Trends Networking Finals PDF

Trends, Networking, And Critical
Thinking In the 21st Century

Subject Description: The course provides opportunities for students to
discover patterns and extract meanings from emerging trends. It aids
in developing their critical and creative thinking skills– essential tools
for decision making and understanding “ethics of care”. Global trends
in the 21st century is examined and are either accepted or rejected
on a sound set of criteria. Students will be asked to create and analyze
scenarios that will challenge them to (1) formulate their stances on
issues or concerns; (2) propose interventions and; (3) formulate
alternative features.
Trends, Networking, And Critical Thinking In the 21st Century Page 1 | 164
Lesson 1
Understanding Elements and
Characteristics of Trends
A pattern of gradual change in a condition, output, or process,

or an average or general tendency of a series of data points to move
in a certain direction over time, represented by a line or curve on a
graph.
A trend is a sequential pattern of change in recorded data. A

change evidenced by a rise or fall of variables when measured
between at least two points over time (Gordon, 2008).
It is a way of doing new things individually or one society then

followed by many people; it may become a daily routine or a
tradition.
A trend has a big impact in our society and it have the capacity to
make a big changes in our lives.
A trend is a behavior or new way of doing things and it has a big

impact on our society. It is a sequential pattern of change in a
condition, output, or process, or an average or general tendency of
a series of data points to move in a certain direction over time,
represented by a line or curve on a graph.
MEGATRENDS AND MICROTRENDS
Megatrends. They are a larger pattern of broad trends that

reshape and transform our lives. Megatrends entail a major
restructing; they are a larger pattern of broad trends that reshape and
transform our lives.
Microtrends. It advocates localization as opposed to

globalization, recognizing that people and communities have never
been more sophisticated and more knowledgeable about the
choices they make in their everyday lives.
EXAMPLES OF TRENDS:
Twitter – it lets you see what is happening around the world, from
breaking news and entertainment, sports and politics to big events
and every day interests.
Examples:
Twitter is a free social networking microblogging service that allows

registered members to broadcast short posts called tweets. Twitter
members can broadcast tweets and follow other users' tweets by
using multiple platforms and devices.
Facebook – is the most common social network website where

you can share information about yourself and communicate with
other people.
Facebook is a popular free social networking website that allows

registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send
messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues. The
site, which is available in 37 different languages, includes public
features.
Process of Identifying a Trend
Trend analysis is the widespread practice of collecting

information and attempting to spot a pattern in the information. It
may used to predict future events or estimate uncertain events in the
past.
Trend Spotting is the identification of new trends or attempting

to see the future. Trendspotting is attempting to see the future in the
present (Rehn and Lindkvist, 2013). Being able to predict a trend is a
valued skill for the global citizen. Trendspotting is sometimes
called cool-hunting and trend analysis.
Trend Spotter - is a person who notices and reports on new

fashions, ideas, or activities that are becoming popular. They are the
people who notices and reports on new fashions, activities that
people are starting to do.
Projecting Trends - assumes the future will be a logical extension

of the past
Drivers continuing what is a trend
Enablers an empowering influence and encourages the drivers

Blockers may take the form of new law, politicking, street protests and
other factors.
Friction is a resistance to change that occurs naturally and

inevitably
Differentiate a trend from fad
Both trends and fads can play an important role in an

organization’s success – but they must be treated differently. If they
are not, leaders risk burning out adapting to every fad, and critical
trends required for an organizations’ survival may be missed. Let’s start
by looking into fads and trends individually.
Fad is a new thing that people are doing. The easiest way to
categorize a fad is one word: short-lived. Trends have a much longer
lifespan than fads. In fact, trends can continue to be fashionable for
years and even decades.
Trend is significant, have broad implications in all aspects of

society, identifiable and explainable while fad is transitory or quick,
affect only particular group of people without impact and driven by
emotions.
Fad- Typically spread quickly but disappear equally quickly. The
easiest way to categorize a fad is one word: short-lived.Typically, fads
last for a total of one season. A fad is often referred to as “catching
on” with the larger population, but will often fade as quickly as it
appeared. The easiest way to remember a fad is through a simple
alliteration: fads fade. Although engaging in fads can be fun, they are
often not worth investing a large amount of money or time.
Trends- Trends have a much longer lifespan than fads.they can

continue to be fashionable for years and even decades. The primary
difference between a trend and a fad is that trends have the
potential to be long-term influences on the market.
Rapid change is a constant feature of our lives. As Gordon(2008)

put it, we have seen significant developments across society,
technology, institutions, products and services that will surely continue
into the future. We know that the future generation will be different in
an easy way. New technologies ,market shifts; even our social values
and traditions may damage. We use our trends both local and global,
to position our organizations and ourselves. We can also influence
some events for our own advantages in the future.
Rethinking Beauty: Trends in
Beauty Today
By: Irina Barbalova
According to Euromonitor, the global beauty industry is looking

in better shape that it did during the depths of the recession in 2008/9,
and has recovered its equilibrium. Although the mass market
dominates at 16bn, the premium sector powered ahead in 2012 and
is worth 4bn, with strong revenues from the US, China, Brazil, and Saudi
Arabia. Premium skincare was a high point, but nail polish was another
noteworthy product category, growing by 13% (+23% in the US). “We
call it the Nail Index”, commented Barbalova. “It about high point,
which has been increasing three times that of women’s skincare, due
to a focus on simplicity, health and solution-based products.
Barbalova highlighted several key trends in beauty today,

including Universal Solutions, which are found in multi-functional
products.”Creams are pushing multi-functionality and offer time
saving, convince, and value for money,” she affirmed. She also
discussed the relationship and crossover between fashion and
cosmetics. Apparel brands are crossing over into beauty, such as
Wrangler and Triumph which infuse fabrics with aloe Vera and other
anti-cellulite or moisturizing ingredients. “Beauty has been more
resilient than fashion and so fashion brands are looking to benefit from
this growth with affordable beauty offerings”, she said.
Reading: The Beauty Ideal: The
Fashion Silhoutte
By: Kirsten Anderberg
Throughout these many cultures and times, each “fashion

silhouette” has melded many different views of beauty. All these
women were considered beautiful for adhering to each social
standard. It is foolish for one to know that beauty can be all these
different things and still believe the beauty construct that she or he
has eternalized is the right one.
A Chinese woman’s foot was considered beautiful if it was small,

so foot binding was incorporated into the culture and took place for
about 1,000 years. Around the age of six, small girls’ feet were
wrapped in tight bandages, so they could not develop normally. They
would break and become prone to infection, paralysis, and muscular
atrophy. The feet usually stayed between 4-6 inches long.
Many African tribe women have had their lips supported and
stretched by metal rings (lip plates) since early childhood. In
adulthood, their stretched lips express the ultimate in beauty.
“Giraffe necks” are common in a tribe living close to the border of

Thailand and also in many African tribes especially in Kenya and
Tanzania.
“What was considered beautiful for an aristocratic Elizabethan

woman in Tudor England involved whitening the face, plucking
eyelashes, and shaving back the hairline to show a prominent
forehead”. (Shaw 2006)
Georgian wig vanity. In the late 1700s, women began to wear their
hair along with fake hair up in a giant wig that look hours to prepare.
Women often had to sleep sitting up and scratched their scalps with
a tool resembling back scratchers of today. The hair could be built up
to 30 inches were common.
Corset not only did they make it hard for women to move freely or
sit down, but they also damaged internal organs and restricted air
flow. This led to fainting and less energy than they would have
otherwise. It would take about 2 years for internal organs to be
“trained” into a smaller position around the waist and about a year of
not wearing a corset for the internal organs to settle back into regular
positions. (Thomas 2014)
In the 1920s, flappers were “in” and many women opted for breast
reductions or banded theirs to fit in with the social standard. Yet, not
much after that larger breasts were the norm and women began
going under the knife for breasts enhancement.
Today, girls (I say girls because it all starts when one is young), in our
society are being constructed to constantly strive for a slimmer figure.
Anorexia Nervosa and bulimia have evolved into somewhat of an
epidemic. I would also like to point out that the average woman, who
usually is a healthy size 12-14. may have a low self-esteem because of
the normalized beauty ideal to be thin.
Women are still being oppressed through the beauty ideal. “The
Beauty ideal works to limit women, encourages competiveness, and
ultimately tends to lower women’s self-esteem”.
The supporting argument behind this statement begins with the

products and rituals that are marketed to women. These standards
are not created view the women they affect but by those with power
and influence who “creates these trends and options and enforce the
standards”.
Nature makes Us Appreciate
Our Bodies and Reject
Unrealistic Beauty Standards
Viren Swami
Nature is good for us---surely nobody has missed that fact. These
days, both scientists and policymakers agree about the importance
of offering everyone access to green spaces, regardless of social
background. That is because easy access to nature encourages
physical activity, which in turn has positive health effects. For
instances, English populations with the most green space in their
surroundings also have the lowest levels of morality. The simple fact is
that people tend to be healthier and live longer when they have easy
access to nature.
Accessible green space is also good for our psychological well-

being. For example, large-scale surveys in the Netherlands and UK
have shown that individuals living in urban areas with more green
space have lower rates of mental health distress and are more
satisfied with life than those living in areas with less green space. Other
studies show that exposure to natural environments reduces negative
emotions- including anger, anxiety, and sadness. Even just viewing
images of nature or looking at natural environment from a window
can reduces stress, enhance recovery from illness, and improve
mood.
My colleagues and I wanted to know whether the positive effects

nature might extend to other aspects of psychological well-being. In
particular, we were interested in body image, which has a significant
impact on mental health in all age groups. To examine this, we asked
an online sample of almost 400 adults in the US to complete a measure
of their exposure to nature in everyday life activities.
They also completed measure of self-esteem and “body
appreciation”. The latter reveals the extent to which people hold
favourable opinions about their bodies, accept and respect thier
bodies, and reject unrealistic beauty standards. In our study,
published in the journal body image, we found that both women and
men who reported greater exposure to nature also reported more
positive body appreciation.
To explain this finding, we suggested that exposure to the natural

world is “restoring” in fact, previous studies have shown that exposure
to nature increases positive self-evaluations including self-esteem and
helps people recover emotionally from the stresses of everyday life. In
turn, these effects seem to promote more positive body image.
That is not all, though. Access to green spaces also facilitates social
interactions and gives rise to stronger neighborhood ties, which in turn
provide direct benefits for mental health. In our study, we found that
direct exposure to nature may also heighten the extent to which
individuals feel at one with, or connected to, nature. This was in turn
associated with more positive body image. The same positive
association between connectedness to nature and body
appreciation has previously been found in British women.
Feeling and being part of a larger ecosystem requiring concern

and protection is an issue that is bigger than our waistlines or the latest
fashion. In other words, a sense of connectedness to nature may haft
our attention away from narrow self-interest and into more rounded
aspects of well-being, such as living a fulfilled life.
It may also help us to focus on the functionality of our busies-- what

our bodies can do rather than what they look like. By helping some
individuals to identify commonalities between themselves and wider
ecosystem, greater connectedness to nature may also result in critical
appraisals of unrealistic stereotypes and ideals of appearance.
Of course, our findings are preliminary and limited by a number of
issues, including the fact that all our data were self-reported and
cross- sectional. Even so, our work fits with a broader body of work
improved mental health.
If research continues to support these findings, particularly in

different cultural and national groups, it may help us to develop new
ways for promoting positive body image. For example, psychologists
working with patients who struggle with poor body image may want
to encourage them to go on nature walks or hiking excursions. More
generally, our work highlights the importance of providing everyone
with opportunities to play and engage in green spaces, and for legal
commitments to halt the decline in natural environments.
Trend and Fad defined and
distinguished
Trend is a “recurrent phenomenon that takes place over time and
gives rise to speculation on the future” (Sanders, Soper, and Rothwell
2002). Trends analysis is an examination of these phenomena and
speculation on the likely impact they will have in the future. Any given
phenomenon and prediction which likely to happen or any craze/fad
or trend that would likely emerge needs to be examined.
Cornish (2004) and Canton (2006) defined trends as collage of

present circumstances that extend current patterns into the future.
Trends analysis grants societies “future events. Included in a definition
of a trend are three commonalities that trends share:
1. Trends are a complex synthesis of information from a wide variety

of fields.
2. All trends use pattern identification and recognition to make
predictions when talking about the future.
3. Trends use time frames to evaluate their evolution.
Trends are best guesses for future events or patterns that are based
on present peripheral and historical information. This information can
be obtained by sophisticated methods such as computer modeling;
polling, surveying, or it can compile through retroactive analysis of
past trends. Synthesizing many factored and considering a multitude
of variables allow humans to simplify the complexity and chaos of the
interrelatedness of events into a reality that can accommodate
present modalities of thought (Cornish 2004).
Fads are normally micro trends that exist under that umbrella of an
actual trends (Naisbitt 2006) trends are often classified as short-term--
one to three years, mid-term--three to ten years, or long-term--ten to
50 years (Cornish 2004). The ability to from a trend along a linear
timeline however is not always correct as trends can revert back on
themselves becoming cyclonal or trends can fuse or converge with
other trends occurring in the same time frame (Canton 2006).
Trending is an important skill in the 21st century affording those inclined

a portal into the future. In addition, trends allow for preemptive
judgments and actions toward future events and conditions. Due to
the interrelatedness of all things in the universe, trends are a complex
fusion of past, present,, and future information and represent humans’
best guess predictions over time.
The trend reward portable music players, on the other hand,

started with the invention of big heavy, portable “boom boxes” and
morphed into personal CD players--- continuing to grow and change
into the MP3 portable music player phenomenon that we see today.
Fad Defined
Fad is something, such as an interest or fashion that is very popular

for a short time (merriam-webster’s Learner’s Dictionary). A fad is
product that has little, if any, utility but is characterized by a quick rise
in sales and popularity followed by a quick decline in sales and
popularity. This quick up and down in sales is because fad products
usually do to satisfy a strong consumer need. Nevertheless, fads
seldom completely die out with some hardcore followers remaining
loyal.
Classic examples of fad.
⚫ Hula hoop
⚫ Yo-yo
⚫ Virtual pets
⚫ Frisbee®
⚫ pokemon®
⚫ Hello kitty®
⚫ Loomband
A fad is an intense but short -lived fashion. It is widely-shared
enthusiasm for something, especially on that is short-lived. It is
temporary fashion, a craze, interest, or activity that people follow
enthusiastically, but lasts for a short period of time. A fad is different
from a trend in that a fad always has a definite beginning and end. A
trend, on the other hand, evolves and changes as it continues to
grow.
They say that to follow a trend, one must not only be conscious of
what is currently happening, but be astute enough to predict what
will happen in the future. Try the following exercise. Identify if the
statements in the first column are a trend or a fad then write your
prediction.
The Not-So-Sweet Truth About

