil pump capacity is 3.0m3/min. The pressure oil is supplied mostly

to two oil injectors besides control and protection system. The two oil injectors are connected in parallel, the

oil pressure at outlet of oil injector I is 0.10-0.15MPa for oil supply to main oil pump suction while oil pressure

at outlet of oil injector II is 0.22MPa for oil supply to lube oil system via oil cooler and oil filter.

LP AC lube oil pumps shall be started first at unit start-up, to remove air inside oil piping and various

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parts under low pressure. Then, start HP AC oil pump for test and adjustment of control and protection

system and unit start-up. During turbine start-up, HP motor-driven AC oil pumps supply oil to control and

protection system and also lube oil to each bearing via oil injector. To prevent pressure oil from leaking via

main oil pump, non-return valve is installed at main oil pump discharge.And also installed are oil drain valve

at start-up of main oil pump for smooth oil flow during main oil pump priming. When turbine speed rises up to

rated speed (oil pressure at discharge of main oil pump is higher than the oil pressure at discharge of

motor-driven oil pump), oil supply capacity can be reduced with the valve in discharge piping, and the pump

is stopped afterwards, main oil pump is used to supply oil to the control and protection system and lubrication

system of the whole unit. At the time of shutting down, HP motor-driven oil pumps may be started first and

switched over to AC lube oil pumps during turning gear operation after turbine shutdown.

In order to prevent shut-down accident of control system due to reduction of oil pressure, when oil

pressure at main oil pump discharge declines to 1.3MPa, HP AC oil pump is put into operation automatically

by pressure switch.

At the time of failure during operation and lube oil pressure decrease, AC lube oil pump is started

automatically by lube oil pressure controller, the system is provided with another DC lube oil pump, which is

automatically started by lube oil pressure controller when lube oil pressure declines and AC lube oil pump

can’t be put into operation normally.

Normal lube oil pressure: 0.08-0.15MPa.

Requirements for oil pressure decline:

< 0.055MPa AC lube oil pump is put into operation automatically.

< 0.04MPa DC lube oil pump is put into operation automatically.

< 0.02MPa Shut down automatically.

< 0.015 MPa Stop turning gear.

Note: Motor-driven auxiliary oil pumps shall all stop running during unit normal operation, only for

exceptional cases they are allowed to start and operate.

One LP oil overpressure valve is installed in lube oil piping, which can automatically open when lube oil

pressure is higher than 0.15MPa and drain excess oil back to oil tank to make sure that the lube oil

pressure is maintained within the range of 0.08-0.15 MPa.

The oil discharged from servomotor is directly routed into suction of oil pump group, thus, in case

servomotor is quickly actuated due to load rejection or emergency shut-down, the oil pressure at pump

discharge will not be impacted, and unit load rejection characteristic is improved.

2.3 Control and protection system

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The control and protection system of the unit consists of start-up latch device, servo actuators,

solenoid-operated protections, mechanical over-speed protections and hand trip device.

2.3.1 MSV automatic closing gear and start-up latch device

Operating principles of MSV automatic closing gear and start-up latch device are shown in the diagram

below:The start-up latch device consists of shell, start pilot valve and latch pilot valve and two solenoid

valves. Being energized, the latch solenoid valve establishes reset oil pressure which can reset the

emergency trip oil valve in front pedestal after actuation, meanwhile reset the latch pilot valve after loss

of safety oil; After latch pilot valve is pressed down by reset oil, the pressure oil established safety oil

via throttle of latch pilot valve and meantime safety oil presses down latch pilot valve, and keep latch

pilot valve position unchanged after loss of reset oil.After safety oil pressure is established, start pilot

valve is pressed down for setting up of start oil pressure to open MSV automatic closing gear. During

shutdown, safety oil is drained off, shut off start oil via start pilot valve and drain the oil in oil cylinder of

automatic closing gear and make MSV close quickly, Normally the MSV test solenoid valve is not

energized, it switches pressure oil of start oil circuit over to return oil when energized, decreasing start

oil pressure can slowly close MSV automatic closing gear. Throttle size can be adjusted for variation of

closing speed of MSV automatic closing gear, as well as for MSV tightness test or activities, in addition,

the movable test hand dog on automatic closing gear can also actuate MSV.

3.2 Servo actuator

Mainly includes electro-hydraulic servo valves and servo-motors.

Electro-hydraulic servo valves are solenoid proportional valves made by MOOG. For DDV

electro-hydraulic servo system, refer to the diagram below: Pressure oil acts on above and down pilot

valve of servomotor pilot oil valve, the upper action surface is half of that of lower surface, upper oil

pressure is the same as oil pressure at main oil pump discharge, lower oil pressure intakes oil via pilot

oil valve sleeve – dynamic oil inlet, and drain oil via external adjustable throttle, resulting in basic flow

balance for establishment of control oil, and meanwhile the oil pressure is about half of that of pressure

oil, this oil is called impulse control oil. For the valve position command signals given by DEH, after

servo amplifier,DDV servo valve converts electrical signals to impulse oil pressure signals and controls

dynamic oil feeding and directly controls servomotor to actuate regulating valves to change unit speed

or power. When servomotor moves, it drives LVDT displacement sensor, adding to valve position

command signal as negative feedback signal. When the two electrical signals are in balance, the

output of servo amplifier will stay with original stable value, at this time DDV valve returns to original

balanced position, keeping impulse oil pressure unchanged, the servomotor stays at a new operating

15
position. OPC solenoid valve group in the system provides over-speed protection, AST solenoid valve

group is for shutdown. Adjustable throttles are used to adjust the bias of pilot oil valve of servomotor

2.3.3 Protection system

The system consists of two parts, namely hydro-mechanical protections and electrical protections. The

unit is provided with three sets of trip devices: emergency trip device for manual emergency shutdown

by operating personnel on site; emergency governor and emergency trip oil valve of

mechanical-over-speed protection; solenoid-operated I&C protections via ETS system.The major

protections include over-speed, axial displacement, low lube oil pressure, high return oil temperature,

oil switch trip, DEH protection shutdown. In case of protection (shutdown) signal, close MSV and

regulating valve immediately and give alarm; at the time of OPC signal from DEH system, close

regulating valves via OPC solenoid valve.

2.3.3.1 Emergency governor

Emergency governor of protection ring type is installed on HP/IP rotor stub extended forward in turbine

front pedestal. The stub is connected rigidly with turbine rotor by screws.

The eccentric mass of emergency governor eccentric ring generates centrifugal force under high speed,

when the centrifugal force is greater than the pre-tightening force of contact spring. the eccentric ring

launches an attack and rams the dog of emergency trip oil valve, causing it to trip and release safety oil

quickly, thus close MSV and regulating valves, achieving the goal of emergency shutdown. After the

closing of steam valves, the turbine speed goes down rapidly, the protection ring of emergency

governor automatically reset with a speed of 3055±15rpm.

There are two crescent oil sinks in symmetry on the eccentric ring for oil collection during nozzle test to

increase the weight and eccentricity of the ring,so that the ring can launch an attack at a relatively low

speed. After oil spraying,the oil in the sink flows out of the small holes on top of the sink by centrifugal

force, and the ring resets accordingly.

When testing the emergency governor for over-speed, if the attacking speed does not comply with the

requirements, nuts can be adjusted to change the spring pretightening force for carrying out the test

again and for the actuation speed compliance with the specified requirements. By calculation, each

turn of adjusting nut will change the speed about 400rpm.

2.3.3.2 Emergency trip oil valve

Emergency trip oil valve is the over-speed protection actuator in turbine protection system, which

controls the safety oil pressure. It consists of dog, pin roll, piston, spring and shell.

At the time of emergency governor function, protection ring attacks the dog and trip it, the piston moves

16
upward under the spring force, resulting the connecting through of safety oil chamber with return oil,

thus MSV is closed. To reset the emergency trip oil valve, it is only necessary to supply reset oil into

upper part of piston and press down the piston, and meantime the dog (under the torsional spring force)

re-attach with piston, causing the piston fixed at normal position.

2.3.3.3 Nozzle test device and nozzle test valve

Nozzle test device and nozzle test valve are the devices which can be used for over-speed trip test

under relatively low turbine speed.

Normally the nozzle test devices are in racked-in position, at this time, safety oil is directly sent to

emergency trip oil valve via nozzle test device. In case of over-speed, the emergency governor

actuates, and attacks the dog of emergency trip oil valve and trip it, release safety oil, and thus all MSV

and regulating valves are closed, causing the unit to shutdown.

At the time of nozzle test, sent the simulated safety oil after the test to emergency governor indicator.

During the test, pull out the dog of nozzle test valve and inject the HP oil from nozzle test device to the

oil sinks on eccentric ring of emergency governor to increase the weight and eccentricity of the ring,

allowing it to attack at a relatively low speed and simulate an actual over-speed trip operation, and

indicate the over-speed trip through emergency governor indicator. Push the pusher tug to reset after

tripping of emergency trip oil valve.

2.3.3.4 Emergency trip and reset devices

Clap the trip handle, causing MSV and regulating valves to close, emergency governor indicator

indicates “tripped”.It is necessary to pull out the trip handle before reset.

2.3.3.5 Solenoid-operated protections

Solenoid-operated protections consists of two AST solenoid valves in parallel and two OPC solenoid

valves in parallel, both AST and OPC valves actuate when energized. AST valves accept shutdown

signals from various sources (i.e. ETS system shutdown signals), the solenoid valves actuate when

energized, and discharge AST oil and next the safety oil, thus close MSV, shut down turbine steam

admission and cause it to shut down. Protection signals may be originated from speed over-limit, axial

displacement over-limit, low lube oil pressure, high bearing return oil temperature or high bearing pad

temperature, or manual switch shutdown signals. OPC solenoid valves accept OPC signals and close

only regulating valves .

2.3.4 Emergency shutdown

When unit speed reaches 110-120% of rated speed, the emergency governor actuates, and shuts

down the unit.

17
When DEH digital controller sends out shutdown signal, the unit shuts down immediately.

When any of the following 7 monitoring parameters exceeds the specified value, the solenoid valve will

actuate and cause the unit to shut down immediately.

a Speed rises up to 110% of rated speed (3300rpm)

b Axial displacement exceeds +1.3mm or -0.7mm.

c Lube oil pressure lower than 0.0196MPa.

d Shaft vibration exceeds 254μm.

e Vacuum exceeds -0.061MPa.

f Differential expansion exceeds +4.5mm or -3.5mm

g ETS system sends out other shutdown signals.

In case of other abnormalities which operating personnel think a must for shutdown, or during normal

condition, operating personnel think it is necessary to shut down the unit, he can clap locally the trip

handle of emergency governor installed in front pedestal end face or manually press the shutdown

button in MCR remotely. It is not allowed to remove protection power supply before the unit shuts down

safely and after the remote shutdown signals has been given.

2.4 Turbine supervisory instrument (TSI) system

The TSI system selected for the unit is described as follows: TSI of the unit can continuously indicate

and make record of turbine rotor and cylinder mechanical parameters and valve displacement during

turbine turning, start-up, operation and over-speed test as well as shutdown, give alarm when the

preset operating limits are exceed,and automatically stop the unit when preset dangerous limits are

exceed. Th system consists of instruments and corresponding pre-amplifiers and wired sensors

Sensors (probes) installed in turbine pedestals are connected to corresponding pre-amplifiers via

lengthening cable, which are locally installed in junction box next to the pedestal and then wired to

corresponding assembly boards on instrument frame in CCR via shield cables.

Eddy current type probes and pre-amplifiers are used to detect various turbine variables, generating a

signal in proportional to the distance to probe and monitored surface, this signal is input to

monitor,which converts the input signal to readings of meter and provide output signal for DC recorder.

Displacement transducer is used to measure the absolute expansion of the unit; speed sensor is used

to measure unit vibration.

2.5 Adjustment and test of control and protection system

Major parts of turbine control and protection system are tested at the manufacturer before leaving the

factory. In order to make sure that the unit runs reliably, it is necessary to carry out test after the

18
installation at the plant.

2.5.1 Commissioning and test under turbine static status

Commissioning can be commenced after the unit installation is all completed, the site is cleaned up

and oil quality is acceptable.

2.5.1.1 Emergency governor clapping test

Clap the trip handle(travel 12mm)，release safety oil，MSV and regulating valves shall close, and

emergency governor indicators indicate “tripped”.

2.5.1.2 Emergency trip oil valve test and reset test

Move emergency trip oil valve dog with hand via hand hole in front pedestal and make it trip.

Emergency governor indicator indicates “tripped”, MSV and regulating valves close, and then operate

emergency trip and reset handle or latch the solenoid, emergency trip oil valve resets, emergency

governor indicator indicates “normal”.

2.5.1.3 Test of start -up latch device

At the time of emergency trip oil valve manually trip or after AST solenoid valve actuation, system may

be reset or latched with energization of latch solenoid valve, MSV opens and regulating valves close.

With movable solenoid valve of MSV energized, MSV may tested for closing or actuation, the closing

speed can be adjusted via adjustable throttle switch.

2.5.1.4 Solenoid-operated protections

When remote shutdown button or ETS system sends out shutdown signals, AST solenoid valves are

energized and actuate, MSV and regulating valves close. When OPC signals are sent out in DEH

system, OPC solenoid valve actuates and regulating valves close.

2.5.1.5 Calibration of valve position in DEH control system

Electrical parts of DEH system must be wired correctly, especially the HV,LV circuits, dry contact circuit

and relay circuit, otherwise the electrical parts may be damaged when switched on, with unit start-up

and oil pump start-up, adjust control oil throttle to close servomotor (at this moment,DDV valve is not

powered and its plug can be pulled out)for minimum position calibration of valve position controller;

adjust control oil throttle to fully open the servomotor for the maximum position calibration of valve

position controller. After calibration, adjust control oil throttle to move servomotor toward closing

direction slowly, at this moment, tighten the locking nut of throttle. And then calibrate the servomotor

valve position by means of valve pulling test function of DEH system. .

Note: To ensure unit safety, with DDV valve deenergized (plug may be pulled out), adjust the throttle,

making servomotor slowly move toward closing direction and lock the adjusting screw, make sure that

19
when DDV valve is deenergized, the servomotor is closed.

2.5.1.7 Closing test of other valves

If the valves in extraction steam system or steam make-up system are controlled by safeguard oil

pressure, corresponding valves are required to be closed when protections actuate.

2.5.2 Commissioning under turbine operation status

After turbine static test is acceptable, and turning off is ready, turbine starts loading up and dynamic test

may be started after the speed reaches 3000rpm.

2.5.2.1 Clapping test of emergency governor

Clap the trip handle(travel 12mm)，release safety oil，MSV and regulating valves shall close, and

emergency governor indicators indicate “tripped”.

2.5.2.2 Mechanical over-speed test Conditions for over-speed test

a）The test must be carried out under the following circumstances:

Turbine is newly-installed or repaired;

Starting after one-month shutdown.

Before load rejection test;

After emergency governor is disassembled or adjusted.

b）No over-speed test is permitted under the following circumstances:

Local or remote tripping is abnormal;

MSV or regulating valves can’t close tightly;

Abnormal bearing vibration at rated speed.

Oil temperature of any bearing is higher than the limit value.

c) over-speed test method

Speed up the turbine via operating control system, when speed rises up to a value within

3300-3360rpm, the protection ring of emergency governor shall fly away, otherwise, adjusting screws

of emergency governor shall be adjusted. The speed of protection ring can be adjusted via adjusting

screws, each 450 change of adjusting screw, the actuation speed of eccentric ring varies about 50rpm.

The protection ring fly-away is based on the closing of MSV and regulating valves at test and indication

of “tripped” of emergency governor indicator. Mechanical over-speed test is done three times, and the

actuation speed meets design requirements. Although the emergency governor reset speed may not

be examined , it can not be too lower.

2.5.2.3 Nozzle test valve test

Nozzle test is carried out at rated speed. Reduce speed to about 2800rpm under turbine no-load

20
condition, before test, pull out the handle of nozzle test device, slowly pull the dog of nozzle test valve,

test oil is filled in the protection ring of emergency governor, and then raise speed to 2920±30 rpm, the

protection ring shall fly out actuating the emergency trip oil valve, at the same time, emergency

governor indicator indicate “tripped”. When nozzle test valve block is racked in, the emergency

governor indicator indicate “normal”, it means emergency trip oil valve is latched. Rack out the handle

of nozzle test device to normal position.

2.5.2.4 Test of start-up latch device

At the time of emergency trip oil valve manually trip or after AST solenoid valve actuation, system may

be reset or latched with energization of latch solenoid valve, MSV opens and regulating valves close.

With movable solenoid valve of MSV energized, MSV may be tested for closing or actuation, the

closing speed can be adjusted via adjustable throttle switch.

2.5.2.5 Test of solenoid-operated protections

When remote shutdown button or ETS system sends out shutdown signals, AST solenoid valves are

energized and actuate, MSV and regulating valves close. When OPC signals are sent out in DEH

system, OPC solenoid valves actuate and regulating valves close

2.5.2.6 Leakage test of MSV and regulating valve

The test shall be carried out under rated steam pressure, normal vacuum and turbine no-load operating

condition.

During the test, when MSV and regulating valve fully closes respectively while the other valve fully

opens, the turbine speed shall be guaranteed not to reduce below 1000rpm, and the declining speed

needs to be corrected when main steam pressure is on the low side.

2.5.2.7 Load-rejection test

Unit and grid shall be provided with the ground and prefect precautions before the test. Decision for the

test is made by the Customer himself, and it is not a mandatory requirement from the manufacturer.

2.5.2.8 Closing test of other valves

If the valves in extraction steam system or steam make-up system are controlled by safeguard oil

pressure, corresponding valves are required to be closed when protections actuate.

2.6 Installation Requirements for DEH System and Protection Parts

2.6.1 Installation requirements for mechanical over-speed parts

Installation clearance for emergency governor and emergency trip oil valve

A=1.0±0.2

2.6.2 Installation of turbine monitoring and protection device

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 Turbine monitoring protection devices include speed, axial displacement, differential expansion,

vibration and thermal expansion. Speed measuring devices used for the speed and axial displacement probe

are installed in the front bearing pedestal and differential expansion probes ares installed at exhaust hood

coupling with the use of suitable mounting support. For installation clearance between the probe and the

measured object and instrument commissioning, refer to the operation instructions of instrument.

2.7 Precautions for Start-up, Operation and Shutdown of Control System

Pay more attention to the servo actuator and the oil supply system during operation of DEH system.

The elements of servo oil supply system oil filter are required to be cleaned or replaced periodically at the

early stage of unit operation.

Oil pressures at all points shall reach the design value. During normal operation, the reset oil pressure

shall not be larger than 0.05MPa and can be adjusted via the reset oil drain hole. During shutdown, it’s

required that the pressure should not be larger than 0.05MPa after safety oil is discharged.

Prior to every unit start-up, check the servo-motor position: given that the DEH order is zero, it’s

required that the valve should be fully closed; if there is any deviation, calibrate the valve again; conduct

protection system test. After the protection parts operate, ensure all valves are closed and all security oil

pressure reach corresponding requirement.

2.7.1 Precautions during turbine start-up

In case of the following circumstances for the turbine control and protection system, it is forbidden to

turn off the turbine or connect with the grid with load.

a. Abnormal speed signal prior to turbine start-up.

b. Any one of the important valves including all MSV and regulating valves cannot be closed quickly or

tightly or jammed.

c. Emergency governor over-speed test fails.

d. Any of the start-up oil pump and lube oil pump fails or self-start interlock fails.

e. Unacceptable oil quality.

f. Control system cannot maintain turbine idling (i.e. speed is not stable).

g. Any item of protection system tests fails.

2.7.2 Precautions during turbine operation

During turbine operation, monitor that the turbine protection system oil pressures for correctness.

Control and protection system signals not to DCS or DEH system shall be inspected periodically. The MSV

shall be subject to movement test periodically. Speed signals must be normal during operation. If not , reduce

load or shut down . During operation, important protection items of ETS system shall not be removed.

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 2.7.3 Precautions during turbine shutdown.

If any part seizure is found during load reduction of turbine, try to eliminate it. At this moment, do not

take off-line the generator first. If necessary, trip the turbine or close motor-driven MSV or automatic MSV.

After confirming that the load is zero, take the generator off-line.

After taking off-line the turbine, observe the speed change. In case of abnormal speed increase,

immediately trip the turbine.

If extraction valve or make-up steam valve are stuck or cannot be tightly closed, close other stop valves

in the corresponding pipes, to prevent turbine over-speed arsing from steam backflow. If shutdown is

implemented via remote shutdown button or ETS, security power supply cannot be removed during the

shutdown process. In addition, trip the turbine on site.

2.8 Working Principle and Introduction of DEH Control System

DEH-NTK turbine digital electro-hydraulic control system consists of the digital electronic part and

hydraulic part. The system has high control accuracy and automation level, can increase speed (manual or

auto), coordinate with electrical synchronization, electrical load control (valve position control or power

control) and other auxiliary controls and communicate with DCS and have the function of on-line adjustment

of control parameters and over-speed protection etc. With the DEH system, turbine can adapt to various

operating conditions and operate safely for a long term.

2.8.1. DEH device

DEH is one real-time distributed control system. It adopts highly reliable and redundant high speed

data communication networks. Two high speed data communication networks run at the same time so

that even if one network fails, data communication can be maintained smoothly. DEH device hardware

includes: distributed processing unit (DPU), related I/O cards, control cabinet, redundant power

supplies, backup field communicator, printer, operator station and engineer station. DEH device has

the site signals (speed, pressure and travel etc) treated in input cards, then sends them to DPU for

calculation and the calculated results to field equipment via the output cards to perform the control

tasks. The adoption of pure digital electro-hydraulic governing system can meet high reliability

requirements for turbine control. With opening adjustment of valves and rotary diaphragm, DEH can

use proportional and integral closed-loop control to realize accurate control on speed and load.

2.8.2 Basic work principle of DEH

The main purpose of DEH control system is to control speed and power of the turbo-generator set so

as to meet the plant power supply requirement.

The unit DEH control system can also control heat supply pressure or flow. DEH system is also

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 provided with basic control circuits such as speed control circuit, load control circuit, extraction control

circuit, main steam pressure control circuit and over-speed protection circuit as well as logic circuits

such as synchronization, frequency modulation limit, decoupling algorithm, signal filtering and judging.

DEH system controls respectively the HP and LP valves via the electro-hydraulic servo valves, to

achieve the goal of controlling the unit speed, power and extraction pressure.

During unit start-up and normal operation, DEH accepts CCS order or the operator collects the

turbo-generator set speed, power and control valve position feedback signals based on the increase

and decrease orders issued from HMI, to analyze and process, make comprehensive arithmetic, output

control signals to electro-hydraulic servo valves and change opening of the control valve so as to

control operation of the unit.

During speed increase of the unit (i.e. before synchronization), DEH control system controls the unit

speed via speed regulation loop and the power control loop doesn’t work. With the loop, DEH control system

receives turbine speed signal from the field, after being processed in 2/3 logic as speed feedback signal, the

speed signal is PID arithmetically calculated with speed setpoint, the given opening signal of servo-motor is

output to the servo card. In the servo card, the given signal is compared with servo-motor position, and

outputs control signal to electro-hydraulic servo valve and adjusts servo-motor opening to change the steam

admission so as to control the unit speed. In the process, the operator can set target speed and speed

increase rate. After the unit synchronization, the system is switched to the load control loop and the turbine

speed takes part in the control as the primary frequency modulated signal. Load control has the following two

regulation modes:

(1) Valve position control mode (i.e. power feedback not in-service):

Under the circumstance, load setting is controlled by the operator through setting the percentage. After

the required opening is set, DEH outputs valve opening signal to the servo card to adjust the servo-motor

opening and change the steam admission. Under this mode, power takes the valve opening as internal

feedback, and there may be error in actual operation, but the mode doesn’t have high requirements for

valve characteristics. Note that the maximum valve opening of the extraction turbine under condensing

operation is determined based on the operating condition diagram.

(2) Power control mode：

Under the circumstance, load loop regulator works. DEH receives field power signal, compares it with

the given power, sends it to load loop regulator for amplification of the difference, makes comprehensive

arithmetic, outputs valve opening signal to the servo card, regulates the unit steam admission and meets the

power requirement. The above two regulation modes can be changed over during operation based on actual

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needs. Note when power control mode is adopted, turbine regulating valve shall have suitable flow

characteristics. When turbine regulating valve flow characteristics is not linear, nonlinearity of site control

valve can be compensated through DEH internal correction. In case of unit trip, set the given signal of valve

opening to zero and close all valves. DEH control system is provided with OPC protections, valve position

limit and fast cut back protections. Primary frequency modulation threshold (deadband), upper and lower

limit range, regulation droop can be adjusted online.

Island control mode DEH control system has three operating modes, namely turbine remote control,

turbine automatic control and turbine manual control.

(3) Extraction control loop

DEH system is provided with extraction control loop. It takes the operator setting pressure as the given

signal and the actual extraction pressure as the feedback signal and controls the extraction pressure through

PID regulator. The output and that of the power regulator are sent together to decoupling arithmetic logic for

decoupling arithmetic, to realize cogeneration regulation and static self –tuning. The coupling relation is

obtained from decoupling arithmetic of control valve opening based on main equipment thermal

characteristics and boundary conditions.

(4) Main steam pressure control loop

As DEH auxiliary control loop, the main steam pressure control loop takes the operator setpoint as the

given signal and the actual main steam pressure as the feedback signal and realizes closed-loop control on

turbine side main steam pressure through PID regulator. For header system unit, it’s suggested not to put

this function into operation.

2.8.3 Operation mode

DEH has the following operation modes:

2.8.3.1 Operator control

This is the most common operation mode. Under this mode, the following operations can be made:

speed control, power control or valve position control, main steam pressure control and extraction control

etc.

2.8.3.2 Manual control with field communicator

The manual control with field communicator mode is that the field communicator control the servo card

via hard wire (switch value) and finally controls the valve opening under emergency condition.

2.8.3.3 Coordinated control

Coordinated control operation mode is that DEH accepts coordination order switch governing valve

pulse (or analog value) under the valve position. For detailed description of the above control modes, refer to

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relevant sections below.

2.8.4 Working principle of ETS protection system

ETS is emergency trip system of turbine, and is used to monitor some parameters which have

significant impact on the unit safety, so that all admission valves of turbine are closed through the system

when the parameters exceed the safety limits to realize emergency shutdown.

ETS system has various protection operation and clearing, automatic trip protection and first-out cause

memory functions. When any shutdown conditions appears, ETS can send turbine trip signal to activate AST

solenoid valve and realize emergency shutdown. Note: during operation, important protection items of ETS

system shall not be removed and ETS power supply cannot be disconnected before cutting steam channel

before MSV.

2.8.5 Working principle of TSI system

TSI is used to monitor online parameters which have great impact on unit safety, so that when the

parameters exceed the safety limits, safe shutdown of turbine can be realized through DEH and ETS.

For monitoring parameters of TSI system, refer to unit TSI drawings.

DEH-NTK system has two processing modes for TSI system. One is that special card is used to

receive TSI sensor signal and analyze and process it in the software for measurement, display and alarm

protection. The other one is that TSI system analog value and switch value outputs are collected through AI

and DI channels of DEH independently. How to process TSI system by DEH system supplied along with the

turbine can be found in DEH wiring terminal diagram.

2.8.6 System configuration

DEH and ETS parts of the system adopt NT6000 distributed control system hardware platform made by

Invensys. The hardware configuration mainly consists of: one control cabinet, one operator station, one

engineer station and one color inkjet. DEH system is provided with one pair of DPUs and I/O cards. ETS

system is provided with one pair of DPUs and I/O cards.

DPU connects with the operator station and the engineer station via Ethernet to communicate the

operation order, basic control data and configuration information.

2.8.6.1 DEH-NTK network architecture

DEH and ETS systems adopt two-layer network architecture. The first layer is eNet control network to

perform data communication between DPUs and between DPU and MMI station. eNet is highly reliable and

redundant peer-to-peer network and adopts real-time Ethernet technology with communication rate of

100M/1000M. Based on two independent sets of industrial Ethernet switches, in the transmission layer, two

sets of data sessions are sent out by two independent sets of physical layers to realize redundancy of

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network.

The second layer network is eBus bus and performs data scanning between DPU and I/O cards. eBus

is master/slave type high speed redundant communication bus with simple structure, communication rate of

3.125Mbps and minimum cycle of 5ms and is divided into 12 physically isolated branches. Every branch has

two independent communication interfaces to directly scan the I/O card respectively via independent bus.

2.8.6.2 DEH-NTK control cabinet

There is one DEH control cabinet in the system. The cabinet structure complies with NEMA standard

(NEMA12<IP52>), 2200 (H)×800 (W)×600 (D) by default. The cabinet has front and rear doors and is

designed to cable entry and exit from bottom. The terminal block shall be installed to facilitate wiring, keep a

distance not less than 400mm from the cabinet bottom and not less than 150mm from the cabinet top. The

space between the terminal blocks shall not be less than 200mm. Electric elements in the cabinet, such as

relay, circuit breaker, operation and clearing switch and DC power supply shall adopt imported products. The

cabinet shall be provided with exhaust fan or internal circulation fan, and temperature detection elements.

When the temperature is too high, alarm will be activated.

The cabinet is provided with grounding busbar for protection and shielding grounding. The grounding

system shall be grounded at a single point in strict accordance with requirement and connected to the

electrical main grounding via a cable not less than 35mm2. The grounding resistance shall be less than 2Ω.

2.8.6.3 Power distribution system

The user shall provide two circuits of AC 220V±10%, 10A, 50Hz±1Hz single-phase power supplies

(one circuit from UPS power supply and the other form auxiliary security power supply) and one circuit of DC

220V/4A power supply to the control cabinet. The two circuits of AC power supplies back up each other and

failure of any one circuit of power supply will not cause loss of power of the control cabinet. Failure of any

circuits of power supply will activate alarm. DC 220V power supply mainly supplies power to OPC solenoid

valve and AST solenoid valve (solenoid valve supply voltage is given in the drawing).

2.8.7 Controller and I/O module

2.8.7.1 NT6000 system hardware

(1) Controller module DPU (KM951A): adopt POWERPC processor, VxWorks real-time operating

system and CF card for data storage, fully isolated, high anti-interference, low power consumption and

fan-free operation, duplicate redundancy, automatic bumpless transfer and hot swapping etc. DPU supports

online configuration and online download and offline simulation, supports field bus communication interface

of Modbus RTU, Modbus TCP, Profibus DP, HART standards, can reach 5ms quick processing capability and

has hardware watchdog fault monitoring and diagnosis functions.

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 (2) I/O modules of DEH system mainly have the following functions and performance parameters:

KM331A: 8-channel analog current input module which inputs basic control analog value (4~20mAa), such

as power, main steam pressure, control stage pressure measuring point etc. Every channel can supply

power externally and the channel is not isolated. Input signal range: 0~24mA. Accuracy:±0.1%. A/D

conversion resolution is 16-bit. KM332A: 8-channel RTD input module which inputs basic control analog

value (RTD), such as oil temperature, pad temperature measuring points. The channels are mutually isolated

with isolation voltage >30V. Input signal range: 0~325Ω. Accuracy: ±0.2%. A/D conversion resolution is

16-bit. KM333A: 8-channel thermocouple input module which inputs basic control analog value (TC), such as

main steam temperature and cylinder temperature measuring points. The channels are mutually isolated

with isolation voltage >400V. Input signal range: -100mV~100mV. Accuracy: ±0.2%. A/D conversion

resolution is 16-bit.

KM333B : 16-channel thermocouple input module which inputs basic control analog value (TC), such

as main steam temperature and cylinder temperature measuring points. The channels are mutually isolated

with isolation voltage >400V. Input signal range: -100mV~100mV. Accuracy: ±0.2%. A/D conversion

resolution is 16-bit.

KM334A: 16-channel digital input module which isolates basic control switch value inputs. Signal input

requirement: ON condition: 100Ω; OFF condition: >100kΩ. 4ms anti-flutter. SOE resolution ≤ 1ms. KM335A:

8-channel relay output module which isolates the basic control switch value outputs. Contact output capacity:

1A/30VDC, 1A/AC230V. KM336A: 6-channel current output module which makes 4~20mA conversion of

DPU output analog value and outputs. The channels are mutually isolated with isolation voltage>1000V. The

output signal range: 3~23mA. Accuracy: ±0.2%. D/A resolution is 14-bit. Maximum output load is 580Ω.

