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1 Definitions
The natural numbers are the numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . (some authors include zero, as well), and
for shorthand, we will denote the collection of them by N. The integers (a.k.a. the whole
numbers) are the natural numbers, together with zero and the negatives of the natural
numbers, and we will denote them by Z. So,
Z t. . . , 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, . . . u.
The integers come equipped with extra structure with which you are all familiar: addition
( ), multiplication (), and an ordering ( ). I’ll leave addition and multiplication undefined
(but I could define it by starting from even more basic assumptions). As for ordering, I’ll
simply point out that one can give the following definition:
Definition 1.1. Given two integers a, b, we say that a is less than b, written a b, if there
exists a c P N such that
b a c.
In this section, we’ll list some basic properties of the integers that will form the basis of
everything we will prove this semester, i.e. everything we prove this semester will be trace-
able all the way back to these simple properties. In the next section, we will prove some
basic consequences of these properties; you will prove more basic consequences on your first
assignment.
We begin with the arithmetic properties, i.e. those related to addition, multiplication, and
the relation between the two.
(1) if a, b P Z, then a bPZ (closure under addition)
a x0
Remark 2.1.
a b : a pbq,
i.e. subtracting b is defined to be adding its additive inverse.
(15) Every non-empty set of natural numbers has a least element, i.e. for any S N, if
S H, then there is an m P S such that
Remark 2.2.
(b) Property (14) suggests a convenient way to prove two numbers a, b are equal: first prove
a ¤ b, then prove b ¤ a. Since it can’t be true that both a b and b a, this implies
that a b.
Here, we give some examples of some basic consequences of the properties listed above, as well
as their proof. A major reason for including some proofs here is to give you some experience
with proofs, so do read through them and try to understand why they are how they are.
You’ll have a chance to practice similar proofs on the first assignment.
Proposition 3.1. The additive identity in Z is unique, i.e. 0 is the only element in Z satis-
fying property (7).
Proof. Let e P Z denote an integer such that a e a for all a P Z. In particular, this is
true for a 0, so
0 e 0.
Also,
Proposition 3.2. Given a P Z, its additive inverse is unique, i.e. the equation a x 0 has
a unique solution x P Z.
By commutativity of addition, definition of x, and the fact that 0 is the additive identity,
a y xa x y 0 y y.
Combing these two lines gives x y.
Proof. By distributivity,
p0 0q b 0 b 0 b.
p0 0q b 0 b.
Combing these two equations yields
0b 0 b 0 b.
as desired.
as desired. By the uniqueness of additive inverses (proposition 3.2), the result follows.
ab a b a b 0.
pa bq a b.
Applying proposition 3.4 (and (8)), gives
p1q a b 1 a b.
If b 0, we can use the cancellation law to obtain
p1q a 1 a.
If a is also not 0, we can apply the cancellation law again to get
1 1.
But 1 1 2 P N and hence 1 1 0, i.e. 1 1. Therefore, the assumption that both a and
b are not zero leads to a contradiction. Therefore, one of them must be zero, as desired.
0 a ab a.
In terms of definition 1.1, this means that b 0. By the trichotomy law, b ¡ 0 cannot be
true.
The well-ordering property is a statement about N. More generally, given any “ordered set”
X, we say it is “well-ordered” if every non-empty subset S X has a least element. Let
a P Z and define the notation
Z¥a : tb P Z : b ¥ au;
sa 1¥aa 1 1.