High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
Dr. Mark Hyman
There are five reasons we should stay away from any product
containing high fructose corn syrup.
1. Sugar in any form causes obesity and disease when consumed in

pharmacologic doses. Cane sugar and high fructose corn syrup are
indeed harmful when consumed in pharmacologic doses of 140
pounds per person per year. When one 20-ounce HFCS sweetened
soda, sports drink, or tea has 17 teaspoons of sugar (and the average
teenager often consumes two drinks a day), we are conducting a
largely uncontrolled experiment on the human species. Our hunter-
gatherer ancestor consumed the equivalent of 20 teaspoons per
year, not per day. In this sense, I would agree with the corn industry
that sugar is sugar. Quantity matters. But there are some important
differences.
2. HFCS and cane sugar are NOT biochemically identical or processed
the same way by the body. High fructose corn syrup is an industrial
food product and far from “natural” or a naturally occurring
substance. It is extracted from corn stalks through a process so secret
that Archer Daniels Midland and Carghill would reported not allow
the investigate journalist Michael Pollan to observe it for his book, “The
Omnivore’s Dilemma”. The sugars are extracted through a chemical
enzymatic process resulting in a chemically and biologically novel
compound called HFCS.
Now back to biochemistry. Since there is no chemical bond

between them, no digestion is required, so they are more rapidly
absorbed into your blood stream. Fructose goes right to the liver and
triggers biogenesis (the production of fats like triglycerides and
cholesterol). this is why it is the major cause of liver damage in this
country and causes a condition called “fatty liver”, which affects 70
million people. The rapidly absorbed glucose triggers big spikes in
insulin-- our body’s major fat storage hormone. Both of these features
of HCFS lead to increased metabolic disturbances that drives
increases in appetite, weight gain, diabetes, heart disease, cancer,
dementia, and more.
High doses of free fructose have been proven to literally punch

holes in the intestinal lining, allowing nasty by-product of toxic gut
bacteria and partially digested food proteins to enter your blood
stream and trigger the inflammation that we know is at the root of
obesity. Diabetes, cancer, heart disease, dementia, and fiber that
does not exhibit the same biological effects as the free fructose does
found in corn sugar. The take away; Cane sugar and the industrially
produced, euphemistically named “corn sugar” are not
biochemically or physiologically the same.
3. HFCS contains contaminants including mercury that are not

regulated or measured by the FDA. An FDA researcher asked corn
producers to ship a barrel of high fructose corn syrup in order to test
for contaminates. Her repeated requests were refused until she
claimed she represented a newly created soft drink company. She
was then promptly shipped a big vat of HFCS that was used as part of
the study that showed that HFCS often contains toxic levels of mercury
because of chlor-alkali products used in its manufacturing. Poisoned
sugar is certainly not “natural”.
When HFCS is run through a chemical analyzer or a

chromatograph, strange chemical peaks show up that are not
glucose or fructose. What are they? Who knows? This certainly calls
into question the purity of this processed form of super sugar. The
exact nature, effects, and toxicity of these funny compounds have
not been fully explained, but shouldn’t we be protected from the
presence of untested chemical up to 15 to 20 percent of the average
American daily calorie intake?
4. many independent medical and nutrition experts DO NOT support

the use of HFCS in our diet, despite the assertions of the corn industry.
The corn industry’s happy looking websites www.cornsugar.com and
www.sweetsurprise.com bolster their position that cane sugar and
corn are the same by quoting experts, or should we say misquoting.
5. HCFS is almost always a marker of poor-quality, nutrient-poor

disease creation industrial food products or “food-like substances”.
The last reason to avoid products that contain HFCS is that they are a
marker for poor-quality, nutritionally depleted, processed industrial
food full of empty calories and artificial ingredients. If you find “high
fructose corn syrup” on the label, you can be sure it is not a whole,
real, fresh food full of fiber, vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and
antioxidants. Stay away if you want to stay healthy. We still must
reduce our overall consumption of sugar, but with this one simple
dietary change, you can radically reduce your teeth risks and
improve your health.
While debate may rage about the biochemistry and physiology

of cane sugar vs. Corn sugar, this is fact. The conversation has been
diverted to a simple assertion that cane sugar and corn sugar are not
different.
The real issues are only two.
1. we are consuming HFCS and sugar in pharmacologic quantities

never before experienced in human history-- 140 pounds a year vs. 20
teaspoons a year 10,000 years ago.
2. High fructose corn syrup is almost found in very poor quality foods
that are nutritionally vacuous and filled with all sorts of other disease-
promoting compounds, fats, salt, chemicals, and even mercury.
THE ICE BUCKET CHALLENGE: A

TREND OR A FAB?
FAST FACTS: ALS and the Ice Bucket Challenge

Reynaldo Santos Jr.
August 25, 2014

Rappler.com
Manila, Philippines- You has definitely seen at least one of those

viral Ice Bucket Challenge videos.
These viral videos are the latest craze on the internet. The New York
Times reported that more than 1.2 million videos were shared on
Facebook between June 1 and August 13, and that the challenge
was mentioned on twitter more than 2.2 million times since July 29 this
year.
These viral videos try to raise awareness about a disease called

LAS. And it helped that even big personalities have taken part in not
just making the disease known, but also donating for this cause.
Not all those who have joined the video challenge actually know
ALS is, or what the video is all about.
What Does ALS MEAN?
ALS stands for Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a disease that affects

nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. A-myo-trophic is from the
Greek language that means “no muscle nourishment”--”A” means no
or negative, “MYO” means muscle, and “TROPHIC” means
nourishment.
“LATERAL” refers to the areas in the spinal cord where portions of

the nerve cells that signal and control the muscles are located. As the
lateral degenerates, it leads to scaring or hardening (or sclerosis) in
the affected part.
What Does ALS do the Body?
ALS causes the progressive degeneration of the motor neurons,

which control muscle movement. As motor neurons degenerate, they
can no longer send impulses tot the muscle fibers that normally result
in movement. When muscles no longer receive messages from the
motor neurons, they begin to shrink. Dead motor neurons make the
brain lose its ability to initiate and control muscle movement, affecting
the action of voluntary muscles which could lead to total paralysis.
What Are the Symptoms of ALS?
To be diagnosed with ALS, patients must have signs and symptoms

of both upper and lower motor neuron damage.
Body parts affected by early ALS symptoms depend on which

motor neurons in the body are damaged first. About 75% of patients
first experience “limb onset”---- symptoms in the arms (difficulty in arm
activities such as writing) or legs (awkwardness when walking or
running, tripping, or stumbling, etc.)--- While about 25% experience
“bulbar onset” (difficulty in speaking clearly or swallowing).
Upper motor neuron degeneration leads to tight and stiff muscles

and exaggerated reflexes, while lower motor neuron degeneration
causes muscle weakness and atrophy, muscle cramps, and twitches
of muscles.
In later, lung and eye functions may be affected. Most people with
ALS die from respiratory failure, usually within 3 to 5 years from the
onset of symptoms. However, about 10% of those with ALS survive for
10 more years.
What Causes ALS?
The cause of ALS is not yet completely known. But scientific

researches have found that ALS may have some genetic links.
In 1993, scientists discovered that mutations in the gene that

produce SOD1 enzyme are associated with some cases of ALS. Also,
in 2011, scientists found that a defect in the C9orf72 gene is present in
both ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients, revealing that
these disorders may be related.
In 90 to 95 percent of all ALS cases, the disease occurs randomly,
with no clear factor or cause.
Environment factors such as exposure to toxic or infections agents,

physical trauma, and behavioural and occupational factors are also
being studied to see whether they also cause ALS.
Who Gets ALS?
ALS is considered to be one of the most common neuromuscular

diseases worldwide. In 90 to 95% of all cases, the disease occurs
randomly, with no clear factor or cause. In the US, there are 3.9 cases
per 100,000 persons aged 60-69 years, but younger and older people
can also develop the disease.
About 5 to 10% all ALS cases are inherited.
How Is ALS Treated?
There is no cure yet for ALS. But in 1995, the US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) approved the use of riluzole, which is believed to
reduce damage to motor neurons. This drug prolongs survival by
several months, but does not repair already- damaged motor
neurons.
Also, physical therapy and special equipment can enhance an

individual’s independence and safety throughout the course of ALS.
Quiz.
Answer the following questions:
1. According to Kristen Anderberg, what is the basis of beauty

standards and view?
2. “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder”. Who is the beholder? To

what does the beholder anchor hi/her standard?
3. Explain in your own words “beauty” and “standard”.
Choose from any of the guide questions to debate on:
A. Why do men and women adhere to certain standards of beauty?

Shall men and women adhere to certain beauty standards?
B. How powerful are created trends to enforce certain beauty

standards? Do trends become powerful when certain beauty
standards are enforced?
CRITICAL THINKING CORNER
1. How do I understand the word “trending”?
2. What entails when a thing becomes a trend?
Use the fives Ws chart to organized the information you have learned
from this lesson.
What?
Who?
Where?
When?
Why?
Trend/fad Prediction
More kids love playing with
loombands
Yaya Dub(Maine Mendoza used
dubsmash and got so popular
overnight. Dubsmash is a mobile app
that creates short selfie videos
dubbed with famous sounds.
High fructose corn syrup is present in
fruit juices, cakes, ice cream, sweets,
and chocolates, and was found to
be culprit for obesity and diabetes.
More and more youth today are fond
of using high-tech gadgets like
tablets and smartphones.
More people aound the globe
playing the mobile app Pokemon
Go.
Answer the following questions:
What is the not-so- sweet truth about high fructose corn syrup?
2. If this becomes a trend, how will you predict the nexy scenario?
Write a 100-word essay. You may choose from any these two titles:
1. “Which Fad or Trend Shall I Accept or Reject?”
2. “How Do I Accept or Reject a Trend?”
Fill up the circle of trend:

1. On the upper right hand corner, write one emerging trend.
2. On the lower right hand corner, write the things about that trend.
3. On the lower left hand corner, write the things that can be done for
that trend.
4. On the upper left hand corner, write the corner, write the concrete
thing that you can actually do for that trend.
Answer the questions.

1. How can I intelligently spot, accept, or reject any emerging fad or
trend?
2. How can I I become a shrew’s triage in understanding the deluge
of challeges brought about by the 21st century fads and trends?
3. What does ALS means?
4. What does ALS do to the body?
5. What causes ALS?
6. Who gets ALS?
7. How is the ALS treated?
8. Will you accept the Ice Bucket Challenge? Why? Why not?
9. How fast do I get hooked to any emerging trend?
10. How do I make sense of any trend or fad in order to accept or it?
Lesson 2
Understanding Local Networks
This introduces the idea and importance of a network for human

beings. A gathering of individuals we interface consistently family,
companions, neighbors, instructors and managers. Network is a group
of people whom we interact daily.
Our personal relations have structures.The systems of relations

inside which every individual is inserted which include family,
companions,colleagues and technology enhances the varied
networks regardless of our location.
A network is a group of people whom we interact daily. Our
relationships are networked. If you look at nature, networks are
everywhere. The cellular network in the human brain, for instance, is
an amazing network that makes human life possible.
Networks are a ‘set of nodes and set of ties’ (Brass, 1994: 42). The
things that are connected are usually called nodes. A node might be
a person, a computer or even a hyperlinked text. The connections
between hubs are called “associations” and here and there called
“edges”. They are relations that bind the tie or even make the ties
suffer. It is imperative for leaders and managers to precisely see the
system relations that associate individuals and to effectively oversee
them. Awareness concerning social networks is important to the
extent that people are uncertain who is connected to whom. It is a
means of developing contact and exchange of information. It
provides us the opportunity to interact with people outside of our
regular social circle. It is vital also to entrepreneurs, professionals, and
job seekers.
Networks are analyzed in terms of density, hierarchy,

multiplexity, interdependence and embeddedness:
Density- The density of a network is based on the number of

connections between and among the actors. According to Kilduf
and Tsai, the higher the number, the denser the system.The density of
a network depicts the potential associations in a system that are
genuine associations while a potential connection is an association
that could possibly exists between two “hubs” paying little respect to
regardless of whether it really does.
Hierarchy- Actors in the network can pull their investments in

social relations by establishing relations with a diverse set of groups in
the community (preferably groups that are not connected to each
other), rather than establishing all of their relationships with members
of one group.
Complexity- Complexity is the extent to which a link between

actors served a multiplicity of interests in the community. The more
complex relations have considered have higher tie strength.
Complexity also represents the extent to which two people are bound
to each other in different social grounds.
Interdependence- The ties in the network can be useful in

facilitating change and reform. The interdependence of social ties in
a community produces benefits for actors and members.
Interdependence facilitates cooperation and creates social capital
necessary for the progress of the community. Social capital is the
accumulated benefits as a result of the maintenance of a positive
relationship between different groups and associations in the
community.
Embeddedness- The networks of relations within each person is

rooted include family, friends, and acquaintances. To be sure,
business associations themselves are held together by formal relations
of power as well as by casual connections that interface individuals
crosswise over departmental and progressive limits.
Global Networks
"Birds of the same feather flock together"
Our relationships are networked. They might have said this in

references to the way others would judge us according to our friends
or people who we interact everyday.They are the type of people who
surround and share ourselves so it means we have similarities with our
values and tradition so we have a networked with them.
"Networks are everywhere"
"Institutions and organizations significantly see the importance of

radical connectedness with their networks, partners, and alliances to
compete and create value".
Do you know what is the meaning of network? A Network is a

group of people whom we interact daily and it happens each time
we take an interest in a school, get together, visit from our religious
gathering, chat with our neighbors and interface with companions on
the web.
Networks are a 'set of nodes and the set of ties' (Brass, 1999:42)
The things that are connected are usually called nodes. A node might
be a person, computer or even a hyperlinked text. The connection
between hubs are called associations and here and there are
called edges. They are relations that bind the tie or even make the
ties suffer.
Networks are analyzed in terms of:
⚫ Density – the degree of compactness of a substance;

Density describes how compact or concentrated something is. For
example, suppose you have two boxes, one large and one small.
However, they both weigh the same. That means the small box has
a higher density than the large box. Density also tells how
concentrated or crowded something is. You may have heard of
population density. In a city, there are many people packed into a
small area, giving it a high population density. In a rural area, there
are more fields or wooded areas between houses. That means
there are fewer people living in a larger area, which is why it has a
low population density. Density means :
o balance
o tightness
o comparisongrain
⚫ Hierarchy - a system or organization in which people or groups

are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.
Hierarchy describes a system that organizes or ranks things, often
according to power or importance. At school the principal is at
the top of the staff hierarchy, while the seniors rule the
student hierarchy. Also known as a pecking order or power
structure, a hierarchy is a formalized or simply implied
understanding of who's on top or what's most important. All that
sorting and ranking can be helpful if you're a business
administrator, but if you find yourself arranging all the produce in
your fridge according to a hierarchy of color, size, and expiration
date, you might want to consider visiting a therapist. Which of
the following is the best example of a hierarchy?
o a local radio station broadcasting the weather report
o a birthday party at a roller skating rink
o a military regiment led by a commanding officer
⚫ Multiplexity – communicates two or more signals over a

common channel; many and varied, having many features or
forms
⚫ Interdependence -Interdependence is mutual dependence

between things. If you study biology, you’ll discover that there is
a great deal of interdependence between plants and animals.
Inter- means "between," so interdependence is dependence
between things. We often use interdependence to describe
complex systems. Marriage creates a state of interdependence
between spouses. If your dog provides you with love and
happiness, and you provide your dog with food and walks (and
love and happiness), then your relationship with your dog is one
of interdependence.
⚫ Embeddedness - refers to the degree to which economic

activity is constrained by non-economic institutions. The term
was created by economic historian Karl Polanyi as part of his
substantivist approach.
Doing Social Analysis Through Network Mapping
Analyzing networks in an organization or a community exposes

us to the myriads of power relations, connections, issues, and its
problems. Making critical analysis of these networks of relationships
enables us to obtain a more complete picture of a social situation or
phenomena. It provides a basis for solidarity with our brothers and
sisters since we, as a human family, are networked and
interdenpendent. Our love for our neighbor creates global dimensions
in our interconnected world.
THE INTUITIVE AND THE
STRATEGIC THINKER
Strategic Thinking and Intuitive Thinking Defined
Greg Githens defined strategic thinking as the individual’s

capacity for thinking conceptually, imaginatively, systematically, and
opportunistically with regard to the attainment of success in the
future.
He continued by saying that strategic thinking employs mebtal

process that we conceptual (abstractions using analogy to translate
across contexts), systematic (composed of different components with
interfaces that interact to produce intended or emergent behaviors,
pattern finding, and connecting situations that are not obviously
related), imaginative (creative and visual), and opportunistic
(searching for and grasping new information and value propositions).
the strategic thinker applies all of these cognitive processes in the
orientation toward future success.
Intuitive thinking is “quick and ready insight” (Webster’s New

Collegiate Dictionary).
Intuitive decision-making is far more than using common sense
because it involves additional sensors to perceive and get aware of
the information from outside. Sometimes, it is referred to as gut feeling,
sixth sense, inner sense, instinct, inner voice, spiritual guide, etc.
The following are some well-known people of intuition.
1. Albert Einstien (Theoretical physicist who is widely considered one

of the greatest physicist of all tome; best known for the theory of
relativity, Nobel prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric
effect and “for his services to Theoretical Physics”)
✓ The only real valuable ting is intuition.