KM531A: LVDT input module, which mainly collects LVDT signals, such as MSV servo motor travel etc,

supports 3-wire or 6-wire LVDT. Accuracy: ±0.5%. A/D conversion resolution is 16-bit.

KM532A: valve control module. Valve control card is one of the most important cards of DEH. The

valve control cards form the valve servo control system of DEH. Valve control card has its control orders from

DPU and receives field governing valve feedback signal (feedback via LVDT normally). Every valve position

controller controls one regulating valve, i.e. one servo-motor. Servo current output (optional): -10mA~+10mA,

-40mA~+40mA, -80mA~+80mA, -150mA~+150mA, -10V~+10V. The control cycle is 4ms. KM533A (OPC

card): over-speed measurement and over-speed protection module, used to measure turbine speed, and

judge over-speed condition (103% and 110%), quickly send over-speed protection signal.

Power supply module (KB434A): provide DC24V power supply to site DDV634V servo valve (SAV9

servo valve doesn’t need energized) and distribute DC220V power supply or AC220V power supply to other

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special modules in the cabinet.

OPC module (KB434B): process the 103% over-speed protection signals from over-speed

measurement and over-speed protection modules based on 2/3 logic and output the signal to OPC solenoid

valve to prevent turbine over-speed. Meanwhile, perform relay signal extension function, such as MSV

closure signal, latch solenoid valve and reset solenoid valve functions.

ETS module (KB434C): realize turbine emergency shutdown through activation of AST solenoid valve

when the conditions are met. For instance, 110% over-speed protection signals sent from three speed

measurement and over-speed protection modules are processed by two out of three logic and are true;

press the double buttons of manual shutdown at the same time; ETS system protection signal output etc.

Anti-interference performance of the above card channels: CMRR≥120dB, NMRR≥60dB; operation

ambient temperature: -20℃~70℃. Storage temperature: -40℃~+85℃; relative humidity: 5%~95%

(non-condensate). Note: The quantity of modules for each item are not always the same.

2.8.7.2 Operator station

Operator station is HMI for operators to operate and monitor system operation. One set of industrial

control computer, mainly consisting of main board, hard disk, display card, redundant Ethernet card etc.

2.8.7.3 Engineer station

Engineer station and operation station have almost the same configuration. The engineer station is the

tool dedicated for engineer design, configuration, commissioning and monitoring of systems.

2.8.7.4 DEH-NTK communication

DEH-NTK system has strong communication function. The communication protocol is standard

MODBUS communication protocol (RTU and ASCII protocols are optional). Data communicate with the

external systems via operator station serial port. At ex-factory, it is RS232 level (maximum communication

distance is 15m) and after level conversion, RS485 or RS422 level can be used to realize long-distance

transmission (maximum communication distance is 1000m).

DEH-NTK communication has strong flexibility and can be configured as master station and slave

station. The communication baud rate can be set and data length, communication address and

communication port can be modified online.

2.8.8 DEH-NTK system software

The software platform of NT6000 distributed control system made by SCIYON is used for DEH-NTK

control system . The software is an engineering development platform with Windows XP as the operating

system and includes configuration files, graphics, pictures and control software functions.

2.8.9 DEH System Functions and Logistic Conditions

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 ● Remote, automatic latch-on before turbine rolling

● Setting the static relation of the servosystem

● Control before starting

● Rotating speed control

● Load control

● Synchronization with power network for taking initial load

● Load feedback control

● Primary frequency modulation

● CCS control

● Load limit

● Fast Run-back

● Valve position limit

● Main steam pressure control

● Main steam pressure low protection

● Steam extracting control (applicable to adjustable steam extraction units)

● Backpressure control (applicable to backpressure units)

● Overspeed control

● Online test

● Be able to conduct parameter modification and configuration at the engineer station.

● Complete data recording, display and printing fuctions.

2.8.9.1 Latch-on

2.8.9.1.1 Automatic Latch-on

Latch-on means that the unit is reset, the main throttle valve is opened and turbine rolling is able to be

conducted. Only when at least two of the following three conditions are met and no safety failure occurs on

the rotational speed channel during disconnection, can the unit be able to be latched on: ①the travel switch

is not on the “close” position, ②the starting oil pressure is set up, and ③the travel of the main throttle valve

has exceeded 50%.

2.8.9.1.2 Interface Manual Latch

The system can realize remote latch-on, and the latch-on action is realized through the resetting of the

latch-on electromagnet after being energized. Attention: As for manual latch, after it is switched on, the

latch-on electromagnet will be energized and reset. Therefore, when the unit is under normal running, it is

required to place the manual latch-on switch on the “switch-off” position.

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 2.8.9.2 Setting the Static Relation of the Servosystem (valve test)

The purpose for setting the static relation of the servosystem is to make the oil servo-motor be able to

be controlled during its whole travel. The relation between the valve setting signal and the lift range of the oil

servo-motor is as follows: valve setting 0～100％ ↔ lift range 0～100％.

In order to maintain good linearity of the corresponding relationship, it is required that the iron core of

the LVDT which is used to provide feedback on the oil servo-motor should maintain linear movement in the

middle section.

The setting of the oil servo-motor is operated on the DEH-NTK operator station through the valve test

on the interface. Only when the following three conditions, are simultaneously met, can the setting be

allowed: (1) the rotating speed is lower than 500rmp; (2) the unit is not connected to the grid; (3) the button of

“starting valve position calibration test” is pressed down. After the setting is finished, click the button of

“cutting off valve position calibration test”, then all the valve orders will be automatically reset. Attention:

Before starting the valve position calibration, it shall be endured to cut off the steam channels.

2.8.9.3 Control before Start-up

The start-up procedure of the turbine is a heating process for the cylinder and the rotor, etc. In order to

reduce the heat stress in the start-up process and make it be applicable to different initial temperatures, it is

required to adopt different start-up curves.

At each latch-on, DEH can choose the thermal state according to the temperature of the cylinder wall of

the steam turbine. The reference range is shown as follows:

● T＜150℃ Cold state

● 150℃≤T＜300℃ Warm state

● 300℃≤T＜400℃ Hot state

● 400℃≤T Very hot state

2.8.9.4 Speed up Control

Before the turbine generator is synchronized with the power network, DEH is a close-loop, no-deviating

regulation system for rotating speed, with the given rotating speed as the setpoint. After the difference

between the given rotating speed and the actual rotating speed is calculated through the PID regulator, it will

control the start-up degree of the oil servo-motor through the servo system, so as to make the actual rotating

speed match the change of the given rotating speed.

After setting the target rotating speed, the given rotating speed will approach to the target rotating

speed at the given speed up rate. When entering into the critical rotating speed zone, the speed up rate will

be automatically changed to 600r/min (which can be set), so as to pass through the critical zone rapidly. In

31
the process of speed up, it is usually required to conduct medium-speed or high-speed heating of turbine, so

as to reduce thermal stress.

（1） Target Rotating speed

Except that the operator can set a target rotating speed through the panel, under the following

circumstances, DEH will automatically set the target rotating speed:

When the turbine is just latched on, the target rotating speed is the current rotating speed; when the oil

switch is switched off, the target rotating speed is 3000r/min; and when the turbine has tripped out, the target

rotating speed is zero.

（2） Speed up Rate

If the speed up rate is set by the operator, its value will be in the range of (0，500)r/min. In the critical

rotating speed zone, the speed up rate will be forcibly set as 600r/min. When approaching the rated rotating

speed, the speed up rate will be automatically lowered (It will be set as required).

（3） Critical Rotating speed

The calculated value of the critical rotating speed of the shaft system shall refer to the main engine

specification. In order to avoid that the turbine remains in the critical rotating speed, DEH has set a critical

rotating speed zone. When the rotating speed of the turbine enters into the critical zone, DEH will

automatically rush through it with maximum speed rate.

Attention: On the site, the critical rotating speed value and the warming-up speed plateau value shall

be modified according to the value of the onsite critical rotating speed.

（4） Warming-up of Turbine

As the default warming-up rotating speeds of turbine are 500, 1200, 2500 and 3000r/min, its target

values are set as 500, 1200, 2500 and 3000r/min. When the target rotating speed is reached, the speed up

will be stopped to warm up the turbine. If it is required to stop speed up temporarily in the process of speed

up, the following operations can be performed:

Click the “maintain” button on the control screen with the mouse. When it is in the critical rotating speed

zone, the order maintains invalid, and it is only available to change the target rotating speed.

（5） 3000r/min Constant Speed

When the rotating speed of the turbine keeps stable at the speed of about 3000r/min, it is required to

conduct inspection for each system before grid connection.

（6） Synchronization Control

After DEH automatically enters into the synchronization mode, the target rotating speed will change

with the change rate of 100r/min, based on the value when it just enters into the synchronization mode and

32
according to the rotating speed up order sent from the synchronizing device, so as to make the frequency

and the phase of the electric generator reach the requirement for grid connection.

（7） Rehearse Grid Connection Test of Electric Generator

The rehearse grid connection test of electric generator is used to inspect the reliability and accuracy of

the automatic synchronized system. During the test, the disconnecting switch at the power grid side of the

electric generator sends a rehearse grid connection test signal. After receiving the signal, DEH will still

maintain the rotating speed control state, so as to cooperate with electric equipments to perform the ralted

tests.

2.8.9.5 Load Control

2.8.9.5.1 Synchronize with power network for taking initial load. When all the synchronization

conditions have been met, the synchronizing device will send an order to switch on the oil switch, then DEH

will immediately increase the assigned value to make the electric generator take initial load, so as to avoid

appearing reverse-power. When one of the following situations occurs, it will automatically exit from the

synchronization mode:

● The rotating speed is lower than 2950r/min or higher than 3050r/min.

● The grid connection has been completed.

● The turbine has tripped.

2.8.9.5.2 Increasing Load

After the steam turbine generator unit has synchronized with the power network, it can be put into use

when taking basic load. After being put into use, both the target value and the assigned value are shown in

the form of MW. When the power control is not put into use, the target value and the assigned value will be

shown in the form of the percentage of the rated condition. The load rate is set by the operator, with the value

of not exceeding (0～50% of the rated power) MW/min.

Under the CCS control mode, the load varies as per the assigned value. The oil servo-motor varies

following the valve opening under 0.5% straight condensing condition.

2.8.9.5.3 Power Control

Power controller is a PI controller, which is used to compare the set value with the actual power and

control the governing steam valve after calculation. After all of the following conditions have been met, the

operator can execute the control work:

● The switch has been latched on;

● There is no ETS action;

● It is under the state of “automatical control by operator”;

33
 ● Grid connection has been completed;

● There is no “main-steam pressure protection action”;

● The power channel is trouble-free;

If it is not in the “remote control mode”, when any of the following conditions is met, the power control

will be removed:

● The switch is not latched on;

● There is ETS action;

● It is under the “manual state”;

● It has not been synchronized with the power network;

● There is the main-steam pressure protection action;

● The power channel malfunctions;

● It is in the “remote control mode”;

● The PID set value of the power greatly deviates from the measured value (over 10% of the rated

power);

● The “power loop cut-off” button has been pressed down.

2.8.9.5.4 Primary Frequency Modulation

When the turbine generator is under grid-connected operation, in order to ensure that the grid

frequency can meet the requirement of the power supply quality, the function of primary frequency

modulation can be put into use. When the rotating speed of the unit is within the dead zone, the frequency

modulation output will be zero, and the primary frequency modulation will not be actuated. When the rotating

speed is out of the dead zone, the primary frequency modulation will be actuated, and the assigned value of

the frequency modulation will vary with rotating speed as per the diversity factor (the default diversity factor

of the rotating speed is 6%).

Usually, in order to allow the unit to bear rational primary frequency modulation, the diversity rate and

the dead zone of DEH are set consistently with the diversity factor and the delay rate of the hydraulic control

system.

● The diversity rate is adjustable within the range of 3～6%;

● The dead zone is adjustable within the range of 0～30r/min;

● The range of dead zone is 3000± the dead zone value. Along with the increasing of the units that are

equipped with DEH system in the power grid in future, after this kind of units play a predominant role, the

dead zone can be gradually narrowed, so as to improve the power supply quality.

2.8.9.5.5 Secondary Frequency Modulation

34
 When the unit is under single operation or isolated operation, secondary frequency modulation can be

put into use; this is also called isolated power system operation. When the unit is under isolated operation, it

is necessary to place the switch to the “ON” position first; and when the unit is synchronized with the power

network, DEH will automatically enter the isolated network mode:

1， The deviation of the actual rotating speed from the rated rotating speed is more than 30r/min;

2， The accelerated velocity of the rotating speed is over 100r/min/min;

3， OPC is actuated;

4， When the isolated operation is actuated manually (the indicator light of isolation operation turns

red), the target load can be manually increased or reduced on the isolated network control screen; also, it is

available to automatically increase or reduce load through the secondary frequency modulation function, so

as to maintain the rotating speed of the unit at 3000 r/min.

2.8.9.5.6 Load Shedding

As the rotor time constant of the turbine is relatively low, while the volume time constants of the steam

cylinder and the steam pipeline are relatively large; when load shedding occurs, the rotating speed of the

turbine will accelerate rapidly. If it just relies on the rotating speed feedback function of the system, the

maximum rotating speed may probably exceed 110%, which will lead to the occurrence of turbine breaking.

Therefore, a set of load shedding overspeed limitation logic is established.

If load shedding occurs when the oil switch is switched off, the overspeed time relay will be switched on

to be energized, so as to rapidly acuate the overseed solenoid valve, close all the governing steam valves

and at the same time, change the target rotating speed and the assigned rotating speed to 3000r/min. When

the rotating speed is lower than 3000r/min, the overspeed limiting solenoid valve will lose power and the

control valves will recover to be controlled by the servo valve to recover the closed-loop control of rotating

speed. Finally, the rotating speed of the turbine will keep stable at 3000r/min, so as to achieve rapid grid

connection after removing accidents.

2.8.9.5.7 CCS Control

When the following conditions are met, the CCS control can be put into use by the operator:

● It is under the state of “automatic control by operator” ;

● The remote assigned value channel is trouble-free;

● DCS remote control is requested;

● Grid connection has been completed;

● There is no ETS.

Under the mode of CCS, DEH will receive the signals assigned by CCS and remove the load feedback.

35
The realization of CCS removal just needs to meet one of the following conditions:

● It is under the state of “manual operation”;

● The remote assigned value channel is trouble-free;

● DCS remote control is not requested;

● Grid connection is not completed;

● ETS is actuated;

● The button of “remote control removal” has been pressed down.

2.8.9.5.7.1 Fast Run-back

When the turbine generator unit malfunctions, the valve opening will be rapidly reduced, so as to shed

off some loads and prevent the malfunction from expanding. During the period that the fast run-back function

is put into use, when DEH receives the input signal of fast run-back, it will immediately reduce the load to the

corresponding value as per the preset target value and load reducing rate. DEH-NTK has the function of fast

run-back, which is divided into automatic fast run-back and manual fast run-back. The automatic fast

run-back only has one grade, while the manual fast run-back has two grades, i.e., fast run-back rate 1 (which

will rapidly reduce 50% of the rated power per minute, with 20% of the rated power as the target load) and

fast run-back rate 2 (which will rapidly reduce 50% of the rated power per minute, with 50% of the rated

power as the target load).

2.8.9.5.7.1.1 When the following conditions are simultanesouly met, the automatic fast run-back will

be put into use:

● The “automatic fast run-back permission” switch is switched on;

● RUNBACK is true;

● The assigned value of load shedding is over 20% of the rated power.

2.8.9.5.7.1.2 When one of the following conditions is met, the automatic fast run-back will be

removed:

● The “automatic fast run-back permission” switch is switched off;

● RUNBACK is false;

● The assigned value of load shedding is lower than 20% of the rated power.

2.8.9.5.7.1.3 When the following conditions are simultaneously met, the manual fast run-back rate 1

will be put into use:

● The “fast run-back rate 1” button is pressed down;

● The assigned value of load is over 20% of the rated power;

● Grid connection has been completed.

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 2.8.9.5.7.1.4 When the following conditions are simultaneously met, the manual fast run-back rate 1

will be removed:

● The “manual fast run-back reset” button is pressed down;

● Parallel off is performed.

2.8.9.5.7.1.5 For putting the manual fast run-back rate 2 into operation, the following conditions shall

be simultaneously met:

● The “manual fast run-back rate 2” button is pressed down;

● The assigned value of load is over 50% of the rated power;

● Grid connection has been completed.

2.8.9.5.7.1.6 When any one of the following conditions is met, the manual fast run-back rate 2 will be

removed:

● The “manual fast run-back reset” button has been pressed down;

● Parallel off is performed.

2.8.9.5.8 Load Limit

2.8.9.5.8.1 Hight Load Limit

If the load of the turbine generator unit is not expected to be very high during a period of time for some

reasons, the operator can set a high load limit to make the DEH target value keep lower than the

corresponding value of the high load limit.

2.8.9.5.8.2 Low Load Limit

If the load of the turbine generator unit is not expected to be very low during a period of time for some

reasons, the operator can set a low load limit to make the DEH target value keep higher than the

corresponding value of the low load limit.

Attention, the low load limit is usually set as 0MW.

2.8.9.5.9 Valve position Limit

If the valve opening of the turbine generator unit is not expected to be too large during a period of time

for some reasons, the operator can set a valve limit value.

2.8.9.6 Main Steam Pressure Control

The DEH-NTK system has the function of main steam pressure control (i.e., steam turbine pressure

regulating function), which can maintain the main steam pressure at the normal value through adjusting the

openness of the control valves.

2.8.9.6.1 When the following conditions are simultanesouly met, the main steam pressure control can

be put into use:

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 ● It has been latched on;

● There is no ETS action;

● It is under the state of “automatic operation by operator”;

● Grid connection has been completed;

● There is no “main steam pressure protection action”;

● The main steam pressure channel is trouble-free;

● It is not under the “remote control mode”;

● The “main steam pressure control switch-on” button has been pressed down;

2.8.9.6.2 When any one of the following conditions is met, the main steam pressure control will be

removed:

● It has not been latched on;

● ETS has been actuated;

● It is under the “manual state”;

● Grid connection has not been made;

● Main steam pressure protection has been actuated;

● The main steam pressure channel malfunctions;

● It is under the “remote control mode”;

● The “main steam pressure control removal” button has been pressed down;

● The main steam pressure PID set value greatly deviates from the measured value.

2.8.9.7 Main Steam Pressure Protection

In order to avoid that the turbine throttle pressure is over high, a steam pressure protection loop is set

to limit the change of the turbine throttle pressure within the preset pressure scope. When the main steam

pressure reaches to the preset upper limit value, the load increase will blocked; when the main steam

pressure is lower than the preset lower limit value, the valve will be gradually turned down till the main steam

pressure returns to the normal scope.

2.8.9.7.1 The achieving of main steam pressure protection permission shall simultaneously meet the

following conditions:

● It has been latched on;

● There is no ETS action;

● It is under the state of “automatic operation by operator”;

● Grid connection has been completed;

● There is no “main steam pressure protection action”;

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 ● The main steam pressure channel is trouble-free;

● It is not under the “remote control mode”;

● The load is over 10% of the rated power;

● The main steam pressure is within the scope of preset top and bottom limitations;

● The “main steam pressure protection switch-on” button has been pressed down.

2.8.9.7.2 The removal of main steam pressure protection just needs to meet one of the following

conditions:

● It has not been latched on;

● There is ETS action;

● It is under the “manual state”;

● Grid connection has been completed;

● The main steam pressure protection has been actuated;

● The main steam pressure channel malfunctions;

● It is under the “remote control mode”;

● The load is 10% lower than the rated power;

● The “main steam pressure protection removal” button has been pressed down.

2.8.9.7.3 The acuation of main steam pressure high protection shall simultaneously meet the following

conditions:

● The “main steam pressure protection” has been put into use;

● If the main steam pressure is higher than the “preset upper limit value of the main steam pressure”, it

shall be noticed that after the main steam pressure high protection is actuated, the load increasing and

reducing will be blocked; that is, the target value of the load will not be able to be changed.

2.8.9.7.4 The actuation of main steam pressure low protection shall simultaneously meet the

following conditions:

●The “main steam pressure protection” has been put into use;

● If the main steam pressure is lower than the “preset lower limit value of the main steam pressure”, it

shall be noticed that after the main steam pressure low protection is actuated, it will be compulsively

switched into the valve control mode, and simultaneously, the load will be reduced at the rate of 0.5%/s;

when the actual load is 10% lower than the rated load (it is revisible), the main steam pressure low protection

action will be automatically reset.

2.8.9.8 Steam Extraction Control

When the unit is synchronized with the power network to keep stable operation and the load is 30%

39
over the rated load, the steam extraction control loop can be put into use. After that, the operation personnel

can set the target value of steam extraction pressure through the operator station and control the openness

of steam valves, so as to meet the demand for steam extraction load.

DEH-NTK steam extraction can be put into use in two steps: First, the set value of the steam extraction

pressure (which shall be 0.03MP higher than the steam extraction header pipe) shall be set; after clicking the

“steam extraction switch-on preparation” button, the unit enters into the steam extraction preparation status

and the steam extraction control valve will be gradually closed. Then, after the steam extraction pressure

approaches to the set value, the “steam extraction switch-on” button can be clicked, and DEH enters into the

steam extraction control status. The change of steam extraction pressure will simultaneously control the

control valve and the rotating diaphragm. At this time, the motor-operated steam extraction valve will be fully

opened slowly to start steam supply.

When DEH-NTK steam extraction is removed, it is required to first lower the set value of the steam

extraction pressure to reduce the steam extraction amount, and at the same time, the motor-operated steam

extraction valve shall be gradually closed. After the motor-operated steam extraction valve is totally closed,

the “steam extraction removal” button shall be clicked to stop steam extraction.

The switch-on of steam extraction pressure control shall simultaneously meet the following conditions:

● Grid conncection has been completed;

● There is no ETS action;

● It is under the state of “automatic operation by operator”;

● There is no “OPC protection action”;

● The “steam extraction switch-on preparation” button has been pressed down.

If any one of the following conditions is met, the steam extraction pressure control will be removed:

● The steam extraction pressure channel malfunctions;

● The “steam extraction removal” button has been pressed down;

● It is under the “manual operation state”;

● The “steam extraction removal preparation” button has been pressed down;

● ETS has been actuated;

● “OPC protection” has been actuated.

Steam extraction switch-on shall simultaneously meet the following conditions:

● The load is more than 30% and the “steam extraction switch-on” button has been pressed down;

● It is under the state of “automatic operation by operator”;

● The “OPC protection” has been actuated;

40
 ● The “ETS protection” has been actuated;

● Parallel off is performed.

If any one of the following conditions is met, steam extraction will be removed:

● The “steam extraction removal” button has been pressed down;

● It is under the manual operation state;

● The deviation of the steam extraction PID instruction feedback is 50% over the rated value;

● The “OPC protection” is actuated;

● The “ETS protection” is actuated;

● Parallel off is performed;

● The “steam extraction removal preparation” button has been pressed down;

● The “steam extraction removal” button has been pressed down.

2.8.9.10 Overspeed Protection

In order to keep the safety and the reliability of the system, several grades of overspeed protection

have been set in the system:

● DEH overspeed protection 103%

● DEH electric overspeed protection 110%

● Mechanical overspeed protection of emergency trip ring 110～112%

2.8.9.10.1 103% Overspeed

Before grid connection, if the rotating speed is over 3090r/min, the OPC solenoid valve for overspeed

limitation will be rapidly actuated, and all control valves will be closed; when the rotating speed is lower than

3070r/min, the overspeed limitation solenoid valve will loose power, and the regulating valve will recover to

the be controlled by the servo valve, i.e., it will recover to be controlled by the regulating system. After grid

connection, if the rotating speed is over 3090r/min, the OPC solenoid valve for overspeed limitation will be

rapidly actuated, and all control valves will be closed; when the rotating speed is lower than 3070r/min, the

overspeed limitation solenoid valve will loose power, and the regulating valve will recover to the be controlled

by the servo valve, i.e., it will recover to be controlled by the regulating system.

2.8.9.10.2 110% Overspeed

When the rotating speed of the unit exceeds 3300 r/min, DEH will immediately sent a stopping signal

and rapidly close all the main steam valves and the regulating valves through the ETS system.

2.8.9.11 Online Test

2.8.9.11.1 Main Steam Stop Valve Leakage Test

2.8.9.11.1.1 When the turbine is firstly installed or overhauled, it is required to conduct leakage test to

41
main throttle valve.

2.8.9.11.1.2 The switch-on of the main throttle valve leakage test shall simultaneously meet the

following conditions:

● The main throttle valve leakage test switch-on button has been pressed down and is under the

automatic mode;

● There is no latch-on impulse;

● Grid connection has not been made.

2.8.9.11.1.3 Test steps: Click the “main throttle valve leakage test switch-on” button on the overspeed

test screen, then the solenoid valve of the main throttle valve test will loose power after the test has been

started, the main throttle valve will close slowly. After the openness of the main throttle valve is lower than 5,

all control valves will be fully opened and the turbine will coast. At this time, observe whether the rotating

speed is lowered below 1000r/min. After the test is finished, click the button of “main throttle valve leakage

test reset” to exit from the main throttle valve leakage test.

2.8.9.11.2 High-pressure Control Valve Leakage Test

2.8.9.11.2.1 When the turbine is firstly installed or overhauled, it is required to conduct leakage test to

high-pressure control valve.

2.8.9.11.2.2 The test shall simultaneously meet the following conditions:

● The control valve leakage test switch-on button has been pressed down and is under the automatic

mode;

● Grid connection has not been made.

2.8.9.11.2.3 Test steps: Click the “control valve leakage test switch-on” button on the overspeed test

screen, after the main throttle valve has been fully opened, all the control valves will be closed and the

turbine will coast. At this time, observe whether the rotating speed is lowered below 1000r/min. After the test

is finished, click the button of “control valve leakage test reset” to exit from the control valve leakage test.

2.8.9.11.3 Main Throttle Valve Movement Test

2.8.9.11.3.1 In order to ensure the main throttle valve can move reliably when an accident occurs, the

DEH system has the function of providing online movement test for the main throttle valve. It is also available

to conduct local manually-operated main throttle valve movement test through the movable mand wheel on

the automatical closer.

2.8.9.11.3.2 The test shall simultaneously meet the following conditions:

● The “main throttle valve movement test switch-on” button has been pressed down;

● It has been latched on;

42
 ● The power control loop has not been put into use;

● The main steam pressure protection has not been actuated;

●The main steam control loop has not been put into use;

● The fast run-back has not been actuated;

● The travel of the main throttle valve has passed over 98%;

● The travel channel of the main throttle valve is trouble-free;

● The control valve movement test has not been started.

2.8.9.11.4.3 Test steps: Clicck the “main throttle valve movement test switch-on” button on the

movement test screen; then when the solenoid valve of the main throttle valve test is energized after the test

is started, the travel of the main throttle valve will decrease. After the test is finished, click the “main throttle

valve movement test reset” button to exit from the main throttle valve movement test.

2.8.9.11.4 Control Valve Moving Test

2.8.9.11.4.1 In order to ensure the flexibility of the control valves, it is available to provide movement

test for the valves, so as to prevent from jamming.

2.8.9.11.4.2 The test shall simultaneously meet the following conditions:

● The “control valve movement test start” button has been pressed down;

● The control valve has been fully opened;

● The button of “selecting the valve for movement test” has been pressed down.

2.8.9.11.4.3 Test Steps:

Click the button that requirs the test on the movement test screen, and then click the “test start” button.

After the openness of the control valve decreases, click the “test cancel” button. After the test is finished,

click the “test reset” button to exit from the control valve movement test.

2.8.9.11.5 Overspeed Protection Test

When the turbine is firstly installed or overhauled, the accuracy of the overspeed protection action must

be verified, and each type of overspeed protection shall be verified through tests.

The overspeed protection of DEH system is achieved by 3 pieces of OPC overspeed protection cards

through the voting method of choosing two of the three. When the 110% electric overspeed test is put into

use, the overspeed protection constant value of the OPC card will automatically raise to 3302r/min; when the

112% mechanical overspeed test is put into use, the overspeed protection constant value will be

automatically raise to 3362r/min; and when the overspeed test exits, the overspeed protection constant value

will recover to 3300 r/min.

2.8.9.11.5.1 OPC Solenoid valve Test

43
 When the overspeed test screen shows that the unit is under the paralle off state and the rotating

speed is lower than 200r/min, click the button to send an OPC action signal (2s impulse), so as to test

whether the OPC loop is in good condition.

2.8.9.11.5.2 103% Overspeed Test

When overspeed test screen shows that the unit is under the parallel off state, click the “103%

overspeed” button, then the target value of the rotating speed will automatically raise to 3095r/min. When the

actual rotating speed exceeds 3090r/min, the 103% overspeed protection will be actuated, then the target

value of the rotating speed will be automatically set as 3000r/min till the actual rotating speed decreases to

the target value.

2.8.9.11.5.3 110% Overspeed Test

On the overspeed test screen, click the “110% overspeed” button, then the target value of the rotating

speed will be automatically set as 3305r/min. When the actual rotating speed exceeds 3090r/min, the 103%

overspeed protection will not be actuated; while when the actual rotating speed exceeds 3300r/min, the

110% overspeed protection action signal sent from the external to the ETS system will make the unit shut

down through the ETS system. At the same time, if the rotating speed exceeds 3302r/min, the OPC

overspeed protection card will simultaneously output an overspeed shut-down signal.

2.8.9.11.5.4 Mechanical Overspeed Test

On the overspeed test screen, click the “mechanical overspeed” button, then the target value of the

rotating speed will be automatically set as 3365r/min. At this time, both the 103% overspeed protection and

the 110% overspeed protection will be shielded. When the actual rotating speed exceeds 3362r/min, if the

emergency governor is not actuated, the OPC overspeed protection card will be actuated to send a

shutdown signal.

When performing the test, it is required to arrange operation personnel at the site to observe the

situation of the rotating speed and the actuation status of the emergency trip device.

2.8.9.11.5.5 Reset:

On the overspeed test screen, to click the “reset” button can suspend the ongoing overspeed

protection test to make it recover to the pre-test status.

2.8.10 DEH System Operation Instructions

The control of the turbine can be achieved through the operator station. This chapter introduces the

operation of the operator station and the realization of its different functions.

2.8.10.1 General Specification

2.8.10.1.1 Operation Instructions

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 2.8.10.1.1.1 Second Validation

The second validation stated here means that many buttons on the interface will pop up a window after

clicking them to ask for the second validation of the operator.

2.8.10.1.1.2 Grey Button

Grey button means that the operation cannot be implemented. When the conditions are met, the grey

buttons will turn to the normal status and then the button can be operated normally.

2.8.10.1.1.3 Data display

The screen will line out the measurement points on the required positions according to the procedure,

so as to display the numerical values of the points in real time and dynamically, such as temperature,

pressure and openness of control valve, etc.

The color of the measurement points will change with their status and the points will flash and flicker

when alarm occurs.

Status of Status of
NO. Display NO. Display
Measurement Points Measurement Points

Fault of measurement It has ever alarms but

1 Pink ground color 5 White flicker
points has not been

High alarm has been

2 Red flicker High alarm 6 Red
validated.

Low alarm has been

3 Blue flicker Low alarm 7 Blue
validated.

4 Green Normal

2.8.10.1.2 Brief Introduction to the Operation Screen

The screen includes simulated diagrams, operation screens, system configuration diagrams, bar charts

and trend charts, etc.

2.8.10.1.2.1 Home Screen

It is a general view screen, which provides the general situation of the whole system and some

important parameters during system operation. After the operator starts the unit, he or she will automatically

enter into the screen.

2.8.10.1.2.2 Control Screen before Grid Connection

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 It is the rotating speed control screen, which provides the frequently-used operations in the speed

raising process of the turbine, such as “latch-on”, setting “target value of rotating speed” and “speed up rate”,

“proceeding”, “maintaining”, “starting mode”, “valve position limitation” and “automatic synchronization”, etc.

Additionally, it also has the functions such as valve test (valve position calibration), friction inspection and

overspeed test, etc., which can provid the operations during the system debugging stage.