✓ There is no longer way to the discover of these elemental laws.
There is only the way of intuition, which is helped by a feeling for
the order lying behind the appearance.
2. John Naisbitt (Former executive of IBM and Eastman Kodak;

American writer in the area of futures studies; author of several
international best sellers like Megatrends and Reinventing the
Corporation):
✓ Intuition becomes increasingly valuable in the new information

society precisely because there is so much data.
3. Alexis Carrel (French surgeon, biologist, and eugenicist; Nobel Prize

in Physiology or Medicine):
✓ All great men are gifted with intuition. They know without reasoning
or analysis what they need to know.
4. Henry Reed (British poet)
✓ Intuition is the very force or activity of the soul in its experience

through whatever has been the experience of the soul itself.
5. Immanuel Kant (German Philosopher)
✓ Intuition and concept constitute… elements of all our knowledge,

so that neither concepts without an intuition in some way
corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield
knowledge.
6. George Crumb (American Composer of Modern and advent grade

music);
✓ In general, I feel that the more rationalistic approaches to pitch-

organization, including specifically serial technique, have given
way, largely, to a more intuitive approach.
7. Robert Graves (English Poet, scholar, and Novelist);
✓ Intuition is the supra-logic that cuts out all the routine processes of
thought and leaps straight from the problem to the answer.
8. Lao Tzu (ancient Chinese philosopher)
✓ The power of intuitive understanding will protect you from harm

until the end of your days.
9. Anne Wilson Schaef (writer and lecturer);
✓ Trusting our intuition often saves us from disaster.
The questions are not whether rational reasoning or intuitive decision-

making is generally better. The question is rather how both
approaches can best combine for the best results and to avoid
mistakes and prejudices.
Active Reading
While we discover how to become intuitive or strategic thinker, let

us come across the three types of thinkers.
Uncritical, Selfish, and Fair-

minded Critical Thinkers
Paul, Binker, and Weil
A basic, though abstract, explanation for the differences between

uncritical, selfish uncritical, and fair-minded critical persons is given in
the following brief characterizations:
1. Uncritical persons are those who have not develop intellectual

skills; persons who are naive, conformist, easily manipulated, often
inflexible, easily confused, typically unclear, narrow-minded, and
consistently ineffective in their use of language. They may have a
good heart but they are not able to skillfully analyze the problems they
face so as effectively protect hire own interest.
2. Selfish critical persons are skilled thinkers who do to genuinely the

values of critical thinking; persons who use the intellectual skills of
critical thinking selectively and self-deceptively to foster and serve
their vested interest (at the expense of truth).
They are typically able to identify flaws in the reasoning of others and
refute them and to back up their own claims with plausible reasons;
by doing so they have not learned how to reason emphatically within
points of view which they disagree.
3. Fair-minded critical persons are skilled thinkers who do accept

and honor the values of critical thinking; persons who use the
intellectual skills of critical thinking to accurately reconstruct the
strongest versions of points of view in conflict with their own and to
question deeply their own framework of thought. They try to find and
correct flaws in their own reasoning and to be scrupulously fair to
those with whom they disagree.
The Two Independent Thinking

Styles: Rationality and Intuition
Cilia Witterman, John van dean Bercken, Laurence Claes, and
Antonio Godoy
In their numerous publications on heuristics and biases in reasoning

since 1974, tversky and kahneman, with most judgment and decision
researches in their footsteps, have portrayed analysis as the rational
thing to do, at all time outperforming intuition. They have shown that
people’s performance systematically deviates from this rational norm,
and that people use heuristics instead of following the correct rules of
logic and probability theory.
Recently, they have come to call such heuristic “intuitions”, and to

recognize that they are valuable in their (kahneman 2003). Other
researchers also increasingly find evidence that, depending mainly
on the complexity of the task, intuitive thinking can be as powerful
and accurate as analysis.
When tasks cannot be performed thorough analysis, for example,

when they require pattern recognition or when they are complex and
time pressure id high, intuition may be the more advantageous
thinking style. Dual-process theories aim to clarify the distinction
between intuition and deliberation. They typify intuitive processing as
preconscious, closely associated with affect, fast, and operating in an
automatic, holistic manner; and rational thinking is characterized as
slow, deliberative, rule-governed, primarily verbal and conscious. In
his cognitive-experiential self theory talks of rational processes and
experiential processes, broadly contrasting conscious reasoning and
automatic learning.
People use both processes interactively, yet they have been found
to differ in whether they habitually respond primarily rationally or
intuitively to decision situations, or whether they prefer to follow their
heart of their head.
What is interesting for our purpose is that Epstein and colleagues

have developed a questionnaire, based on the CEST, to measure
person’s habitual preference for either of the two styles: the Rational
Experiential Inventory. The REI has been validated in several studies by
Epstein and colleagues, and also in a study in Israel. In which support
was found for individual differences in the two thinking styles, with
rational but not experiential thinking positively correlated with
normative-statistical responses in judgment tasks. The preferred
strategy id thought to generally prevail in reasoning tasks, although
there obviously is interaction with the demands of the experience with
the situation. Since both rationality and intuition now seem to be
valuable thinking tools, it is of interest to look at them more closely,
and to look at the relations between these preferred styles and
personality characteristics.
We think of people as predominantly rational or more intuitive, as

in precise mathematics and emotional artists. Looking at the
correlates of both processing styles with personality characteristics, it
is plausible to expect that the deliberate and verbal process,
rationality, is the preferred style of the conscientious person.
Pacini and Epstein (1999), indeed found a significant correlation

between rationality and conscientiousness. Since we have, in
advance, no reason to expect different relations between
preferences for thinking styles and personality characteristics with
people in different cultures, we expected similar relations in our Dutch
and Spanish samples to those reported by Pacini and Epstein. That is
we expected rationality to be most strongly related to low
neuroticism, to extraversion; not at all to agreeableness.
Active Reading
Elements of Reasoning
Richard Paul and Linda Elder
There are two essential dimensions of thinking that you need to

master in order to learn how to upgrade your thinking. You need to
be angle to identify the “parts” of your thinking, and you need to be
able to assess these parts of thinking, as follows:
❖ All reasoning has a purpose.

❖ All reasoning is an attempt to figure something out, to settle some
questions, to solve some problems.
❖ All reasoning is done from some points of view.
❖ All reasoning is based on data, information, and evidence.
❖ All reasoning is expressed through, and shaped by concepts and
ideas.
❖ All reasoning contains inferences by which we draw conclusions
and give meaning to data.
❖ All reasoning leading somewhere has implications and
consequences.
Lesson 3
Global Networks: Labor And
Migration
Change is inevitably in every aspect of life, both personal and

social. Such change is experienced by people in various ways and in
different magnitudes and consequences. The world today is
significantly experiencing these changes in the field of environment,
culture, politics and economics.
Understanding Globalization
Globalization is the most powerful force for change in the world
today affecting all societies in the planet. It entails the movement of
capital, free flow of goods and services, the increased mobility of
individuals, and the expansions of multinational corporations and
transnational organizations.Globalization has integrated the product
and financial markets of economies around the world through the
driving forces of trade and capital flows across borders.
One of the goals of globalization is for the world to become
more interdependent. People and countries of the world are closely
woven together especially in the economic aspect.
It aims to standardized income distribution through its economic
integration schemes. It shows that globalization have an advantages
and disadvantages.
"Globalization is the most powerful force change in the world

today affecting all societies in the planet".
Globalization and Migration
The issue of globalization is linked with migration and with

movement of capital and commodities.
Migration is said to be as old as human civilizations, and there is

clear proof that globalization is inextricably related to it. The growing
demand for laborers of the most capitalist countries precipitated the
migration of many families from the unprivileged communities.
According to estimates, more or less 20% of the labor force in the

Philippines want to leave the country in search for a job abroad. Some
of them become victims of illegal recruitment and human trafficking.
Understanding Globalization
“Globalization could be the answer to many of the world’s

seemingly intractable problems. But this requires strong democratic
foundation based on political will to ensure equity and justice.” –
Sharran Burrow
Clearly, one of the goals of globalization is for the world to become
more interdependent. People and countries of the world are closely
woven together especially in the economic aspect. Globalization is
the most powerful source for change in the world today affecting all
societies in the planet. It entails movement of capital, free flow of
goods and services, the increased mobility of individuals, and the
expansion of multinational corporations and transnational
organizations.
Globalization and Migration
The issue of globalization is linked with migration and with

movement of capital and commodities.
Migration is said to be as old as human civilization, and there is

clear proof that globalization is inextricably related to it.
"According to estimates, more or less 20% of the labor force in

the Philippines want to leave the country in search for a job abroad.
Some of them become victims of illegal recruitment and human
trafficking".
National Geographic defines human migration as the

movement of people from one territory to another for the purposes of
taking up either as permanent or temporary residence. Movement
can be considered as voluntary or involuntary, long term or short term.
Migration- movement of people from one terittory to another for the
purpose of taking up either a permanent or temporary residence.
People migrate for various reasons. The reasons may fall under four
categories:
• Environmental - Environmental is the adjective form

of environment, referring to a surrounding area. The word is
usually used to refer to our ecology and the forces that act to
change it. The noun environment, meaning the "state of being
environed," first appeared around 1600. The word as referring to
our natural surroundings was first recorded in 1827, and the
popular idea of environmental concern in an ecological sense
first appeared in 1956. In recent decades, the movement toward
environmental awareness has grown rapidly. In a 1997 interview,
environmentalist Barry Commoner noted that
"Environmental concern is now firmly embedded in public life."
• Political - Things that are political have to do with government,

elections, and how society is run. Congress, state
representatives, even county council members are all part of
our political system. The Republicans and Democrats are the
two main political parties in America — they support political
candidates that run for office. The major things that politicians
discuss, like balancing the budget, raising taxes, and
immigration laws, are political issues. But if someone gets a
promotion just because they're friends with the boss, you'd also
say it was totally political. In other words, they got ahead
because of their connections rather than their qualifications, just
like a lot of politicians.
• Cultural - The adjective cultural comes from the noun "culture"

but has several, subtly different meanings, depending on
context. The chief meaning is anything having to do human
intellectual or creative output. The word cultural is often used as
a synonym for "ethnic," as in, "cultural diversity," which means a
variety of people. But it also means having to do with the arts
and creativity. When you move, you'll want to move somewhere
with a vibrant cultural life—lots of museums, libraries, and
concert halls. In the middle is a term like "cultural anthropology,"
which is the study of a population's work, arts, lifestyles, and ways
of interacting.
• Economic - relates to the economy. And the economy? It's all

about money, honey. The adjective economic, meaning
“pertaining to management of a household,” first developed in
the 1590’s and might remind you of "Home Economics" classes
where you once learned to cook and sew. Usually though, we
use economic to describe things relating to finance. It’s not the
same as financial, but if you’re talking about a town or country
whose finances are in dire straits, it’s ok to say "economic ruin."
Economic is all about how money works, but

something economical is a good deal. You might take
an economic studiesclass to understand the ebb and flow of
cash in the world, but if you buy a used textbook for it, you're
being economical. Economic appeared in the late 1500s,
referring to household management, but its sense of relating to
a country's wealth first appeared in the 1800s. It's still related
to economics (the study of the transfer of wealth)
or economy (a country's wealth), but not thrifty (that's the other
one). Here are some economic examples: The Fed
said economic conditions will likely warrant "exceptionally low"
interest rates through at least mid-2013. (Business Week) Some
slowing is expected in 2012 because of global economic woes.
(New York Times) The word economical also showed up in the
1500s, referring to household management, but it refers to being
thrifty or not wasteful, which is still the definition today: Not long
after The New York Times profiled an inventive
and economical restaurant experiment taking place in Windsor
Terrace, Brooklyn, the experiment ended. (New York Times)
Electric lights are economical, clean, and give more light than
gas. (Rose Buhlig)
Within these categories, National Geographic categorized them as
“push” and “pull” factors of migration.
Push factors – are those that motivate people to move from one
place to another because of difficulty, such as food shortage, war,
flood, etc.
Pull factors – are those that motivate people to move their place
to another place simply because of some desirable reasons such as
nicer climate, better food supply, freedom and others.
Types of Migration
Internal Migration – this is defined as the process where migrants

look for a new residence within their own country, state, or continent.
External Migration – moving in a different country, state or

continent to a new residence.
Migration – leaving one country to move to another or moving

into a new country.
Forced Migration – this happens when the state or authorities

forced its people to migrate for a reason
Active Reading
The Revolutionary Globalization

Christopherson, Garretsen, and martin (2008) said that one of the
contested aspects of globalization concerns its geographies and
especially whether globalization is rendering the significance of
location and place redundant and irrelevant:
Several writers have argued that globalization---especially as

driven by the revolution in information and communication
technologies (ICT)--- marks the “end of emergence of at “borderless
world”. the most provocative---certainly the most colorful--- of these
claims is Thomas Friedman’s recent pronouncement that as
consequences of globalization, “the world is flat”. He contends that
the ICT revolution, the deregulations of a marked time spae
compression of economic processes. The alleged result is that there is
no longer any “friction of distance” in economic relationship.
Read the following poem.
Ballade
Adam Mott
Precarious Life Migration in the Age of Globalization

Various Strife Cessation in the wage of translation
Starvation in our under age narration
Is opportunity worth the cost
Bifurcation of our to be nations
Will we make it across
Vicariously rife Location of our permanent vacation
Hilarious fife Hesitation in the living wage stagnation
Resignation of our own home nation
Will anything become lost
Frustration in this age of relocation
Will we make it across Gregarious life
Migration in the age of inflation
Precarious Life
Stagflation been gauged with low expectations
Automation when we enrage damnation
It shall be worth the cost
Fixation on a whole new acclimation
Will we make it across
The Virtues of Deglobalization

Walden Bello
The current global downturn, the worst since the Great Depression
70 years ago, pounded the last nail into the coffin of globalization.
Already beleaguered by evidence that showed global poverty and
inequality increasing, even as most poor countries experienced little
or no economic growth, globalization has been terminally discredited
in the last two years. As the much-heralded process of financial and
trade interdependence went into reverse, it became the transmission
belt not of prosperity but of economic crisis and collapse.
End of an Era
In their responses to the current economic crisis, governments paid

lip service to global coordination but propelled separate stimulus
programs meant to rev up national markets. In so doing, governments
quietly shelved export-oriented growth, long the driver of many
economies, though paid the usual nostrums to advancing trade
liberalization as a means of countering the global downturn by
completing the Doha Round of trade negotiations under the World
Trade Organization. There is increasing acknowledgment that there
will be no returning to a world centrally dependent on free-spending
American consumers, since many are bankrupt and nobody has
taken their place.
Moreover, whether agreed on internationally or unilaterally set up

by national governments, a whole raft of restrictions will almost
certainly be imposed on finance capital, the untrammeled mobility of
which has been the cutting edge of the current crisis.
Intellectual discourse, however, hasn't yet shown many signs of this

break with orthodoxy. Neoliberalism, with its emphasis on free trade,
the primacy of private enterprise, and a minimalist role for the state,
continues to be the default language among policymakers.
Establishment critics of market fundamentalism, including Joseph

Stiglitz and Paul Krugman, have become entangled in endless
debates over how large stimulus programs should be, and whether or
not the state should retain an interventionist presence or, once
stabilized, return the companies and banks to the private sector.
Moreover some, such as Stiglitz, continue to believe in what they
perceive to be the economic benefits of globalization while
bemoaning its social costs.
But trends are fast outpacing both ideologues and critics of neo-
liberal globalization, and developments thought impossible a few
years ago are gaining steam. "The integration of the world economy
is in retreat on almost every front," writes the Economist. While the
magazine says that corporations continue to believe in the efficiency
of global supply chains, "like any chain, these are only as strong as
their weakest link. A danger point will come if firms decide that this
way of organizing production has had its day."
"De-globalization," a term that the Economist attributes to me, is a

development that the magazine, the world's prime avatar of free
market ideology, views as negative. I believe, however, that de-
globalization is an opportunity. Indeed, my colleagues and I at Focus
on the Global South first forwarded de-globalization as a
comprehensive paradigm to replace neo-liberal globalization almost
a decade ago, when the stresses, strains, and contradictions brought
about by the latter had become painfully evident. Elaborated as an
alternative mainly for developing countries, the de-
globalization paradigm is not without relevance to the central
capitalist economies.
Eleven pillars of the Alternative
There are 11 key prongs of the deglobalization paradigm:
1. production for the domestic market must again become the center
of gravity of the economy rather that production for export markets.
2. The principle of subsidiary should b enshrined in economic life by

encouraging production of goods at the level of the community and
at the national level if this can be done at reasonable cost in order to
preserve community.
3. Trade policy that is quotas and tariffs should be used to protect the
local economy from destruction by corporate subsidized
commodities with artificially low prices.
4. Industrial policy including subsidies, tariffs, and trade should be used

to revitalize and strengthen the manufacturing sector.
5. Long postponed measures of equitable income redistribution and

land redistribution (including urban land reform) can create a vibrant
internal market that would serve as the anchor of the economy and
produce local financial resources for investment.
6. Deemphasizing growth, emphasizing upgrading the quality of life,

and maximizing equity will reduce environmental disequilibrium.
7. The development and diffusion of environmentally congenial

technology in both agriculture and industry should be encouraged.
8. Strategic economic decisions cannot be left to the market or to
technocrats. Instead, the scope of democratic decision-making in the
economy should be expanded so that all vital questions such as which
industries to develop or phase out, what proportion of the
government budget to devote to agriculture, etc, become subject to
democratic discussion and choice.
9. Civil society must constantly monitor and supervise the private

sector and the state, a process that should be institutionalized.
10. The property complex should be transformed into a “mixed

economy’ that includes community cooperatives, private enterprises,
and state enterprises, and excludes transnational corporations.
11. Centralized global institutions like IMF and the World Bank should
be replaced with regional institutions built not on free trade and
capital mobility but in principles of cooperation that, to use the words
of Hugo Chavez in describing Bolivarian Alternative for the Americans
(ALBA), “transcend the logic of capitalism.
Quiz.
Brainstorm on the following marks of globalization and do a research.
What do the following mean? Give examples for each.
1. End of geography
2. Onset of the death of distance
3. Emergence of a borderless world
4. De-territorialisation or supra-territorialisation Why do we need
globalization?
5. Why do we need alternatives to globalization?
Answer the questions:
1. What do “precarious life” and “vicariously rife” mean based on the

poem?
2. How do you understand de-globalization?
3. Explain in your own words: “Automation when we enrage

damnation”.
Define the terms of the following.
1. Globalization
2. Networks
3. De-globalization
LESSON 4
LABOR AND MIGRATION
 Labor and Migration issues and problems increase UN the 21 st

century.
 Not all labor right is protected and not all labor practices are
dignified.
 The 21st century world faces many challenges in labor and

migration.
Active Reading
MIGRANTE International:
International Alliance of Filipino
Migrant Organizations
The migration of Filipinos abroad is a product of extreme poverty
and joblessness in the country that is brought about the decrepit
social system perpetuated by US neocolonialism.
The deepening economic crisis in the Philippines has

simultaneously aggravated the migration of Filipinos abroad to
gargantuan proportion. More than 2,000 migrant Filipinos leave the
country each day and approximately one-third of these are
composed of unskilled workers. They can be found in 182 countries
worldwide.
Filipinos are driven abroad since the government cannot provide

them work. This is not surprising since the Philippine economy is
backward, agrarian, and without basic industries. Hence, it cannot
generate enough employment for Filipinos. Millions of workers are
being thrown out of their regular jobs as foreign and domestic
capitalists report to contractualization and downsizing so as to
maintain and generate more profits. Thus, Filipino. Indeed, is a rich
source of cheap labor by develop countries.
Migrant Filipinos contribute a lot to the economy through their

remittances. From 1990 to 1995, remittances of migrant Filipinos were
registered at US＄6.9 billion. The government recognizes this
contribution. In fact, they are hailed as “new economic heroes”.
Migrant Filipinos are an exploited lot. The Philippines government

extracts exorbitant fees from them as requisite to their deployment
abroad. Government rakes in millions daily in the processing of their
papers alone. These include payments for passports, NBI and medical
clearances, administrative fees, forced contributions and a litany of
other expenses.
The abuses and exploitation they experience in tier place of work

are prevalent. These range from contract violations, rape, sexual
harassment, mysterious death, among others. Yearly, hundreds of
thousands of Filipinos are reported to have suffered various form of
abuse and exploitation in the hands of their employers. Women
migrant workers in particulars are most vulnerable to abuses and
maltreatment. They are subjected to sexual and physical abuse as in
the case of domestic helpers, while many become victims of white
slavery.
Nothing can pronounce the exploitation and abuses committed

against migrant Filipinos than those inflicted Filipino people and the
international community on the hapless plight of migrant Filipinos.
The anguish and ordeal of migrant Filipinos continued organizing,

education and mobilization work among their ranks in their struggle
for their rights and welfare, and for genuine freedom and democracy.
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS ASEAN
THE PHILIPPINES DIGITAL BOOM

Will Greene
Booming digital markets in the Philippines create unprecedented

opportunities for investors and companies of all sizes in 2014,
according to perfect Digital Storm: Philippines, a new report by Tiger
cub Digital. The report, which I co-authored, provides extensive detail
about the country’s fast growing digital, social, and mobile markets. It
also includes recommendations on how to capitalize on key trends
before the opportunities close.
The full report is intended primarily for industry stakeholders that

require the most comprehensive, current, and reliable data, as well as
actionable insights on how to use it. For those who are only interested
in the big picture, this article will share five of the report’s key
takeaways.
1. internet access is on the rise--but still has limited reach. Between

2008 and 2012, internet access in the Philippines grew by over 500%,
the fastest rate in all of Southeast Asia. Over this time frame, millions of
people gained access to the internet for the first time, while millions of
others gained more consistent and better-quality access than ever
before. Despite major improvements in the country’s digital
infrastructure however, Internet penetration hovered at only 36% in
2012, and service quality remains inconsistent the country.
Growing internet access in the Philippines posers’ opportunities and

challenges for many kinds of companies. The opportunity is that
brands have an increasingly fertile channel for connecting with
consumers, while entirely new markets are opening in a range of
internet sectors, including online retail, gaming, photo sharing, cloud
services, music and more. Companies that get in early will have a fast
start on competitors and capture mindshare before the market gets
cluttered with options, but they will also have to face up to the
challenge of operating in immature marks that might not be ready for
what they have to offer.
2. Mobile penetration now exceeds 100%-- but smartphone

penetration remains low. Mobile penetration, defined as the ratio of
mobile subscriptions to people in the country, topped 100% for the first
time in 2012, representing strong in the mobile category. Yet
smartphone penetration, at 15% in 2013, remains low for Southeast
Asia, and users tend to be less active on their devices than in the
region’s more developed countries. On average, Filipinos spend less
time on their smartphones each day than Indonesians, Thais, and
Malaysians. They also use tablets less, though tablet penetration is
growing, too.
As with internet access, low Smartphone penetration presents
opportunities and challenges to mobile companies. Since the vast
majority of devices in use by Filipinos are basic phones, the market for
mobile apps and many services remains immature, limiting business,
opportunities in the short term. On the plus side, however, the
Philippines has some of the highest rates of smartphones sales growth
in Southeast, so it is only a matter of time before market demand
emerges for smartphones- oriented services.
3. Social media usage rates are off the charts-but this does not
guarantee conversions. No matter how you cut it, the Philippines has
some of the world’s highest social media engagement rates across
nearly all platforms. Ninety- six percent of Filipino netizens use social
media, which accounts for whopping 42% of total screen time in the
country, more than any other country in Southeast Asia. Facebook
and Twitter penetration are among the highest in the world. Instagram
and Interest are also widely popular.
These statistics can and should be exciting to companies, but as
most digital marketers know, high social media engagement does not
always translate into sales or meaningful branding opportunities. Any
successful social media campaigns will require a detailed
understanding the nuances of Filipino culture, which shares some
similarities with other emerging markets but also has contours that are
unique in the region--- and the world.
4. Filipinos are brand-friendly and ready to buy--but this will not last
long. The Philippines has some of the highest levels of brand openness
and engagement in the world. In the fourth quarter of 2013, the
country led Southeast Asia in online brand engagement across a
range of metrics, from social networks to blogs and online forums.
Mobile users in the Philippines are more likely to click on mobile ads
than in any other Southeast Asian country, even though they are less
likely to see them.
High levels of brand openness and engagement present amazing
branding opportunities for companies of all types, but the window of
opportunity is likely to last long. Although this is not a hard-and-fast
rule, countries tend to grow less brand- friendly as they grow more
developed. As Filipino gain greater experience with digital
technologies, the novelty of online advertising will wear off and many
consumers will grow jaded to marketing initiatives. For many brands,
the time to act is now.
5. Innovative stirrups show disruptive potential---but this is no Silicon

Valley. It is a long way from Silicon Valley and a far cry from business-
friendly Singapore, but the Philippines nonetheless plays host to a
growing number of innovative stirrups. Some of these stirrups, such as
Kalibrr (which provides recruiting software for BPO companies),
Rappler (an innovative online media company), and House of
Serafina (an online retailer of statement and heirloom jewelry) are
homegrown and Filipino-owned. Others like Lenddo (a micro lending
platform that uses social signals to assess credit worthiness) and Payroll
Hero (a cloud-based employee management system) have foreign
founders but made the Philippines one of their primary markets.
Oliver Segovia, a leading Filipino entrepreneur who runs e-
commerce stirrup AVA.ph, believes that the Philippines has a unique
advantage of being a “microcosm of emerging markets” and thus
“can be a testing ground for solutions that scale across the
developing world.” Despite increasing stirrup activity, however, the
Philippines faces some built-in, structural challenges to
entrepreneurialism and innovation, including inferior educational
opportunities and access to technology; lack of post-seed stage
funding for stirrups; and low performance on many indicators of
business friendliness. For the Philippines to achieve its full potential as
a hub for innovation in the emerging markets, the country will need to
enact a long of reforms regarding entrepreneurship and innovation
that will take time to take root.
The “Perfect Digital Storm”
The digital boom in the Philippines today owes much of its force to
a “perfect digital storm” of increased digital engagement, strong
economic growth, and favorable demographics. On the economic
front, the country posted GDP growth rates of 7.2% in 2013, despite
suffering one of the natural disasters in the world that year. On the
demographic front, half the Philippines’ household population under
23, it is also one of the youngest countries in Asia.
Young people with increasing levels of disposable income are a
key target market for many digital technologies and services, so these
demographic factors provide fertile ground for digital enterprises of all
sizes and shapes.
All signs indicate that the Philippines’s strong growth rates will
continue in the coming years, but emerging markets are fragile and
prone to mood swings in global capital flows. Some commentators
warn that the country is already in bubble mode, while others contest
such claims as irresponsible alarmism. Ultimately, global
macroeconomic conditions almost always defy prediction, so even
though the Philippines presents strong economic fundamentals, it is
virtually impossible to state what will happen down the line. Tiger cub
Digital remains optimistic, however, and rightfully so barring
unexpected catastrophe, conditions remain ripe for further growth in
the country’s digital markets.
Migration, Globalization and Climate Change
The first half-decade of the twenty-first century has been

characterized by incidents of disaster that brought about massive
human suffering. Regardless of location, humanity is threatened by
hazards of many types. The World’s Health Organization’s
Collaborating Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
(CRED) shows that hazardous events have been on the rise around
the world, which include natural and technological hazards: drought,
earthquakes, epidemics, extreme temperature, famine, floods, insect
manifestations, landslides, volcanic eruption, waves/surges, wildfires,
and windstorms.
Natural calamities like earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons and

floods have brought varying degrees of devastation around the
world. The global consciousness that climate change may represent
one of the most significant threats of the near future has stimulated
humanity's collective interest in disaster.
Achim Steiner, Director General of the international Union for
Conservation of Nature, believes that migration, both forces and
voluntary, will be the most significant consequences of climate
change and environmental degradation.
"Migration, forced or otherwise, will undoubtedly be one of the

most significant consequences of environmental degradation and
climate change in decades to come."
Ecological migrants are compelled to relinquish their belongings

and escape for their lives in the fallout of typhoons, tidal waves,
tremors and other grave calamities. They are displaced people who
are compelled to leave their homes. They are the ‘new’ poor people
and the most defenseless in the midst of calamities which are getting
more violent because of climate change.
250 million people are permanently displaced by climate

change related phenomena, such as floods, droughts, famines and
hurricanes.
In the past 10 years alone, Asia had been hit by strong

earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons that resulted to the loss of
thousands of lives and left tens of thousands homeless and in anguish.
" Placelessness disentangles individuals and communities, often
with detrimental effects to self-identity and well-being"
Global ecological and environmental movements have observed

that that climate refugees are the people who migrate because of
disaster and not by war or any conflict on their country.
In the Asian regions, disasters emanating from natural and

technological hazards have occurred with increasing frequency,
impacting greater number of people and financial losses. In the past
ten years alone, Asia had been hit by strong earthquakes, tsunamis,
and typhoons that resulted to the loss of thousands of lives, and left
ends of thousands homeless and in anguish.
Global ecological and environmental movements have rightly

observed that a new poor called climate refugees or environmental
refugees emerges out of this situation. They are the people who had
been internally displaced, not because of war, but by disasters.
In 2005, Glen Albrecht created the term “solastalgia,”

consolidating solacium (comfort), nostos (return home), and algos
(torment) – the misery, dejection, or tension brought about by
modified situations. He believes that the level of pain an individual or
a group encounters is associated with the loss of an endemic feeling
of place.
Lesson 5
Planetary Networks:
Climate Change
Change is inevitably. The era of globalization certainly

contributed in changing the landscape of the world and its
inhabitants. Amid this growth and advancement in technology, the
environment seems to bear and suffer the consequences. Every day,
we are confronted with issues and problems related to the
environment. The issue on climate change is one concrete
manifestation and realization that the age of globalization and the
rapid industrial and technological advancement has taken its toll on
the natural environment.
Climate Change is "a change of climate which is attributed

directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of
the global atmosphere" (United Nations Forum Convention on
Climate Change)
Climate Change- also called global warming, refers to the rise in
average surface temperatures on Earth.
Greenhouse Effect- the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's

lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere
to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from
the planet's surface.
Global Warming
The ecological crisis is a moral issue ...Respect for Life and for the
dignity of the human person extends also to the rest of creation...We
cannot interfere in one area of the ecosystem without paying due
attention both to the consequences of such interference in other
areas and to the well-being of future generations.
One of the most important issues of our time is in relation to the

environment. Humanity has disturbed the fundamental beat of
nature. Some of the problems that relate to environmental issues: air
and water pollution, toxic wastes, improper garbage disposal,
destruction of wildlife habitats, deforestation and mining. These
problems were indeed devastating. The pollution of international
waters, the irreversible destruction of the world’s forests and increased
toxic emissions in the air we breathe, among other things, leave us to
ponder our relationship with the environment.
Global Warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature

of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse
effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide,
chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.
Global warming causes serious problems that will greatly affect

human beings.
Air and water pollution, toxic wastes, improper garbage

disposal, destruction of wildlife habitats, deforestation, mining are
some of the problems that relate to environmental destruction. The
many typhoons and strong rains were indeed devastating. The
pollution of international waters, the irreversible destruction of the
world's forests and increased toxic emissions in the air we breathe,
among other things, leave us to ponder our relationship with the
environment.
One concrete effect of this lifestyle is global warming the use of