2.8.10.1.2.3 Control Screen after Grid Connection

It is a power control screen, which provides the frequently-used operations in steam extraction control

and the functions such as setting “target value of power” and “variable load rate”, “power loop switching”,

“main steam pressure control”, “main steam pressure protection”, “primary frequency modulation”,

“low-voltage steam extraction pressure setting”, “low-voltage steam extraction preparation switching”,

“low-voltage steam extraction loop switching”, “medium-voltage steam extraction pressure setting”,

“medium-voltage steam extraction preparation switching”, “medium-voltage steam extraction loop switching”,

“manual fast run-back”, “remote switching”, “valve position limitation” and “valve test”, etc.

2.8.10.1.2.4 ETS Screen

It provides the switching operations under various protection conditions, the ETS general protection

switching, the ETS first-out memory reset, the ETS action reset and the interface manual shutdown

operation.

2.8.10.1.2.5 TSI Screen

It provides the function of parameter monitoring for turbine security detection system.

2.8.10.1.2.6 System Configuration Screen

It can tabulate to show a list of the measurement points of DEH system and ETS system, as well as

their real-time data and status. It is available to view the channel status of a module by clicking the specific

module.

2.8.10.1.2.7 Real-time Trend Screen

It provides the real-time curve of some important parameters in the travel process of the turbine,

including rotating speed, power, main steam pressure, control valve command, openness of control valve,

etc. The time frame of the curve is 10 minutes (the content of the curve and the time of the trend chart can be

modified according to the users’ requirements).

2.8.10.1.2.8 Alarm Screen

This screen shows the real-time alarming status of some important parameters in the system in the

form of light indicator, such as OPC action, ETS action and power-lossing alarm, etc.

2.8.10.2 Operation before Grid Connection

46
 The operations before grid connection are mainly completed on the rotating speed control screen.

2.8.10.2.1 Valve position Calibration

Before starting the unit, it is required to check with valve position calibration whether the servo system

is under normal work condition. Click the “entering valve position calibration” button on the “rotating speed

control screen”, and then click the “test switch-on” button on the “valve position calibration” screen to set the

openness of the control valves. Click the “test removal” button after completing the valve position calibration.

2.8.10.2.2 Remote Latch-on

DEH-NTK has the remote latch-on function. Click the “latch-on” button, then the latch-on solenoid valve

will be energized for 30s. During this period, if the latch-on conditions of the unit are met, the latch-on

solenoid valve will lose power. After the unit is latched on, the steam extraction control valve will be fully

opened.

2.8.10.2.3 Selection of Starting Mode

DEH-NTK has three types of starting modes: local start, high-pressure control valve manual start and

high-pressure control valve curve start.

2.8.10.2.3.1 Local Start

If the unit is started for the first time, the starting mode of local start shall be adopted. Before selecting

the local start mode, it is required to confirm that the electric main steam valve and its bypasses have been

entirely closed. Click the “local start” button and then click the “proceeding” button. After the local start is put

into use, it will automatically set the target rotating speed as 2800, and at the same time, the high-pressure

control valve will be opened slowly.

2.8.10.2.3.2 High-pressure control valve manual start

Set the target rotating speed and the speed raising rate through clicking the “high-pressure control

valve manual start” button and then clicking the “rotating speed setting” button. Click the “proceeding” button

to make the unit run under the high-pressure control valve manual start mode.

2.8.10.2.3.3 High-pressure control valve curve start

Click the “high-pressure control valve curve start” button and then click to enter the curve selection

screen; select the corresponding speed up curves (curve 1 corresponds to cold state, curve 2 corresponds to

warm state, curve 3 corresponds to hot state and curve 4 corresponds to very hot state); and then click the

“proceeding” button to make the unit run under the high-pressure control valve curve start mode.

Attention: Before using the high-pressure control valve curve start mode, the speed raising curve shall

be set correctly.

2.8.10.2.4 Friction Inspection

47
 Click the “friction switch-on” button and then click the “proceeding” button to make the unit enter friction

inspection. After the friction inspection is finished, click the “friction switch-on” button to exit from the friction

inspection.

2.8.10.2.5 Overspeed Test

2.8.10.2.5.1 103% Overspeed Test

Click the “enter into overspeed test” button to enter into the overspeed test screen and then click the

“103% overspeed” button to enter the 103% overspeed test; then the target value of the rotating speed will

be automatically set as 3095. After the test is finished, click the reset button to exit from the test.

2.8.10.2.5.2 110% Overspeed Test

Place the overspeed protection switch in ETS to the switch-off position; click the “enter overspeed test”

button to enter into the overspeed test screen; and then click the “110% overspeed” button and then the

“proceed” button to enter into the 110% overspeed test. After that, the target value of the rotating speed will

be automatically set as 3305. After the test is finished, the system will exit from the test.

2.8.10.2.5.3 Mechanical Overspeed Test

Place the “DEH overspeed shutdown (110%)” switch in ETS to the switch-off position; click the “enter

overspeed test” button to enter into the overspeed test screen; and then click the “mechanical overspeed”

button and then the “proceed” button to make the unit enter into the mechanical overspeed test. After that,

the target value of the rotating speed will be automatically set as 3365. After the test is finished, the system

will exit from the test.

2.8.10.2.6 Automatic Synchronization

When the “DEH synchronization control request” is true and the rotating speed is within the range of

2950～3050, click the “synchronization switch-on” button to make achieve automatic synchronization. The

unit will automatically exit from the synchronization status after grid connection.

2.8.10.2.7 Valve Position Limitation

Click the “enter valve position limitation” button to enter into the valve position limitation screen, so as

to set the maximum and the minimum openness of the control valve during the unit running.

2.8.10.3 Operation after Grid Connection

The operation after grid connection is mainly completed on the power control screen.

2.8.10.3.1 Load Control

2.8.10.3.1.1 Valve Position Control

Click the “enter power control” button to enter into the power control screen. After completing grid

connection, the unit will run under the “valve position closed-loop control” mode. Under this mode, the

48
operator can set the load target value, the load increasing rate, the maximum load and the minimum load (all

settings shall be shown in percentage and 100% corresponds to the rated load).

2.8.10.3.1.2 Power Control

Click the “enter power control” button to enter into the power control screen. When conditions for

putting the power closed-loop into service are satisfied, click the “power loop switch-on” button to enter into

the “power loop switch-on” status. Then, the operator can change the load target value, the load raising rate,

the maximum load and the minimum load (all settings take MW as the unit) as required.

2.8.10.3.2 Main Steam Pressure Protection

Click the “enter main steam pressure protection” button to enter into the main steam pressure

protection screen. The operator can set the maximum main steam pressure and the minimum main steam

pressure, and then click the “main steam pressure protection” button to put the main steam pressure

protection into use. When the current pressure exceeds the limiting values, the main steam pressure high

(low) protection action will be actuated.

2.8.10.3.3 Main Steam Pressure Control

Click the “enter main steam pressure control” button to enter into the main steam pressure control

screen. When the main steam pressure control is allowed to be put into operation, click the “main steam

pressure switch-on” button to make the unit enter into the main steam pressure closed-loop control.

2.8.10.3.4 Fast Run-back

Click the “enter fast run-back” button to enter into the fast run-back screen. When placing the automatic

fast run-back switch to the switch-on position and the “automatic fast run-back” signal is true, the fast

run-back 1 will be actuated. Press down the “manual fast run-back 1” button, and then the fast run-back 1 will

be actuated; press down the “manual fast run-back reset” button, and then the manual fast run-back will be

reset.

2.8.10.3.5 Primary Frequency Modulation

The primary frequency modulation can be put into operation by clicking the “frequency switch-on”

button.

2.8.10.3.6 Medium-Pressure Extraction Control

Click the “medium-pressure extraction control” button to open the extraction control screen. Click the

“medium-pressure extraction switch-on preparation” button to enter into the extraction preparation status.

Set the extraction pressure set value a little bit higher than the heat supply network pressure and then click

the “confirm” button, the extraction valve will gradually close. When the actual pressure approaches to the

set value, click the “medium-pressure extraction switch-on” button to put the extraction into operation.

49
 2.8.10.3.7 Movement Test

2.8.10.3.7.1 Control Valve Movement Test

Click the “enter movement test” button to open the movement test screen. Select the movement test

control valve and then click the “test start” button. After the control valve test is finished, click the “off-test

button”. After the test is finished, click the “test reset” button.

2.8.10.3.8 Remote Control

Click the “remote control” button to accept the external remote-control load increasing and reducing

commands.

2.8.10.3.9 Isolated Network Control

On the isolated network control screen, swith on the “isolated network function” switch. When the

isolated network conditions are met, the unit will automatically enter into the isolated network operation. If

load adjustment is required, it is available to modify the “preset target value of isolated network load” to

modify the load target value. When needing to exit from the isolated network function, it is required to switch

off the “isolated network function” switch. (Attention, at this time, the isolated network function of DEH is

invalid.)

2.8.10.4 Other Screen Operations

2.8.10.4.1 ETS Control

Click the “ETS” button at the bottom of the operation screen to enter into the switching monitoring

screen of ETS protection system. Different protections can be put into use according to the actual demands.

When the conditions of a protection action are satisfied, the ETS protection will be actuated and the

corresponding first-out cause indicator light will be lightened.

2.8.10.4.2 TSI Control

Click the “TSI” button at the bottom of the operation screen to enter into the TSI parameter screen,

which shows the status of various important parameters of the current unit.

2.8.10.4.3 Other Screens

2.8.10.4.3.1 The “system configuration” screen is mainly used to observe the status of all measurement

points.

2.8.10.4.3.2 The “trend” screen is mainly used to observe the curve of important parameters within 10

minutes.

2.8.10.4.3.3 The “alarm screen” is mainly used to observe whether there is any important parameter

alarm.

2.8.10.4.3.4 Click the “pop-up button” at the bottom right corner to pop up the parameter screen.

50
 2.8.11 Emergency Trip Protection System (ETS) of Turbine

The ETS system and the DEH system are located in the same control cabinet and are composed of a

pair of independent controller and corresponding I/O card. The ETS turbine emergency trip protection

system is used to monitor some parameters which have significant impacts on the unit safety, so as to close

all the inlet valves of the turbine and then realize emergency shutdown of the unit through the ETS system

when the parameters exceed the safety limits. The ETS system has the functions such as various protection

switching, automatical trip protection and first-out cause memory, etc. When an ETS protection is put into

use and the shutdown conditions are met, the ETS will send out a turbine trip signal to make the AST

solenoid valve be actuated (energized) to immediately close the automatic main steam valve and the control

valve and then to realize emergency shutdown of the unit. The main shutdown items include the ultralimit of

axial displacement caused by turnbine overspeed, low bearing lubricating oil pressure, high oil return

temperature, high bearing bush temperature, manual shutdown, electric generator failure and vibration

ultralimit.

It shall be paid attention that in actual operation, the switching of different protection conditions shall

base on the turbine operation protection instructions and the actual situations. The ETS operation is mainly

completed on the switching monitoring screen of the ETS protection system. After entering into the ETS

screen, the status of important parameters will be shown on the top of the screen, and the operator can

intuitively monitor the status of the pamaters sent into the ETS sytem, such as the shutdown signal caused

by low lubriacating oil pressure and the rotating speed and vibration of the main steam valve, etc. The

bottom of the ETS screen is the switching control and monitoring zone of ETS.

2.8.11.1 Control on protection switching

2.8.11.1.1 Protection against low lubricating oil pressure

After two-out-of-three processing, three lubricating oil pressure shutdown switching values are “true”;

and when it is switched to ETS general protection and the protection against the low lubricating oil pressure,

send out the shutdown command for the protection against the low lubricating oil pressure.

2.8.11.1.2 Protection against generator-transformer unit malfunction The switching value of

electrical request for shutdown is “true”, and when it is switched to ETS general protection and the protection

against the generator-transformer unit malfunction, send out the shutdown command for the protection

against the generator-transformer unit malfunction.

2.8.11.1.3 Protection against steam turbine overspeed

Three rotating speed signals respectively determine whether the shutdown value (3300r/min) has been

exceeded. After two-out-of-three processing, three signals of shutdown status due to overspeed are “true”;

51
when it is switched to ETS general protection and the protection against the steam turbine overspeed, send

out the shutdown command for the protection against the steam turbine overspeed.

2.8.11.1.4 Protection against bearing’s return oil temperature

When any one of four bearing’s return oil temperatures is higher than the shutdown value, and when it

is switched to ETS general protection and the protection against the bearing’s return oil temperature, send

out the shutdown command for the protection against the high return oil temperature. (If the channel sensor

is disconnected, then the shutdown signal will not be sent out).

2.8.11.1.5 Protection against thrust shoe’s return oil temperature

When the return oil temperature of either positive thrust shoe or negative thrust shoe is higher than the

shutdown value, and when it is switched to ETS general protection and the protection against the thrust

shoe’s return oil temperature, send out the shutdown command for protection against the high return oil

temperature of thrust shoe. (If the channel sensor is disconnected, then the shutdown signal will not be sent

out).

2.8.11.1.6 Protection against axial displacement

When the axial displacement exceeds the shutdown value, and when it is switched to ETS general

protection and the protection against the axial displacement, send out the shutdown command for protection

against the out-of-limit caused by axial displacement.

2.8.11.1.7 Protection against high temperature of thrust shoe

When any one of ten thrust shoe temperatures is higher than the shutdown value, and when it is

switched to ETS general protection and the protection against the thrust shoe temperature, send out the

shutdown command for the protection against high temperature of thrust bearing. (If the channel sensor is

disconnected, then the shutdown signal will not be sent out).

2.8.11.1.8 Protection against high temperature of radial bearing

When any one of four radial bearing temperatures is higher than the shutdown value, and when it is

switched to ETS general protection and the protection against the high temperature of radial bearing, send

out the shutdown command for the protection against the high temperature of radial bearing. (If the channel

sensor is disconnected, then the shutdown signal will not be sent out).

2.8.11.1.9 Double emergency shutdown buttons on the console

Press emergency shutdown buttons on the console simultaneously; and the shutdown command will

be directly sent out, in which way the shutdown command can be sent out without switching to any protection

function.

2.8.11.1.10 On-screen emergency shutdown button

52
 The on-screen emergency shutdown button is at the right lower part of ETS screen. When the button is

pressed and when it is switched to ETS general Protection, the shutdown command will be sent out.

2.8.11.2 First-out control

ETS of DEH-NTK is equipped with “First Out” function, i.e. it can remember the first signal that causes

the shutdown of ETS and provides basis for user’s analysis on shutdown causes.

2.8.11.3 ETS Operation

Users should determine whether they need to switch to one of ETS protection functions based on

instruction manual and actual conditions of the unit. When ETS actuates, “ETS Protection Actuation”

indicator is in red, meanwhile AST solenoid valve will actuate (power on) and the unit’s all control valves and

main steam valves will close. When ETS system detects the close of the main steam valves, it will

automatically reset AST solenoid valve (power off), at which time ETS protection devices still actuate. When

all conditions causing ETS are not met, the operator can press “ETS Reset” button to reset ETS, or ETS will

still in actuation state.

When one condition causing ETS actuation is met, the operator cannot reset ETS. Note that it shall be

guaranteed that the power supply of DC220V fed in ETS system should work properly and DC220V BC

inside the cubicle should be switched on.

Note: when ETS is not included in DEH-NTK system, the user should design the complete set and the

manufacturer will only provide protection values.

2.8. 12 Adjustment and test of DEH system

Refer to the adjustment system instruction manual for the adjustment and the test of hydraulic security

system

2.8.12.1 Commissioning of DEH system in static state

2.8.12.1.1 DEH system valve-pulling test

After successful commissioning of the oil system, mark the minimum and maximum position of the

oil-driven machine using valve position controller; then mark the valve position of the oil-driven machine with

the valve pulling test function of DEH system.

2.8.12.1.2 ETS system test

The test refers to after the protection signal of the steam turbine is sent out, electromagnetic protection

devices will actuate and such protection valves as the main steam valve, the regulating steam valve, LP

rotating diaphragm, supplementary steam valve will close.

2.8.12.2 Commissioning of DEH system in operational state

After the completion of the commissioning of DEH system in static state, and when the steam turbine is

53
under the startup condition, the unit can be started according to the startup procedure. When the rotating

speed of the unit is stable, the commissioning in operational state can be performed. After successful

electrical tests of the generator, the unit can be connected to the grid, with load.

2.8.12.2.1 Startup

After the pipe and the machine is heated according to procedures, start HP and LP oil system to supply

oil. Start the unit to the constant speed. During the speed-up process, when the outlet oil pressure of the

main oil pump is slight higher than the outlet oil pressure of the HP electric oil pump, gradually turn down the

outlet valve of the HP electric oil pump until the valve is about to be closed; and stop the HP electric oil pump.

It is recommended that onsite manual startup be utilized for the first start of a new unit. When the

minimum controlled rotating speed is reached, DEH system will control the unit to reach the constant speed.

After successful tightness test of the main steam valve and the steam control valve, manual startup by an

operator or automatic start can be utilized. The startup mode can be selected on LCD screen. During the

startup process, the speedup modes can be switched between “Hold” and “Proceed” for the speedup

process.

Before the unit is connected to the grid, the control system operates in the rotating-speed control mode,

at which time the pressure and power regulator are in tracking state. There are three ways for the system to

speed up: local start, manual start with HP control valve, and start with HP control valve curve. The three

ways are lockout between each other, i.e. in a certain state, the unit can only be started with one of the

modes. When the local start is performed, the automatic main steam valve and the HP control valve are

opened fully and the electrical main steam valve closes, so that the speedup is realized through a bypass

valve manually. When the rotating speed reaches 2800 rpm, it is switched to the manual start with the HP

control valve, at which time the HP control valve begin to close and the MP control valve is still opened fully.

Open the electrical main steam valve again. When the manual start by the HP control valve is performed, the

electric main steam valve, the automatic main steam valve and the LP control valve are opened fully and the

HP control valve is closed fully. The operator enters the target valve and the speedup rate, DEH controls the

rotating speed through adjusting the opening of the HP control valve; the operator may also make fine

adjustment to the rotating speed and rate with a fine-tuning button.

The start with the HP control valve curve is similar to the manual start by the HP control valve, except

that the target value and the speedup rate do not need to be entered manually; but the operator only needs

to select a curve for the startup based on the current thermal state; the operator may also make fine

adjustment to the rotating speed and rate with a fine-tuning button.

The rotating speed control circuit can guarantee that the unit will automatically and quickly pass the

54
critical rotating speed range. After the steam turbine is connected to the grid, the turbine's power or steam

pressure is controlled with the main steam control valve as needed. DEH system has the interface which can

be connected with an automatic synchronizer, with which the automatic synchronization adjustment of the

generator is realized, making the turbine’s rotating speed adapted to the grid’s frequency, so as to realize the

generator’s automatic synchronous grid-connection; or the automatic synchronous grid-connection will be

realized by the operator with the help of the synchronization indicator. DEH receives the synchronous

increase and decrease signal from the automatic synchronization device and increase and decrease the

target value of the rotating speed (increase or decrease the target value by one rpm on receiving increase

and decrease rising edge one time), so that the unit’s output frequency, phase and other parameters are

constant with that of the grid to meet the requirements of the grid connection.

2.8.12.2.2 Main parameters evaluation and setting during the operation Observe some parameters

during the operation with constant speed to determine whether they are the design values.

2.8.12.2.3 ETS system test

The test aims to demonstrate the reliability of the hydraulic loop after there is protection signal in the

I&C protection circuit. The electromagnetic protection devices will actuate and such protection valves as the

main steam valve, the regulating steam valve, the LP rotating diaphragm (suitable for adjustable steam

extraction unit), supplementary steam valve (suitable for supplementary steam unit) will close. The signal

can be sent out in simulated state.

2.8.12.2.4 Grid connection with load on the unit

After the completion of no-load test, the unit can be connected to the grid, with load, according to the

operation procedures. The target load and rate can be set on the operating screen with the load control

function. The load control modes can be switched to power control or valve position control mode. The power

control mode is to feed back the actual power, while the valve position control mode is to feed back the valve

position control command. In the mode of valve position control, there will be some difference between the

target power and the actual power. These two load modes can be switched on in an on-line way. As to a

small unit, the valve position control mode is sufficient enough to meet the operation requirements.

The default mode of the controller is the valve position control mode. If the power feedback signal is

proper, the power control mode can be switched on. When the power signal fails, the valve position control

mode will be automatically switched on. It may participate in a frequency modulation or remove a frequency

modulation in both power control and valve position control mode.

2.8.12.2.5 Switch to extraction

Make good preparation before switching to steam extraction. The unit is with some load (30% rated

55
load). Enter the required extraction pressure value. When the extraction pressure reaches the setting value,

the extraction control can be switched on, at which time, the steam can be supplied by opening the valve of

an extraction pipe. Note: the extraction switching process of the double extraction unit is the same as that of

a single extraction unit.

2.8.13．Notes regarding DEH-NTK system operation

Refer to the instruction manual of the steam turbine regulating system.

Section III Accessories

3.1 Oil cooler

Item Unit Code and data Remarks

Model NT150S CD-10 2 sets in total

Cooling area m2 43.2

Quantity of steel
Piece -
pipes

Oil capacity of oil

m3/h 72
cooler

Cooling water t/h 140

Inlet and outlet

-
oil temperature

Nanjing Turbine
Manufacturer
Factory

Manufacture date Date

3.2 Condenser

Item Unit Data Remarks

Model N-5100-6

Surface type with

Type
double flow path

Cooling area 5100

Cooling water t/h 11500

Quantity Piece 8726

Cooling water
Normally 33℃
temperature

56
 Allowable 0.3MPa

pressure in water

chamber

Nanjing Turbine
Manufacturer
Factory

Manufacture
Date
date

3.3 High pressure heater

Code
Item Unit
#1 #2

Model JG-260-Ⅰ JG-260-Ⅱ

Design pressure
MPa 2.1 3.6
at steam side

Design pressure
MPa 18 18
at water side

Max. working
MPa 1.85/14.7 3.17/14.7
pressure

Pressure of the
MPa --/-- --/--
pressure test

Heat exchange
m2 260 260
area

Temperature (at
℃ 350/250 420/280
steam side)

Temperature (at
℃ 220 250
water side)

Weight Kg 14100 14600

Manufacturer Taixing Ningxing Machinery Co., Ltd of Nanjing Turbine Group

3.4 Low pressure heater

Code
Item Unit

Model BIU1000- BIU1000- BIU1000-

57
 2.5/0.8-170-3. 2.5/0.4-170-3. 2.5/0.1-185-3.

626-19-6Ⅱ 626-19-6Ⅱ 626-19-6Ⅱ

Design pressure
MPa 0.8 0.4 0.1
at steam side

Design pressure
MPa 2.5 2.5 2.5
at water side

Max. working
MPa 0.7/2.0 0.3/2.0 -0.05/2.0
pressure

Pressure of the
MPa --/-- --/-- --/--
pressure test

Heat exchange
m2 170 170 185
area

Temperature (at
℃ 260 180 95
steam side)

Temperature (at
℃ 165 135 85
water side)

Weight Kg 5259 5293 5462

Manufacturer Nanjing Turbine & Electric Machinery (Group) Co., Ltd.

3.5 Water-jet ejector

Item Unit Code and data Remarks

Model TD-32 2 sets

Working water pressure MPa 0.36

Working water t/h 420

Working water
℃ 20
temperature

Air exhaust volume kg/h 32 Dry air

Pressure in suction
MPa 0.004
chamber

Nanjing Turbine & Electric

Manufacturer
Machinery (Group) Co., Ltd.

3.6 Steam seal heater

58
 Item Unit Code and data Remarks

Model JQ-46-5

Steam pressure MPa -

Steam flow t/h -

Steam
℃ -
temperature

Air exhaust and

kg/h 173 Dry air
suction volume

Pressure in
MPa 0.1
suction chamber

Cooling water
t/h 139.7
flow

Heating area ㎡ 46

Nanjing Turbine & Electric

Manufacturer
Machinery (Group) Co., Ltd.

3.7 Condensate pump and supporting motor

Pump Supporting motor

Item Unit Code and data Item Unit Code and data

Model 6.5LDTN-8 Model AEUVF3-4

Flow m3/h 220 Rated power kW 132

Pressure head m 120 Rated current A 330

Allowable m 2.3 Rated voltage V 400

net positive

suction head

Shaft power kW 102.7 Rated rotating r/min 1480

speed

Rotating r/min 1480 Frequency HZ 50

speed

Efficiency % 70 Connection --

Factory No. Weight kg --

59
3.8 Feedwater pump and supporting motor

Pump Supporting motor

Item Unit Code and data Item Unit Code and

data

Model MSTR300-190*8 Model AEXK500-2

Flow m3/h 290 Rated power kW 1600

Pressure m 1560 Rated current A 145.45

head

Allowable net m 6 Rated voltage V 11000

positive suction

head

Shaft power kW - Rated rotating r/min 2980

speed

Rotating speed r/min 2980 Frequency HZ 50

Efficiency % 80.5 Connection -

Factory No. Weight kg -

3.9 Water-jet pump and supporting motor

Pump Supporting motor

Item Unit Code and Item Unit Code and data

data

Model 250S-39 Model AEEVF3-4P-75K

Flow m3/h 420 Rated power kW 75

Pressure head m 36 Rated current A 187.5

Allowable net m - Rated V 400

positive suction voltage

head

Shaft power kW - Rated r/min 1480

rotating

speed

Rotating speed r/min 1480 Frequency HZ 50

Factory No. Weight kg 1359

60
 3.10 Jacking oil pump and supporting motor

Pump Supporting motor

Item Unit Code and data Item Unit Code and data

L10VS045DR/31R-PPA12
Model Model YX3-180L-4(AC)/Z2-72(DC)
N00

Max.
Rated
working MPa -- kW 22
power
pressure

Outlet Rated
MPa -- A 55(AC)/232.6(DC)
pressure current

Factory Rated
V 400(AC)/110(DC)
No. voltage

Rated

Flow L/min -- rotating r/min 1465(AC)/1500(DC)

speed

3.11 HP speed-regulating oil pump and supporting motor and main oil tank

Pump Supporting motor

Code and
Item Unit Item Unit Code and data
data

Model 3GJ160x3-46 Model YB315S-6

Flow L/ min 180 Rated power kW 75

Pressure
m 150 Rated current A 187.5
head

Efficiency % -- Rated voltage V 400

Shaft Rated rotating

kW -- r/min 1000
power speed

Rotating
r/min 1000 Frequency HZ 50
speed

Volume of
m3 14 Weight kg 540
main oil tank

3.12 AC lubricating oil pump and supporting motor

61
 Pump Supporting motor

Code and
Item Unit Item Unit Code and data
data

Model 80LY-50 Model YB160M2-2

Flow L/ min 45 Rated power kW 15

Pressure
m 50 Rated current A 37.5
head

Efficiency % -- Rated voltage V 400

Rated rotating
Shaft power kW -- r/min 2950
speed

Rotating speed r/min 2950 Frequency HZ 50

Factory No. Weight kg 470

3.13 DC lubricating oil pump and supporting motor

Pump Supporting motor

Code and Code and

Item Unit Item Unit
data data

Model 80LY-50Z Model Z2-52

Flow L/ min 750 Rated power kW 13

Pressure head m 50 Rated current A --

Efficiency % -- Rated voltage V 110

Rated rotating
Shaft power kW -- r/min 3000
speed

Rotating speed r/min 3000 Frequency HZ 50

3.14 Turning gear motor

Supporting motor

Item Unit Code and data

Model Y13132M-4

Power kW 7.5

Voltage V 380-660

Current A 15.4/8.9

Rotating speed r/min 1440

62
 Rotating speed of
r/min 4.3
turning gear

Dongfang Steam Turbine

Manufacturer
Factory

3.15 Fume exhauster and supporting motor

Exhauster Supporting motor

Item Unit Code and Item Unit Code and data

data

Model 2FDHB-7-3 Model YB100L-2

Flow m3/h 420 Rated power kW 3

Total pressure Pa 4200 Rated current A 7.5

Shaft kW -- Rated rotating r/min 2880

power speed

3.16 Rubber-ball pump

Pump Supporting motor

Item Unit Code and Item Unit Code and data

data

Model 125JQ-15 Model Y160M-4

Flow m3/h 90 Rated power kW 11

Pressure m 21 Rated current A 27.5

head

Efficiency % 70 Rated voltage V 400

Shaft kW 9.24 Rated rotating r/min 1460

power speed

Rotating speed r/min 1460 Frequency HZ 50

Ball screen SF-1400Ⅱ Ball collector ZQ-24

Chapter 2 Turbine Startup

Section I Important Operating Principles

1 The following operation can only be done with the participation of the supervisor of the

discipline or professional technicians:

63
 1.1 First startup after an overhaul or a minor repair; first start up of a new unit.

1.2 Overspeed test of a unit.

1.3 Load shedding test.

1.4 Regulating system test.

2 Startup of a unit is forbidden in the following conditions:

2.1 When the actuation of the emergency security device is improper, and the automatic main steam

valve, the speed regulating valve and the extraction check valve is jamming or can not be closed tightly;

when the rotating diaphragm, electric-hydraulic converter is jamming or can not be closed tightly;

2.2 When there is obvious friction in the moving parts of the turbine or the generator;

2.3 When auxiliary oil pump, jacking oil pump system or turning gear is out of order;

2.4 In case that the temperature difference between the upper and the lower cylinder at the regulation

stage area of the cylinder exceeds 50℃;

2.5 When such main instruments as the axial displacement meter, the relative expansion meter, the

revolution meter, the important metal thermometer, the main steam pressure gauge and thermometer is out

of order;

2.6 When the vacuum of the turbine can not be kept at -61kPa;

2.7 When the oil is unqualified or the oil level is lower than the normal level (0mm);

2.8 When the operation without load can not be kept or the rotating speed can not be controlled after

removing full load;

2.9 When automatic protection devices are out of order;

2.10 When shaft swinging value is not more than 0.03mm (the original swinging value permitted by the

rotor temperature is not more than 0.05mm);

2.11 When DCS is out of order;

2.12 When DEH system is out of order;

2.13 When the return oil of any one of bearings is not proper.

Section II Preparation before Startup

1. The chief operator should notice the on-duty persons at each post after receiving the shift

supervisor’s command of the preparation for the turbine startup.

2. The on-duty persons at each post should check the standby devices in detail before the startup.

Confirm that the maintenance has been completed, that the device and the site are tidy, and that the relevant

safety measures have been recovered.

64
 3. Notice the I&C staff to supply each protection power supply and each instrument’s power supply,

switch to all alarm signal power supply for each meter and dial; the protection value should be correct and

the I&C electric interlock switch should be in the correct position.

4. Notice the I&C staff to energize DEH devices for two hours preheating; check if DPU (distributed

processing unit) and I/O (input and output interface) interface work properly; monitor if the voltage output of

each measuring point is proper and if the switching value is proper.

5. Contact the relevant staff in the engineer station to check if the operator station works properly,

including communication, point state etc.

6. Check if each valve is in the correct position.

Section III Check before Startup

3.1 Turbine’s regulating security oil system

3.1.1 Discharge the accumulated water and sediments at the bottom of the oil tank and the oil cooler.

The blowdown valve of the oil tank should be closed and the emergency oil-drain valve should be closed

tightly.

Start the fume exhauster and the damper should be proper.

3.1.2 The oil level in the oil tank should be proper and check the local oil level indicator.

3.1.3 Trial run of inlet of the speed-regulating oil pump (AC HP speed-regulating oil pump). LP AC and

DC lubricating oil pump work properly.

3.1.4 Switch to open the oil inlet and outlet valve of the oil cooler, close the water inlet valve and open

the water outlet valve. As to the standby oil cooler, open the oil inlet valve, close the oil outlet valve, close the

water inlet valve, and open the water outlet valve. One side of the lubricating oil filter should be in operation

state, while the other side should be in standby state. Close the oil drain valve and the vent of the filter

screen.

3.2 Main steam pipe and its drainage system

3.2.1 The automatic main steam valve should be closed tightly and “Main Steam Valve Closed” indicator

in DEH main screen should be on.

3.2.2 Close the primary and the secondary valve of the electrical main steam valve and the bypass valve;

close the water drain valve and open the anti-corrosion valve.