coal and oil in generating electricity for industrial and residential
settings is a big factor in increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, which contributes to the warming of the planet. The
increasing level of carbon dioxide also contribute to what scientists
call the "greenhouse effect". The greenhouse effect takes place
when gases are trapped in the atmosphere and retain heat from the
sun. Warming of the planet causes serious problems that will greatly
affect human beings.
" The most important things about global warming is this: Whether
humans are responsible for the bulk of climate change is going to be
left to the scientists, but it is all our responsibility to leave this planet in
better shape for the future generations than we found it.
"The most important about global warming is this: Whether

humans are responsible for the bulk of climate change is going to be
left to the scientists, but it is all our responsibility to leave the planet in
better shape for the future generations that we found it." – Mike
Huckabee.
The fact remains that people’s lifestyles have largely contributed

to some of the environmental problems that confront the world today
remains. One concrete effect of this lifestyle is global warming. The
use of coal and oil in generating electricity for industrial and residential
settings is a big factor in increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, which contributes to the warming of the planet.
Climate Change
One of the big questions in the climate change debate: Are

humans any smarter than frogs in a pot? If you put a frog in a pot and
slowly turn up the heat, it won’t jump out. Instead, it will enjoy the nice
warm both until it is cooked to death. We humans seem to be doing
pretty much the same thing. – Jeff Goodell
The United Nations Forum Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) defines climate change as “a change of climate which is
attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere.” The Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) noted that over the past 200 years, the
burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests have caused the
concentrations of heat-trapping of the greenhouse gases to increase
significantly in our atmosphere. With more of these gases in the
atmosphere, more radiation is absorbed and radiated back to Earth
as heat. Thus, as the concentrations of these gases continue to
increase in the atmosphere, the Earth’s temperature also continues to
increase.
Today, the impact of climate change is one of the most

significant environmental challenges facing the global planet.
“Mitigating this impact requires profound changes in energy
production and use, since emission of greenhouse gases from
combustion of fossil fuels is the dominant human contribution to
climate change.” – Nick Hanley and Anthony Owen on The
Economics of Climate Change
It is clear that human activities are driving the current rate of

climatic change. When people burn fossil fuels to heat their homes or
fuel their cars, and when land is converted from forests to the other
uses, greenhouse gases are emitted to the atmosphere.
As reported by experts, the effects of climate change will not be
the same across sectors, the world, or even within many countries.
Some areas could have benefits while other could have damages.
Some sectors may see ‘positive’ effects while other sectors may see
‘negative’ effects. Effects may also evolve as climate change
continues, altering the nature and distribution of these effects across
sectors and regions.
Climate Change Solution
In order to avoid the most serious impacts of climate change,

humans will have to significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse
gas emissions being put into the atmosphere. There are different
approaches to make these decreases, including optimizing vehicles
proficiency, expanding access to and utilization of open travel,
overhauling building protection, supplanting fossil with renewable
energy and diminishing deforestation. Some of these techniques and
hence gradually decreasing emissions. The use of cleaner production
technologies and change of lifestyle are desired to impact a change
in climate
The last two decades have witnessed expanding political and

economic discussions over the ways of reducing greenhouse gases
or, at least, exploring ways of adapting to the predicted climatic
changes. In order to avoid the most serious impacts of climate
change, humans will have to significantly reduce the amount of
greenhouse gas emissions being put into the atmosphere. There are
different approaches to make these decreases, including optimizing
vehicles proficiency, expanding access to and utilization of open
travel, overhauling building protection, supplanting fossils with
renewable energy, and diminishing deforestation. Numerous
legislatures, organizations, and people are starting to execute some
of these techniques and hence gradually decreasing emissions. The
use of cleaner production technologies and change of lifestyle are
desired to impact a change in climate.
Solutions: What to do:
• Reduce energy consumption

• Travel Green
• Watch your Water Use
• Reduce Waste
• Plant a Tree
SOLUTIONS
5 Steps to Reduce Your Energy

Consumption
1. Shutdown your computer. Computers are some of the biggest

energy users in office buildings. Turn your monitor off at night and ditch
the screensaver. Today's computers can be turned on and off over
40,000 times. Opting to shut down over using a screensaver does not
affect your computer's lifespan. (EnergyStar). So power down!
2. Choose the right light. LED bulbs are the most energy efficient
lighting option. LED bulbs use 75% less electricity than incandescent
bulbs (Energy Star). The also have no mercury, and last about 25 times
longer than traditional incandescent bulbs (DoE).
3. Eliminate vampire power: unplug idle electronics. Devices like
televisions, microwaves, scanners, and printers use standby power,
even when off. Some chargers continue to pull small amounts of
energy, even when plugged in (a good judge of this is if a charger
feels warm to the touch). In the US, the total electricity consumed by
idle electronics equals the annual output of 12 power plants (EPA).
4. Use a power strip to reduce your plug load. To avoid paying for this
"vampire power," use a power strip to turn all devices off at once.
Flipping the switch on your power strip has the same effect as
unplugging each socket from the wall, preventing phantom energy
loss.
5. Turn off the lights. Just one switch and you're done!
Travel Green
Cars, trucks, airplanes, and other kinds of vehicles are
responsible for about one–third of the greenhouse gas emissions in the
United States. Smart transportation choices can make a big impact
on reducing emissions.
Walk, bike, skateboard, rollerblade, or take a bus to school. Just

make sure to stay safe. Ask your school to get involved in the Safe
Routes to School program. This program has lots of tips for students
and their families, like forming “walking school buses” led by one or
two adults.
Give the car a break. Encourage your family to make one big
trip to run all their errands at once, instead of making lots of small trips.
Consider sharing rides with others, and use public transportation like
buses or trains whenever you can.
Use your buying power. When it's time to buy a new car, help
your family choose one that's fuel–efficient or electric. You'll use less
gas, reduce emissions, and save money.
Clean up the bus. Through EPA's Clean School Bus USAprogram,

schools can replace or upgrade older buses so they are more fuel–
efficient or run on cleaner fuels.
Don't be idle. Your school bus idles when the engine is running
but the bus isn't moving—for example, when your bus driver is waiting
to pick you up after school. Running the engine burns fuel, which not
only wastes gasoline, but also produces greenhouse gases and other
kinds of air pollution.
Choosing a green destination
Choosing a green mode of transportation
Choosing a green hotel
Choosing green activities
Watch Your Water Use

Saving water saves energy, which in turn reduces greenhouse
gas emissions. It takes a lot of energy to treat the water you use every
day to make it safe to drink and to deliver it to your house. It takes
even more energy to turn it into hot water. Did you know that letting
your faucet run warm water for five minutes uses about as much
energy as leaving a 60–watt light bulb on for 14 hours?
Be water–wise. Turn the water off while brushing your teeth, and
try taking shorter showers. Learn more ways you can save water,
then test your water sense.
Fix that faucet. A faucet that leaks at a rate of one drip per
second can waste more than 3,000 gallons of water in a year.
Look for leaks. If your toilet has a leak, you could be wasting 200
gallons of water a day. Try putting a drop of food coloring in the toilet
tank. If the color shows up in the bowl without flushing, you have a
leak!
Keep it cool. Wash only full loads of laundry, and use cold water
instead of hot. About 90 percent of the energy used for washing
clothes is for heating the water.
Go low–flow. Talk with your family about installing water–efficient

appliances and plumbing fixtures like low-flow showerheads.
Switch to Clean Energy

When we get electricity from renewable energy sources like
wind and solar power, we avoid the carbon dioxide emissions that
would have come from burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, or natural gas.
Choose green power. Talk with your family and school about
switching to renewable energy.
Generate your own power. Can your school or home generate

its own renewable energy? Talk with your family and school about the
possibility of installing solar panels, a solar water heater, or even
a wind turbine.
Use Less Energy. Most of the energy you use at home and at
school comes from burning fossil fuels. Using less energy means
burning fewer fossil fuels and putting less carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere.
Power down. Did you know that some appliances and

electronics plugged into an outlet still use power, even when they're
turned off? Unplug energy vampires like video game consoles, cell
phone chargers, and MP3 players whenever you can. Or consider
buying a “smart” power strip, which automatically cuts off power
when you turn off an appliance.
Do the math. An energy audit can help you calculate how much
energy your family uses at home and identify ways to reduce your
energy use.
Look for the label. Energy–efficient appliances and electronics
typically use between 10 and 50 percent less energy than regular
models. If you're shopping for a TV, computer, DVD player, or other
electronic device or appliance, look for products that display
the ENERGY STAR label.
Be energy–wise at school. Schools can partner with EPA's

ENERGY STAR program to reduce their energy use. Talk with your
school about what ENERGY STAR schools are doing to save energy,
and find out how your school can join.
More Ways to Make a

Difference
You can take many other actions to help reduce greenhouse
gas emissions and global climate change. For example:
Plant a tree. Trees help to slow climate change because they

absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Trees also provide
shade, which helps keep streets and houses cooler in the summertime
and reduces the need for air conditioning.
Consider buying locally grown food. The further your food

travels, the more greenhouse gas emissions are produced in
transporting the food from the farm to your plate. You can find locally
grown food at a farmers market and even at some grocery stores.
Reduce your carbon footprint. Find out how big your own carbon
footprint is, and explore ways you can reduce it.
Spread the word. Give a presentation to your family, school, or

community group that explains how their actions can cause or
reduce climate change.
Reduce Waste
Most people don't realize that reducing, reusing, and recycling
can help slow climate change. How? To begin with, every product
has a life cycle, and every step—from manufacturing to disposal—
leads to greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing, reusing, and recycling
means you buy (and throw away) less stuff, and that helps reduce the
amount of greenhouse gases we're adding to the atmosphere.
You can reduce greenhouse gas emissions if you:
Reduce. Reduce the amount of new stuff you buy. To reduce

waste, buy things that have less packaging.
Reuse. Try to borrow or rent things you'll only need for a short
amount of time, and reuse the things you already have. When you
have things you no longer need, give them to others who can use
them. Use reusable bags when you go shopping.
Recycle. Remember to recycle whatever materials you can, like

bottles, cans, and paper, so they can be collected and remade into
new products.
Buy recycled. Choose products made from recycled materials

whenever you can.
Plant Trees
Trees help clean the air we breathe, filter the water we drink, and
provide habitat to over 80% of the world's biodiversity. Forests provide
jobs to over 1.6 billion people, absorb harmful carbon from the
atmosphere, and are key ingredients in 25% of all medicines. Ever
taken an Aspirin? It comes from the bark of a tree!
Here are the six pillars that explain why trees are so vital...
AIR. Trees are like the vacuums of our planet. Through their
leaves and bark, they suck up harmful pollutants and release clean
oxygen for us to breathe. In urban environments, trees absorb
pollutant gases like nitrogen oxides, ozone, and carbon monoxide,
and sweep up particles like dust and smoke. Increasing levels of
carbon dioxide caused by deforestation and fossil fuel combustion
trap heat in the atmosphere. Healthy, strong trees act as carbon sinks;
absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide and reducing the effects of
climate change.
WATER. Trees play a key role in capturing rainwater and

reducing the risk of natural disasters like floods and landslides. Their
intricate root systems act like filters; removing pollutants and slowing
down the water’s absorption into the ground. This process prevents
harmful waterside erosion and reduces the risk of over-saturation and
flooding. According to the Food and Agriculture Association of the
United Nations, a mature evergreen tree can intercept more than
15,000 litres of water every year.
BIODIVERSITY. A single tree can be home to hundreds of

species of insect, fungi, moss, mammals, and plants. Depending on
the kind of food and shelter they need, different forest animals require
different types of habitat. Without trees, forest creatures would have
nowhere to call home.
- Young, Open Forests: These forests occur as a result of fires or

logging. Shrubs, grasses, and young trees attract animals like
black bears, the American goldfinch, and bluebirds in North
America.
- Middle-Aged Forests: In middle-aged forests, taller trees begin

to outgrow weaker trees and vegetation. An open canopy
allows for the growth of ground vegetation prefered by animals
like salamander, elk, and tree frogs.
- Older Forests: With large trees, a complex canopy, and a highly

developed understory of vegetation, old forests provide habitat
for an array of animals, including bats, squirrels, and a variety of
birds.
SOCIAL IMPACT. From arborists, to loggers, to researchers, the
job opportunities provided by the forestry industry are endless. We
don’t just rely on trees for work; sustainable tree farming provides
timber to build homes and shelter, and wood to burn for cooking and
heating. Food-producing trees provide fruit, nuts, berries, and leaves
for consumption by both humans and animals, and guarantee health
and nutrition.
HEALTH. Did you know that hospital patients with rooms

overlooking trees recover faster than those without the same view?
It’s impossible to ignore that feeling of elation you feel walking through
a calm, quiet forest. Trees help reduce stress, anxiety, and allow us to
reconnect with nature. In addition, shade provided by tree coverage
helps protect our skin from the ever-increasing harshness of the sun.
CLIMATE. Trees help cool the planet by sucking in and
storing harmful greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, into their
trunks, branches, and leaves, and releasing oxygen back into the
atmosphere. In cities, trees can reduce overall temperature by up to
eight degrees Celsius. With more than 50% of the world’s population
living in cities—a number expected to increase to 66% by the year
2050—pollution and overheating are becoming a real threat.
Fortunately, trees can absorb up to 150 kg of carbon dioxide per year,
making cities a healthier, safer place to live.
CLIMATE CHANGE
The world is groaning. Humanity is in danger due to the global

warming. Global connection is greatly responsible for its devastation.
Also, global connection is potentially accountable for earth’s
restoration. Adaptation and mitigation can be learned collectively.
Isang Pagtunghay sa Paligid