3.2.3 Open the drain valve from the steam conduit, the speed regulating valve, the cylinder and each

stage’s extraction valve behind the main steam valve to the body’s drain flash tank (the relevant drain valves

of HP cylinder in hot state should be opened before the impulse starting).

65
 3.2.4 The relevant valves from the main steam to the flange bolt heating device should be closed.

3.2.5 Open the drain valve used for the startup and the normal drain valve along the main steam

pipeline. (The drain valve used for the startup is used to drain the accumulated water in the pipe before the

startup, which should be closed after the water is drained out).

3.3 Extraction system

3.3.1 The pneumatic check valve of three-section extraction to the deaerator extraction header should

be in close position, with the electrical valve closed and the drain valve before the valve opened.

3.3.2 One, two, three and four-section extraction check valves should be in the close position, with the

relevant drain valve opened.

3.3.3 Open the steam inlet valve of the LP heater #3, ＃2 and ＃1; and open the relevant drain valve.

Start them randomly.

3.3.4 The water inlet and outlet valve of HP heater #1 and #2 should be in open position. The water

drain valve should be closed. Open the valve of the drain valve of the HP heater #2 to the HP heater #1.

Open the drain valve of the HP heater to LP heater. Close the drain valve to the HP deaerator. Start the

automatic drainage regulation. Close the primary and secondary valve of the emergency drain valve. Close

the primary and secondary drain valve at the steam side.

3.3.5 Open the relevant air valves of the LP heater set.

3.3.6 Open the valve of the water drain of the LP heater #1 to the condenser.

3.3.7 Open the valve of the extraction check valve’s linkage system; close the blowdown valve of the

water filter.

3.4 Steam seal system

3.4.1 Close the manual steam seal valve before a new steam header.

3.4.2 Close the manual valve of auxiliary steam to the front and rear steam seal.

3.4.3 Start the steam supply console of shaft seal, then drain the water；heat the pipe until the manual

steam inlet valve of the front and rear shaft seal.

3.5 Water-jet ejecting system

3.5.1 After the water-jet pond has been supplemented with water, regulate the inlet and outlet valve so

that it maintains the water level above the normal value;

3.5.2 Open the water inlet valve of water-jet pump #1 and #2, the water injection valve of the pump body,

and the vent of the pump body. After the water comes out of the vent, close the vent;

3.5.3 Open the air valves at both sides of the condenser. Close the vacuum breaking valve and apply

the water seal. Open the air valve of the water-jet ejector.

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 3.6 Condensate system

3.6.1 Open the inlet valve of the condensate pump #1 and #2 and the vent of the condensate pump;

close the water outlet valve of the condensate pump.

3.6.2 Open the water inlet and outlet valve of the steam seal heater and close the bypass valve (the

bypass valve can be used to restrict the flow depending on the flow condition).

3.6.3 Open the water inlet and outlet valve of each LP heater and close the bypass valve.

3.6.4 Open the water outlet valve used for the startup of the condensate pump, and close the valve to

underground drain.

3.7 Check of flange bolt heating device

3.7.1 Close the primary & secondary steam supply valve and the main valve of a new steam pipe.

3.7.2 Close the primary & secondary high-temperature steam inlet-valve of the flange heating header.

3.7.3 Close the steam return valve of the lower right flange and the one of the upper right flange; close

the steam return valve of the lower left flange and the one of the upper left flange. Close the steam return

valve of the right bolt and the one of the left bolt.

3.7.4 Open the valve of the drain of the header to the drain flash tank. Open the valve of the water drain

of the header to the condenser; close them after the drain valve has drained out the water.

3.7.5 Check the safety valve for its proper function.

3.8 Check of circulating water and service water system

3.8.1 Open the circulating water inlet valve of the condenser; restrict the flow of outlet valve.

3.8.2 Open the water inlet main valve of oil cooler and close the inlet valve.

3.8.3 Open the cooling water outlet valve of the oil cooler.

3.8.4 Close the air and the cooling water inlet valve of the generator and open the water outlet valve.

3.8.5 Open the service water main valve and open the cooling water valve to the bearing of each

auxiliary machine.

Section IV Tests of Auxiliary Oil Pump and Regulating System

4.1 Trial run of the LP oil pump and the emergency oil pump respectively. Check if the operation

conditions are proper; gradually adequately open the oil outlet valve and perform the following

checks:

4.1.1 The pressure of the bearing lubricating oil is proper;

4.1.1 The flow of the bearing oil of each pipe is proper;

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 4.1.2 The oil level in the tank is proper;

4.1.3 The oil system should be free from leakage;

4.1.4 When the conditions are OK, keep the LP oil pump in operation and take the emergency oil pump

as an interlocking standby.

4.1.5 Start the fume exhauster.

4.2. Switch to turning gear

4.2.1 Start the jacking oil pump.

4.2.2 Open the oil inlet valve of the turning gear; separately start the motor of the turning gear and stop it

after checking for its proper function;

4.2.3 Run the motor, and pull the handwheel of the turning gear with a backgear anticlockwise, making

the handle move to the limit switch so that the turning gear are engaged in place;

4.2.4 Start the motor of the turning gear, and check if the moving parts of the turning gear and the turbine

generator sound properly;

4.2.5 It should not be less than 2 hours for the turning of the turbine in the cold-state startup; it should

not be less than 4 hours for the turning in the hot-state startup. Before switching to the turning, switch to the

jacking oil pump first. Check for the proper oil pressure and if there is oil leakage.

4.2.6 Measure the bending value of the shaft.

4.3 Start the HP oil pump. After checking for its proper function, adequately open the outlet valve; stop

the LP oil pump and check for the proper pilot oil pressure and proper oil flow in each pipe.

4.4 Conduct a low oil-pressure linkage test and a low oil-pressure trip test of the turning according to the

procedures. After the successful tests, keep the HP oil pump and the turning gear in operation. Switch to the

“Interlock” of the oil pump.

4.5 Speed-regulating system test

4.5.1 Complete “Close Main Steam Valve” program on the main screen of DEH and check for the state

of each indicator on the main screen:

①Indicator for stop should be on;

②Indicator for “Close Main Steam Valve” should be on and other indicators should be off;

③The Display for each parameter of DEH should indicate zero;

4.5.2 Local “Latch”. DEH should display “Latched” to indicate the completion of the latch. Check if the

HP control valve is in closed position and if the rotating diaphragm for steam extraction is in

adequate-opening position.

4.5.3 Cooperate with the I&C and electric staff in relevant I&C protection and linkage tests.

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 4.5.4 Cooperate the I&C staff in the static test of the HP and MP control valve and keep the records.

Section V Pipe Heating

5.1 After the completion of each check performed before the startup, report to the shift supervisor. With

the permission from the shift supervisor, heat the pipe to the part before the electric main steam valve.

5.2 Gradually open the bypass valve of the main steam valve and gradually increase the pressure in the

pipe to 0.1961～0.2942MPa. Heat the pipe for 20～30 minutes, then gradually increase the main steam

pressure to the rated values as per the pressure-increase rates stipulated in the following table:

Pressure

range (in 0.3-0.6 0.6-1.5 1.5-3.9 3.9-8.83

MPa)

Pressure-incr

ease speed 0.05 0.10 0.2 0.5

(in MPa/min)

5.3 Notes regarding the pipe heating process:

5.3.1 Cooperate in the adjustment using the drain valve and steam inlet valve, and control the

temperature rise rate not to exceed 2.8~3.2℃/min.

5.3.2 Frequently check the steaming condition of the main steam pipe and anti-corrosion steam valve.

5.3.3 Check the pipe expansion and the hanger & support conditions.

5.3.4 During the temperature rise and pressure increase process, the water drain valve should be

properly turned down.

5.3.5 When operating the bypass of the main steam valve, note that first open the primary valve, then

the secondary valve, but close them in reverse order.

Section VI Startup and Switching of Auxiliary Devices

While heating the main steam pipe, the following operations can be conducted:

6.1 Start condensing system and vacuumize

6.1.1 Refill the condenser with the water to 3/4 water level of the water gauge. Start the condensate

pump on DCS control screen and regulate the water level of the condenser to the normal value with the

recirculating control valve.

6.1.2 Introduce the circulating water to the condenser.

6.1.3 Vacuumize the condenser.

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 1) Close the vacuum breaking valve;

2) Start the water-jet pump on DCS control screen;

3) Check if the vacuum is increasing gradually;

6.1.4 Supply the steam to the shaft seal (the duration should be proper to prevent the increase of

differential expansion); note that the temperature difference between the upper and the lower cylinder should

be ≤50℃.

1) Drain the water from all shaft seal’s steam sources and heat the whole pipeline (because there

are two lines of steam supply in the shaft seal’s steam supply system, before the operation, carefully

decide the way of steam supply based on the way of startup to ensure adequate pipe heating and

draining for the system)

2) Switch to steam seal heater, at which time the pressure in the steam seal’s extraction chamber

(air and steam mixture chamber) is about 0.095MPa. Pay attention to regulate the water level in the shaft

heater.

2) Adjust the steam supply from the shaft seal’s steam inlet valve to the front and the rear shaft seal.

4) Keep the pressure of the steam seal between 0.03～0.08MPa. Monitor that the vacuum in the

condenser should increase gradually and stay at 0.067MPa or so.

Section VII Startup and Speedup (at sliding parameters)

7.1 Necessary conditions before impulse starting:

7.1.1 The pressure in the boiler should be increased above 0.2~0.4MPa absolute pressure and with the

degree of superheat over 50℃.

7.1.2 The vacuum in the condenser should be above -0.067MPa.

7.1.3 The regulating oil pressure should be 1.80-1.96MPa, while the lubricating oil pressure should be

0.08～0.15MPa. Each bearing oil flow should be proper.

7.1.4 The outlet oil temperature of the oil cooler should be above 35℃.

7.1.5 The jacking oil pressure at each bearing should be higher than 9.8MPa.

7.1.6 The insulation of the motor should be qualified.

7.1.7 The turning gear should work properly and the swinging of rotor should be qualified.

7.1.8 Confirm that the control system of DEH works properly.

7.1.9 Confirm that set the “Automatic/manual” switch to “Automatic”; set the “Overspeed Protection”

switch to “Switch”; and the length of travel of the speed-regulating valve is “0”.

7.1.9 Protection switches for axial displacement, low lubricating oil pressure, large differential expansion,

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high temperature of bearing return oil and high temperature of thrust shoe are in operation (The protection

against the low vacuum and the trip will be switched on after the generator is connected to the grid).

7.2 Requirements on the startup at sliding parameters

7.1.1 The main steam system of turbine and boiler should be separated in units for the operation. Start

at the sliding parameters with pressure method.

7.1.2 It is required that the temperature rise and pressure increase of the boiler be done according to the

sliding-parameter start curve so as to strictly control the temperature rise rate.

7.1.3 Under any pressure, the degree of superheat should be above 50℃, and the main steam

temperature should be higher than the temperature of the outer wall of the lower cylinder at the regulating

stage by 50℃ or above.

7.3 Principled startup parameters and definitions

Start Startup
Definition Startup parameter
state time

Pressure: 1.96Mpa; steam

Cool All except the hot state are cold temperature: 280±10℃;
210min
state state degree of superheat: 50℃

or above

The temperature of upper cylinder

wall at the velocity-compounded stage

of the front cylinder should not be less

Hot Pressure: 6MPA; steam
than 300℃; the temperature of the 80min
state temperature: 480±10℃
lower cylinder wall should not be less

than 250℃, or the shutdown period

should be within 12H

7.3 Impulse starting at sliding parameters

7.3.1 Impulse starting in DEH operator automatic mode, with load:

(1) Complete relevant checks and tests.

(2) Latch of turbine.

(3) Open the automatic main steam valve and heat the pipe until before the control valve.

(4) The steam pressure should be 1.96MPa and the steam temperature should be above 280℃.

Properly turn down the drain valve of the steam conduit to make the preparation for the impulse starting.

(5) DEH should conduct the speedup as per the following table in principle.

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A Cool state

Speedup Duratio
No. Stage Remarks
rate n

Impulse starting

1 0～500r/min 100r/min/min 5min and overall

check

Heat the
2 500r/min 5min
“Maintain” machine

3 1200～1350r/min 100r/min/min 10 min Speedup

Heat the
4 1350r/min 15min
“Maintain” machine

DEH

automatically

and quickly
5 2300r/min 100r/min/min 10min
passes the

critical value of

300r/min

Heat the
6 2300r/min 15min
“Maintain” machine

7 3000r/min 100r/min/min 10min Speedup

Heat the
8 3000r/min 20min
“Maintain” machine

B Hot state

Speedup Duratio
No. Stage Remarks
rate n

Impulse starting

1 0～500r/min 100r/min/min 5min and overall

check

Heat the
2 500r/min 5min
“Maintain” machine

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 3 3000r/min 150r/min/min 15min speedup

Heat the
4 3000r/min 5min
“Maintain” machine

(6) After the unit reaches its full speed, make a careful check. After the adequate machine-heating,

complete the necessary test items.

(7) After the successful tests, conduct an overall check to see if everything is OK. Conduct the following

operations and switch to other protections.

(8) After the adequate machine-heating with the unit under the original load, continue to increase the

load according to the load-increase curve of cold-state sliding parameter.

7.3.2 Notes regarding the startup at sliding parameters

(1) When the rotating speed increases to 1300r/min, stabilize the steam temperature and pressure; if

the vibration of the unit is more than 0.03mm, trip the turbine.

(2) When the rotating speed increases to 2300r/min, stabilize the steam temperature and pressure;

check if the unit vibrates properly.

(3) With the increase of the rotating speed, regulate the shaft seal pressure whenever necessary and

pay attention to maintain the proper vacuum.

(4) During the speedup process, closely monitor the bearing vibration. If found anything abnormal,

reduce the rotating speed. The speed can only be increased again after the reasons have been found.

(5) Strictly control differential expansion, cylinder expansion, metal temperature and temperature rise

rate within the cold-state startup range.

7.4 Conduct the speedup and machine-heating as per the following requirements

Item Controlling code

Temperature rise rate before automatic Temperature rise: 2.8-3.2℃/min;

main steam valve (steam) temperature drop: 2℃/min

Temperature rise rate of outer wall of

4.6-5℃/min
automatic main steam valve

Temperature rise rate of outer wall of

7℃/min
steam conduit

Temperature rise rate of outer wall of

4.6-5℃/min
speed regulating valve

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 Temperature rise rate of inner wall of
4℃/min
cylinder flange

Temperature rise rate of outer wall of

3℃/min
cylinder flange

Temperature difference between the

＜120℃
inner and the outer wall of cylinder flange

Temperature difference between the

＜35～45℃
outer wall of cylinder flange and the bolt

Temperature difference between the

＜35～45℃
upper and the lower cylinder

Exhaust temperature ≤120℃

As to the first startup after new installation and an overhaul, the speedup and the machine-heating

duration should be prolonged based on the cylinder metal temperature since there is moisture in the

insulation layer of the turbine.

7.5 Regulating work and considerations during the machine-heating and the speedup process

7.5.1 Listen to the sound inside the turbine-generator set. Immediately shut down the unit when finding

anything abnormal.

7.5.2 Measure each bearing vibration in three directions. During the speedup process, the unit vibration

should not exceed 0.03mm. Once the value is exceeded, reduce the rotating speed until the vibration is

eliminated. Maintain the operation at this rotating speed for 30min; then speed up again. If the vibration is still

not eliminated, again reduce the speed and run it for 120min; then speed up again. If the vibration is still not

eliminated, stop the unit for a check (0.10mm is permitted when passing the critical value）。After the rotor

stops, switch to sequential turning and check the shaft’s bending and swinging values. The reasons shall be

found out before re-start the unit. The critical rotating speed should be quickly and stably passed and the

vibration should not be more than 0.1mm.

7.5.3 Frequently pay attention to regulate the turbine’s rotating speed, the condenser’s water level, the

vacuum, the shaft seal’s steam pressure, the bearing oil temperature, the oil cooler and the air cooler.

7.1.2 Maintain the vacuum in the condenser above -80kPa.

7.5.5 During the startup process, control the metal temperature at each point, which should not exceed

the stipulated standard.

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Section VIII Parallel Operation and with Load

8.1 Make an overall check to the unit. The turbine should work properly for 20 min with no load. The

temperature of the HP lower cylinder should be above 220℃. Contact the shift supervisor and the relevant

posts, and contact the electric staff to prepare for the parallel operation.

8.2 As per the electric requirements, press “Automatic Synchronization” button of DEH, and “Automatic

Synchronization” indicator is on.

8.3 After the grid-connection, the unit is automatically with the original electric load. DEH automatically

switches to the valve control mode. The chief operator may control the opening of the control valve by setting

the valve position and the change rate of the valve position or by changing the given value of the valve

position through pressing the increase or decrease button of “Valve Control”.

8.4 Switch to other protections

8.5 After the load exceeds the rated value by 10%, the load can be regulated by switching from “Valve

Control” to “Power Control”. The uninterrupted switching can be realized by pressing “Power Control” or

“Valve Control” button.

8.6 Switch to the air cooler of the generator. Depending on the leaked steam pressure of the stem,

arrange the assistant operator to switch the steam leakage of stem to the deaerator and close its water drain

valve. Close the drain valve of the main steam pipe. Close the drain valve of the steam conduit and the

control valve. Close the cylinder's drain valve based on the cylinder temperature.

8.7 After the condensate is qualified, arrange the assistant operator to switch to the deaerator and close

the condensate drain valve. When the electric load is less than 25MW, keep the proper opening of the

condenser's recirculating valve to facilitate the shaft seal heater’s work.

8.8 In principle, the following table should be followed for the unit’s load increase stage and the load

increase rate

A Cool state

No. Stage Speedup rate Duration Remarks

Automatic original load Heat the

1 30min
(1～2MW) “Maintain” machine

Increase
2 ～6MW 1MW/ min 5min
the load

Heat the
3 6MW 30min
“Maintain” machine

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 Increase
4 ～60MW 500kW/ min 100min
the load

B Hot state

No. Stage Speedup rate Duration Remarks

Increase
1 ～30MW 2MW/ min 15min
the load

Heat the
2 30MW 20min
“Maintain” machine

Increase
3 ～60MW 4MW/ min 15min
the load

8.9 Notes regarding the load increase process

8.9.1 Regulating the drain valves of the steam conduit, the control valve, the cylinder, the extraction

check valve etc. until they are closed.

8.9.2 Based on the leaked steam pressure of the stem, switch the steam leakage of the stem to the

deaerator and close the drain valve.

8.9.3 Based on the working conditions of the steam seal heater, regulating its working steam.

8.9.4 During the load increase process, closely monitor the cylinder expansion, the relative expansion,

the axial displacement and the temperature of the thrust shoe; pay attention to regulate the oil temperature

and the steam seal pressure.

8.9.5 The LP heater is randomly switched on. When the load reaches 30MW, switch to the steam side of

the HP heater (the water side shall be switched to firstly) and switch to the HP heater protection.

Section IX Requirements on Hot-State Startup of the Unit

9.1 Requirements on hot-state startup

9.1.1 Regulate the temperature of the steam going into the turbine; this temperature should be higher

than that of the cylinder wall of the steam chamber (higher than 50℃).

9.1.2 Conduct the sequential turning at least for 2 hours before supplying the steam to the shaft seal.

The change of the rotor bending value, compared to the original value, should not be more than 0.03mm.

9.1.3 First supply the steam to the steam seal, then vacuumize it. The vacuum should be kept at

-0.08MPa or so. Supply high-temperature steam to the front steam seal, and the steam supply pressure

should be controlled at 0.15MPa; the temperature should be matched with the metal temperature of the

76
lower-half inner wall in the front of the cylinder and the degree of the superheat should be kept above 50℃.

The steam supply pressure and temperature of the rear steam seal should be the same as those in the

cold-state start at sliding parameters.

9.1.4 The temperature difference between the upper and the lower wall at the regulating stage of the HP

cylinder should not be higher than 45℃.

9.1.5 The main steam temperature should be kept at the rated value as much as possible; at least it

should be higher than that of the metal at the regulating stage by 55℃ or more and the superheat should not

be less than 100℃. The condensate in the condenser shall be qualified to guarantee that in the parallel

operation the condensate can be switched to the HP deaerator immediately.

9.1.6 In order to prevent the cooling contraction of the high-temperature parts and control the negative

differential expansion of the unit, quickly increase the speed or the load to the working conditions which

correspond to the metal temperature. Therefore, make good preparation before supplying the steam to the

shaft seal and contact the electric and boiler staff to prepare for the parallel operation.

9.1.7 During the startup process, special attention should be paid to monitor the sound and the vibration

of the turbine unit. If there is any abnormal sound or vibration, immediately and decidedly trip the turbine.

After the rotor stops, conduct the sequential turning and measure the swinging value of the rotor. Report to

the chief operator, the shift supervisor and the supervisor of the discipline and then decide whether to start it

again.

9.1.8 To facilitate the heating and draining of the cylinder, in case of hot-state start, the HP heater can be

started randomly. When the pressure inside the HP heater #2 is higher than 0.6MPa, switch to the HP

deaerator.

9.1.9 Based on the conditions of the unit, the flange heating device of the cylinder can be switched on.

9.1.10 The DEH operation for the hot-state startup should be done as per the procedures and each

regulation followed in the cold-state start with the rated parameters. However, as to the speed or load

increase before the working conditions that correspond to the metal temperature have been realized, the

higher speedup rate or higher load change rate should prevail.

Chapter 3 Tests of Turbine Unit

Section I Notes regarding the tests

1.1 All necessary tests should be reported to the supervisor of the discipline. With the permission of the

shift supervisor, they should be done under the monitor of the chief supervisor. (The first startup of a new unit

and after an overhaul) The tests should be hosted by the supervisor of the discipline or the professional

77
technicians. The conditions and data of the performed tests should be recorded in the relevant technical

records and the shift change should be recorded in detail.

1.2 As to the loosening test of the electric valve, if a single pipe is used for the supply and there is no

other steam or water source, the test may be unnecessary; however, in case of the supply made by double

pipes, the test should be done by those on duty according to the regulations.

1.3 Tests may be unnecessary in the following cases:

1.3.1 As to the tests which should be done as per the regulations, if they can not be done out of some

reasons, indicate the reasons in the record and report it to the team leader. However, in case of shutdown at

sliding parameters, the overspeed test is forbidden.

1.3.2 The device for “emergency use” which is formally noticed.

1.3.3 There is an obvious major failure in the device. It would cause the defect to become more serious

or cause the operation conditions to be worse in case of a test. The tests may be unnecessary after they are

reported to the superior, because of the weak operation mode and the weak system and because of the lack

of good safety measures.

1.3.4 As to the shift of the tests or the equipment, if they could not be done out of some reasons, every

time they are due, the permission from the shift supervisor and the team leader should be gained. The

reasons should be recorded in the technical records and the operation logs.

Section II Test Items and Period

2.1 Regular tests

Weekly items

2.1.1 Measure the vibration of moving machine and drain the water from the main oil tank by the day

shift every Monday

2.1.2 Fill each auxiliary machine with oil and switch to the oil filter for 48 hours operation by the middle

shift every Monday

Monthly items

2.1.4 Startup test of the AC & DC oil pump and switching of circulating water pump by the day shift on

every 5th day

2.1.5 Switching of the condensate pump by the day shift on every 10th day

2.1.6 Switching of the water-jet pump by the day shift on every 15th day

2.1.7 Switching of the feedwater pump by the day shift on every 20th day

2.1.8 Switching of the service water pump by the day shift on every 1st day

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 2.1.9 Clean the rubble ball every 8th and 23rd day for 10 hours at each side

Note: every test should be recorded in a special ledger. As to each motor test, the insulation should be

qualified before the switching. As to the monthly items, the switching may be unnecessary for those running

for less than 20 days; but the reasons should be recorded in the ledger. Other tests should be done before

the startup and shutdown or after an overhaul of the unit.

2.2 Test items for startup and shutdown

2.2.1 Test items for the first startup after an overhaul of the unit:

2.2.1.1 The HP oil pump, the LP oil pump and the DC oil pump test.

2.2.1.2 The low oil pressure interlock test.

2.2.1.3 The turbine’s every protection test.

2.2.1.4 The HP heating protection test.

2.2.1.5 The extraction check valve’s interlock and tightness test.

2.2.1.6 The speed-regulating system's characteristic test.

2.2.1.7 The extraction safety valve test.

2.2.1.8 Tightness test of the speed regulating valve and the automatic main steam valve

2.2.1.9 Oil filling test.

2.2.1.10 DEH static test.

2.2.1.11 DEH overspeed test.

2.2.1.12 Load shedding test.

2.2.1.13 The auxiliary pump’s low water pressure interlock test.

2.2.1.14 Measure the critical rotating speed and vibration.

2.2.1.15 Emergency breaker’s overspeed test. (After the turbine’s overhaul or the speed-regulating

system’s maintenance; after 2000h operation in total)

2.2.1.16 Check for the extraction safety valve (after the turbine’s overhaul or the safety valve’s

maintenance)

2.2.2 Tests before the unit’s shutdown for maintenance

2.2.2.1 Record the important data of the oil system and the vibration conditions.

2.2.2.2 The emergency security device test.

2.2.2.3 The speed-regulating system's characteristic test.

2.2.2.4 The turbine’s coasting operation test.

2.2.2.5 The automatic main steam valve’s movement test

2.2.2.6 Vacuum tightness test

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Section III Test Method

3.1 The auxiliary device test

After confirming that the maintenance has been completed, the work ticket has been cancelled, the

safety measures have been removed and the site is tidy, relevant professional staff will perform the following

tests in the onsite conditions:

3.1.1 Trial run of oil pump

3.1.1.1 Contact the electric staff to prepare for the trial run of the DC oil pump. After the startup, check if

the current is proper and if the outlet oil pressure is proper. Stop it for emergency use after confirming that

each part of the oil pump works properly.

3.1.1.2 Start the AC lubricating oil pump to check if the current is proper. After the oil properly goes out,

check if the outlet oil pressure is OK. Stop it for emergency use after confirming that each part of the oil pump

works properly.

3.1.1.3 Before starting the speed-regulating oil pump, fill the speed-regulating system with the oil

through a lubricating oil pump. After it is filled with the oil, start the speed-regulating oil pump. Stop the

lubricating oil pump and check if the current and the oil pressure are proper.

3.1.2 Turning gear test

3.1.2.1 Keep the pressure of the lubricating oil at 0.294MPa and open the oil inlet valve of the turning

gear.

3.1.2.2 Switch to the jacking device.

3.1.2.3 Run the motor of the turning gear with no load; stop it after everything is proper.

3.1.2.4 Manually switch to the turning gear test:

Clockwise turn the handwheel and pulling handle of the turning gear. After the engagement of the

turning gear, start the motor and the turning gear should work properly.

3.1.3 Pumps interlock tests

3.1.3.1 After confirming that one pump is in operation and the standby one is in interlock standby state,

switch to the interlock switch.

3.1.3.2 Press “operating pump accident” button and the pump trips. The standby pump interlocks with it.

Manually switch to pump operation switch.

3.1.3.3 Reset the switch and disconnect the interlock switch.

3.1.3.4 Check that the trip pump does not run in a reverse direction.

3.1.3.5 After everything is OK, perform another pump’s interlock test with the same method.

3.1.4 Water pump’s low water pressure interlock test

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 3.1.4.1 After confirming that one pump is in operation and the standby one is in interlock standby state,

switch to the interlock switch.

3.1.4.2 Turn the pointer of the interlock pump’s pressure gauge, making it connected. Pay close

attention to the standby pump’s interlock. After the interlock, reset the switch.

3.1.4.3 Turn the pointer of the pressure gauge to the previous value.

3.1.4.4 Stop one pump as required.

3.2 Turbine’s tests before startup

The turbine should go through the following tests after its overhaul or maintenance, or after it is used as

a standby over 1 month:

3.2.1 Extraction check valve test:

3.2.1.1 Extraction check valve interlock test:

The test should be done in other test items if it is not performed separately.

① Interlock test of the extraction check valve behind the automatic main steam valve

Open the automatic main steam valve to the graduation of 30mm. Fully open the extraction check valve,

(ask the electric staff to pull out the knife switch at the outlet of the generator and switch on the generator’s

main switch). Switch to the extraction check valve protection. Manually shut it down, and both the automatic

main steam valve and the extraction check valve should be closed; and send out the acoustic-optical signal.

②Interlock test of the extraction check valve after the generator trips

Open the extraction check valve and open the automatic main steam valve to the graduation of 30mm,

which is protected by the electric main trip switch and the extraction check valve. The extraction check valve

should be closed and send out the acoustic-optical signal.

③ Interlock test of the extraction check valve in case of high water level in the HP heater

i) Contact the electric and the I&C staff to supply the power for the HP heater’s electric steam inlet valve

and electric emergency drain valve. Fully open the speed-regulating valve and open the automatic main

steam valve to the graduation of 30 mm. Switch to the protection switch of the extraction check valve;

ii) When connecting to the measuring point of water level value I in the HP heater, send out the alarm

signal for high water level value I in the HP heater. When connecting to II value measuring point, send out the

alarm signal for high water level value II in the HP heater and the electric emergency drain valve should be

opened automatically. When connecting to III value measuring point, send out the alarm signal for high water

level value III in the HP heater; the extraction check valve at I section and the extraction check valve at II

section should close; the interlock valve should actuate; the automatic bypass valve should be opened; the

through valve of the HP heater should be opened and the inlet & outlet water valve should be closed.

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 3.2.2 Water-spray test performed at the throat in case of high exhaust temperature

3.2.2.1 Contact the electric staff to supply 220V DC current.

3.2.2.2 After refill the condenser with water, start the condensate pump.

3.2.2.3 Manually switch to spray desuperheating solenoid valve of the exhaust cylinder, and the water

spray should be proper.

3.2.2.4 Stop the water spray at the cylinder’s throat. The I&C staff make the short connection between

the exhaust temperature and 80℃ contact. Connect the solenoid valve and it actuates. When the spray is

proper, the I&C staff gradually reduces the exhaust temperature to 65℃. The water spray stops when the

exhaust temperature is below 65℃.

3.2.3 Test of the actuation of the safety valve at the mixed temperature header of the flange bolt

heating device

3.2.3.1 Check if the heating steam inlet valves of the right & left flange and bolt (i.e. the steam outlet

valve of the mixed temperature header) are in the closed position. Open the drain valve of the steam

collecting case (close it after completing the heating of the mixed temperature header).

3.2.3.2 With a new steam source, when the pressure regulator of the steam collecting case reaches

0.98MPa, the safety valve should actuate, or it should be set.

3.2.4 Protection test in case of large axial displacement

3.2.4.1 Contact the I&C staff to switch to the axial displacement protection;

3.2.4.2 Fully open the speed regulating valve and open the automatic main steam valve to 30～40mm;

3.2.4.3 The I&C staff respectively make connection to +0.8mm and -0.80mm contact of the axial

displacement and send out the acoustic-optical alarm signal;

3.2.4.4 The I&C staff then respectively make connection to the +1.0mm and -1.0mm contact of the axial

displacement. The automatic main steam valve and the speed-regulating valve close and send out the

acoustic-optical alarm signal;

3.2.4.5 Reset it after successful test.

3.2.5 Protection test in case of large differential expansion

3.2.5.1 Fully open the speed regulating valve and open the automatic main steam valve to the

graduation of 30～40mm;

3.2.5.2 The I&C staff switches to the differential expansion protection;

3.2.5.3 The I&C staff respectively make connection to the -1.0mm and +3.0mm contact of the differential

expansion and send out the acoustic-optical alarm signal;

3.2.5.4 The I&C staff then respectively make connection to the -1.2mm and +4.0mm contact of the

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differential expansion and send out the acoustic-optical alarm signal. The automatic main steam valve and

the speed-regulating valve close;

3.2.5.5 Reset it after successful test.

3.2.6 Protection test in case of high temperature of bearing

3.2.6.1 The I&C staff switch to the protection switch;

3.2.6.2 Open the speed regulating valve and open the automatic main steam valve to 30～40mm;

3.2.6.3 The I&C staff makes short connection to 65℃ contact of oil temperature and send out the

acoustic-optical alarm signal;

3.2.5.4 The I&C staff then make connection to the 75℃ contact of oil temperature and send out the

acoustic-optical alarm signal. The speed-regulating valve and the automatic main steam valve close;

3.2.6.5 Reset it after successful test.

3.2.7 Test of turbine’s emergency trip button

3.2.7.1 Contact the electric staff to switch on the generator’s main oil switch;

3.2.7.2 Press the generator’s emergency trip button, then the generator’s main oil switch should trip and

send out the acoustic-optical alarm signal.

3.2.8 Differential protection test

3.2.8.1 Contact the electric staff to switch on the main oil switch;

3.2.8.2 Supply the protection power supply and switch to the general protection;

3.2.8.3 Open the speed regulating valve and open the automatic main steam valve to 30～40mm;

3.2.8.4 Connect to the contact of the differential protection relay. The generator’s oil switch should trip.

The automatic main steam valve and the speed-regulating valve close.

3.2.5 Protection test in case of low vacuum

3.2.9.1 Open the speed regulating valve and open the automatic main steam valve to 30～40mm;

3.2.9.2 Switch to the protection. The I&C staff makes short connection to -81kPa vacuum contact and

send out the acoustic-optical alarm signal;

3.2.9.3 Then make short connection to the -67kPa vacuum contact. The automatic main steam valve

and the speed-regulating valve close. Send out the acoustic-optical alarm signal;

3.2.9.4 Reset it after successful test.

3.2.10 Low oil pressure interlock test

3.2.10.1 Contact the I&C and the electric staff to provide the speed-regulating oil pump, the AC & DC

lubricating oil pump’s power supply and protection power supply;

3.2.10.2 After successful pump tests, keep the speed-regulating oil pump in operation and switch to the

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oil pump interlock;

3.2.10.3 Open the automatic main steam valve to 30～40mm and fully open the speed regulating valve;

3.2.10.4 Switch to the turning gear and interlock;

3.2.10.5 The I&C limits the oil inlet valve of the low oil pressure relay of return lubricating oil, slowly open

the oil drain valve, making the lubricating oil pressure drops gradually;

3.2.10.6 When the lubricating oil pressure drops to 0.049MPa, send out the acoustic-optical alarm signal

and interlock with the AC lubricating oil pump. When it drops to 0.039MPa, interlock with the DC oil pump.

The automatic main steam valve and the speed-regulating valve close and send out the relevant

acoustic-optical alarm signal. When it drops to 0.029MPa, the turning gear automatically stops;

3.2.10.7 Reset the signal after successful test and close the oil drain valve of low oil pressure relay and

adequately open the oil inlet valve.

3.2.11 Test of manual shutdown button

3.2.11.1 Open the speed regulating valve and open the automatic main steam valve to 30～40mm;

3.2.11.2 Press the remote-operational trip button, or manually hit the trip button at the head section; the

speed-regulating valve and the automatic main steam valve close and send out the acoustic-optical alarm

signal;

3.2.12 HP heater test

3.2.12.1 Steel pipe’s leakage test

(1) Close the HP heater’s electric water inlet and outlet valve and the forced handwheel at the outlet of

the composite valve;

(2) Close the drain valve of HP heater #1 and #2, the drain valve to the deaerator and LP heater #3，

and the emergency water drain valve;

(3) After manually slightly open the electric water inlet valve of the HP heater, open the drain valve of

the pipe connector at the water side. Open the water injection valve of the HP heater to fill the HP heater with

water. Close the filled water drain valve;

(4) When slowly increasing the pressure to 1.5MPa, close the water injection valve, the drain valve of

pipe connectors. Check if the pressure inside the HP heater (at water side) drops and check if the water level

in HP heater #1 and #2 (at steam side) is raised;

3.2.12.2 Composite valve test

(1) The composite valve test shall be performed after the successful leakage test of the HP heater.

(2) Switch to the water side of the HP heater.

(3) The condensate system is in operation.

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 (4) Switch to protection and control water of the HP heater.

(5) Actuation test of manual composite valve:

1) Close the water control drain valve of the composite valve and the manual valve before and behind

the solenoid.

2) Open the bypass valve of the water control solenoid, and fill the upper part of the composite valve’s

piston with water. When the water pressure reaches 0.6MPa, press down the composite valve’s piston,

guiding the water to flow in the bypath.

3) After close the bypass valve, open the water control drain valve. After the control water pressure

drops, the composite valve’s piston raises, which indicates that the actuation of the composite valve’s piston

is proper.

3.2.12.3 Protection test in case of high water level in the HP heater

(1) Switch to HP heater protection and switch to high water level alarm.

(2) The I&C staff connects the high water level signal or manually raises the water level. When

connecting to the measuring point of the high water level value I, send out the alarm signal for high water

level value I in the HP heater. When connecting to the measuring point of the high water level value II, send

out the alarm signal for high water level value II in the HP heater and the electric emergency drain valve

should open automatically. When connecting to the measuring point of the high water level value III, send out

the alarm signal for high water level value III in the HP heater; the extraction check valve at I section and the

extraction check valve at II section should close; the interlock valve should actuate; the automatic bypass

valve should be opened; the through valve of the HP heater should be opened (when the HP heater

protection of two sets actuates simultaneously);

(3) Return to normal state after the completion of the tests.

Note: it is forbidden to switch to the HP heater if one of the above three tests fails.

3.2.13 DEH static test

1) Cooperate with the I&C staff in this test after the maintenance of DEH system or the maintenance of

the speed-regulating system of the turbine.

2) The I&C staff should finish the channel test inside the DEH system, the ETS and AST channel test

and the configuration test.

3) Cooperate with the I&C staff in the united test. The test is preferred to be done with a simulator and in

the operator automatic mode, performing the simulation test for the whole startup process.

3.3 Turbine’s test after startup

The turbine should go through the following tests after its overhaul or after it is used as a standby over

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1 month:

3.3.1 Manual shutdown Test

3.3.1.1 After the turbine’s rotating speed increases to 3000r/min, operate the handwheel with an

automatic closer to close the automatic main steam valve to the graduation of 30～40mm;

3.3.1.2 Start the HP oil pump;

3.3.1.3 Manually hit the stop button at the head section or press the remote-operational stop button;

3.3.1.4 The automatic main steam valve and the speed-regulating valve should quickly close, without

jamming or jumping. The rotating speed drops and each signal display is correct. Send out the

acoustic-optical signal;

3.3.1.5 Open the automatic main steam valve and the speed regulating valve; regain the rotating speed

to 3000r/min.

3.3.2 Tightness test of the automatic main steam valve and the speed regulating valve

The conditions of the tightness test of the main control valve: rated parameters, generator not in

parallel operation and the rotating speed of 3000r/min.

1. Tightness test of main steam valve

Test procedure:

(1) Enter the test screen.

(2) Click “Main Steam Valve Test” button, and the indicator of the button is on. Close the main steam

valve, and the rotor is in coasting operation; automatically record the duration of the coasting operation. Only

when the rotating speed is continuously reduced to 1000r／min or less, it is qualified. When the rotating

speed is reduced to an acceptable value, click “Test Stop” button and the test is completed.

2. Tightness test of HP control valve

(1) Enter the test screen.

(2) Click “Speed-regulating Valve Test” button, and the indicator of the button is on. Close the

speed-regulating valve, and the rotor is in coasting operation; automatically record the duration of the

coasting operation. Only when the rotating speed is continuously reduced to 1000r／min or less, it is

qualified. When the rotating speed is reduced to an acceptable value, click “Test Stop” button and the test is

completed.

3.3.3 Oil-injection test (no-load test)

3.3.3.1 Start the HP oil pump and keep the speed-regulating oil pressure at 1.96MPa;

3.3.3.2 The turbine’s rotating speed is reduced to 2850r/min. Contact the boiler staff to keep the main

steam pressure;

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 3.3.3.3 Enter “Oil-injection Test” screen on the OIS. Click “Switch to Oil-injection Test” button and select

“Switch”; set the “Switch to Oil-injection Test” button to “Switch”.

3.3.3.4 During the test, select the oil injection test of fly hammer #1 or #2. When the test is completed,

display “Successful” or “Failed” on this screen of OIS to indicate whether it succeeds.

3.3.3.5 After the completion of the test, set “Switch to Oil-injection Test” button to “Remove”.

3.3.4 Overspeed test

Before the overspeed test, the manual shutdown test, the automatic main steam valve and the

speed-regulating valve close test and the tightness test should be successful.

3.3.4.1 “OPC” overspeed test:

① Set “OPC” switch to test position, and keep the unit’s rotating speed at 3000r/min. Close the

automatic main steam valve to 30～40mm.

② Open “Overspeed Test Window” at DEH operator station and select “OPC” test.

③ On the main screen of DEH, press “OPC Test” button; the unit will automatically speed up to

3090r/min (i.e. 103% rated speed); OPC solenoid will actuate and the turbine's HP speed-regulating valve

will close.

④ After the rotating speed reduces to 3000 r/min, open the control valve and keep the turbine’s

operation at 3000r/min, waiting for other tests or grid-connection.

3.3.4.2 Electric overspeed test:

① Open “Overspeed Test Window” at DEH operator station and keep the unit’s operation at 3000r/min.

Close the automatic main steam valve to 30～40mm.

② Select “Electric Overspeed Test”.

③ Press “Electric Overspeed Test” button, at which time “OPC” will automatically be isolated. The unit

will automatically speed up to 3300r/min (i.e. 110% rated speed); AST solenoid will actuate and the main

steam valve and all speed-regulating valves will close.

④ When the rotating speed reduces to 3000r/min, re-latch and start the turbine. Keep the turbine’s

stable operation at 3000r/min.

3.3.4.3 Mechanical overspeed test:

① Keep the unit’s stable operation at 3000r/min. Close the automatic main steam valve to 30～40mm.

② Contact the boiler staff to keep the stable steam temperature and pressure of the turbine.

③ Open “Overspeed Test Window” at DEH operator station and select “Mechanical Overspeed Test”

button; “OPC” and “Electric Overspeed Test” will automatically be isolated and the unit will automatically

speed up to 3300～3360r/min (i.e. 110～112% rated speed). During the speedup process, if the actuation

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signal lamp of ram #1 on the local revolution meter is on, it indicates that the ram #1 actuates (record the

actuation speed and the main oil pressure). At this time, continue to speed up until the local revolution meter

goes up to ram #2’s actuation. (As to the mechanical overspeed test, the rotating speed shall not exceed

3360r/min, or the fly hammer’s spring position should be adjusted). During the test speedup process, if the

rotating speed reaches 3360r/min but the mechanical protection still does not actuate, immediately shut it

down manually.

④ The emergency breaker actuates, and the main steam valve, the HP speed-regulating valve and all

speed-regulating valves close.

⑤ Record the rotating speed of the actuation and the main oil pressure value during the actuation.

3.3.5 Load shedding test

3.3.5.1 Before the test, the overspeed test should be successful; and the unit should be in operation for

72 h or more, with 50% rated load.

3.3.5.2 During the test, there should be a person standing in front of the unit to monitor it. Manually shut

it down when necessary.

3.3.5.3 The unit is in operation with 30 MW in the operator automatic mode.

3.3.5.4 Contact the electric staff to disconnect the generator’s trip interlock and close the main steam

valve protection.

3.3.5.5 Contact the electric staff to trip the generator (making the main oil switch trip).

3.3.5.6 Pay attention to monitor the rotating speed increase; OPC actuates; the speed-regulating valve

and the extraction check valve close and send out the alarm signal.

3.3.5.7 After the rotating speed reduces to 3060r/min, the speed-regulating valve opens. The unit

keeps in operation at 3000r/min. Record the maximum rotating speed. If the rotating speed goes up to

3300r/min, immediately shut it down manually.

3.3.6 Vacuum leakage test

3.3.6.1 Contact the electric staff to stabilize the working conditions under 80％-100% load and record

the relevant data.

3.3.6.2 Close the air valve of the ejector and begin to record the duration and the vacuum values after

30 sec.

3.3.6.3 Record one value every minute, altogether 5 minutes.

3.3.6.4 After the fifth minute, the test is completed. Open the air valve of the ejector.

3.3.6.5 During the test, in case of sudden loss of the vacuum (or when it is lower than 0.086MPa),

immediately stop the test and open the air valve of the ejector.

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 3.3.6.6 As to the rate of the vacuum loss, take the average between the third minute and the fifth

minute.

3.3.6.7 Evaluation of the vacuum tightness is as follows:

Vacuum loss value 0.13kPa/min 0.27 kPa/min 0.4 kPa/min

per minute (in kPa)

Evaluation Excellent Good Qualified

3.3.6.8 If the rate of vacuum loss is larger than 0.67 kPa/min, shut it down to find out reasons. Start it

again after the faults have been eliminated.

3.3.7 Movement test of the automatic main steam valve and the speed regulating valve

3.3.7.1 Movement test of the automatic main steam valve:

① Contact the shift supervisor and boiler staff, and pay attention to the load and steam pressure

change.

② Enter “Valve Test” screen on OIS, click “Valve Movement Test” button and set it to “Switch”;

Select the HP main steam valve test;

③ The selected main steam valve begins to close; it will re-open after reaching the set position. The

test is completed.

3.3.7.2 Control valve movement test

① Enter “Valve Test” screen on OIS, click “Valve Movement Test” button and set it to “Switch”;

② Select the corresponding control valve test;

③ The selected control valve begins to close; it will re-open after reaching the set position. The test is

completed.

④ After the completion of the test, set “Valve Movement Test” button to “Remove”.

Chapter 4 Turbine Shutdown

Section I Normal shutdown

1.1 After receiving the shutdown order from the shift supervisor, notice each post to make good

preparation for the shutdown.

1.1.1 Trial run of the HP oil pump, the AC lubricating oil pump, the DC oil pump and the turning gear’s

motor, then stop them for standby use.

1.1.2 Check the automatic main steam valve’s condition. The stem should not be jammed.

1.1.3 Stop the extraction gradually.

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 1.2 Reduce the load at the normal shutdown speed of 500～1000kW/min.

1.3 When the load is reduced to 33 MW, after obtaining the permission from the shift supervisor, stop

HP heater #1 and #2; or when the pressure of HP heater #1 is reduced to 0.6MPa, switch the drain of the HP

heater to drain expansion tank.

1.4 When the load is reduced to 20MW, open the drain valve of the condenser based on the water level

in LP heater #1.

1.5 During the load reduction process, open the condensate recirculating valve based on the drop of

the water level in the condenser.

1.6 When the electric load is reduced to 6 MW, exit “Power Control” mode. When the load is reduced to

1.5MW or so, contact the electric staff to prepare for the shutdown. After obtain the permission from the shift

supervisor, start the AC oil pump; manually pull the emergency breaker’s handle. Check if the main steam

valve, HP control valve, rotating diaphragm and each extraction check valve close and the generator’s

“Reverse Power” is in operation. If the generator’s “Reverse Power” protection does not actuate, contact the

electric staff to trip the generator and shut it down! If after the automatic main steam valve closes, the

generator is not in “Reverse Power” operation, it is forbidden to trip the generator!

1.8 Close the water outlet valve of LP heater #3. Maintain the water level in the condenser with

condensate recirculating valve and drain valve.

1.9 Fully close the valve of the steam leakage of the stem to the deaerator; open the drain valve of the

pipeline.

1.10 Stop the water-jet pump and regulate the vacuum breaking valve so that when the rotor stops, the

vacuum is just “0”.

1.11 Adequately open the following drain valves:

1. The drain valve of the steam conduit;

2. The drain valve behind the control valve and other drain valves;

3. The drain valve at the bottom of and behind the extraction check valve of each section.

1.12 The following should be noted during the load reduction and the rotating speed reduction:

1. Working conditions of the speed-regulating system;

2. Cylinder’s thermal expansion, relative expansion and rotor’s axial displacement;

3. The unit’s sound, vibration, bearing oil pressure, oil temperature and oil flow;

4. Regulate the condenser’s water level and the pressure of the supply steam of the shaft seal;

5. Regulate the oil, the air and the water temperature until the oil cooler or the air cooler stops.

1.13 The work after the rotor stops:

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 1.13.1 After the vacuum reaches zero, stop supplying steam to the shaft seal. Close the adjusting valve

of the shaft seal; close the general steam valve of the shaft seal. Open the drain valve of the steam supply

system of the shaft seal.

1.13.2 After the rotor stops, start the turning gear and conduct the continuous turning. Measure the

rotor’s bending value and listen to the sound of each moving part of the turbine.

1.13.3 During the continuous turning, record one metal temperature value every 30 minutes.

1.13.4 Record the duration when the rotor stops rotating and compare to the coasting duration. If find

anything abnormal, promptly report the team leader, the shift supervisor and the supervisor of the discipline.

1.13.5 When the steam pressure behind the automatic main steam valve drops to 0.5MPa or below,

open the anti-corrosion steam valve and close the automatic main steam valve and the main cooling water

valve of the speed-regulating valve.

1.13.6 Stop the condensate pump and check if the water spraying device of the LP cylinder has

stopped.

1.13.7 After the rotor has been static for one hour and the exhaust temperature reduces to 50℃ or

below, contact the team leader to close the circulating water inlet valve and stop the circulating water pump

as necessary.

1.13.8 When necessary, isolate the main steam pipe and release the pressure; close the main steam

valve; and open the drain valve. When the pressure reduces to 0.5MPa or below, drain the water to the ditch.

1.13.9 When the metal temperature of the upper cylinder’s inner wall at the regulating stage reduces to

150℃, stop the turning gear, the oil pump and the fume exhauster. However, the continuous turning duration

at least should not be less than 24 h. In case of special conditions which causes the turning can not be

continuous, in the first 8 hours, turn the rotor 180 degree every 15 minutes. After the 8 hours, turn the rotor

180 degree every 30 minutes until the metal temperature is proper.

Section II Shutdown at Sliding Parameters

1 After receiving the order of shutdown at sliding parameters from the shift supervisor, the chief

operator should arrange each post to make good preparation.

2. Contact the boiler staff to reduce the temperature and the pressure according to the sliding

parameter curve:

Cooling rate: 1.0℃/min

Cooling rate of the cylinder’s metal: 0.6-1.0℃/min. The main steam temperature at least should be with

the degree of superheat over 50℃ to prevent the steam bringing the water.

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 Pressure decrease speed: 0.02-0.03MPa/min

3 Notes regarding the process of shutdown at sliding parameters

3.1 It is required that the steam temperature and pressure should be stably reduced; they should not be

reduced too fast; especially the water impact should be prevented;

3.2 When the main steam temperature is below 350℃, open the drain valve of the cylinder and

extraction at each section;

3.3 When the temperature of the main steam is lower than that of the inner wall by 30℃ or more, the

reduction at sliding parameters should be stopped. Stay for a period before doing it again.

3.4 Special attention should be paid to the axial displacement and the differentiate expansion change,

avoiding too large negative differentiate expansion;

3.5 During the process of the shutdown at sliding parameters, if the boiler is not properly regulated,

causing the sudden drop of the steam temperature, immediately reduce the load and shut it down;

3.6 When the main steam temperature is at 250℃, notice the boiler staff for flameout and conduct the

shutdown according to the normal shutdown procedure.

Chapter 5 Maintenance of Turbine in Operation

Section I Limits of Normal Operation

1.1 Main steam system

Name Unit Normal Max. Min.

Main steam pressure MPa 8.83 9.32 8.34

Main steam
℃ 535 540 525
temperature

Main steam flow t/h 230

1st extraction
MPa 2.84
pressure

2nd extraction
MPa 1.66
pressure

3rd extraction
MPa 1.27
pressure

4th extraction
MPa 0.332
pressure

5th extraction MPa 0.144

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 pressure

6th extraction
MPa 0.047
pressure

Exhaust pressure
kPa 9.5
(abs.)

Exhaust temperature
℃ 120
(no-load)

Exhaust temperature
℃ 65
(full-load)

1.2 Axial displacement and relative expansion:

Name Unit Normal Max. Min.

Axial ＜0.8，＞ －0.7，＋

mm
displacement -0.3 1.3

Relative ＜3， ＞－ －3.5，＋

mm
expansion 1.5 4.5

1.3 Oil system

Name Unit Normal Max. Min.

Speed-regulating
MPa 1.57 1.3
oil pressure

Lubricating oil MPa 0.08～0.15 0.15 0.08

Lubricating oil
℃ 38～55 75 35
temperature

Return oil

temperature of journal ℃ <65 75

bearing

Return oil

temperature of thrust ℃ <65 75

bearing

Temperature of ℃ <100 110

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 white metal of thrust

shoe

Oil level of main mm 0～+100 +250 -180

oil tank

1.4 Generator system

Name Unit Normal Max. Min.

Inlet air
℃ 30～40 45 20
temperature

Outlet air
℃ <65 75
temperature

Temperature of
℃ 120
iron core’s gear part

Temperature of
℃ 140
iron core’s yoke part

Coil temperature ℃ 90

1.5 Others

1.5.1 Miscellaneous

Name Unit Normal Max. Min.

Vacuum of steam
kPa 3～30 3
seal heater

Steam pressure 0.093～

MPa
of shaft seal 0.097

Degree of

supercooling of ℃ 1 2 -7

condensate

Hardness of During
Epb ≤1
condensate start-up ≤10

End difference of
℃ 6～10
condenser

Dissolved PPb <50

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 oxygen of condensate

Water level of
mm 3750 1500
water-jet case

1.5.2 Bearing vibration of auxiliary machine

Rotating r/min 3000 1500 Critical rotating speed

speed

Vibratio mm <0.05 <0.08 <0.10

n value

1.5.3 Parameters related to filter screen

Name Unit Data

Difference between oil mm <50

level before and behind the

oil tank

Difference between MPa <0.15

pressure before and behind

the lubricating oil filter screen

Difference between MPa <0.18

pressure before and behind

the speed-regulating oil filter

screen

1.6 During each pump’s operation, the current shall not exceed the rated values

Name Rated current in A

Condensate pump 203

Jacking oil pump 41.5

Drain pump of LP heater 83.9

Water jet pump 240

HP oil pump 201

Lubricating oil pump 35.5

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 DC oil pump 53.8

Section II General Operation Maintenance

2.1 As to the unit’s operation, the regular inspection and supervision should be done as per the

inspection tour system, the regular supervision and switching system. If find anything abnormal, quickly find

out its reasons, timely handle it according to this specification, and immediately report it to the team leader

and the shift supervisor.

2.2 There should be no noise in the turbine-generator set. The vibration should not exceed 0.05mm.

2.3 The generator’s frequency is 50±0.5Hz

2.4 The normal oil level of the main oil tank is 0～100mm. The difference between the oil level before

and behind the filter screen should not be more than 50mm; or contact the maintenance staff to clean the

filter screen.

2.5 The regulating system should work properly, without jamming or jumping. The oil pressure of each

part should meet the requirements.

2.6 Record the indicated values of each meter on time and analyze them. If find any problem, find out

reasons and timely eliminate them. If find any defect, timely report it to the team leader and record it in the

defect record.

2.7 According to the parameter requirements, timely switch to HP & LP oil pump, condensate pump,

water jet pump and water drain pump. Do not arbitrarily disconnect the interlock switch and the main

machine protection switch. If the switching can be done due to special reasons, report it to the shift

supervisor and reflect it in the chief operator’s record.

2.8 Conduct the supervision for the operation of the heater:

2.8.1 The water should be timely drained from the heater. The level of the water drain should be 300～

500mm.

2.8.2 The air in the heater should be exhausted timely.

2.8.3 The heater’s steam inlet valve and the extraction check valve should be opened fully.

2.8.4 The end difference of the HP heater generally should be 3～7℃.

2.9 Supervision for each type of water pump:

2.9.1 There should not be noise in each part. The vibration should not exceed the setting value.

2.9.2 Note that there should not be water in each bearing. The oil level should be at 2/3 of the oil level

indicator. The oil should be qualified, without water. The bushing temperature should not exceed the setting

96
value.

2.9.3 During each pump’s operation, the current shall not exceed the rated value.

2.10 When the turbine is in the standby period, there should be a specially-assigned person to maintain

and check it regularly, so as to ensure the unit can be started at any time.

2.11 The turbine’s start, stop, normal maintenance and change should all be recorded in detail.

Chapter 6 Turbine’s Accident Prevention and Handling

Section I Principles of Accident Handling

1.1 In case of the equipment’s failure, the operator should quickly eliminate the danger to human and

equipment, find out the reasons, eliminate the failure, and keep the equipment in continuous operation.

1.2 In case of the equipment’s failure, the operator should timely report it to the chief operator and the

shift supervisor, should quickly carry out the superior’s instructions and reinforce the contact between each

post. The assistants should not operate the equipment without authorization, but should cooperate in the

handling under the guidance of the chief operator and the shift supervisor, and try to guarantee the normal

heat and power supply for users, especially to guarantee the service power.

1.3 During the accident handling, the operator should quickly, accurately and calmly analyze it. If

he/she finds it is out of this specification, he/she should make the judgment based on their own knowledge

and experience, take active actions and report it to the chief operator and the shift supervisor as quickly as

possible.

1.4 In case of the unit’s failure, the operator should conduct the work in the following order.

1.4.1 Based on the indicated values of the meters and judging from the reliability of the meters and the

external phenomenon of the unit, determine that the equipment has failed. Correctly judge the failure’s

nature, location and range, and quickly handle it according to this specification.

1.4.2 Quickly eliminate the danger to human and equipment. When necessary, stop the failed

equipment to prevent the failure spread.

1.4.3 Guarantee other non-failing equipment works properly.

1.4.4 Each stage of the failure handling should be quickly reported to the chief operator, the shift

supervisor and the supervisor of the discipline, so as to timely take actions to prevent the failure spread.

1.5 From the failure occurrence to the recovery, the operator should not leave his/her post without

authorization. If the failure occurs during the shift change, the shift change should be delayed until the

handling comes to the end of a stage. The staff of the next shift should assist the previous shift in the

accident handling.

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 1.6 When the unit fails, the supervisor of the discipline shall go to the site and supervise the failure

handling, give the operator necessary instructions, which can not be in conflict with the shift supervisor’s

order. When he/she finds the chief operator is unqualified for the failure handling, he/she is entitled to

announce that he/she will lead the accident handling within their own discipline. The chief operator should

assist the leader of the discipline to handle the failure and immediately report it to the shift supervisor.

1.7 After the completion of the failure handling, the operator should truly record the accident’s reasons,

the detailed handling process in the shift-change record. Conduct the shift change in written form and report

to the superior level by level. When necessary, keep the original state of the site to facilitate the accident

analysis. The shift supervisor and the supervisor of the discipline should timely call up the relevant staff and

hold a meeting for the accident investigation and analysis to find out the reasons, sum up experience, learn

the lesson and make strategies.

Section II Shutdown in Case of Failure

2.1 Conditions of emergency shutdown by breaking the vacuum

2.1.1 There is sudden strong vibration or metal clash in the turbine-generator set.

2.1.2 The turbine’s rotating speed increases to 3360r/min, but the emergency security device does not

actuate.

2.1.3 There is water impact

2.1.4 There is a spark and obvious friction noise in the shaft seal.

2.1.5 There is fuel-outage or smoke in any one of bearings of the turbine-generator set. The return oil

temperature of the bearing suddenly rises.

2.1.6 The temperature rise of the return oil of the bearing exceeds 75℃; or that of the bushing exceeds

110℃; or there is smoke in the bearing.

2.1.7 The oil system is on fire, which can not be extinguished quickly and threatens the safe operation

of the unit.

2.1.8 When the oil level of the main oil tank sharply goes down below the min. level, which can not be

recovered.

2.1.9 When the lubricating oil pressure drops to 0.0196MPa; each bearing’s oil flow reduces; the oil

temperature rises and startup of the auxiliary oil pump fails.

2.1.10 The axial displacement of the rotor exceeds -0.7mm or 1.3mm.

2.1.11 The main steam pipe breaks.

2.1.12 There is smoke in the generator.

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 2.1.13 The exhaust valve of the rear cylinder actuates.

2.2 Conditions of emergency shutdown not by breaking the vacuum

2.2.1 The pressure of the inlet steam of the turbine is higher than 9.8MPa, or the temperature of the

inlet steam is higher than 545℃.

2.2.2 The pressure of the inlet steam of the turbine is lower than 5.88MPa, or the temperature of the

inlet steam is lower than 480℃.

2.2.3 The vacuum in the condenser is below －62.7kPa.

2.2.4 All of the control valves close. The generator turns to motor operation mode and drives the

turbine to operate over 3 min.

2.2.5 The vibration of the turbine’s bearing exceeds 0.07mm.

2.2.6 The stem of the main steam valve is seized.

2.3 Procedures of emergency shutdown by breaking the vacuum

2.3.1 Manually pull the emergency breaker’s handle or press the remote-operational stop button.

Check if the automatic main steam valve, the speed-regulating valve, the extraction check valve are all

tightly closed; if the generator’s trip protection actuates.

2.3.2 Start the lubricating oil pump and check if the rotating speed decreases.

2.3.3 Close the electric main valve and the pressure regulator of the deaerator.

2.3.4 Stop the water jet pump and fully open the vacuum breaking valve.

2.3.5 Open the condensate recirculating valve; stop the deaerator and keep the water level in the hot

well.

2.3.6 Exit the HP and the LP heater; close the valve of the condensate to the deaerator.

2.3.7 Regulating the pressure of the shaft seal, check the unit’s conditions and check the vibration by

listening to the noise.

2.3.8 After the vacuum reduces to zero, close the steam supply valve of the shaft seal.

2.3.9 After the rotor stops, switch to continuous turning, and record the rotor’s coasting duration.

2.3.10 Perform other shutdown procedures as per the shutdown order stipulated in the operation

procedure.

Note: the above are the procedures for emergency shutdown by breaking the vacuum. There are

different special operations depending on different shutdown conditions, e.g. opening emergency oil drain

valve in case of a fire endangering the oil tank.

2.4 The emergency shutdown should be conducted not by breaking the vacuum in case of the

following turbine conditions which can not be recovered within 15 min

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 2.4.1 The pressure of the turbines’ inlet steam is lower than 6MPa, but higher than 5.88MPa.

2.4.2 The temperature of the turbines’ inlet steam is lower than 485℃, but higher than 480℃.

2.4.3 The vacuum in the condenser is lower than -73 kPa, but higher than -62.7 kPa.

Section III Handling of abnormality of Steam Temperature and Pressure

3.1 During the operation, when finding the main steam pressure or temperature is out of the rated

parameters, timely contact the boiler staff and ask them to quickly recover it and report the team leader and

the shift supervisor to take emergency actions. Moreover, pay close attention to the unit’s vibration sound,

check the cylinder’s expansion, the rotor’s expansion relative to the cylinder, the axial displacement, the

thrust shoe temperature, as well as the temperature and the change of temperature difference of turbine’s

each part.

3.2 In case of temperature increase or decrease of the main steam, handle it mainly based on the

mixed steam temperature behind the automatic main steam valve. However, if the sudden temperature

decrease in a single pipe exceeds 50℃ or there is water impact, conduct the emergency shutdown based on

the steam temperature in the single pipe and fully open the main steam pipe and the cylinder’s drain valve.

3.3 In case of simultaneous decrease of steam temperature and pressure, handle it mainly based on

the decrease of the steam temperature.

Steam
℃ 525 521 517 513 509 505 500 495
temperature

Steam
MPa 8.4 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.0
pressure

Inlet steam
t/h 370 342 314 283 258 230 202 174
flow

Steam
℃ 490 485 480 475 470 465 <465
temperature

Steam
MPa 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.9 <5.9
pressure

Inlet steam
MPa 146 118 90 62 34 20 shutdown
flow

3.4 In case that the main steam temperature is higher than 540℃, contact and ask the boiler staff to

quickly decrease it to the normal value. When the steam temperature between 545～550℃ can not be

decreased after 30 min continuous operation, conduct the emergency shutdown. When the steam

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temperature is higher than 550℃, immediately conduct the emergency shutdown.

3.5 When the main steam temperature decreases:

When the main steam temperature decreases to 505℃, immediately contract and ask the boiler stoker

to quickly recover it to the normal value. When the steam temperature decreases to 505℃, open the water

drain valve of the conduit before the electric main valve; and the temperature continues to decrease to 495℃.