Andres C. Mangiduyos
Ang lawak ng gubat ay may malaking tungkulin sa pagpanataili

ng buhay sa lupa. Lubhang mahalaga ang madaming punongkahoy
sa ating mundo. Ang kanilang mga dahon ang humihigop ng carbon
dioxide na nariyan lang sa hangin na ating nilalanghap. Kung ito’y
hindi nababalanse ng mga puno o ng kalikasan, pag ito’y sobra na,
malulubhang sakit ang ating dadanasin. Malawakang salot. At
maaring doon na tuluyang tumugil ang pintig ng buhay.
Hindi lang simbolo ng buhay ang luntian gubat, bundok, o

kapatangan. Ito ay katotohanan. May ibon dahil mayabong at
mabunga ang mag puno. May bubuyog at paruparo dahil may
bulaklak. Ang mga hayop-gubat, isda, kulisap. Lahat na bigay ng
kalikasan, lahat ay may gamit layunin para sa buhay na kaloob sa
atin.
Napansin niyo ba na wala sa alitaptap? Kasi ay madumi na ang

hangin. May alitaptap lang pag walng pilusyon. Ang mga respiratoy
disease na nagsulputan ngayon ay di sakit ng ating mga lolo at lola
noon. Sa pagsaliksik ng mga siyentipiko, malaki ang kinalaman ng
ating nawindang na ekolohiya sa pagsulpot ng kanser.
Ang mga punongkahoy sa kabundukan ay napakahalaga. Ang

kanilang mga ugat ang nagpapatibay upang ‘di gumuho ang lupa.
Gayundin, ang makapal na underbrush, ito ang mga baging at
maliliit na halaman. Kung walang pagguho ng kabundukan, walang
mapaminsalang baha. Walang masisirang ari-arian. Walang
masasayang na buhay.
Ang lumilliit na sukat ng kagubatan ng ating mundo ay

nakaapekto na sa klima. In the climate and weather pattern that we
see right now, the damage in the ozone layer is alarming. It is
everybody’s concern! Nature has given the popper balance of
ecology to enjoy. If we don’t wake up, we will be the victims of our
own indifference.
Sa hangaring pagyamanin ang buhay, tinuklas at patuloy pang

sinasaliksik ng mga dalubhasa ang mga gamot na galing sa mga
halamang gubat, sa mga animal species na nabubuhay sa mag ilog
at kadawagan. “Maging ang mga lamang-dagat ay pinagkukunan
din ng gamot. Ngunit ang dagat man ay umiinit na rin dahil sa climate
change. Nanganganib na ang likas na yamang- karagatan na
handog ng kalikasan para sa masaganang buhay.
Malaki ang epekto ng lumiit na sukat ng kagubatan sa global

warming. Dahilan para magkaroon ng kawalan ng ulan. Ngunit ‘pag
ito’y nag-iba ng direksyon, bagyo at baha naman ang dulot nito. El
Nino at El Nina, tagtuyot at delubyo. Marami ng bansa ang
nagbuklod-buklod upang ikampanya ang pagsagip sa ating mundo.
Kapag ang tao’y patuloy na nagsawalang-bahala, saan na tayo
tutungo? Ang pag-aaruga sa ating kalikasan ay pagmamahal sa
buhay. Sama-sama nating paigtingin sa ating kamalayan ang bagay
na ito. Para sa ating mga kapatid, sa ating mga supling, at sa mga
susunod pang salinlahi.
A Glimpse of Environment
(English Translation)
The vast forest of the planet has a big role in the sustenance of
life. Trees give all the important balance of the environment. Carbon
dioxide, a big pollutant in the air we breathe, is being neutralized
nonstop by its leaves. If the CO2 exceeds its limit, disease without cure
and pandemics are the horrible things that may happen which could
eventually stop life to beat.
The greenery of the great plains, the mountains, and the

rainforest are not and just mere symbols of life. Rather, they are a big
reality of nature. The birds are there because of trees ever abundant
fruits and thick canopies. The bees are there to effect germination of
the flowers. Insects, fish, the creatures in the wild- everything from
nature has its roles and purposes for this life we have.
If you will notice, the firefly with its glittering light in the dark night
is no longer around. This beautiful insect only abounds if there is no
pollution. The diseases that afflict as now are unknown to our
grandparents in their time. Science found out that the plunder of our
ecology has a lot to cause cancer.
The roots of the trees on the mountains hold the soil to avoid
erosion including the underbrush. Without erosion, floods and its
devastating effect would not happen. Life and properties will not be
lost.
The dwindling forest cover our planet causes the climate to

change. The weather pattern becomes erratic. The damage in the
ozone layer is alarming. It is everybody’s concern! Nature has given us
the proper balance of ecology to enjoy. If we do not wake up, we will
be the victims of our own indifference.
For the purpose of nurturing life, experts discover and continue

to research the hidden potentials and curing capacities of plants in
the wild from animal species in the waters and the bushes, corals, and
sea creatures included.
The huge effect of global warming is blamed on the reduced

forest cover causing droughts or floods, El Nino and La Nina. Countries
have come together and agreed to campaign to save the
environment: to save the Mother Earth. If man goes on his
indifference, where do you think will we go? My friends, care and
protection of nature mean loving our dear life. Let us all intensify our
awareness about this- for the sake of our siblings, for our children, and
to the succeeding generations.
ACTIVE READING
Six Ways Climate Will Affect PH

Cities
MANILA, Philippines – Climate change is happening now and it's
happening, not in far-flung corners of the world, but in human
communities.
Scientists say human activities are largely responsible for the

continued increase in average global temperatures, which causes
climate change. Global greenhouse gases emitted by the fossil fuel
industry (which gives us electricity and fuels our cars) trap heat in the
Earth's atmosphere thus warming the entire planet.
Philippine cities will likely experience at least one of these effects

of climate change:
1. More intense El Niño. The El Niño phenomenon occurs when
the surface of ocean waters in the southern Pacific becomes
abnormally warm. The energy created by this warming is so great that
it can create an imbalance in the weather in different parts of the
world. In Southeast Asia, it can lead to abnormally dry conditions. El
Niño can also make other weather events like storms highly
unpredictable. Weather will have extreme highs and lows, making it
"increasingly difficult to accurately predict weather patterns for
purposes of planning and normal business operations," says a WWF-
Philippines study.
2. Sea surface temperatures to rise . By the end of the century,

sea surface temperatures are expected to rise by 1 to 4 degrees
Celsius. This can lead to more powerful storms because storms get
their strength from heat rising from the sea. In the Philippines, 4 and 5
degree Celsius spikes above the normal sea surface temperature
have been recorded. Warmer seas kill coral reefs and can thus lead
to a decline in fish catch, putting food security in danger.
3. Ocean acidification. The shift in the Ph levels of our oceans
can lead to widespread coral reef death. Because of the imbalance,
shrimps are not able to develop skins, oysters cannot develop shells.
Fish larvae may not be able to develop bones. This further endangers
food security and the livelihood of fishermen.
4. Sea levels to rise by 4 to 6 meters. Current data show an

increase in sea surface heights. Scientists say this is due to the melting
of ice sheets in northern portions of the globe like Antarctica and
Greenland. Sea level rise by 4 to 6 meters can submerge low-lying
communities like Tacloban City which stands only 3 meters above sea
level.
5. Tropical cyclones to intensify. The creation of tropical

cyclones is already being recorded in areas where the
phenomenon had never been observed. On Nov 8, 2013, Super
Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), said to be the strongest storm in
recorded history, devastated cities in Visayas.
6. Rainfall, river flow and flooding to intensify. Monsoon rainfall in

the Philippines will reach new highs and lows. Some parts of the
country will experience an upward trend in rainfall while other parts
will experience an intensification of drought. These two extreme
poles of weather will make it more difficult for agriculture and
aquaculture sectors which are highly dependent on weather.
Read the following text.
How Much More Will Earth

Warm?
To further explore the causes and effects of global warming and
to predict future warming, scientists build climate models—computer
simulations of the climate system. Climate models are designed to
simulate the responses and interactions of the oceans and
atmosphere, and to account for changes to the land surface, both
natural and human-induced. They comply with fundamental laws of
physics—conservation of energy, mass, and momentum—and
account for dozens of factors that influence Earth’s climate.
Though the models are complicated, rigorous tests with real-

world data hone them into powerful tools that allow scientists to
explore our understanding of climate in ways not otherwise possible.
By experimenting with the models—removing greenhouse gases
emitted by the burning of fossil fuels or changing the intensity of the
Sun to see how each influences the climate—scientists use the models
to better understand Earth’s current climate and to predict future
climate.
The models predict that as the world consumes ever more fossil
fuel, greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to rise, and Earth’s
average surface temperature will rise with them. Based on a range of
plausible emission scenarios, average surface temperatures could rise
between 2°C and 6°C by the end of the 21st century.
Snow and ice. Perhaps the most well-known feedback comes
from melting snow and ice in the Northern Hemisphere. Warming
temperatures are already melting a growing percentage of Arctic
sea ice, exposing dark ocean water during the perpetual sunlight of
summer. Snow cover on land is also dwindling in many areas. In the
absence of snow and ice, these areas go from having bright, sunlight-
reflecting surfaces that cool the planet to having dark, sunlight-
absorbing surfaces that bring more energy into the Earth system and
cause more warming.
Water Vapor. The largest feedback is water vapor. Water vapor

is a strong greenhouse gas. In fact, because of its abundance in the
atmosphere, water vapor causes about two-thirds of greenhouse
warming, a key factor in keeping temperatures in the habitable range
on Earth. But as temperatures warm, more water vapor evaporates
from the surface into the atmosphere, where it can cause
temperatures to climb further.
The question that scientists ask is, how much water vapor will be
in the atmosphere in a warming world? The atmosphere currently has
an average equilibrium or balance between water vapor
concentration and temperature. As temperatures warm, the
atmosphere becomes capable of containing more water vapor, and
so water vapor concentrations go up to regain equilibrium. Will that
trend hold as temperatures continue to warm?
The amount of water vapor that enters the atmosphere

ultimately determines how much additional warming will occur due
to the water vapor feedback. The atmosphere responds quickly to the
water vapor feedback. So far, most of the atmosphere has
maintained a near constant balance between temperature and
water vapor concentration as temperatures have gone up in recent
decades. If this trend continues, and many models say that it will,
water vapor has the capacity to double the warming caused by
carbon dioxide alone.
Clouds. Closely related to the water vapor feedback is the

cloud feedback. Clouds cause cooling by reflecting solar energy, but
they also cause warming by absorbing infrared energy (like
greenhouse gases) from the surface when they are over areas that
are warmer than they are. In our current climate, clouds have a
cooling effect overall, but that could change in a warmer
environment.
Clouds, like greenhouse gases, also absorb and re-emit infrared

energy. Low, warm clouds emit more energy than high, cold clouds.
However, in many parts of the world, energy emitted by low clouds
can be absorbed by the abundant water vapor above them. Further,
low clouds often have nearly the same temperatures as the Earth’s
surface, and so emit similar amounts of infrared energy. In a world
without low clouds, the amount of emitted infrared energy escaping
to space would not be too different from a world with low clouds.
High cold clouds, however, form in a part of the atmosphere
where energy-absorbing water vapor is scarce. These clouds trap
(absorb) energy coming from the lower atmosphere, and emit little
energy to space because of their frigid temperatures. In a world with
high clouds, a significant amount of energy that would otherwise
escape to space is captured in the atmosphere. As a result, global
temperatures are higher than in a world without high clouds.
If warmer temperatures result in a greater amount of high clouds,

then less infrared energy will be emitted to space. In other words,
more high clouds would enhance the greenhouse effect, reducing
the Earth’s capability to cool and causing temperatures to warm.
Scientists aren’t entirely sure where and to what degree clouds will
end up amplifying or moderating warming, but most climate models
predict a slight overall positive feedback or amplification of warming
due to a reduction in low cloud cover. A recent observational study
found that fewer low, dense clouds formed over a region in the Pacific
Ocean when temperatures warmed, suggesting a positive cloud
feedback in this region as the models predicted. Such direct
observational evidence is limited, however, and clouds remain the
biggest source of uncertainty--apart from human choices to control
greenhouse gases—in predicting how much the climate will change.
The Carbon Cycle. Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide

concentrations and warming temperatures are causing changes in
the Earth’s natural carbon cycle that also can feedback on
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. For now, primarily ocean
water, and to some extent ecosystems on land, are taking up about
half of our fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions. This behavior slows
global warming by decreasing the rate of atmospheric carbon
dioxide increase, but that trend may not continue. Warmer ocean
waters will hold less dissolved carbon, leaving more in the
atmosphere.
On land, changes in the carbon cycle are more complicated.
Under a warmer climate, soils, especially thawing Arctic tundra, could
release trapped carbon dioxide or methane to the atmosphere.
Increased fire frequency and insect infestations also release more
carbon as trees burn or die and decay.
On the other hand, extra carbon dioxide can stimulate plant

growth in some ecosystems, allowing these plants to take additional
carbon out of the atmosphere. However, this effect may be reduced
when plant growth is limited by water, nitrogen, and temperature. This
effect may also diminish as carbon dioxide increases to levels that
become saturating for photosynthesis. Because of these
complications, it is not clear how much additional carbon dioxide
plants can take out of the atmosphere and how long they could
continue to do so.
The impact of climate change on the land carbon cycle is

extremely complex, but on balance, land carbon sinks will become
less efficient as plants reach saturation, where they can no longer
take up additional carbon dioxide, and other limitations on growth
occur, and as land starts to add more carbon to the atmosphere from
warming soil, fires, and insect infestations. This will result in a faster
increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and more rapid global
warming. In some climate models, carbon cycle feedbacks from both
land and ocean add more than a degree Celsius to global
temperatures by 2100.
Emission Scenarios. Scientists predict the range of likely

temperature increase by running many possible future scenarios
through climate models. Although some of the uncertainty in climate
forecasts comes from imperfect knowledge of climate feedbacks, the
most significant source of uncertainty in these predictions is that
scientists don’t know what choices people will make to control
greenhouse gas emissions.
The higher estimates are made on the assumption that the entire
world will continue using more and more fossil fuel per capita, a
scenario scientists call “business-as-usual.” More modest estimates
come from scenarios in which environmentally friendly technologies
such as fuel cells, solar panels, and wind energy replace much of
today’s fossil fuel combustion.
It takes decades to centuries for Earth to fully react to increases

in greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide, among other greenhouse
gases, will remain in the atmosphere long after emissions are reduced,
contributing to continuing warming. In addition, as Earth has warmed,
much of the excess energy has gone into heating the upper layers of
the ocean. Like a hot water bottle on a cold night, the heated ocean
will continue warming the lower atmosphere well after greenhouse
gases have stopped increasing.
These considerations mean that people won’t immediately see

the impact of reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Even if greenhouse
gas concentrations stabilized today, the planet would continue to
warm by about 0.6°C over the next century because of greenhouses
gases already in the atmosphere.
MY CARBON FOOTPRINT
Getting Green: Your Carbon

Footprint Explained
We are all hearing a lot about how to reduce our carbon
footprint, but it can be difficult to understand what exactly this means.
Here are a few facts about your carbon footprint and what you can
do to reduce it at home and at the office.
Q: What is a Carbon Footprint? Your carbon footprint measures

the impact your activities have on the environment, determined by
the amount of greenhouse gases produced through burning fossil
fuels, electricity, heating and transportation. The average U.S.
household has a carbon footprint of 16,008 pounds per year.
Q: How is a Carbon Footprint Calculated? Your carbon footprint

is made up of two parts: primary and secondary footprints. Your
primary footprint is a measure of direct emissions from burning fossil
fuels. This includes your home gas, oil, and coal use, home electricity,
private transportation, public transport, flights, and food and drink.
Your secondary footprint includes your share of public services,
financial services, recreation and leisure, house buildings and
furnishings, car manufacture and delivery, and clothes and personal
effects. Several factors affect your footprint: the number of people in
your household, what kind of heat you use in your home, miles driven
per year and fuel efficiency of your automobile, number and duration
of flights, your average monthly electric, gas, and fuel bill, and
recycling habits. Tips for reducing your carbon footprint at home and
at work Carbon emission from your home is directly correlated to
everyday energy consumption. One way to reduce your carbon
footprint is to improve energy efficiency:
Inside your home:
⚫ When appliances are not in use, turn them off and unplug them.
Even small appliances like cell phone chargers waste energy
when plugged in all day. It is called ghost-electricity.
⚫ Take shorter, cooler showers and turn off the tap when brushing
your teeth.
⚫ Recycle everything you can.
⚫ Replace incandescent light bulbs with CFL low energy bulbs,
which use just 20% of the energy of a normal light bulb and last
15 times longer.
⚫ When replacing older appliances, always opt for appliances
that use less power and receive a good energy rating.
At your office:
⚫ Only print as many copies as absolutely needed. Instead of having

each employee have their own files, create a central filing system
to avoid having to make many copies of the same documents.
⚫ Use smaller fonts when printing internal documents to save paper
and ink.
⚫ Recycle everything, including ink cartridges and toner. Ask local
suppliers if they can deliver supplies in reusable bins rather than
cardboard boxes.
⚫ Turn off and unplug equipment when not in use.
⚫ Telecommute whenever possible, but make a commitment to do
it at least one day per week.
For your meetings:
⚫ Ask your caterer for biodegradable tableware (plates, cups,

utensils, etc.), or use china and metal silverware.
⚫ Monitor meeting room temperatures. Turn the heat down a few
degrees in winter and up a few degrees in summer, and encourage
attendees to dress in layers.
⚫ Make sure lights and AV equipment in session rooms are turned off
when not in use. Ask your AV provider to unplug equipment at
night.
⚫ Offer a carbon-offset donation on your registration form; Many
companies will plant trees for as little as 50 cents each.
⚫ Provide materials that are ecofriendly: recyclable, printed on
recycled paper, or go paperless altogether.
ACTIVE READING
40-day Climate Walk Ends on

Typhoons Anniversary
A 40-day march from Manila to Tacloban – now proceeding

through areas devastated by Typhoon Haiyan – is aimed at
encouraging both grassroots and world leaders to confront the crisis
of global climate change by highlighting its effect on vulnerable
countries like the Philippines.
The marchers will cross the San Juanico Bridge towards Tacloban
City on Nov. 8, the anniversary of the Category 5 storm that cut a
swath of devastation across the tip of Cebu and tore through the
three large island provinces of Samar, Leyte and Bohol.
Naderev "Yeb" Sano, commissioner of the Philippines Climate

Change Commission and lead negotiator for the country during the
2013 U.N. climate summit in Warsaw, Poland, said that after a year of
the severe devastation from the storm, marchers were not expecting
the hopeful atmosphere they found along the 1,000-kilometer (621
mile) trek.
"Today, we have entered the severely hit zone of Typhoon Haiyan,

and we got a rousing welcome,” Sano said in a telephone interview
four days before the end of the march. “Each of the 36 days are
extraordinary days. Each day is unique, something new is happening,
we get to interact to different people. There are no low moments
because of the uplifting experience to rediscover the Filipino spirit, in
every town, to care for one another."
The marchers left Manila on Oct. 2, then headed through the

provinces of Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Norte,
Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, Northern Samar, Samar and Leyte.
They hope the walk will inspire people around the world and
encourage ambitious efforts by world leaders to confront the climate
change.
Sano said the walk was demanding and was taking a physical toll
on the marchers. He was sidelined at one point by an injury that
required him to rest before rejoining the march.
Hospitality from everyone
The United Methodist Church, the Roman Catholic Church, the

National Council of Churches in the Philippines and other
organizations, along with local governments, have supported the
march.
"The First United Methodist Church in Naga City has sheltered us

and fed us," said Rommuel Flores, the son of a United Methodist pastor.
Flores, along with Sano and two other walkers, gave their testimonies
during worship.
Sano said marchers were offered a place to stay every night.