Open the drain valve behind the speed-regulating valve and the cylinder’s drain valve. When the steam

temperature decreases below 465℃, quickly reduce the load to zero. When the steam temperature

decreases to 460℃ but still can not be recovered, report it to the shift supervisor for the emergency

shutdown. Additionally, reduce the load as per the following principles:

Steam Electric Extraction Steam Electric Extraction

temperature load flow temperature load flow

℃ MW t/h ℃ MW t/h

525 60 200 485 30 0

515 55 160 475 10 0

505 50 120 465 0 0

Shutdown
495 45 80 460
due to fault

3.6 Steam pressure increase

When the main steam pressure increases to 9.4MPa or above, contact the boiler staff to reduce the

load. When it increases to 9.9MPa or above, report it to the team leader and the shift supervisor. Use two

electric main valves to restrict the flow, so as to keep the steam after the electric main valve no higher than

9.9MPa. After the steam pressure recovers, fully open the electric main valve. In case of 30 minutes or more

operation with the steam after the electric main valve over 9.9MPa but without any decrease, conduct the

emergency shutdown.

3.7 Steam pressure decrease

In case of the steam decrease, reduce the load as per the following principles. When the steam

pressure reduces below 5.9MPa but can not be recovered, conduct the emergency shutdown. Reduce the

load as per the following principles

Attached: the principles for the steam pressure decrease and the load reduction:

Steam Electric Thermal Steam Electric Thermal

pressure load load pressure load load

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 MPa MW t/h MPa MW t/h

8.4 60 200 7.0 22 0

8.3 55 160 6.9 20 0

8.2 50 140 6.8 18 0

8.1 44 130 6.7 16 0

8.0 42 120 6.6 14 0

7.9 40 110 6.5 12 0

7.8 38 100 6.4 10 0

7.7 36 90 6.3 8

7.6 34 80 6.2 6

7.5 32 70 6.1 4

7.4 30 50 6.0 2

7.3 28 0 5.9 0

7.2 26 0 <5.9 Shutdown

due to fault

7.1 24 0

Section IV Condenser’s Vacuum Declination

4.1 If find the declination of the vacuum, check the following meters and find out the reasons.

4.1.1 The condenser’s vacuum meter, the autographic recorder of exhaust temperature and the

thermometer of exhaust cylinder; conduct cross-reference to determine that the vacuum has declined.

4.1.2 The pressure gauge of the condenser’s circulating water inlet and outlet, the thermometer, and

the siphon gauge.

4.1.3 The shaft seal’s pressure gauge and thermometer.

4.1.4 The condensate pressure and flow meter; the condensate pump’s ammeter.

4.1.5 The pressure gauge of water-jet pump water outlet; the ejector’s vacuum meter.

4.1.6 The condenser’s water level indicator.

4.1.7 Check the tightness of the vacuum system.

4.2 Confirm the declination against the meters, timely notice the assistant operator to find out

the reasons and handle it together, and report it to the chief operator and the shift supervisor as

soon as possible.

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 Main reasons for the vacuum declination:

4.2.1 Circulating water interruption or shortage, or breaking of siphon.

4.2.2 Decrease of the steam supply of the shaft seal or failure of the shaft seal’s heater.

4.2.3 Increase of the condenser’s water level.

4.2.4 Malfunction of the water-jet pump and the water-jet ejector; temperature increase of the water-jet

tank.

4.2.5 Loss of the vacuum system.

4.3 When the vacuum declined to -86kPa, send out “Pay Attention” and “Reduce Load” order to the

master controller; meanwhile start the standby water-jet pump and the water-jet ejector to increase the

vacuum in the condenser.

4.4 The exhaust temperature under load condition should not exceed 65℃; it should not exceed 120℃

under no-load condition. Switch to water spay at the exhaust cylinder’s throat depending on the exhaust

temperature.

4.5 When the vacuum declines, reduce the load as per the following table during the reason-finding

process before the recovery of the vacuum.

Vacuum -kPa -86 -84 -81 -79 -76 -73 -67

Load MW 55 40 30 20 10 0

When the load is reduced to “zero” and the vacuum declines below -0.0627MPa, conduct the

emergency shutdown.

4.6. When the vacuum declines, there are following handling methods:

4.6.1 Under the following conditions, it is allowed for the unit to temporarily operate with the

original load:

4.6.1.1 The vacuum can stop further declination to some extent;

4.6.1.2 Proper vibration;

4.6.1.3 Proper temperature of white metal of thrust shoe;

4.6.1.4 The pressure in the monitored section does not exceed the setting value;

4.6.1.5 If under the above conditions, the vacuum can not be recovered over 30 min but the above four

conditions can not be met simultaneously, conduct the emergency shutdown.

4.6.2 Circulating water interruption phenomenon and handling:

4.6.2.1 Phenomenon:

The pressure of the condenser water inlet is zero; the outlet pressure is zero; and the vacuum sharply

declines.

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 4.6.2.2 Handling:

1) Quickly reduce the load to zero.

2) Open the oil cooler’s service water valve, and close the oil cooler’s circulating water inlet valve.

3) Open the exhaust cylinder’s water spray device. When the exhaust temperature increases to 120℃,

conduct the emergency shutdown.

4) When the exhaust temperature decreases to 50℃, the circulating water can be introduced to the

condenser.

4.6.3 Phenomenon and handling of vacuum declination due to circulating water shortage

4.6.3.1 Phenomenon

1) The vacuum declines and the exhaust temperature increases gradually;

2) Under the same load and water inlet temperature condition, the temperature of the condenser’s

water outlet increases;

4.6.3.2 Handling

1) Open widely the condenser’s inlet valve to increase the circulating water flow;

2) Report to the chief operator to start another circulating water pump;

3) If the condenser is blocked, lift the small cover to clean it.

4.6.4 Phenomenon and handling of vacuum declination due to breaking of siphon

4.6.4.1 Phenomenon

1) The vacuum at the condenser’s outlet is zero;

2) The pressure at the condenser’s water inlet increases;

3) Under the same load and water inlet temperature condition, the temperature of the condenser’s

water outlet increases but the vacuum declines.

4.6.4.2 Handling

1) Properly reduce the load to stabilize the vacuum;

2) Open widely the inlet valve, close the water outlet valve (Do not close it off), exhaust the air and

properly increase the circulating water flow at the other side;

3) After the air has been exhausted, close the vent, open widely water outlet valve and regain the

original operation mode (slightly increase the circulating water flow). If the siphon at both sides is broken

simultaneously, handle the side with more serious condition firstly.

4.6.5 Phenomenon and handling of vacuum declination due to too high water level in the

condenser

4.6.5.1 Phenomenon:

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 1) The condenser’s water level goes up so that the water level indicator can not reflect the water level,

at which time the water outlet pressure and the current of the condensate pump increase.

2) In case of the failure of the condensate pump, the motor’s current reduces and the outlet water

pressure decreases (the current is zero in case of pump trip).

3) Supercooling condensate increases.

4) When the condenser’s pipe is broken, the hardness of the condensate increases.

5) The condensate’s recirculating water valve is wrongly opened and the demineralized water refill

valve is opened too widely.

6) The relevant valve to the deaerator’s condensate pipe section is wrongly turned down or the valve

spool drops, at which time the condensate pressure increases and the current reduces; and the end

difference of the heat exchanger reduces.

7) The check valve of the standby condensate pump is not tight, making the condensate return.

8) When there is air leakage in the condensate pump’s water inlet pipe and the standby water pump,

the condensate pump can not pump water.

9) The LP heater’s copper pipe breaks, causing a large amount of water return to the condenser

through the drain valve.

4.6.5.2 Handling:

1) In case of the failure of the condensate pump, quickly open the standby condensate pump.

2) Properly turn down the recirculating water valve and the water refill valve.

3) If the LP heater’s copper pipe breaks, guide the condensate to the through valve to exit from the

operation.

4) If the outlet check valve of the standby condensate pump is not tight, close the water outlet valve.

5) If there is air leakage in the standby pump or the pump in operation, try to eliminate it, check the

water seal of the packing and tighten the relevant screws.

6) In case of the leakage of the condenser’s copper pipe, start the standby condensate pump and

timely stop the condenser's leakage. Conduct the shutdown when necessary.

4.6.6 In case of the vacuum declination due to malfunction of the ejector, timely switch the

operation mode and check the water-jet pump’s operation condition and the water-jet tank’s water

level.

4.6.7 Phenomenon and handling of vacuum declination due to air leakage caused by

non-tightness of the vacuum system

4.6.7.1 Phenomenon and reasons:

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 1) The vacuum declines and the exhaust temperature increases;

2) Whether the vacuum breaking valve’s water seal, the condensate pump’s water seal or the vacuum

valve’s water seal is broken.

3) Whether there is air leakage in the condenser or the LP heater’s water level indicator.

4) The packing of each valve of each pipeline under the vacuum condition or the flanged joint is not

tight.

5) The water drain valve of the condenser’s hot well is not tight or the flanged joint is not tight.

6) If the vacuum declines under the low load, but the vacuum recovers to the normal condition under

the high load, the usual reason for the vacuum declination is the leakage at the LP cylinder’s joint.

7) The relevant joints of the deaerator are not tight.

4.6.7.2 Handling

If find the above problems, timely handle it by checking the source of water seal, tightening the screws,

and applying grease when necessary.

Section V Oil system abnormal

5.1 Oil system limit value

5.1.1 Oil pressure limit value

5.1.1.1 When governing oil pressure is dropped to 1.96MPa, the governing oil pump interlocks; when

the lube oil pressure is dropped to 0.055MPa, the AC lube oil pump interlocks.

5.1.1.2 When lube oil pressure is dropped to 0.04MPa, the DC oil pump interlocks.

5.1.1.3 When lube oil pressure is dropped to 0.02MPa, turbine is shut down automatically.

5.1.1.4 When lube oil pressure is dropped to 0.015MPa, turning gear is interlocked and tripped.

5.1.2 Oil level limit value

5.1.2.1 When oil level is suddenly 5~10mm dropped, the master operator shall notify the assistant

operator to locate the leakage, and check the oil level.

5.1.2.2 When oil level is dropped to -50mm, try to contact to top the oil, and report it to the master

operator and the shift supervisor.

5.1.2.3 When oil level is dropped to -180mm, no any methods are effective, but break vacuum and shut

down the turbine.

5.1.3 Oil temperature limit value:

5.1.3.1 When any bearing return oil temperature suddenly rising 2~3℃, locate the reasons.

5.1.3.2 When any bearing return oil temperature rising to 65℃, report it to the master operator and

106
the shift supervisor, try to lower the temperature and monitor it closely, if it is impossible to lower, when the oil

temperature rising to 75℃, break vacuum and shut down the turbine emergently.

5.1.3.3 When thrust pad temperature rising to 80℃, report it to the master operator, it is continues to

rise to 90℃, notify the shift supervisor, adjust the electrical heat load; if any spot of the thrust pad

temperature exceeds 110℃ or two spots exceeded 95℃ simultaneously, trip and shut down the turbine

immediately.

5.2 Handling of auxiliary oil pump operation abnormal

5.2.1 During turbine startup or shutdown, when governing oil pump is fault, start the AC lube oil pump

or DC oil pump immediately.

5.2.2 During turbine startup, when the speed is below 2300r/m, if the governing oil pump is fault, and oil

pressure drops with it, start the AC lube oil pump or DC oil pump immediately (if the AC lube oil pump and the

DC oil pump are fault simultaneously, break vacuum immediately, shut down the turbine), lower the speed,

shut down the turbine. If the speed is above 2300r/m, start the AC lube oil pump or DC oil pump immediately,

and increase rapidly the turbine speed till the main oil pump can maintain normal pressure.

5.3 Handling of oil system on fire

5.3.1 When oil system is on fire, locate the reasons without delay, and take measures to wipe out the

fire with fire-fighting equipment quickly; report it to the shift supervisor immediately according to the situation,

and contact the fire brigade.

5.3.2 If the fire cannot be controlled, and the unit safe operation is threatened, then break vacuum

immediately, shut down the turbine emergently, start the lube oil pump, disconnect the governing oil pump

interlocking switch. To start the governing oil pump is strictly forbidden.

5.3.3 If the fire continues to spread and the main oil tank is endangered, isolate the oil tank from the

fire with fire hydrant after the turbine is tripped and the generator is disconnected. In 5min, open fully the

emergency oil drain valve to drain oil (close the emergency oil drain valve after the fire is wiped out), stop the

lube oil pump immediately after the rotor is stopped, and turn the shaft manually, so as to prevent bending of

the shaft.

5.3.4 When electrical equipment operation safety is threatened, cut off its power supply.

5.4 Oil pressure, oil level change causes and remedies (the causes and the remedies are in

correspondence one by one)

5.4.1 Oil pressure and oil level are dropped simultaneously

5.4.1.1 Causes:

1) Pressure oil pipe leakage;

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 2) Oil cooler copper tube leakage

5.4.1.2 Remedies:

1) If the oil pipe is leaking, then clip it or tighten the screws.

2) Stop the leaking oil cooler to eliminate the leakage and maintain the lube oil pressure and quantity,

make the return oil temperature of each bearing not exceed 75℃.

5.4.2 Oil level is dropped, oil pressure is unchanged

5.4.2.1 Causes:

1) Oil level meter failed, oil cooler and pressure oil pipe have slight leak.

2) Oil tank filter screen is clogged, which makes the oil level difference before and after the screen

bigger.

3) Return oil pipe is leaking, emergency oil drain valve or oil tank water drain valve is leaking. Auxiliary

oil pump flange and gland are leaking.

5.4.2.2 Remedies:

1) Check whether the oil gauge float is free, eliminate the leak point

2) Contact the maintenance, clean the oil tank screen.

3) Eliminate the oil leak point, such as, clip, tighten the screws. Close tightly the valve or use oil pan to

catch leaking oil, etc.

5.4.3 Oil pressure is dropped, oil level is unchanged

5.4.3.1 Causes

1) Main oil pump operation abnormal

2) Oil ejector operation abnormal

3) LP oil pump outlet check valve not tight

4) Leak of pressure oil pipe in front bearing housing

5) Lube oil pressure overpressure valve operation abnormal

5.4.3.2 Remedies

1) Start the governing oil pump immediately.

2) Start the lube oil pump immediately.

3) Close the oil outlet valve.

4) Start the governing oil or lube oil pump to restore oil pressure, if the pressure cannot be restored, then

shut down the turbine.

5) The mechanical maintenance team adjusts the overflow oil valve, with the professional director or

professional engineer taking charge.

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Section VI Load rejection

When the unit is found rejecting load, report it immediately to the monitor.

6.1 Generator is tripped, load is rejected to “0”, and automatic main stop valve is closed. OPC operated,

the rotary diaphragms are closed simultaneously, extraction check valve closed

6.1.1 Phenomena:

“Generator trip”, “automatic main stop valve closed” alarm, load to “0”.

6.1.2 Handling:

6.1.2.1 Start the AC lube oil pump, stop the deaerator, open the condensate recirculation, adjust the

condenser water level and shaft seal pressure, and check the extraction check valve interlock close.

6.1.2.2 Report it to the department leader, locate the fault, and get ready to speed up again.

6.1.2.3 Check comprehensively the unit idling condition.

1) The axial displacement, relative expansion, turbine each metal temperature, and temperature

difference are normal

2) The unit vibration and internal sound

3) The governing oil pressure and the lube oil pressure, each bearing oil temperature, thrust bearing

temperature and oil flow

4) Open vacuum breaking valve according to the speed decrease situation

5) Complete other operations for shutdown

Section VII Unit running out of synchronization

7.1 Generator running out of synchronization, low cycle operation occurred

7.1.1 Handling:

7.1.1.1 Start the AC oil pump immediately, so as to prevent oil interrupted and pad burnt.

7.1.1.2 Maintain appropriate opening of the governing valve, and require limiting the power load.

7.1.1.3 Check comprehensively the operation condition of each part of the unit, and make

corresponding adjustment, pay particular attention to axial displacement and each bearing oil pressure and

oil temperature.

7.2 Generator running out of synchronization, high cycle operation occurred

7.2.1 Governing system can control the speed not exceed OPC operating speed:

7.2.1.1 Maintain normal cycle; contact the electrical to synchronize as quickly as possible.

7.2.1.2 Disconnect the HP, LP heaters according to the condition.

7.2.1.3 Make adjustment of the shaft seal steam supply and recirculation

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 7.2.1.4 Check comprehensively the operation condition of each part of the unit.

7.2.2 If service power is interrupted, start the DC oil pump, make shutdown treatment.

7.2.3 Speed is increased to emergency governor operating speed, but without operating:

7.2.3.1 Handle it according to emergency shutdown steps.

7.2.3.2 Start the AC oil pump or DC oil pump.

Section VIII Water impact

8.1 Causes of water impact and the handling

8.1.1 Boiler is full of water, attemperating water regulation is improper.

8.1.2 Boiler water quality is not good, resulting in steam and water co-boiling, steam pressure sudden

drop causing strong evaporation

8.1.3 Heater is full of water and the extraction check valve is not tight, water flows back to steam turbine

8.1.4 Handle it immediately according to breaking vacuum emergency shutdown

8.1.5 During shutdown, strengthen check of each part of the unit, pay attention to idling time of the rotor,

internal sound, thrust pad and bearing return oil temperature, axial displacement, etc.

8.1.6 When no abnormal condition is found, no abnormal sound under turning state, and the upper and

lower cylinder temperature difference and rotor swinging meet the specification, the professional director will

make decision and take charge of startup.

8.1.7 During startup, pay particular attention to monitoring axial displacement, thrust pad temperature,

relative expansion and metal temperature, if internal noise, friction, increase of axial displacement is found,

shut down the turbine immediately.

8.2 Preventive measures for water impact

8.2.1 When the boiler or the main steam header is in parallel, monitor it closely with particular care,

operate slowly, fully heat the pipe and drain water according to the temperature.

8.2.2 Monitor frequently the steam temperature and steam pressure change, contact the boiler timely.

8.2.3 Pay attention to strengthening heating pipe and thorough water drain before the unit startup.

8.2.4 Always pay attention to the heater water level, when the internal pipe is ruptured, shut down the

turbine immediately.

8.2.5 When extraction pipe stops operating, pipe water drain has to be opened

Section IX Increase of axial displacement

9.1 When axial displacement is increased than the normal, make the following checks:

9.1.1 Thrust bearing temperature and thrust pad temperature

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 9.1.2 Listen to the unit internal sound and vibration of each part; check whether the high pressure, low

pressure shaft seal has friction sound.

9.1.3 Whether the axial displacement indicator is normal

9.1.4 Whether the main steam flow, pressure, temperature, each pressure and vacuum of monitoring

section has any change

9.1.5 When the above meters and operating conditions indicating the meter failure, then report it to the

master operator, the shift supervisor, and contact the I&C to correct it quickly; disconnect the protection

switch temporarily.

9.2 When axial displacement increase is confirmed:

9.2.1 When the axial displacement is 0.2mm increased than the normal, reduce the unit load.

9.2.2 When the axial displacement exceeded 1.3mm or -0.7mm, if the protection does not operate, then

break vacuum, shut down the turbine emergently. If the protection operates, vacuum breaking and shutdown

shall also be made.

9.2.3 When axial displacement is increased, to disconnect the protection switch is strictly forbidden.

Section X Steam turbine severe overspeed

10.1 General phenomena of severe overspeed:

1) Load is to zero, the speed continues to rise after it reached the emergency governor operating speed;

the unit vibration is increased and unusually discordant sound is sent out.

2) Governing and lube oil pressure rising rapidly

10.2 Handling of steam turbine severe overspeed:

10.2.1 Make emergency treatment according to the breaking vacuum emergency shutdown steps.

10.2.2 Check the automatic main stop valve, governing valve, IP rotary diaphragms, close each

extraction check valve, close electric main stop valve, close the electric isolation valve when necessary, and

cut off all steam sources connected with steam turbine immediately.

10.2.3 Make other operations as per the procedure.

10.2.4 Rotor still, record the idling time, put continuous turning into operation, measure and listen

carefully the internal sound.

10.2.5 If restart is required, approval from the shift supervisor and the director must be obtained, and the

overspeed test is qualified.

Section XI Generator, exciter has smoke or on fire

11.1 When generator internal core coil temperature is found locally rising during operation, notify the

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electrical master operator for treatment rapidly.

11.2 When generator, exciter is found smoke:

11.2.1 Break vacuum immediately and shut down turbine emergently.

11.2.2 Complete other operations of emergent shutdown.

11.2.3 Report it to the monitor, the shift supervisor and the electrical on-duty operator, use carbon

dioxide and dry fire extinguisher to extinguish fire. Using foam fire extinguisher or sand is strictly forbidden.

11.2.4 After “generator switch-off” signal is obtained, and confirm the magnetic blow-out switch has been

disconnected, the driver may use water extinguisher to extinguish the fire in machine.

11.2.5 When the speed is dropped to 300r/m, maintain the rotor running at 300r/m, till the generator

stator and rotor are confirmed cooled after fire extinguished, can the generator be shut down.

Section XII Abnormal vibration and abnormal sound of turbine unit

12.1 When turbine suddenly has strong vibration and there is clear metal sound inside, break vacuum

and make emergency shutdown.

12.2 Under the load changing condition, when the unit has not very strong vibration or has abnormal

sound, restore the load to the original normal load immediately and locate the reasons, and check:

12.2.1 Oil cooler return oil temperature is within 38~45℃, the oil pressure and oil flow are normal.

12.2.2 Main steam parameters shall conform to the specification, when they are not conformed, ask the

boiler to regulate.

12.2.3 Check the unit expansion condition, check whether the cylinder thermal insulation is in good

condition, strengthen the cylinder insulation.

12.2.4 Check whether the steam exhaust hood temperature is too high. Adjust it when it is too high.

12.2.5 Check whether the cylinder upper and lower temperature difference is too big, locate the reasons

and correct it when the temperature difference is exceeded.

12.2.6 If not very clearly abnormal sound is found inside the unit cyclically, strengthen monitoring of the

unit operation condition, check the reasons carefully, and report it to the master operator, the shift supervisor

and the professional director immediately.

Section XIII Main stop valve, governing valve, rotary diaphragm operation abnormal

13.1 Governing valve fault

13.1.1 The valve stem is ruptured and the valve core is come off:

13.1.1.1 Judge the fault according to the pressure after the governing valve, check the governing valve

opening. Pay attention to the unit operation condition, and report it to the master operator, the shift

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supervisor and the professional management personnel. If the case is serious and should not operate for a

long time, arrange shutdown to eliminate the fault.

13.1.1.2 If #1 governing valve has fault and the unit load is low at that time, only the #1 governing valve

is opened, then the load will be rejected to zero, under the no-steam operating mode, increase the high

pressure servo-motor travel rapidly, open wider other governing valves to carry the load to maintain the unit

operating for the time being, then handle it according to the above regulations.

13.1.2 The valve or servo-motor is jammed, judge the fault by the governing valve servo-motor travel

and the load relationship.

When the governing valve servo-motor jamming is not serious, the jamming can be eliminated by

increasing/decreasing the load to move the servo-motor, when the jamming is serious, report it to the master

operator, the shift supervisor and the professional director, shut down the turbine according to the methods

below:

1) Reduce the load of the governing valve to the minimum possible degree.

2) Open full the bypass valve of the electric main stop valve, close the electric main stop valve, use the

bypass valve to control the load at 3-5MW.

3) After reducing the load to zero by the bypass valve of the electric main stop valve, disconnect the

generator, fully close the bypass valve, and stop the manual emergency governor manually.

Note: when #2, 3, and 4 control valve are jammed, the operation can be without heat load.

Automatic main stop valve fault:

13.2.1 The valve stem is ruptured or valve core is come off

When the automatic main stop valve stem rupture or valve core come-off has been verified according to

the steam pressure before and after the main stop valve and external phenomenon of the automatic main

stop valve, reduce the load and make turbine fault shutdown.

Valve jamming

When the valve is found jammed through movable main stop valve, report it to the professional

management personnel and the shift supervisor; do not maintain operation under this condition.

13.3 IP governing valve or servo-motor jamming:

Judge it according to the servo-motor travel switch and the steam extraction hood pressure. If the

jamming is not serious, eliminate the jamming by increasing and decreasing the heat supply load, when

necessary, may reduce power load, lower the adjusting steam extraction hood pressure to make it restored;

if the jamming is serious, try to make it fully open, no longer operate with the adjusting extraction steam;

before jamming is eliminated, limit operation load or reduce load and shut down according to the steam

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extraction hood pressure; note that do not make the safety valve operate.

Section XIV Piping fault

14.1 When piping, three-way, valve body and nearby insulation layer is found steam leak and water leak,

report it to the monitor, and try to locate and judge the leak point and leak condition, report it to the shift

supervisor when necessary. It is strictly forbidden to locate the leakage by removing the insulation when the

piping is under high temperature and high pressure, so as to prevent rupture due to shock cooling of the

exposed position.

14.2 If penetrated crack is found on high pressure piping and the accessories (including welds), when

steam water is ejected from the crack or valve has crack and steam water leak, report it to the master

operator and the shift supervisor immediately, stop operation of this piping immediately, and open the drain

valve to relieve pressure.

14.3 If stop of this piping involves boiler shutdown and turbine shutdown, insist on rapid stop, when

shutting down turbine, run down the load to “0” first, and handle it according to fault shutdown, so as to

prevent pressure fluctuation in the piping when closing the main stop valve.

14.4 Any steam water piping must be fully heated and water drained, so as to prevent piping vibration

due to water impact.

14.5 If high pressure piping is ruptured, the workshop is fully filled with large amount of steam, open

the windows rapidly for ventilation, and take fire-proof measures.

14.6 When oil piping has leakage, report it to the monitor, the shift supervisor timely and correct it timely;

when it is impossible to correct, make emergency fault shutdown immediately.

Section XV Service power interrupted

15.1 Phenomena when service power is lost

15.1.1 All the AC lighting lamps in the workshop go out, sound changes suddenly.

15.1.2 Condenser hot well level rising rapidly

15.1.3 All the AC motors are stopped, current becomes “0”.

15.1.4 Circulating water pressure becomes zero.

15.1.5 Vacuum is dropped rapidly, the exhaust temperature rises.

15.2 Handling steps:

15.2.1 Make sure the service power is completely lost, make emergency shutdown immediately, and

open the vacuum breaking valve.

15.2.2 Start the diesel generator, start DC oil pump immediately when shutting down turbine, put DC

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emergency lighting into operation, and use flash light.

15.2.3 When the service power is interrupted for over 1min and cannot be restored yet, release each AC

motor interlocking, reset the protection, operation switches.

15.2.4 Complete other steps of shutdown operation, record the idling time. (When emergency power

supply is used, to start any motor must obtain approval from the monitor and shift supervisor, except the low

pressure oil pump and turning gear)

15.2.5 After rotor is stopped, if it cannot be put under continuous turning as the service power has not

been resumed, make marks on the rotor and put the rotor bending indicator into operation, set it to value “0”,

after the service power is restored, after recording the reading of the rotor bending indicator, turn the rotor by

180, when the rotor bending indicating value is restored to 1/2 of the recorded value, put it under continuous

turning, remember to measure the rotor bending value and listen to the sound before and after the bearing

for whether it is normal.

15.2.6 After the service power is restored, start the turbine according to the state regulation, but note

that:

1） Start the circulating water pump, but the condenser inlet valve can be opened slowly only after the

condenser exhaust cylinder temperature is dropped to below 50℃.

2) When turbine is shut down due to interruption of the service power, the master operator shall report

it to the shift supervisor, the deaerator operating with steam and water stopped.

15.3 Service power partially interrupted

15.3.1 Check the corresponding linked standby equipment which shall be in normal operation, and reset

the operation switches and interlocks.

15.3.2 If the standby pump is not linked, start immediately the standby pump manually.

15.3.3 After the service power is partially interrupted, and the unit operation is seriously affected, handle

it according to the relevant stipulations.

15.3.4 If power supply is interrupted, vacuum is dropped, handle it according to the relevant stipulations.

Section XVI DEH system fault

16.1 DEH system fault

16.1.1 Phenomenon: DEH system fault alarm

16.1.2 Handling:

16.1.2.1 After the fault phenomenon is found, the operator shall switch the key switch to “Man” position

immediately, before restoration, control the unit operation manually.

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 16.1.2.2 Report it to the shift supervisor, contact the I&C to correct the fault.

16.1.2.3 Pay close attention to the unit operation condition.

16.1.2.4 After the fault is corrected, restore the mode to DEH Auto mode.

Section XVII Handling of auxiliary equipment fault

17.1 Under the following situations, stop emergently the auxiliaries (condensate pump, water jet pump,

drain pump).

17.1.1 Strong vibration suddenly occurred and metal noise in the water pump is heard clearly

17.1.2 Bearing has smoke and is on fire

17.1.3 Water pump case has large fracture. Water pump axial moving is strong, and has impact sound.

17.1.4 Motor meets the condition of emergency stop.

17.1.5 Any bearing temperature is rising to above the limit value:

17.1.5.1 Sliding bearing: 70℃

17.1.5.2 Oil immersed rolling bearing: 80℃

17.1.5.3 Rolling bearing lubricated by grease with cooling water device: 80℃

17.1.5.4 Rolling bearing lubricated by grease without cooling water device: 100℃

17.2 Under following conditions, start the standby auxiliary equipment first, and then stop the fault

auxiliary equipment.

17.2.1 The sliding bearing ring is ruptured or stopped rotating (although toggled it, ineffective yet).

17.2.2 There is abnormal sound in the rolling bearing or bearing retainer ruptured sound is heard clearly

(although filled oil, ineffective yet).

17.2.3 Water pump water is lost or vaporized (although regulated, ineffective yet)

17.2.4 Water pump packing has smoke (although treated, ineffective yet)

17.3 Method for emergency stop of auxiliary equipment

17.3.1 Press the fault auxiliary equipment “emergency button” (or with operation button) to stop the fault

auxiliary equipment running.

17.3.2 Make sure the auxiliary equipment has been tripped, the standby auxiliary equipment linkage is

normal, notify the master operator to reset the operation button, and disconnect the linkage switch.

17.3.3 If the standby auxiliary equipment is not linked, notify the master operator to put the auxiliary

equipment into operation manually, if important auxiliary equipment can still not be started by starting twice in

succession, send out “fault alarm”, and report it to the master operator and the shift supervisor, and reduce

the load or shut down the machine according to the stipulations of the procedure (except the drain pump).

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 17.3.4 Check the linked auxiliary equipment running is normal, the fault auxiliary equipment is without

back rotating, close tightly the water outlet valve.

17.3.5 Complete other relevant operations, if it is the electrical fault, notify the electrical personnel to

come to site to correct.

17.4 Auxiliary equipment automatic trip

17.4.1 When auxiliary equipment trip is found, check immediately whether the standby auxiliary

equipment is interlocked, if not, then operate it manually; when there is no standby auxiliary equipment,

check the tripped auxiliary equipment, if no obvious fault, it may be started by force for one time, if it does not

work, report it to the master operator and the shift supervisor, reduce the load according to the condition, if it

is caused by power interruption, ask the electrical to restore the power supply rapidly, if impossible to restore

the power supply then treat it by shutdown according to the situation.

17.4.2 When the tripped auxiliary equipment and the motor are checked without obvious fault, notify the

electrical to locate the reasons.

Section XVIII Heater water level rising

18.1 Steps when HP heater water level is found rising:

18.1.1 When the water level gauge indication is found too high, the operator notify the assistant operator

to check whether the local water level is really risen, verify and check whether upper and lower valve of the

water level gauge electric contact cylinder is closed.

18.1.2 Check whether the drain valve is closed by mistake, make appropriate adjustment. Check

whether the steam liquid level regulator operation is normal.

18.1.3 Check HP heater steam pressure; if the HP heater water level is normal, notify the deaerator

on-duty operator to check whether the HP heater drain to deaerator valve is normal, which shall be fully

opened.

18.1.4 If the HP heater water level is rising rapidly, cannot be lowered by opening the emergency drain

valve, and accompanied with heater outlet water temperature drop rapidly, or has impact, vibration, drain

pipe swinging, etc., stop the heater immediately, close the #1, 2 HP heater steam admission valve, close the

inlet, outlet water valve, feedwater takes the bypass, drain completely the steam side water, report it to the

monitor, the shift supervisor, and notify the boiler, notify the maintenance personnel to repair, and carry out

leak test when necessary.

18.1.5 If the HP heater protection device is operated, check and handle it as per the clauses above. If

the protection is mal-operated, report it to the monitor, notify the I&C personnel to check and correct, locate

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the reasons, eliminate the fault, after every thing is checked normal, put the HP heater into service.

18.2 Handling steps when LP heater water level rising:

18.2.1 Check whether the steam liquid level regulator operation is normal, check whether the drain valve

is closed by mistake; handle them according to the situation.

18.2.3 Check whether the #1 HP heater to #3 LP heater drain valve is opened by mistake and whether

the LP heater drain system valve is closed by mistake, adjust them.

18.2.4 Check whether the upper, lower small valve position of the LP heater water level gauge is fully

opened, whether the water level indication is consistent with the local water level.

18.2.5 If the LP heater water level rising rapidly to full water, open the emergency drain valve to

condenser, when the water level still cannot be lowered but the heater outlet water temperature drops rapidly,

or has impact, vibration, stop this heater immediately, close the steam admission valve, air valve. Open fully

the water side bypass valve, close the inlet, outlet water valve, report it to the monitor, and notify the

maintenance personnel to handle.

18.2.6 1# LP heater should not be stopped for a long time when it is in operation, if it has to be stopped

for a long time, its better to shut down the turbine; if #2, #3 LP heater have to be stopped simultaneously

when they are in operation, notify the deaerator on-duty operator to increase the HP deaerator steam

admission quantity, so as to avoid drop of the HP deaerator steam pressure, and also pay attention to the

deaerator vibration.

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Part II Operation procedure of auxiliary equipment

Chapter I Operation of oil system

1.1 Start of oil system

1.1.1 Start of oil system

1.1.1.1 The system inspection is finished before start.

1.1.1.2 The governing oil pump, lube oil pump, emergency oil pump low oil pressure interlocking is

normal.

1.1.1.3 The main oil tank oil level is at －100~＋50mm, the oil level gauge is freely and in good

condition.

1.1.1.4 Confirm each oil pump and vapor exhaust fan motor is energized.

1.1.1.5 Confirm the oil tank electric heater is at “Auto”.

1.1.1.6 After the above conditions are satisfied, make trial run of the DC emergency oil pump, AC lube

oil pump and governing oil pump respectively, check whether each pump indicator-lamp and current are

normal, and satisfy the parameters in Table below:

Description DC emergency AC lube oil pump Governing oil

oil pump pump

Outlet oil 0.5 0.5 1.57

pressure (MPa)

Lube oil 0.1～0.15 0.1～0.15 0.1～0.15

pressure (MPa)

Current (A) 53.8 35.5 198.7

1.1.1.7 Check the system has no oil leakage, each oil pump operation is normal; maintain the AC lube

oil pump operating.

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 1.1.1.8 Start operation of the vapor exhaust fan.

1.1.1.9 When the oil temperature reaches 45℃, put the cooling water of the oil cooler into operation.

(1) Open slowly the operating oil cooler inlet valve, close the air valve after the air vent valve has overflow

water.

(2) Open the operating oil cooler water outlet valve, pay attention to the oil cooler pressure, which shall

be higher than the water pressure.

(3) Maintain the oil temperature between 38~45℃.

1.1.1.10 Governing oil pump shall be put into operation before rolling.

1.1.2 Stop of oil system

1.1.2.1 Stop of oil system is the stop after the turbine shutdown.

1.1.2.2 Before stop of the oil system, confirm the turning gear, jacking oil pump have met the stop

conditions first.

1.1.2.3 After the turning gear, jacking oil pump are stopped, stop the oil system as per the steps below:

1) Disconnect the oil pump interlocking;

2) Stop the oil pump, the pump stop indicator-lamp is ON, confirm the lube oil pressure is dropped to

zero, the outlet oil pressure is dropped to zero;

3) Stop the vapor exhaust fan;

4) Disconnect the oil tank electric heater “Auto”;

5) Cut off oil cooler cooling water.

1.2 Operation of oil cooler

1.2.1 Operation and maintenance of oil cooler

1.2.1.1 Check all meters and gauges are complete, the indications are clear;

1.2.1.2 One of the two oil coolers is in operation, one on operation, one on standby;

1.2.1.3 Before unit startup, operate the oil cooler oil inlet valve, oil outlet valve; open the water outlet

valve, close the water inlet valve;

1.2.1.4 Close the standby oil cooler water inlet valve, close the oil outlet valve; open the water outlet

valve, the oil inlet valve.

1.2.1.5 The circulating water or industrial water coming water is free;

1.2.1.6 After turbine rolling, when the total oil outlet temperature after the oil cooler reaches 42℃, put the

oil cooler into operation.

1.2.1.7 The oil cooler cooling water is supplied by the circulating water or industrial water.

1.2.2 Oil cooler switching over operation

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 Prepare measures and monitor well when switching over oil cooler.

1.2.2.1 Open slightly the oil outlet valve and water inlet valve of the standby oil cooler; close slightly the

oil outlet valve and the water inlet valve of the operating oil cooler.

1.2.2.2 Carry out the above two operations alternately, make the load of operating oil cooler transfer to

the standby oil cooler slowly and stably, till the oil outlet valve of the standby oil cooler is fully opened, the

water inlet valve is appropriately opened, the inlet water valve and oil outlet valve of the operating oil cooler

are fully closed.

1.2.2.3 Monitor closely whether the oil cooler outlet header oil temperature and oil pressure are normal

during switching over. The operating oil cooler oil outlet valve can be fully closed only after the standby oil

cooler oil path is guaranteed to be unblocked.

Chapter II Operation of jacking oil pump and turning gear

2.1 Start and stop of jacking oil pump and turning gear

2.1.1 Start of jacking oil pump and turning gear

2.1.1.1 2 hours before rolling, continuous turning must be guaranteed.

2.1.1.2 The unit must be at continuous turning status before hot start.

2.1.1.3 The jacking oil pump and the turning gear can be started only after the lube oil system operation

is normal.

2.1.1.4 Put the jacking oil system into operation before starting the turning gear.

2.1.1.5 Start of jacking oil pump

(1) Open the main oil valve from the lube oil to the jacking oil pump inlet, and the jacking oil pump oil

inlet and outlet valve, the inlet oil pressure is 0.15MPa;

(2) Confirm the jacking oil system inspection is completed;

(3) Start the jacking oil pump, check the jacking oil pump operation is normal, control the jacking oil

pressure at 12~15MPa by adjusting the outlet pipe spill valve.

2.1.1.6 Start of turning gear

(1) Open the turning gear oil inlet valve;

(2) Confirm each bearing jacking oil pressure is 12MPa, open the turning gear lube oil valve oil inlet

valve;

(3) Rotate the hand wheel, and pull the hand lever toward the working position, after the turning gear is

engaged, start the turning gear motor.

(4) After turning gear is started, observe the rotor swinging is not higher than original value 0.02mm,

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listen to the dynamic and static position for any friction sound.

2.1.2 Stop of jacking oil pump and turning gear

2.1.2.1 After start, after the unit speed reaches 1200r/min, stop the jacking oil pump.

2.1.2.2 When stopping, the stop operation can be made only when the turbine cylinder temperature

meets the turning gear stop conditions.

2.1.2.3 Press “stop switch” on the local control box, the indicator-lamp is ON, the turning gear stops.

2.1.2.4 After the rotor becomes still, stop the jacking oil pump.

Chapter III Operation of circulating water system

3.1 Operation and stop of condenser water side

3.1.1 Operation of condenser water side

3.1.1.1 Confirm the maintenance work is completed, the work permit has been cancelled, and the site

around the condenser is clean without any sundries.

3.1.1.2 Check the system meters and gauges are complete; the indications are correct and clear.

3.1.1.3 Check the condenser air vent valve is opened, the condenser drain valve, inlet valve, water

outlet valve are closed.

3.1.1.4 After checking, put the water side into operation, complete the following operations:

(1) Open slightly the inlet valve, when the air valve has large amount overflow water, close the air valve;

(2) Open the circulating water outlet valve, make the outlet water pressure on two sides of circulating

water negative, forming siphon.

(3) Adjust the water inlet, outlet valve, keep certain proportion;

(4) Pay attention to making the circulating water total inlet water pressure not lower than 0.05MPa.

3.1.2 Stop of condenser water side

3.1.2.1 Only when the exhaust cylinder temperature is lower than 50℃ after turbine shutdown, can the

inlet valve, outlet valve of the condenser circulating water be closed, the air valve opened.

3.1.2.2 After stop, open the drain valve on the water side to drain the accumulated water.

3.2 Half stop and operation of operating condenser

3.2.1 Half stop of operating condenser

3.2.1.1 Report to the shift supervisor the condenser has to be half stopped for copper tube cleaning or

copper tube leakage detection.

3.2.1.2 After consent is obtained from the shift supervisor, notify the maintenance to get ready for

cleaning and leakage detection.

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 3.2.1.3 Reduce the unit load to 30MW (can be determined according to the vacuum degree at that time)

operation.

3.2.1.4 Open fully the water outlet valve of the operating side condenser circulating water, pay attention

to vacuum change of the condenser.

3.2.1.5 Stop it, complete the following operations:

(1) Close the stopped side condenser air valve;

(2) Close the stopped side condenser circulating water inlet valve and outlet valve;

(3) Open the stopped side condenser water side outlet air vent valve and water chamber drain valve.

(4) Monitor closely the vacuum during use, the vacuum must not be lower than -86kPa; otherwise,

reduce the load, guarantee the exhaust temperature not higher than 65℃.

3.2.2 Operation of the stopped side condenser

3.2.2.1 Check and confirm the maintenance has been completed, the work permit has been cancelled,

the site is clean.

3.2.2.2 When the exhaust temperature is lower than 50℃, close the water chamber drain valve, open

slightly the circulating water inlet valve till the condenser is fully filled with water, close the air valve after air is

completely vented.

3.2.2.3 Open the condenser air main valve.

3.2.2.4 Open the condenser circulating water outlet valve.

3.2.2.5 Restore it to the status before stop.

Chapter IV Operation of condensate system

4.1 Start and operation of condensate pump

4.1.1 Every thing is checked before start

4.1.2 Make up the hot well level to about 3/4 after the condenser is flushed qualified.

4.1.3 Make trial run of the two condensate pumps respectively, and make linkage test, start another

pump.

4.1.4 Open the operating pump outlet valve to full open. Adjust the cooling water seal water.

4.1.5 Open the standby pump outlet valve, check its outlet valve is normal, and put interlock into

operation.

Chapter V Operation of shaft seal system

5.1 Operation and maintenance of shaft seal system

5.1.1 Supply steam to shaft seal

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 5.1.1.1 Shaft seal supply of this turbine is steam balance, three steam extractions, and live steam (live

steam only supplies to the front shaft seal).

5.1.1.2 Heat the pipe before putting the shaft seal steam supply into operation, the steam can be

supplied only after the coming steam pipe is really heated.

5.1.1.3 Shaft seal steam can be supplied only after rotor has been turning for over 2h, supply steam to

shaft seal when rotor is at cold state or stationary state is prohibited.

5.1.1.4 Check the stop valve after the shaft seal adjusting valve is at open position, open the stop

valve before the adjusting valve, use the adjusting valve to adjust the shaft seal steam pressure to make

the shaft seal steam pressure at about 0.05MPa, open the steam admission valve for adjusting front and

rear shaft seal

5.1.1.5 Adjust the shaft seal heater work steam (gland steam condenser water side shall be put into

operation before it), make the gland steam condenser steam mixing chamber vacuum be at about -0.03MPa.

5.1.1.6 Close the shaft seal pipe drain valve.

5.1.2 Stop the shaft seal steam supply.

5.1.2.1 Only after the shaft is still, condenser vacuum reaches zero, can the shaft seal steam supply be

stopped.

5.1.2.2 Close each steam supply valve of shaft seal.

5.1.2.3 Stop gland steam condenser extractor

5.1.2.4 Open drain valves and vent valves of shaft seal header.

5.1.3 Operation and maintenance of shaft seal system

5.1.3.1 Check the shaft seal steam supply header pressure from time to time, which shall be between

0.04~0.13MPa, each shaft seal shall not have steam run out.

5.1.3.2 Gland steam condenser steam mixing chamber (bleeding chamber) pressure is -0.03~0.05Mpa.

5.1.3.3 The gland steam condenser water level is kept at about 1/2.

Chapter VI Operation of vacuum, water jet system

6.1 Condenser vacuum extraction

6.1.1 Close the vacuum breaking valve.

6.1.2 Start water jet pump, after the water jet pump operation is normal, open one water jet air ejector

water inlet valve (another one on standby), put another water jet pump into linkage.

6.1.3 Open the operating water jet air ejector air valve, check the condenser vacuum, which shall be

increasing gradually.

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 6.1.4 During operation, pay attention to the water jet air ejector inlet water pressure, which shall not be

lower than 0.35MPa.

Chapter VII Operation of air cooler

7.1 Operation and maintenance of generator air cooler

7.1.1 Start of air cooler

7.1.1.1 Check and confirm the air cooler inlet water path is not blocked.

7.1.1.2 Open the air valve on the air cooler outlet water pipe.

7.1.1.3 Open slightly the air cooler inlet valve, when there is plenty of water out of the air valve, close the

air valve

7.1.1.4 Open water outlet valve, and adjust the inlet valve, make the generator inlet air temperature

maintained between 30~40℃, and the inlet water pressure is ≯0.2Mpa

7.1.2 Maintenance during operation

7.1.2.1 Pay attention to the generator inlet air temperature, which shall be kept between 30~40℃ in

operation

7.1.2.2 Pay attention to the air cooler inlet, outlet water temperature change, the inlet water temperature

shall be kept at 20~33℃.

7.1.2.3 Check the cold air chamber regularly, when air cooler water leakage is found, report it

immediately to the monitor, the shift supervisor, wait for treatment.

7.1.3 Stop of air cooler

7.1.3.1 After turbine shutdown, when the generator inlet air temperature is dropped to 30℃, the air

cooler can be stopped.

7.1.3.2 Close the main water inlet, outlet valve of the air cooler.

Chapter VIII Use of flange bolt heating appliance

The heating steam source of the flange bolt heating appliance of this unit is from live steam. The heating

steam enters flange and bolt respectively through temperature mixing header.

8.1 Precautions for putting flange bolt heating appliance into operation

8.1.1 When putting the heating appliance into operation, there must be dedicated person to operate and

monitor, and record change of the metal temperature.

8.1.2 Before putting it into operation, complete the system check, and confirm the steam admission

valves of live steam to the left, right flange bolt heating appliance are closed.

8.1.3 Open the temperature mixing header drain valve, the left and right flange bolt return steam valve

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and drain valve.

8.1.4 Conditions to put it into operation

(1) The cylinder, flange inner and outer wall temperature difference exceeds 80℃;

(2) The flange and bolt temperature difference exceeds 35℃;

(3) The relative expansion is greater than +1.5mm.

8.1.5 Before putting it into operation, heat the pipe to the temperature mixing header first, when heating

the pipe, open slightly the high temperature, low temperature steam valve first, heat the temperature mixing

header for 5min, pressurize gradually to 0.2~0.4MPa, and adjust appropriately the temperature mixing

header drain valve, when the steam temperature in the header is 50~80℃ higher than the regulation stage

flange outer wall temperature, close smaller the drain valve.

8.2 Operation of putting flange bolt heating appliance into operation

8.2.1 Confirm first the return steam valve of each flange bolt is slightly opened, the drain valve is

opened.

8.2.2 Open slightly the left and right valve and bolt steam admission valve to heat the flange and the bolt

system pipe.

8.2.3 Adjust the left, right flange bolt return steam valve according to the metal temperature difference

and the temperature rising.

8.2.4 Adjust the temperature mixing header steam admission valve according to the heating process

and metal temperature; adjust the steam temperature and steam pressure in the temperature mixing header;

during adjusting, the low temperature and high temperature steam supply can be used in combination, keep

the steam temperature in the header over 50℃ higher than the regulation stage metal (or the hottest part)

temperature, but the steam pressure in the temperature mixing header shall not exceed 0.98MPa.

8.2.5 In the process of putting the flange bolt heating appliance into operation, the following indexes

must be controlled:

(1) Always keep the expansion difference not lower than +0.1mm;

(2) Temperature difference between the left and right flange is not higher than 20℃;

(3) Temperature difference between the flange and bolt is at 0~35℃;

(4) The outer wall temperature higher than the inner wall temperature, the flange temperature higher

than the cylinder temperature, and the bolt temperature higher than the flange temperature are not allowed.

8.3 Stop of flange bolt heating appliance

8.3.1 The appliance can be stopped when the lower cylinder outer wall temperature at regulation stage

is higher than 300℃, and the flange inner and outer wall temperature difference is lower than 50℃ during

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turbine startup.

8.3.2 Close the temperature mixing header steam admission valve, the left, right flange bolt steam

admission valve.

8.3.3 Close each flange bolt return steam valve and each drain valve on left and right.

Chapter IX Start and stop of pump

9.1 Operation of pumps

9.1.1 Check before start

9.1.1.1 The rotor turning is freely and the gauges and meters are complete.

9.1.1.2 The bearing chamber oil level is normal.

9.1.1.3 Open the bearing cooling water, seal water, have small amount of water flowing out.

9.1.1.4 Open fully the inlet valve, close the water outlet valve, open the pump body air vent valve and

close it after the air is completely vented (air valve of the condensate pump must be still fully opened)

9.1.1.5 Disconnect the interlock switch.

9.1.1.6 Confirm the motor insulation is qualified, the shell grounding is in good condition, connect the

power supply.

9.1.1.7 For the pump (such as condensate pump) with the inlet under vacuum condition, open the air

valve first, then open the inlet valve.

9.1.2 Start

9.1.2.1 Close the operation switch, start the motor, pay attention to checking the current, outlet pressure,

water pump and motor sound and vibration, shaft seal and bearing temperature, and oil ring rotating

condition.

9.1.2.2 Check every thing is normal, open the water outlet valve gradually, pay attention to the outlet

water pressure and current change.

9.1.2.3 After condensate pump is started, pay attention to the condenser water level normal; after water

jet pump is started, pay attention to the water tank water level normal; after oil pump is started, pay attention

to the main oil tank oil level normal and the oil system free of oil leakage.

9.1.2.4 Put another pump interlock standby according to the needs

9.1.3 Conditions for pump used as the interlock standby

9.1.3.1 The equipment is normal, meet the start condition, can be started any time.

9.1.3.2 Linkage test and low water pressure linkage test are good.

9.1.3.3 When pump is used as interlock standby, open the cooling water valve and the water seal valve,

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open fully the inlet valve (the water outlet check valve must be tight), water is fully filled in the pump, close

the pump body air vent valve (condensate pump air valve must be opened) after air is completely vented.

9.1.3.4 Put the interlock switch into service.

Chapter X Operation of low pressure (LP) heater

10.1 Operation and maintenance of LP heater

10.1.1 Inspection and preparation prior to startup and relevant provisions

10.1.1.1 Normally, LP heaters can be started together with the unit.

10.1.1.2 In operation of the unit, put LP heater at water side into operation first and then the steam side.

10.1.1.3 If the copper tube leaks or hydraulic steam extraction non-return valve cannot be closed, don’t

put the heater into operation.

10.1.1.4 The gland condenser cannot be stopped. If it cannot operate due to failure, unit shutdown must

be done.

10.1.1.5 Put the heaters into operation based on the sequence of #1, 2 and 3 according to the

condensate flow direction and reverse the sequence while stopping the heaters.

10.1.1.6 Before putting the heater into operation:

(1) Check that all instruments are normal and ready to be put into operation.

(2) External conditions of all equipment are good.

(3) Check that all valves are at normal position.

(4) Contact with the deaerator on-duty personnel and pay attention to deaerator pressure and level.

10.1.2 Putting into operation

10.1.2.1 Open the inlet valve and outlet valve of the heater sufficiently open and close the bypass valve.

At this moment, pay attention to the heater water level and ensure the heater copper tubes don’t leak.

10.1.2.2 After the check that the drain trench valve is closed, slowly open the air valve sufficiently open

and pay close attention to normal vacuum of the condenser.

10.1.2.3 Check that the extraction non-return valve is fully opened, the bottom and rear drain valves are

fully opened and the drain is normal.

10.1.2.4 Progressively open the admission valve (note that time is needed to warm the tube).

10.1.2.5 Progressively open to the next-stage heater drain valve, close drain bypass valve and pay

attention to the heater level.

10.1.2.6 Close the drain valve at bottom and rear of the extraction non-return valve.

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 10.1.2.7 The heater drain is automatically put into service based on the heater water level.

10.1.3 Stop

10.1.3.1 Close the air valve.

10.1.3.2 Close the admission valve, open the drain valve at the bottom and rear of the extraction

non-return valve sufficiently open.

10.1.3.3 Shift the condensate to bypass operation based on specific conditions. Open bypass valve and

close the inlet and outlet water valves.

10.1.3.4 After the condensate is fully drained, close the drain valve and extraction non-return valve.

10.1.4 Maintenance during operation.

10.1.4.1 Frequently check that the drain condition and heater water level are normal.

10.1.4.2 Under specific load, the terminal temperature difference of the heater shall not exceed 8℃.

Chapter XI Operation of high pressure (HP) heater

11.1 Operation and maintenance of HP heater

11.1.1 Inspection and preparation prior to startup and relevant provisions

11.1.1.1 HP heater can be started together with the unit and drains to the trench. When internal pressure

of #2 HP heater reaches 0.65MPa, the drain is switched to deaerator.

11.1.1.2 When electric load in operation is above 42MW, contact with the shift supervisor and boiler to

be ready for putting HP heater into operation.

11.1.1.3 Don’t put HP heater into operation when HP heater steel tube leaks or extraction non-return

valve cannot be tightly closed and HP heater protection doesn’t operate normally.

11.1.1.4 HP heater emergency drain valve shall pass the test and the electric valve shall be at

interlocked position.

11.1.1.5 Check the following before putting HP heater into operation:

(1) Check that all valves are at normal positions, ensure the feedwater has been switched and HP

heater feedwater bypass is normal; all electric valves are energized.

(2) Check that all water level gauges are intact and are correctly put into service.

(3) Conduct HP heater protection test jointly with the thermal discipline and ensure the test is qualified.

(4) Notify the deaerator position personnel to be ready for putting HP heater into operation.

11.1.2 Putting into operation.

11.1.2.1 Confirm that HP heater protection test and leakage detection test are qualified.

11.1.2.2 Open HP heater filling valve to fill water to the HP heater water side and pay attension to the

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increase of feedwater pressure. When feedwater pressure reaches full pressure, close the filling valve and

note that the composite valve should jack up normally.

11.1.2.3 Progressively open the HP heater inlet and outlet water valves to full opening position.

11.1.2.5 Slightly open #1 and 2 HP heater admission valve; maintain the steam pressure at 0.2~0.3MPa

and warm for 10~15min.

11.1.2.6 Close the HP heater drain trench valve. Slowly open the air valve sufficiently open and pay

close to the normal vacuum of condenser.

11.1.2.7 Progressively open the admission valve, close the drain valve at bottom and rear of the

extraction non-return valve and check that the feedwater temperature slowly rises.

11.1.2.8 When internal steam pressure of #2 HP heater exceeds 0.65MPa, contact with the deaerator

positon to switch the drain to deaerator. Check that the heater water level is normal.

11.1.2.9 Drain from #1 HP heater flows to #2 HP heater by gravity stage by stage.

11.1.2.10 Contact with thermal discipline, flush and cablibrate the electric-contact water level gauge and

put HP protection switch into operation.

11.1.3 Stop

11.1.3.1 Contact with shift supervisor, boiler and deaerator feedwater positions to be ready for stopping

the HP heater.

11.1.3.2 Close the admission valve.

11.1.3.3 Contact witht eh deaerator position, close the drain valve to the deaerator or the stage-by-stage

drain valve and then open the drain trench valve.

11.1.3.4 Open the HP heater air valve and the drain valve at bottom and rear of extraction non-return

valve.

11.1.3.5 Stop water side of HP heater (first open HP feedwater bypass valve and then close the inlet and

outlet water valves) based on conditions and check that the filling valve is closed.

11.1.3.6 Remove HP protection switch.

Note: frequently correct HP local water level gauge and electric-contact level indicator to

maintain water level at 1/2 water level gauge.

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Part III Operation procedure of feedwater pump

Chapter I Start and stop of feedwater pump

1.1 The equipment must not be put into operation under the following circumstances; otherwise,

approval must be obtained from relevant leaders and safety measures shall be developed before

putting into operation.

1.1.1 The discharge non-return valve and discharge valve of feedwater pump are not normal.

1.1.2 Feedwater pump balance disc doesn’t work normally.

1.1.3 Auxiliary oil pump of feedwater pump doesn’t work normally.

1.1.4 Re-circulating water of feedwater pump is not normal.

1.1.5 Motor has disqualified insulation;

1.1.6 Main working instruments (such as ampere meter, balance pressure gauge, bearing lube oil

pressure and oil temperature meter) fail.

1.1.7 Oil tank has disqualified oil and too low oil level.

1.1.8 Bearing vibration exceeds 0.06mm during startup.

1.1.9 Safety valve or pressure reducing valve of deaerator fails.

1.1.10 Water level gauge and pressure gauge of deaerator fail.

1.2 The conditions for feedwater pump at hot standby condition include:

1.2.1 Suction valve is fuly opened and discharge electric valve is fully closed.

1.2.2 Feedwater re-circulating valve is opened sufficiently, automatic re-circulation device is normal and

re-circulation system water is normal.

1.2.3 Slightly open the pump warming valve and maintain the suction water temperature not lower than

120℃.

1.2.4 Shaft seal cooling water is smooth.

1.2.5 Oil cooer and air cooler have closed inlet valve and fully opened outlet valve.

1.3 There shall be one feedwater pump at interlocked standby condition which requires hot

stanby condition as well as the following:

1.3.1 Interlock switch is at “interlocked” position.

1.3.2 Feedwater pump discharge valve is fully closed.

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 1.3.3 Feedwaer pump switch is at interlocked position.

1.3.4 Auxiliary oil pump is operating and oil temperature and pressure are normal.

1.3.5 Motor magnetic field center is at normal position.

1.4 Inspection before start

1.4.1 Thoroughly inspect the equipment condition, especially the maintained parts and confirm that the

maintenance work has been completed and the space around the equipment has been cleaned.

1.4.2 Check that all monitoring instruments of the water pump are normal and at start position and the

interlock switch is at “disconnected” position. Thermal instrument current and audible and visible signals are

normal.

1.4.3 Check the oil pipe, oil tank and oil cooler. The oil pump shall be at good condition and the oil tank

shall have normal oil level and good oil quality. Turn the rotor which shall be flexible without seizure.

1.4.4 Air cooler compartment damper has been closed and no water is accumulated in the compartment.

1.4.5 For new installation or first start after overhaul, confirm that the following work has been done.

1.4.6 Magnetic field cener is at normal position.

1.4.5.1 Test the feedwater pump motor which shall be at good condition and have correct rotation

direction.

1.4.5.2 Make oil circulation operation in oil system, check there shall be no oil leaking place and the oil

quality shall be qualified.

1.4.5.3 All protection tests shall be ok.

1.4.5.4 Position limit test for relevant electric valves shall be ok and the valves shall operate normally.

1.5 Pump warming

1.5.1 Slightly open the suction valve, maintain the suction water pressure at 0.1～0.2MPa（1~2 gauge）

and warm the pump for 15~20min. When suction water temperature is above 120℃, progressively open the

suction valve fully open, close the discharge valve and reduce the opening of pump warming valve.

1.5.2 Pump warming shall meet the following requirements:

1.5.2.1 Temperature difference between the upper and lower parts of the pump case shall be <15℃.

1.5.2.2 Temperature difference between the pump case upper part and feedwater shall be <8～10℃.

1.5.2.3 Deviation between the upper and lower parts of the coupling for the pump and the motor shall be

<0.05mm.

1.5.2.4 Start auxiliary oil pump, check that bearing oil pressure and oil flow are normal without oil

leakage.

1.6 Start

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 1.6.1 Contact with relevant positions.

1.6.2 Close the pump warming valve.

1.6.3 Start the feedwater pump, check whether the current, vibration, axial displacement, sound, inlet

water pressure, balance chamber pressure and shaft seal leakage are normal and whether the feedwater

recirculation is normal.

1.6.4 Put low oil pressure interlock switch into service.

1.6.5 After everything is ok, progressively open the discharge electric valve to full opening position.

1.6.6 Put oil cooler and air cooler into operation.

1.6.7 Place the water pump interlock switch at work position and place the standaby feedwater pump at

“standby” position.

1.7 Stop of feedwater pump

1.7.1 After receiving notifice from the main operator, contact with relevant positions to be ready for

stopping the pump.

1.7.2 Progressively open the recirculation wider and reduce the discharge valve opening until the

recirculation is fully open and the discharge valve is closed.

1.7.3 Disconnect the interlock, progressively reduce the feedwater pump speed. Note that the feedwater

pressure shall not be lower than 12.5MPa.

1.7.4 Stop feedwater pump, record the coasting time which shall not be less than 50s. Water pump shall

not have reverse running.

1.7.5 Take low oil pressure interlock switch out of service. After 15min, stop operation of the auxiliary oil

pump.

1.7.6 Close inlet water valve of oil cooler and air cooler and close shaft seal cooling water at the high

and low pressure ends.

1.8 After stop of the water pump, place the pump at interlocked standby or hot standby condition based

on specific conditions.

Chapter II Operation and maintenance of feedwater pump

2.1 Normal operation limits of feedwater pump

Description Unit Normal Maximum Minimu Remarks

I.

Feedewater

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pump:

Discharge
MPa 15
pressure

Feedwater
t/h 396
flow

Feedwater

header MPa 15 16.5 13

pressure

轴向位移

Axial mm 0.5～1 2

displacement

II. Motor

Rated
A 132．23
current

Inlet and

outlet air
Inlet air
℃ 25～35 40 20 temperature
temperature
difference

20～30

Outlet air
℃ ＜60 70
temperarture

Motor

temperature

rise

Motor coil
℃
temperature

III. Oil

system

Bearing lube oil

MPa 0.1 0.15 0.09
pressure

Bearing inlet oil ℃ 38～40 45 35

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 temperature

Bearing return
℃ ＜60 70
oil temperature

Oil tank
3/5 4/5 2/5
level

Bearing ⊥＜0.06
mm ＜0.05
vibration －＜0.08

2.2 Precautions for operation of motor-driven feedwater pump

2.2.1 After the motor-driven feedwater pump is put into operation, the on-duty personnel shall frequently

monitor the suction water pressure which shall not be lower than 0.65MPa (g) (suction pressure shall

normally be 110% higher than internal pressure of deaerator). The motor current shall not exceed the

allowable value and the discharge pressure shall be stable without great fluctuation.

2.2.2 Frequently check that the feedwater pump balance chamber pressure is within the specified range.

Water pressure after the balance disc shall be 0.05～0.1Mpa higher than the suction pressure with pressure

difference limit not exceeding 0.3MPa.

2.2.3 Frequently check there shall be no metal friction sound or other abnormal sound inside the water

pump and the water pump and motor shall not be subject strong vibration.

2.2.4 Ensure the cooling water is smooth.

2.2.5 Frequently check that the pump body at both sides are not overheated and without vaporization.

2.2.6 If feedwater header pressure is lower than 11.2MPa, regulation doesn’t work and interlock device

fails to operate, when the standby pump is put into operation, timely start the standby pump to ensure the

feedwater header pressure.

2.2.7 During operation, the feedwater pump work flow must be larger than the allowable minimum flow

of 130t/h; otherwise, timely open the recirculation to prevent vaporization.

2.2.8 Periodically test the audible and visible signals. All motor indicators shall indicate operation or

standby condition. If any abnormal condition is found, contact with electrical discipline for treatment.

2.2.9 Continuous startup of motor-driven feedwater pump is not allowed. Under normal condition, the

second startup can be carried out after stop for 30min. Under emergency condition, one forced startup is

allowed. If one normal operation is not successful, contact with the electrical or water pump discipline for

maintenance and troubleshooting before second startup. Note: one startup is allowed under hot condition

and two startups can be allowed under cold condition.

2.2.10 Frequently assure cleanliness and integrity of the equipment, and conduct switching test based

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on the periodic switching provision.