"The challenge was which offers we would take because so many
organizations are offering the schools, church, barangay (village)
halls, municipal halls," he said. While in Basey, the group slept in tents
on a basketball court.
Governor Joey Salceda of the Albay province joined the marchers

from Camarines Sur to Palangue.
Formal programs were held on more than half of the evenings. The
programs consisted of a welcome affair hosted by the local
community, then a series of films, and a speech by Sano encouraging
people to heed the global call to climate action.
Then, one of the walkers would give a testimony. Finally, a climate

disaster resilience tool kit was given to the mayor or vice mayor.
Climate toolkits
Resources in the toolkits can help with community planning in the

face of climate change, assist in the protection of communities from
climate disaster risks, and empower local communities to take control
of their development destiny, according to organizers.
The information also offers assistance on how local policymakers

can draft their own local climate change action plan, along with a
sample plan from Camotes Island.
The island is considered an example of a best-practice triumph in

the midst of climate disaster, since there were no deaths and only one
injury there during Typhoon Haiyan. Officials attributed that good
fortune to the commitment of their political leaders and the people
to efforts to make the island resilient to climate disasters.
The power to rise up
"We have a song which we sing every day in our walk, 'Tayo tayo'
which means 'Let us rise' in a march rhythm, " Sano said. And he is
optimistic that people will rise for change.
"If we believe we can do something, if we stay positive in making

a difference, that is the power, and the power of the crowd to make
things happen," Sano said.
His hope is that people will realize that they have power at the
grassroots level to change things for the better, live sustainably, and
build a culture of caring and accountability.
"We can't afford to lose this battle for humanity, it is a leap of faith
to do something like this," Sano said.
Beyond the march
Many people have asked what happens after the walk, he noted.
Beyond serving as an instrument for non-violent protest, the walk

has demonstrated that “solutions are in the hands of individuals," Sano
said, adding that he hopes everyone will be encouraged to get
involved.
"The destination of our climate walk is not Tacloban City, but the
hearts and minds of people, people in the Philippines and in the whole
world."
Lesson 6
Democratic Interventions
Sustaining Democracy in a Globalized World
"Democracy is one of the most important principles for a better

world. In its truest sense, a democracy is a community in which all
members have an equal say in the running of that community.
Unfortunately in reality, democratic societies have fallen short of this
ideal. Nevertheless, because of its very nature, once a democracy is
established, its citizens can work together to make their society more
and more democratic, if they choose to do." -Robert Alan Silverstein
Government intervention - refers to the ways in which

a government regulates or interferes with the various activities or
decisions made by individuals or organizations within its jurisdiction.
The effects of this can be positive or negative.
Democracy is one of the most important principles for a better
world. In its truest sense, a democracy is a community in which all
members have an equal say in the running of that community.
Unfortunately in reality, democratic societies have fallen short of this
ideal.
Democratic Participation - is the empowerment of people to

effectively involve themselves in creating structures,designing polices
and programs that serves that interest of all. it requires association with
other people.
MAIN TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
Constitutional- concentrates on laws enacted by a regime

concerning political activity.
Substantive- stress on the quality of life that a regime tries to

promote which include individual freedom, human welfare,security,
social quality and good governance.
Procedural- a thin scope of administrative practices to figure

out if an administration qualifies as democratic mainly focusing on
how it conducts its election.
Process oriented- differ significantly from

constitutional,substativeand procedural accounts.
Political Corruption . There is an increasing disenchantment of
the state of society in our globalized world. In a study about
democratic participation in different countries in the globe, 44 out of
47 countries that took part in the study asserted that the conditions of
a good society (Barry Knight: 2002, p. 107).
Undemocratic practices breed social ills that haunt societies in

the planet. Dissatisfaction of citizens with their governments include:
⚫ Failure to meet their basic needs that create profound

insecurities,
⚫ Failure to protect them from the sweeping winds of economic
change where they lose their customs and traditions
⚫ Failure to involve its citizens in its policies and programs.
⚫ Undemocratic practices breed social ills that haunt societies in
the planet
Basic Needs. Failure to meet basic needs is a common
complaint among many societies in the world today. Insecurities are
created when basic human needs are not met. Economic insecurity
is a great concern among majority. many citizens expressed the need
for food, water and livelihood.
Association. Undemocratic practices undermine the traditional

bonds of family and kinship threatened by the pressures of work,
urbanization and migration. The distancing of government concerns
from the lives of ordinary people weakened customary forms of
accountability and led to a highly corrupt, self-seeking, inefficient and
partisan state.
Participation. Citizens play the part by engaging in collective
action to perform voluntary work with others in order to tackle
problems and participating in political processes to play an active role
in relation to the state in order to ensure that the state opened itself
up to the influence of citizens.
Read the news release below.
A Seeming Deluge of
Problems: Methodist Former
Chief Justice Challenges
University Church in the
Philippines
MANILA, Philippines-- At the 4th Founding Anniversary of Wesleyan
University United Methodist Church on Dec. 1, former Philippines Chief
Justice Reynato Puno declared that it is only servant hood “on this
gloomy world”.
In a short interview after the worship service, Puno urged getting

people out a state of indifference. “We don’t lack suitable men and
women, he said. “ It is matter of calling and inspiring them to serve
people.”
The occasion also was attended by the Manila Episcopal Area

Bishop Dr. Rodolfo Juan, Wesleyan University--Philippines (WUP)
President Hon. Pacifio Aniag, Metropolitan District Superintendent Dr.
Wilfredo Pronto, and former Judicial Council member Atty. Rodolfo
Beltran. Other members of the WUP Board of Trustees as well as
academic heads of Wesleyan University--Philippines also attended.
Deluge of Problems
Puno highlighted the “seeming deluge of problems cascading in

the Philippines” and bringing a lot of gloom:
◼ Global warning, which is spawning superior typhoons;

◼ Extreme grinding of poverty of the Filipino people;
◼ Migration to foreign countries, which results in a terrible brain drain;
and
◼ Unrelenting graft and corruption.
Puno mentioned the spread of civil unrest in other countries. He

pointed out that people are rising against oppressive rulers; there is
grumbling of people’s discontent; there is breakdown of rules, even
shutting down the entire government such as happened in the United
States.
“Emphasizing gloom all over the world with its disastrous effect
crossing boundaries”, Puno said “more and more people are losing
hope.
Unrelenting Corruption
For Christians, these are not known problems, according to Puno.

“A Christian knows the past, is aware of the present, and knows the
future,” he said. He encouraged everyone to be courageous in the
minds of adversities.
On the unrelenting corruption in the Philippines, Puno cited the
new United Methodist Social Principle that declares eradication of
graft and corruption is crucial to establishing just political governance
characterized by transparency, accountability, and integrity.
Puno emphasized that Jesus Christ is above all the storms of life,
claiming down the violent storms and commanding the winds to stop.
Puno said that God is the God of the impossible and of miracles.
He said the duty of all Christians is to give hope in hopelessness in
indisputable tones.
“Where does our hope lie? Puno asked. He answered his own
query by saying what the world needs today is not more machines,
not new organization, not noble methods and pans, but men and
women the Holy Spirit can use. “It is only the capacity of faith, ability
of self-littleness, losing of oneself for God’s glory”, he said.
God Can Work Wonders
“God can work wonders in suitable men and women”, Puno said,
adding that the most reverent endeavor is to bring the good news to
every corner of the world. “Be sanctified”, he urged.” Do actions seen
by others and actions that inspire others”.
On the difficult situation of global warming, Puno advised to

analyze its roots, go to the bottom, the economic reasons, the
powerful countries, and the less powerful countries, which are the
greater victims.
Puno specially mentioned China and the velocity of its economic

progress. “It is really difficult to put our confidence in global leaders,”
he said.” It is always self-interest, not the general interest of the world.”
Puno acknowledged it is difficult, but said hope lies in God. “Hearts

shall be touched,” he said” and that is powerful. There is a need to
balance the environment. God intervenes and works in mysterious
ways”.
Puno said there is a need to strike down the pork barrel in the hands
of the Philippines president and legislators. He is pushing for the
people’ Initiative set down by Section 1 & 32 Article VI of the Philippine
Constitution to abolish the pork barrel. He said people should speak
out their opinion in a real democracy.
A Moral Issue
“The Methodist people should speak on this because this is a moral

issue”, said Puno. The former chief justice’s proposal that may lead to
scrapping all forms of pork barrel, including the controversial Priority
Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) and Disbursement
Acceleration Program (DAP).
“Transforming the world shall be visible in one’s own life. Without

this, all our efforts will be in vain,” the Chief Justice emphasized.
Democracy Defined
Democracy is a form of government in which people choose

leaders by voting. A country is democratic if every one of its citizens is
treated equally and has equal rights. Democratic government is a
government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and
exercised by them directly to in directly through a system of
representation usually involving periodically held free elections. In
short, it is government by the people: rule of the majority.
ACTIVE READING
Danger to Democracy: A Weak

State
Speech given by Chief Justice Reynato S. Puno (Ret.) during the
first day of the DEA Church Workers Convocation at Branscomb
Memorial United Methodist Church, Kidapawan City on Oct. 28, 2014.
Let me go straight to my message: the state of democracy all over
the world, but especially democracy in the Philippines. This is reflected
in the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Index of Democracy taken some
time ago which surveyed the state of democracy in 165 independent
states and 2 territories, thus effectively covering the globe. The survey
studied the performance of these states in the following areas:
electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of
government; political participation; and political culture.
The results of the survey will cover you with gloom. They show that
only 26 countries in the world qualify as full democracies; 53 countries
are considered flawed democracies; 33 countries are classed as
hybrid regimes; and 55 countries are classified as authoritarian
regimes. In other words only 12.3% of the world’s population live in
countries under full democracy. In Asia, only two countries qualified
as full democracies – Japan and South Korea. The Philippines was
considered a country with flawed democracy. I quote their analysis
as to why democracy is in retreat in Asia:
“Democratic political cultures in Asia are often underdeveloped

and shallow, even in countries that have democratized. In only 9
countries in the region do we rate elections as both being free and
fair. Even in parts of the region that are not authoritarian there is often
pressure on the independent media. In many countries… polls show
that more citizens believe that the nation’s democratic transitions
brought no improvement to their lives than believe the changes have
been positive. Nostalgia for overthrown dictators is widespread. Some
in the region are calling for resurgence of the so-called ‘Asian Values’.
Although majority of Asians say that they support the democratic
ideals, their commitment to the limits on a leader’s power is far lower
than in most regions.”
Our failure to qualify as a full democracy is more lamentable in

view of our history. We hold the record as the first country in Asia to
establish a republican democracy, courtesy of Emilio Aguinaldo and
the Malolos Congress. But after more than 100 years, the Philippines is
now used as a study model of a country that started with a surfeit of
democracy to a country with democratic deficit.
Obviously, our State has failed to discharge its duties to our people,
as called for by their covenant to establish a democratic society. For
this reason, those watching our democratic progress classify our State
as a weak State, a soft State, or a failing State. It is difficult to disagree
with this classification for indeed we will not be a flawed democracy
if we have developed a State that is strong and capable of fulfilling
the expectations of our people. The danger is that a State that
continues to be weak, a State that severely defaults in serving the
people may be brought down by anti-democratic forces through
extra-constitutional means.
As members of the body of Christ, we should study the causes why

our State is a failing State, why our State has become a weak State,
where the rule of law is ineffective. First is the historical cause, our
colonial past. Our experience with Spain is colonialism a t its worst, an
unmitigated disaster. After three centuries, Spain left us a land
controlled by compradors, with a majority of people suffering from
dense ignorance, an archipelago with ethnic fissures. Under the
Americans, we fared a little better. We were granted our political
independence and we became a State. But unlike the British, the
Americans did not leave us with a civil service powered by
meritocracy and administered by honest government servants.
Perhaps we are to blame ourselves. For we opted to follow Quezon’s
pied-piper call for a government run like hell by Filipinos. That early in
our history, our State’s political apparatus started to fall in the hands
of a small elite. It also started to be disturbed by the rebellions of the
Hukbalahaps in Central Luzon and the unrest of the Muslims in the
South. The economy likewise, started to be driven by big landowners.
To make matters worse, the Americans made sure they could
continue the exploitation of our economy. They forced down our
throat the Parity Amendment. The Pemberton case is but a result of
the continuing unequal treaty with the Americans. In fine, our State
lost the opportunity to be a strong and effective State due to our
colonizers, whom some scholar say never really left us to be on our
own.
The second reason why we are a weak ineffective State is our