Chapter III Accident treatment for feedwater pump

Section I Accident treatment principle

1.1 In case of failure, the on-duty personnel shall quickly judge the failure cause based on the

indications and phenomenon of the instruments, correctly and quickly treat the accident and ensure

uninterrupted watter supply from boiler.

1.2 When any accident happens, the on-duty personnel must stay on the position, strengthen

equipment inspection, closely monitor change of instruments, timely report to the shift leader and shift

supervisor. Different positions shall communicate information with each other, coordinate closely and obey

the order of main operator and shift supervisor.

1.3 After the accident is treated, the on-duty personnel shall record the accident process and

treatment in the operation logbook and timely report to the upper level. If necessary, the original condition

shall be kept to facilitate accident investigation.

Section II Emergency stop of feedwater pump

2.1 Emergency stop conditions for feedwater pump

2.1.1 The pump body experiences strong vibration and metal friction sound from the pump can be

heard clearly.

2.1.2 The pump body has strong axial play and gives off crashing noise.

2.1.3 Smoke or fire comes out of the bearing.

2.1.4 Pump case ruptures.

2.1.5 Motor has failure which endangers human and equipment safety.

2.1.6 The pump has serious vaporization, and the water pressure and current drop dramatically and

swing.

2.1.7 Feedwater pump oil system has failure:

① Oil tank level drops to “0” and cannot be recovered even when oil is filled.

② The bearing lube oil pressure drops below 0.05MPa and the bearing oil flow decreases. Start of

auxiliary oil pump still doesn’t help.

③ Oil system gets on fire which cannot be extinguished quickly and imposes great threat on the water

pump safety.

④ Feedwater pump bearing temperature rises above 75℃.

2.2 Emergency stop steps for pump

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 2.2.1 Press “emergency button” of the failed pump or operate switch to stop the pump. Observe the

the lube oil pressure is normal.

2.2.2 The standby pump shall be started because of interlock; otherwise, start it manually, open

electric outlet water valve based on interlock or immediately open the electric discharge valve. After it is

normal, quickly increase the speed to keep water pressure normal.

2.2.3 Close electric discharge valve of the failed pump, and note that the pump shall have no reverse

running.

2.2.4 When the feedwater pump has no standby pump, immediately notify the main operator and shift

supervisor to “disconnect feedwater”.

2.2.5 Inspect the operating pump and ensure the feedwater header pressure is normal.

2.2.6 Follow other pump stop operation procedure and putting into service operation procedure.

2.2.7 If it is electrical failure, notify the electrical on-duty personnel to treat on site.

Section III Abnormal pressure of feedwater header

3.1 Cause for feedwater header pressure drop

3.1.1 System frequency drop.

3.1.2 Operating pump failure or trip.

3.1.3 Sudden increase of boiler water consumption

3.1.4 Operation of system valve by mistake

3.1.5 Pipe rupture.

3.1.6 Fault opening of re-circulation water valve or failure of automatic regulation.

3.2 Treatment

When feedwater header pressure drops to normal allowable minimum pressure of 11.2MPa and

regulation doesn’t work, immediately start the standby feedwater pump. Then check the header pressure

drop cause and adopt suitable treatment measures based on specific conditions.

3.3 Cause for feedwater header pressure rise

3.3.1 Load reduction or reduction of boiler water consumption.

3.3.2 Rise of system cycle.

3.3.3 Fault interlock of standby pump.

3.3.4 Failure of automatic regulation valve of boiler water level.

3.3.5 Maloperation during system switching operation.

3.4 Treatment

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 When the header pressure rises to the maximum allowable pressure, timely adjust the pump speed to

mainatain normal pressure; otherwise, open re-circulation, reduce water pressure or take suitable

measures based on specific situations.

Section IV Vaporization of feedwater pump

4.1Cause for feedwater pump vaporization

4.1.1 Internal pressure of deaerator drops too much.

4.1.2 Deaerator level is too low, causing pump loss of water.

4.1.3 Suction water strainer is blocked, suction water pressure reduces and suction water flow

reduces.

4.1.4 Discharge water flow is too small and re-circulation water valve fails to open timely.

4.1.5 Discharge pipe is blocked at the time of system switching operation.

4.1.6 Turbine generator suddenly rejects load so that the deaerator heating steam source is not

sufficient and internal pressure of deaerator drops.

4.2 Water vaporization

4.2.1 Feedwater pump current and discharge water pressure drop and swing.

4.2.2 Suction water pressure and balance disc pressure drop and swing.

4.2.3 Pump has noise and pump body has increased vibration.

4.3 Pump vaporizztion treatment

4.3.1 Timely start the standby pump and maintain the feedwater header pressure normal.

4.3.2 Start the vaporization pump re-circulation valve and stop the evaporization pump based on

specific condition.

4.3.3 Check the deaerator level and pressure and quickly restore them.

4.3.4 If vaporization is caused because of reduced water pump flow, open the re-circulation valve. The

evaporization pump may not be stopped.

4.3.5 Based on conditions, if the pump is needed to be stopped, pay attention to the sound in the

pump, record the coasting time and report it to the main operator and shift supervisor.

Section V Feedwater pump auxiliary power failure

5.1 Phenomona

5.1.1 All operating pumps trip and current indication is zero.

5.1.2 The red light is off and the green light is on for the operating pumps and the red light flashes and

the green light is off (the pump is standstill and doesn’t start)for the interlocked standby pump, emergency

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horn sounds and indication lamp is off.

5.1.3 Sound in the machine room changes suddenly, work lighting is off and emergency lighting is on.

5.2 Treatment

5.2.1 Disconnect operation switch of all pumps, link the switch and manually close the discharge

valve.

5.2.2 Close the inlet valve of relevant heat exchanger based on conditions.

5.2.3 Check stop condition of the tripped pump and quickly place it at the condition ready to start.

5.2.4 After the power supply is restored, start the feedwater pump based on the order of the main

operator and shift supervisor.

Section VI Failure of feedwater pump oil system

6.1 Cause for reduced bearing lube oil pressure

6.1.1 The operating oil pump fails or the standby oil pump non-return valve is not tight.

6.1.2 Pressure oil pipe ruptures.

6.1.3 Oil cooler leaks a large amount of oil and the strainer is clogged.

6.1.4 Oil system overpressure valve fails.

Treatment:

When oil pressure falls below 0.09MPa, adjust the oil overflow valve to restore the pressure. When

the pressure falls to 0.08MPa, the standby oil pump will start based on interlock and when the pressure

falls to 0.05MPa, the feedwater pump trips based on interlock.

6.2 Oil tank oil level decreases

6.2.1 When oil tank level suddenly descreases by 2cm, check the cause for oil level decrease.

6.2.2 When the oil tank level drops below 1/2, report to the main operator and shift supervisor and fill

oil.

6.2.3 When the oil tank level drops to “0”, implement emergency stop of the pump.

6.2.4 Cause of oil level descrease

① Oil drain valve is opened by mistake or is not closed tightly.

② Oil tank and oil pipe rupture.

③ Oil cooler and bearing oil retainer leak oil.

6.3 Oil tank level increases

When it’s found that the oil tank level increases, check whether there is a large amount of leaking

water from water pump shaft seal to the oil tank. Open the water drain valve of the oil tank to drain water.

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Contact with chemical discipline to test the oil quality.

6.4 Bearing return oil temperature rises.

6.4.1 When the return oil temperature suddenly increases by 2~3℃, find out the cause and open the

oil cooler inlet water valve wide to regulate the oil temperature.

6.4.2 When return oil temperature rises to 65℃, report to the shift leader, monitor the temperature

closely and be ready to switch the feedwater pump.

6.4.3 When return oil temperature rises to 70℃, implement emergency stop of pump.

6.4.4 Cause for increased return oil temperature：

① Oil cooler fails (including loss of water and little water).

② Bearing failure.

③ Oil cooler leaks a large amount of oil and the strainer is clogged.

④ Shaft seal leaks a large amount of water which enters the oil and affects the oil quality.

⑤ Pay attention to judge whether it is caused by failure of thermometer.

Section VII Interruption of feedwater pump cooling water

7.1 When it’s found that the feedwater pump oil temperature rises, open the oil cooler cooling water

inlet valve wide and strengthen instrument monitoring.

7.2 Check that the oil cooler works normally and system valves are not operated by mistake.

7.3 If the oil temperature continues to rise, check if the industrial water is smooth; otherwise, change

to another pump for operation.

7.4 When the industrial water is interrupted, if there is standby water source, change to the standby

water. If the oil temperature rises to the upper limit, implement emergency stop of pump.

7.5 The main operator provides uniform commanding and the on-duty personnel implement

independent treatment.

Chapter IV Test of feedwater pump

Section I Feedwater pump oil pump interlock test

1.1 Operate the feedwater pump

1.1.1 Check that the oil pump interlock switch has been put into service.

1.1.2 When turning the oil pressure pinter below the setpoint of 0.08MPa, the standby oil pump

operates based on interlock. Reset the switch and chedck the oil supply is normal.

1.1.3 Restore the bearing oil pressure gauge contact to the original place and stop the standby oil

pump.

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 1.1.4 Main oil pump and auxiliary oil pump back up each other.

1.2 Standby feedwater pump oil pump interlock

1.2.1 When putting oil pump interlock switch into service at standstill, the oil pump should be put into

operation automatically based on the interlock. Reset the switch.

Section II Feedwater pump interlock test

2.1 Feedwater pump low pressure interlock test

2.1.1 Check the test pump is at “standby” condition, put water pump low pressure protection device

into operation and close the feedwater pump discharge valve.

2.1.2 When turning the feedwater header pressure gauge pointer below the setpoint (11.2MPa), the

interlocked standby feedwater pump shall be put into operation. Reset the switch and restore the atual

pressure of pressure gauge.

2.1.3 If static test is conducted, take the power supply of the motor out of service and provide the

operation power supply. The test method is the same with above. Judge whether the pump is put into

operation automatically just relying on the indicator.

2.2 Feedwater pump interlock test

2.2.1 Static interlock test:

① Deliver the operation power supply of the feedwater pump and take the power supply out of sercie.

② Check the standby pump is at “standby” position (judge by relying on the indicator).

③ Press “emergency button” of the operating pumps. At the moment, the standby pump at “standby”

condition shall be put into operation automatically (operating pump green lamp flashes and standby pump

red lamp flashes). Reset the switch.

④ If another feedwater pump is subject to the test, the test method is the same.

2.2.2 Dynamic test:

If dynamic test is conducted, provide the power supply for the feedwater pump and oil pump. Put oil

pump for the two pumps into operation and start re-circulation. The test method is the same with that for

static test.

2.3 Feedwater pump discharge electric valve interlocked open test.

Start the feedwater pump and the discharge electric valve opens based on interlock.

Section III Feedwater pump protection test

3 Conduct the following tests (static and dynamic test)

3.1 Low oil pressure protection test: Pump trip test when lube oil pressure is below 0.05MPa.

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 3.2 Differential protection test.

3.3 Inlet water pressure low test.

Part IV Operation procedure of deaerator equipment

Chapter I Basic characteristics and technical data

1.1 HP deaerator

Item Unit 高压除氧器（1 台）HP deaerator (1set)

Model cy-286t/h-80/100 M3

number

142
 Design MP 0.9

pressure a

Work MP 0.588(a)

pressure a

Work ℃ 320/158

temperature

Rated output t/h 286

Effective M3 80

volume of water

tank

Design ℃ 350/250

temperature

Water tank cy-286t/h-80/100 M3 HP rotary diaphragm deaerator

model number

Chapter II Start and stop of HP deaerator

2.1 Steam sourcew

2.1.1 Steam from stage III turbine extraction to heating steam header.

2.1.2 Steam from turbine spindle.

2.1.3 Steam from steam balance pipe.

2.2 Water source

2.2.1 Turbine main condenser.

2.2.2 HP heater drain.

2.2.3 Water from drain tank via drain pump.

2.2.4 Water from re-circulation at discharge of feedwater pump.

2.2.5 Return water of cooling water from slag cooler.

2.3 Inspection prior to start of HP deaerator

2.3.1 Confirm that the equipment and pipes are in good condition.

2.3.2 Water level and pressure regulation valve, pressure reducing valve and safety valve are flexible

without seizure. The safety valve is intact and closed. The pressure gauge and water level gauge are

complete and in good condition. Primary valve is opened and put into operation. Contact with thermal

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discipline to deliver power supply for relevant regulation valves and instruments.

2.3.3 Slightly open vent valve and close the overflow water valve.

2.3.4 Contact with chemical discipline to be ready for starting HP deaerator, preparing sufficient

demoralized water for flushing.

2.4 HP deaerator shall not be put into operation under the following circumstances

2.4.1 Safety valve is stuck or operating pressure is not verified.

2.4.2 Water level gauge fails and cannot monitor the water level.

2.4.3 Internal pressue of deaerator cannot be monitored.

2.5 Start

2.5.1 Notify the main operaqtor, contact with relevant positions, determine the operation mode of

deaerator and fill the operation permit.

2.5.2 Start main condensate or water from drain tank drain pump to supply water to deaerator. Contact

with chemical discipline to test the water quality. If the water is not qualified, flush until water quality is ok.

2.5.3 Progressively open the admission valve wider, slightly open the regulation valve, maintain the

condition that vent valve slightly releases steam, warm for 15min and close the admission pipe drain valve.

2.5.4 Slowly open the regulation vavle and increase to full pressure within 30min. When the water

temperature is at 50℃ and water level is above 160cm, verify the safety valve based on needs.

2.5.5 Open re-boiling valve and slowly increase water temperature based on conditions.

2.6 Stop

2.6.1 After receiving the order to stop HP deaerator, fill the operation permit. Suitably increase the

opening of deaerator admission valve.

2.6.2 Change automatic regulation of steam-water to “manual”.

2.6.3 Close HP drain valve to the deaerator and change HP drain to LP heater.

2.6.4 Close the spindle leaking steam valve to the deaerator.

2.6.5 Close the feedwater re-circulation valve and close the drain pump charging valve.

2.6.6 Close the deaerator discharge valve and pay attention to the pump operation condition,

2.6.7 Close admission regulation valve, close condensate inlet valve and close all steam-water

valves.

2.6.8 Close steam balance valve.

2.6.9 If HP deaerator is stopped for a long time, open the drain valve and drain completely.

2.7 During stoppage of HP deaerator, there shall be no steam or water leaking in.

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Chapter III Operation and maintenance of deaerator equipment

3.1 During normal operation, the on-duty personnel shall pay attention to the following

3.1.1 HP deaerator water tank level is an important monitoring item and the level fluctuation shall not

be too large.

3.1.2 All pipes inside the deaerator and connected with the deaerator shall not have abnormal water

hammer and steam shock; otherwise, timely eliminate such condition.

3.1.3 Correctly adjust steam and water amount so that the deaerator operation becomes balanced

and stable to ensure normal operation of the deaerator and feedwater pump.

3.1.4 The operation personnel shall record the meter reading and make tour inspection. If there is any

abnormal condition and treatment, timely report it and make record.

3.2 Normal operation limits

Descriptio Unit Normal Maximum Minimum

Work pressure MPa(a) 0.65/1.0 0.729/1.274 0.147/0.147

Work ℃ 160/177.7 164.5/187.4

temperature

Deaerator mm 2000～2200 2350 1400

level

Makeup water mm 800～1200 1450 600

tank level

Chapter IV HP deaerator safety valve test

4.1 The operating value for safety valve shall be set at 0.75/1.5MPa.

4.2 Check the safety valve shall be in good condition and internal pressure of deaerator progressively

rises. Pay attention to the safety valve operation. If internal pressure of deaerator exceeds 0.75/1.5MPa

MPa without operation of the safety valve, reduce the opening of admission regulation valve and reduce

the pressure. Adjust the safety valve again until the operation is normal.

4.3 Verify the safety valve. First verify the one with higher operating pressure and then other safety

valves. Take break measure. After the first safety valve is verified, verify the other safety valves based on

the method.

4.4 When the operating pressure is not qualified, it shall be adjusted by maintenance personnel.

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 4.5 During verification of safety valves, non-related personnel shall keep away from the site and

emergency measures shall be taken.

4.6 After the test, record shall be made.

Chapter V Start and stop of drain tank drain pump

5.1 Inspection prior to start of drain tank drain pump

5.1.1 Check the equipment and pipes are at good condition and bearing oil level, oil quality and oi ring

are normal.

5.1.2 All monitoring instruments operate normally and are at start position.

5.1.3 Water pump rotor can be turned quickly and flexibly without seizure.

5.1.4 Check all valves at normal positions.

5.1.5 Shaft seal cooling water valve is opened and water flow is normal.

5.1.6 Inlet valve is opened.

5.1.7 Motor insulation is qualified. Deliver the power supply.

5.2 Start

5.2.1 Check the drain tank leve is normal. Vent air in the pump body.

5.2.2 Start the motor, check the current is normal, vibration is normal and discharge pressure is

normal. There is no abnormal sound.

5.2.3 After checking that everything is ok, start the discharge valev and note to check the drain tank

level.

5.2.4 Put interlock switch into operation.

5.2.5 The standby pump discharge valve is opened and the standby pump cannot run reversely.

5.3 Stop

5.3.1 After confirming that the standby pump operates normally, disconnect the interlock.

5.3.2 Progressively close the discharge valve and pay attention to the discharge pressure.

5.3.3 Stop the motor.

5.3.4 Put the pump interlock into operation and open the discharge valve based on needs.

5.3.5 If maintenance is carried out, disconnect the motor power supply and close the discharge valve

and suction valve.

Chapter VI Accident treatment of deaerator

Section I Accident treatment principle

1.1 In case of failure, the on-duty personnel shall quickly judge the failure cause based on the

146
indications and phenomenon of the instruments, correctly and quickly treat the accident and ensure

uninterrupted watter supply from boiler.

1.2 When any accident happens, the on-duty personnel must stay on the position, strengthen

equipment inspection, closely monitor change of instruments, timely report to the shift leader and shift

supervisor. Different positions shall communicate information with each other, coordinate closely and obey

the order of shift leader.

1.3 After the accident is treated, the on-duty personnel shall record the accident process and

treatment in the operation logbook and timely report to the upper level. If necessary, the original condition

shall be kept to facilitate accident investigation.

Section II Accident treatment of deaerator

2.1 Increased internal pressureof deaerator

2.1.1 When it’s found that internal pressure of deaerator rises, reduce the opening of admission

regulation valve, and find the cause and deal with it.

2.1.2 Cause and treatment:

2.1.2.1 Drain tank drain pump trips, drain tank drain pump valve to the boiler boiler opens by fault and

drain tank lacks water. Check the drain pump, start standby pump, check that the valve to the boiler is

closed and make up water to drain tank in emergency.

2.1.2.2 In case of loss of condensate or reduced condensate flow, contact with the driver for

treatment.

2.1.2.3 The steam water regulation valve fails. Change the regulation mode in a reasonable manner.

2.1.2.4 Other steam sources suddenly increase. If necessary, contact with relevant discipline to

reduce the sources properly.

2.1.2.5 When system valves change over, fault operation happens. Timely inspect and correct.

2.2 Reduced internal steam pressure of deaerator

2.2.1 When it’s found that the internal pressure of deaerator reduces, suitable open the admission

valve wider. If the operation still doesn’t help, check whether the heating steam header pressure is normal;

if not, contact with the shift leader or relevant driver to increase the steam pressure properly.

2.2.2 Reduce the inlet water amount properly, maintain the deaerator at normal pressure, maintain

water level within the range, and then deal with the problem based on the cause.

2.2.3 Cause and treatment for reduced pressure:

2.2.3.1 If drain tank drain pump discharge water amount increases suddenly, reduce the opening of

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the regulation valve properly.

2.2.3.2 If the condensate is increased, increase the admission and maintain the normal pressure and

level.

2.2.3.3 If the LP drain pump water amount increases, reduce the opening of regulation valve properly.

2.2.3.4 If the heating steam header pressure reduces or the header ruptures, open the admission

valve wider or isolate the ruptured pipe section at the moment.

2.2.3.5 If the steam pressure regulation valve fails, change the regulation mode properly.

2.2.3.6 If fault operation happens in case of system valve changeover, timely inpsect and correct.

2.2.3.7 If the safety valve operates, contact with the maintenance discipline.

2.3 Increased deaerator level

2.3.1 If deaerator level increases, timely adjust the inlet water valve or admission valve. If the level

rises to upper limit of the water level gauge, open the high level drain valve to drain water and then deal

with the problem based on the cause for increased level.

2.3.2 Cause of increased deaerator level and treatment:

2.3.2.1 If the feedwater pump fails and trips, start the standby feedwater pump to ensure the water

supply.

2.3.2.2 If other water amount suddenly increases, find out the cause and implement suitable control.

2.3.2.3 If fault operation happens at the time of system valve changeover, timely inspect and correct.

2.3.2.4 If the valve core falls off, timely switch the system and notify the maintenance discipline.

2.4 Decreased deaerator level

2.4.1 If the deaerator level falls to the normal minimum value, open the water inlet valve wider and pay

attention to regulation of deaerator pressure.

2.4.2 Check if drain tank drain pump, condensate pump, LP heater drain pump, return watrer pump

and relevant valves are normal.

2.4.3 When deaerator level drops to 1400cm, immediately report to the shift leader and shift

supervisor and deal with it based on the cause for reduced level:

2.4.3.1 If drain pump fails and trips, timely start the standby pump.

2.4.3.2 If the boiler blowdown increases, reduce it properly as required.

2.4.3.3 If the system valves operate by mistake, timely inspect and correct.

2.4.3.4 If the water pipe ruptures, immediately isolate the failed pipe.

2.4.3.5 If the condensate system fails, immediately notify the driver to deal with it.

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Part V Operation of attemperating and pressure reducing device

Chapter I characteristics and relevant requirements on attemperating and pressure reducing device

1.1 Characteristics of attemperating and pressure reducing device

Description Unit Specification data

Model number To be provided by manufacturer

team supply flow t/h 100

Pressure before MPa 9.8

attemperating and

pressure reducing device

Pressure after MPa 0.61

attemperating and

pressure reducing device

149
 Temperature after ℃ 155

attemperating and

pressure reducing device

Desuperheated water MPa 18

pressure

Desuperheated water ℃ 158

temperature

1.2 Characteristics of stage 2 bypass attemperating and pressure reducing device

Description Unit Specification data

Model number To be provided by turbine

manufacturer

Steam supply flow t/h 140

Pressure before MPa 0.35

attemperating and

pressure reducing device

Pressure after MPa 0.1

attemperating and

pressure reducing device

Temperature after ℃ 120

attemperating and

pressure reducing device

Desuperheated water MPa 1.5

pressure

Desuperheated water ℃ 51

temperature

1.3 The attemperating and pressure reducing device shall be provided with the following

facilities and instruments

1.3.1 Remote auto and manual pressure and temperature regulation device.

1.3.2 The low pressure side steam pipe shall be provided with security devices such as safety valve

which can drain all attemperated and pressure reduced steam flow. When there is no safety valve or the

safety valve doesn’t operate normally, the attemperating and pressure reducing device shall not be put into

150
service.

1.3.3 Pressure gauge and thermometer for high pressure and low pressure side steam.

1.3.4 Steam flow measuring device, pressure gauge, thermometer and flow device for

desuperheated water.

Chapter II Putting into operation, operation and stop of attemperating and pressure reducing

device

2.1 Preparation work prior to startup of attemperating and pressure reducing device

2.1.1 Check all meters are complete and reliable and the automatic pressure and temperature

regulation devices are complete and can be put into operation normally;

2.1.2 Confirm the maintenance work has been done and the site is clean and tidy;

2.1.3 Confirm that the safety valve operates normally, the auto, manual devices of protection

equipment and remote control equipment are ready to operate;

2.1.4 Steam temperature and pressure alarm devices at HP and LP sides are normal;

2.1.5 Check that the following valves shall be at closed position:

Motor-driven admission valve of attemperating and pressure reducing devic

Admission regulation valve of attemperating and pressure reducing devic

Desuperheated water regulation valve

Desuperheated water bypass valve

2.1.6 Check that the following valves shall be at opened position:

Iolation valve before and after attemperating and pressure reducing devic

2.1.7 The attemperating and pressure reducing regulation devices shall be manual position;

2.2 Start of attemperating and pressure reducing device

2.2.1 Start pipe warming of attemperating and pressure reducing device and open outlet motor-driven

valve of attemperating and pressure reducing device, slightly open the motor-driven steam admission

valve for uniform heating.

2.2.2 Control the admission regulaton valve, increase the pressure before admission regulation

valveto rated pressure within 5min and fully open the motor-driven admission valve.

2.2.3 Ensure 0.1~0.2MPa, warm the pipe for 20min, then increase the pressure to 0.8MPa within

20~50min, and progressively increase to 0.8MPa.

2.2.4 Progressively put temperature regulation into operation (manual) based on temperature rise at

outlet of attemperating and pressure reducing device, to ensure normal outlet temperature.

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 2.2.5 When attemperating and pressure reducing device outlet steam temperature is above 175ºC,

close the body drain;

2.2.6 Verify the safety valve:

Rated parameter for normal operation:

Parameter Normal Minimum Maximum

Outlet steam
0.98/0.65
pressure MPa

Outlet steam
200
temperature ℃

Outlet steam flow

120/120 150/150
t/h

Desuperheated

water flow t/h

2.2.7 The operation of attemperating and pressure reducing device is affected by the admission

parameters. Pay attention to the change of pressure and temperature at the HP side and pressure and

temperature of desuperheated water.

2.3 Stop of attemperating and pressure reducing device

2.3.1 Contact with relevant positions, and prepare for stopping the attemperating and pressure

reducing device.

2.3.2 Change automatic regulation of pressure reduction and desupeheated water to manual

regulation;

2.3.3 Progresssively regulate the outlet steam pressure and temperature to maintain the parameters

stable; reduce opening of the pressure regulation valve to zero and reduce opening of the attemperating

regulation valve to zero based on the reduction of load.

2.3.4 When receiving the disconnection notifce, the on-duty personnel can close the pressure

reduced main steam valve and outlet steam valve. During disconnection operation, note to prevent

over-pressure of attemperating and pressure reducing device and timely open relevant drain valves of the

system.

2.4 Hot standby of attemperating and pressure reducing device

2.4.1 The following valves should be opened:

Outlet motor-driven valve of attemperating and pressure reducing device, general valve of

desuperheated water, isolation valve before and after the attemperating and pressure reducing device;

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admission regulation valve of attemperating and pressure reducing device is opened slightly.

2.4.2 The following valves should be closed:

Motor-driven admission valve of attemperating and pressure reducing device, water inlet regulation

valve of desuperheated water, and bypass valve of desuperheated water;

2.4.3 Drain valve of the system controls the discharge steam temperature not lower than 220ºC;

2.4.4 For the system instrument, automatic regulation devices, relevant protection facilities shall have

the same requirement on putting into operation with the above mentioned requirements.

Schedule I Saturated pressure MPa corresponding to saturated temperature t

Saturated Saturated Saturated Saturated

temperature（℃） pressure（Mpa） temperature（℃） pressure（Mpa）

0.01 0.0006108 170 0.792

1 0.0006566 180 1.003

5 0.0008719 190 1.255

10 0.0012277 200 1.555

15 0.0017041 210 1.908

20 0.002 220 2.320

25 0.003 230 2.798

30 0.004 240 3.348

35 0.006 250 3.978

40 0.007 260 4.694

45 0.009 270 5.505

50 0.012 280 6.419

60 0.02 290 7.445

70 0.031 300 8.592

80 0.047 310 9.87

90 0.07 320 11.29

100 0.101 330 12.865

110 0.143 340 14.608

120 0.199 350 16.537

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 130 0.27 360 18.674

140 0.361 370 21.053

150 0.476 374 22.087

160 0.61 374.15 22.1297

Schedule II Saturated steam pressure-temperature sheet P (MPa)t(℃)

P t P t P t P t

0.0010 6.982 0.021 61.15 0.70 164.5 3.6 244.16

0.0015 13.034 0.022 62.16 0.80 170.42 3.7 245.75

0.0020 17.511 0.023 63.14 0.90 175.36 3.8 247.31

0.0025 21.094 0.024 64.08 1.0 179.88 3.9 248.84

0.0030 24.098 0.025 64.99 1.1 184.06 4.0 250.33

0.0035 26.692 0.026 65.87 1.2 187.96 4.5 257.41

0.0040 28.981 0.027 66.72 1.3 191.60 5.0 263.92

0.0045 31.034 0.028 67.55 1.4 195.04 5.5 269.94

0.0050 32.90 0.029 68.35 1.5 198.28 6.0 275.56

0.0055 34.60 0.030 69.12 1.6 201.37 6.5 280.83

0.0060 36.18 0.040 75.89 1.7 204.30 7.0 285.80

0.0065 37.65 0.050 81.35 1.8 207.10 7.5 290.51

0.0070 39.02 0.060 85.95 1.9 209.79 8.0 294.98

0.0075 40.32 0.070 89.96 2.0 212.37 8.5 299.24

0.0080 41.53 0.080 93.51 2.1 214.85 9.0 303.31

0.0085 42.69 0.090 96.71 2.2 217.24 9.5 307.22

0.0090 43.79 0.10 99.63 2.3 219.54 10.0 310.96

0.0095 44.83 0.12 104.81 2.4 221.78 11.0 318.04

0.010 45.83 0.14 109.32 2.5 223.94 12.0 324.64

0.011 47.71 0.16 113.32 2.6 226.03 13.0 330.81

0.012 49.45 0.18 116.93 2.7 228.06 14.0 336.63

0.013 51.06 0.20 120.23 2.8 230.04 15.0 342.12

0.014 52.58 0.25 127.43 2.9 231.96 16.0 352.26

154
0.015 54.00 0.30 133.54 3.0 233.84 17.0 352.26

0.016 55.34 0.35 138.88 3.1 235.66 18.0 356.96

0.017 56.62 0.40 143.62 3.2 237.44 19.0 361.44

0.018 57.83 0.45 147.92 3.3 239.18 20.0 365.71

0.019 58.98 0.50 151.85 3.4 240.88 21.0 369.79

0.020 60.09 0.60 158.84 3.5 242.54 22.0 373.68

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 Absolute Absolute Absolute
Vacuum Exhaust Vacuum Exhaust Vacuum Exhaust
pressure pressure pressure
-kpa temperature ℃ -kpa temperature ℃ -kpa temperature ℃
mpa mpa mpa

95.80 0.00600 36.180 94.80 0.00700 39.020 93.80 0.00800 41.530

95.75 0.00605 36.327 94.75 0.00705 39.150 93.75 0.00805 41.646

95.70 0.00610 36.474 94.70 0.00710 39.280 93.70 0.00810 41.762

95.65 0.00615 36.621 94.65 0.00715 39.410 93.65 0.00815 41.878

95.60 0.00620 36.768 94.60 0.00720 39.540 93.60 0.00820 41.994

95.55 0.00625 36.915 94.55 0.00725 39.670 93.55 0.00825 42.110

95.50 0.00630 37.062 94.50 0.00730 39.800 93.50 0.00830 42.226

95.45 0.00635 37.209 94.45 0.00735 39.930 93.45 0.00835 42.342

95.40 0.00640 37.356 94.40 0.00740 40.060 93.40 0.00840 42.458

95.35 0.00645 37.503 94.35 0.00745 40.190 93.35 0.00845 42.574

95.30 0.00650 37.650 94.30 0.00750 40.320 93.30 0.00850 42.690

95.25 0.00655 37.787 94.25 0.00755 40.441 93.25 0.00855 42.800

95.20 0.00660 37.924 94.20 0.00760 40.562 93.20 0.00860 42.910

95.15 0.00665 38.061 94.15 0.00765 40.683 93.15 0.00865 43.020

95.10 0.00670 38.198 94.10 0.00770 40.804 93.10 0.00870 43.130

95.05 0.00675 38.335 94.05 0.00775 40.925 93.05 0.00875 43.240

95.00 0.00680 38.472 94.00 0.00780 41.046 93.00 0.00880 43.350

94.95 0.00685 38.609 93.95 0.00785 41.167 92.95 0.00885 43.460

94.90 0.00690 38.746 93.90 0.00790 41.288 92.90 0.00890 43.570

94.85 0.00695 38.883 93.85 0.00795 41.409 92.85 0.00895 43.680

94.80 0.00700 39.020 93.80 0.00800 41.530 92.80 0.00900 43.790

156