electoral system that has long been vulnerable to the use of force and
fraud. Such a flawed electoral system breeds regimes that desecrate
the sovereignty of the people, governments that do not respect their
rights, and administrations that betray their interests. Necessarily,
leaders that come to power through the use of guns, gold and goons
will leave a State only after abusing it, a State then bereft of strength
and drained of its effectiveness. We have seen the reign of these
illegitimate and rapacious leaders. They helped themselves to the
coffers of the people. They distributed the resources of the
government unfairly and unevenly. They governed with iron hands to
perpetuate themselves in power, using threats and violence against
the opposition, against critics, against any person or group perceived
as disturbing their reign. They struck deals and unholy alliances with
shady characters like gambling lords, smuggling syndicates, drug
dealers, and tax cheats. The news, then and now, provide irrefutable
evidence of the corruption of our electoral process that has left us a
State in tatters. In the late 1940’s, it was good enough that a leader
who bought for his use an expensive urinal caused a shockwave to
our electorate and was booted out of office. Today, however, some
of our leaders are under investigation for thievery of billions of pesos,
and yet a seemingly desensitized people hardly react with righteous
rage. In the fifties, the murder of one man in Negros, so touched the
conscience of the people and catapulted Magsaysay to the
presidency. Now some of our voter do not mind voting with the birds
and the bees; some merely shrug off the killing fields in the South
where every election our right to vote is buried. In the past, we go to
Congress to be educated by the debates of our elective
representatives; now we go to the legislature for entertainment by
some of its members. In fine, we see the non-stop, progressive abuse
of our electoral system which is the heart of democracy. I say
progression because we were the first people in Asia to exercise the
right to vote. That right was given to us by the Americans more than
100 years ago and considering the length of time, we should have
already developed an electoral system beyond tampering by
purchasing power, beyond violation by force or fraud. The tragedy is
that after 100 years, our government in the past has been captured
by leaders who do not truly represent the people and who often have
weakened our State by taking advantage of its resources. Unless we
are rescued from these types of leaders, we will never live under a full
democracy. They say our democracy is the best, the best that money
can buy.
The third reason for our weak inefficient State is the rise of the
centers of power that command critical mass of votes or wield
excessive economic clout or possess armories of death and violence.
The existence of these centers of power oftentimes transcend the
limits of the permissible because they frustrate the government in the
pursuit of its legitimate ends. For instance, we see the growth of
sectarian forces that are able to extract undue political and
economic favors from government due to their demonstrated
capability to deliver votes. Every election time, we witness candidates
make a beeline to seek the blessings of these leaders as if they
descended from Mount Sinai. For another, we see the multiplication
of political dynasties that control votes in their bailiwicks and who in
turn, are allowed to perpetuate themselves as kings in their fiefdoms
with the unspoken right to exploit their constituents. We also see the
influence of a few oligarchs, who can direct the economic policies of
government in their favor but to the detriment of many. Thus, every
Congress, people urge the enactment of laws that will enforce our
constitutional policy against dynasties and monopolies but to no avail.
A State cannot be shackled by these centers of power which have
no accountability to the people for they serve themselves alone.
Unfortunately, the weakening of States especially by private business
interest has been accelerated by the coming of globalization and its
dominant ideology of near unregulated capitalism. Capitalism
espouses the free enterprise system of varying shades. It champions
the thesis that it is the invisible hand of the market that should guider
economy as opposed to the hand of the government. Hence, its
mantras of privatization and deregulation which tell public authorities
no to engage in business, and to let the private sector to do it without
or with the least competition from government. As usual, with pressure
from external sources, we joined the hallelujah chorus chanting
privatization and deregulation. Immediately, private business led by
the elite, grabbed control of our light and power industry, the oil
industry, and the water industry as government was prodded to divest
its interests therein in near fire sale. The people were promised lower
rates to pay our light, water and oil bills but found themselves
drowning in high prices. Today, the government finds itself unable to
look at even the books of these corporations to determine whether
they are amassing too much profit at the expense of the people.
Again, we cannot afford a State that is hardly able to protect the
people.
The fourth reason why we have a weak ineffective State is our

incessant internal strife due to wars, insurrections and rebellions. We
have long been bedeviled by this strife that have broken and
continue to break our peace. We fought debilitating wars against
Spain, against the Americans, and against the Japanese. Thereafter
we contended with Hukbalahaps, who were succeeded by the NPAs;
and today, we are rocked by secessionist movements in Mindanao.
These do not include the havoc wrought to us by agents of terrorism
who stalk our seas and our shores. Obviously, our State has lost its right
to the monopoly of violence. The lives we have lost in these
insurrections and rebellions are too many and we have not stopped
counting. The damage done in Zamboanga by the fight between the
government and the MNLF has not been remedied. The kidnappings
by the Abu Sayyaf continue unabated. Now the news is that trained
terrorist from ISIS will target the Philippines. Tally too the innocent
people displaced by these rebellions that continue to increase in
number. Consider too that their economic cost is becoming
unbearable to a government already running dry of resources. More
and more, government has to cut back on its spending to fulfill its duty
to deliver basic services to the people in the area of education,
health, housing, poverty alleviation, etc. Hence, we hear the growl of
complaints getting louder from our students about the cutback of
support to our state colleges and universities; we hear protests about
the deterioration of services of our hospitals especially in the
provinces; we hear howls against the increase of transportation costs
because of the VAT; we see long lines at the LRT and MRT, the strikes
of jeepney drivers, the everyday traffic, the congestions in our ports,
the undelivered goods, etc. Rebellion of a few is but enough but a
revolt of the masses is worse if it comes. Again, all these are growing
marks of a State with hands too limp to make a difference.
The fifth reason that we have a weak State is our inability to resist
foreign intervention. A State mired in poverty is easy prey to foreign
countries with contrary interest. Since time immemorial, real economic
sufficiency has eluded us. As a consequence, we have been
compelled to surrender our political and economic sovereignty at
different points of our history. For a long while, we were home to
military bases, which Recto denounced as magnets to attacks. And
until now, our huge indebtedness tethers us to foreign government
and institutions that lend money. To an impoverished State, a
collection letter from a creditor State is just as deadly in effect as a
bullet. We have to learn the lesson that foreign States will never put
our interest above their interest. Our State enjoys a bounty of natural
resources, and we should not expect foreign States and their multi-
nationals not to devour them, especially at this time when most of their
economies are suffering from recession. We have, lying in the bosom
of Mindanao, trillions worth of natural resources and it is not
unexpected for foreign countries to salivate for their control and
disposition even if they have to weaken our State for the purpose.
History warns us of the curse of resources but I’d like to think they can
never be a curse to a strong State.
We all desire a State that is strong enough to fulfill the expectations
of the people. To our authorities who are doing their best towards this
direction, I leave a food for thought the following studies of experts on
security:
⚫ “Weapons do not necessarily provide security. This is true for

adversarial States armed with weapons with such destructive
power that no defense is possible. It is true in civil wars, where the
easy availability of weapons empowers the ruthless but offers little
defense for civilians. And it was true on September 11, 2001 when
a determined group of terrorists struck with impunity against the
world’s most powerful military country.
⚫ “Real security in a globalizing world cannot be provided on a
purely national basis. A multilateral and even global approach is
needed to deal effectively with a multitude of trans-boundary
challenges.
⚫ “The traditional focus on state (or regime) security is inadequate
and needs to encompass safety and well-being for those living
there. If individuals and communities are insecure, state security
itself can be extremely fragile. Democratic governance and a
vibrant civil society may ultimately be more imperative for security
than an army.
⚫ “Non-military dimensions have an important influence on security
and stability. Nations around the world, but particularly the weaker
countries and communities, confront a multitude of pressures. They
face a debilitating combination of rising competition of resources,
severe environmental breakdown, the resurgence of infectious
disease, poverty and growing wealth disparities, demographic
pressures, and joblessness and livelihood insecurity.” (State of the
World, p. 5)
Let us help our State be a strong and effective State for without
strength it cannot deliver real service to the people. All that we see
happening in our society today is the result of a State battered and
weakened by different factors and forces. We should engage these
forces as a body of Christ. As Methodists, we have a tradition on
engaging powers that perpetrate and perpetuate political, social
and economic injustices against the people. Our Social Creed is our
covenant to uphold the powerless against the powerful; to fight for
the exploited many against the exploiting few… And let us not forget
that Methodism was founded by John Wesley, to quote historians,
“who is to be remembered for the gospels that he preaches which
inspired people to take up social causes in the name of Christ.” They
say that Wesley was both a preacher of the gospel and a prophet of
social righteousness; they called Wesley “the man who restored for a
nation its soul” (Stott, John R.W., Issues Facing Christians
Read the following text.
Where Are you Democracy

When the Rule of Law Is weak?
The Philippines’ diverse population, speaking more than 80
languages and dialects, is spread over 7,000 islands in the Western
Pacific. Democracy was restored in 1986 after two decades of
autocratic rule. President Benigno Aquino III took office in 2010 with a
mandate to root out corruption. While agriculture is still a significant
part of the economy, industrial production in areas like electronics,
apparel, and shipbuilding has been growing rapidly.
Remittances from overseas workers are equivalent to more than 10

percent of GDP.
Corruption, state plunder, cronyism, and a culture of impunity

remained in the spotlight in 2014 as numerous instances of
malfeasance were exposed. Several senators, for example, were
arrested on charges of embezzlement of billions of pesos from the
Priority Development Assistance Fund. Judicial independence has
rationally been strong, but the rule of law generally weak.
Where is democracy? How will it work? Karina Constnatino-David
wrote, “In a country that is plagued by massive poverty and by both
natural and man-made disasters, various of action to the level of
public debate. Poverty and disasters have a way of exposing the
inadequacies of the state while at the same time encouraging a level
of voluntarism from the citizenry.
Quiz.
Forms groups of our members. Describe the following pictures by
creating a free verse.
Define the following.
1. Labor-
2. Migration-
Answer the following questions.
1. Why do people leave the country?

2. What causes people to migrate?
3. How are they protected as they work abroad?
4. How can they be helped?
5. How do Filipino migrant workers contribution to the economy?
Answer and discuss the following questions.
1. would you be willing to be migrant worker? Why? Why not?

2. How would you sensitize others on the plight and conditions of our
migrant workers?
3. Will I migrate in the future? For what purpose?
4. What will be the implications if I migrate in the future?
“Going Back--Moving On: Philippines Migrant Return Home”. Answer

the questions below.
1. What does it mean “to go back home” in the Philippines

context?
2. How does it cost to move on for a migrant worker?
The digital boom in the Philippines today owes much of its force to a
“Perfect Digital Storm”.
1. What does this mean? Discuss
“Our Wet Wide World”. Answer the following question.
1. This is the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM): a mission to

measure the amount of rainfall and snow. It is a wide spectrum to
measure the rain to ice. What is GPM for?
2. How does it help humanity?
3. How much do I contribute in increasing or mitigating the global
warning?
4. What is a carbon footprint?
5. Are you responsible for any carbon footprint? Why? Why not?
6. Which industries are greatly responsible for it? How?
1. What particular line/s has/have stricken you most?

2. How does global connection affect the entire world
3. Summarize in your own words “A Glimpse of Environment.”
4. What are the six ways climate will affect the Philippines?
5. How could people deal with he effects of climate change?
6. What could be the potential solutions to climate change?
7. What will happen if the Earth will continue to increase its warm
temperature? How can you help?
8. Who is Naderev Sano?
9. What was the 40-day walk for?
10. What are the climate tool kits for?
Discuss.
1. “What Can You Do About Climate Change?” Discuss.

2. Cite the anguish and ordeal of Filipino migrant workers. Illustrate
and discuss democracy.
3. “What Is Social Democracy?” Discuss the affirmative and
negative impact.
4. “Once Upon a Time Local democracy”. Develop a 300-word
essay highlighting the benefits of democratic participation.
5. “Fighting the Climate Change”. Discuss and answer the
questions.
⚫ Why is there a need to mitigate global warning?
⚫ If climate change is irreversible what else should be done?
Use the five Ws chart to organize the information you have learned
from this lesson.
What?
Who?
Where?
When?
Why?
Answer the following question:
1. What has been cascading in the Philippines and bringing a lot of

gloom?
2. How will democracy enter the context of the Philippines?
3. What is democracy? Define in your own words.
4. Where is democracy?
5. How will democracy work?
3. How will I give my part in this democratic country?
4. Are my rights upheld? How and why?
Use the five Ws chart to organize information you have learned from
this lesson.
What?
Who?
Where?
When?
Why?
Lesson 7
Information Communication
Technology (ICT)
The 21st century has been characterized as the information age.

No doubt, one of the great achievements of this age has something
to do with technology, especially the increasing power of
communications. The rapid technological advancement ushers us to
an era where information and communication are at the tip of one's
finger.
ICT - is an extended term for information technology (IT) which

stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of
telecommunications. The phrase information and communications
technology has been used by academic researchers since the
1980s, and the abbreviation ICT became popular after it was used in
a report to the UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997.
Benefits of ICT to:
⚫ Economic. Economics is the social science that studies the

production, distribution, and consumption of goods and
services. Economicsfocuses on the behaviour and interactions
ofeconomic agents and how economies work.
⚫ Political. Political means relating to the way power

is achieved and used in a country or society. All other political
parties there have been completely banned. The government
is facing another political crisis. ...a democratic political system.
Abortion is once again a controversial political and moral issue.
⚫ Social. Relating to human society, the interaction of the

individual and the group, or the welfare of human beings as
members of society; living and breeding in more or less
organized communities especially for the purposes of
cooperation and mutual benefit.
⚫ Cultural. Relating to the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of

a society. ‘the cultural diversity society’; Relating to the arts and
to intellectual achievements.
⚫ Personal.
Relatlating or belonging toa single orparticular person rather th

an to a group or an organization:
o My personal opinion/view is that the students should be
doing more work outside the classroom.
o Her uncle takes a personal interest in her progress.
Researcher make it clear that ICT advances social improvement

by sharing learning, encouraging social innovativeness, expanding
popularity based support and upgrading social cohesion. W are
challenged to harness the potential of information and
communication technology to promote the attainment of a more
peaceful, just and prosperous world.
One way to described the rapid acceleration of technology in

relation to information and communication is simply to be aware of
the evolution of some communication tools (e.g., the transition from
telegraph to email, from wired telephones to cellular phones, from
typewriters to computers and many more)The connection of
telephones to computers contributed to the capability of computers
to be developed as an entire communication system.
ICT is providing an extra ordinary opportunity to hone our critical

thinking and problem-solving skills, communication skills, creativity and
innovation.
ICT opens up remarkable chances to guarantee all inclusive

access to investigate information and data.
ICT can generate global social awareness through social network
sites.
ICT promotes social development by sharing knowledge,

fostering cultural creativity, increasing democratic participation and
enhancing social cohesion. Technological advances have improved
life and brought the world's people closer.
ICT is providing an extra-ordinary opportunity to hone our critical
thinking and problem-solving skills. communication skills, creativity and
innovation.
How was ICT affected the life of the members of the society or
the digital citizens? The following can serve as an example:
Education. Many educators are already using and infusing

technology as a teaching learning pedagogy through the use of
different platforms . For students, the different search engines, online
libraries and the like are useful tools in researching different topics
relevant to their subjects or courses.
Business. Most entrepreneurs are making use of the internet and

different social networking sites to promote their businesses and
products. Through the use of the internet and mobile phones, they are
able to reach a wider range and bigger number of possible
customers.
Government. Many transactions with government offices are
now possible and available online. Application for birth certificate,
passport, NBI and the like are maximized by some Filipinos Computers,
electronic mail, internet, fax machines, mobile phones, are only
among the information communication tools that can be considered
an integral part of work activities in almost all companies or institutions
in the Philippines and abroad.
ICT And Global Networks. With ICT in our schools, learners are not
only consumers but content creators as they write, edit, publish,
participate, co create and collaborative with others through the use
of technologies.
ICT hastens global and democratic networks across the planet.

The internet is an apparatus for causal connection as well as open
spaces where individuals can voice out their issues. ICT can generate
global social awareness through social network sites. Social
networking sites also facilitate the mobilization of grassroot
movements and advocacies especially among the younger
generation.
The Technology-enhanced Learning Environment
Conole et al. (2008) investigated how university students’ learning

patterns are influenced by the availability of technology-enchanted
learning environment. The technology-propelled society has opened
a lot of opportunities to learn. Conole et al. (2008) said that these
require combining old new methods, higher-level skills, such as
evaluation and synthesis, and are necessary to make sense of their
complex technological enriched learning environment and proper
use of tools in a combination of ways to suit individual needs.
Their study showed that the generation of new millennium learners

displays complex learning styles that are shaped by the ubiquity,
accessibility, and ease of use of digital resources. Comole et al. (2008)
emphasized that compared to prior generations of learners, they are
digital natives.
Read the following article.
Seven Media Trends in 2014

With the New Year comes a timeless tradition – a reflection on what
defined the year prior and a look ahead at the trends that the future
will bring. The media industry, perhaps more so than other industries, is
shifting in ways that are completely unprecedented. Below are seven
predictions of trends that will define media in 2014.
Fueled by new technology, marketers will become even more

obsessed with data.
We’re living in a world in which wearable technology – e.g. Google
Glass, Nike+ Fuelband, Samsung Galaxy Gear Smartwatch – has
officially taken off, one in which knowing the consumer’s current
location can be just as important as knowing their age and gender.
Data is a necessity in marketing to the on-the-go consumer, and the
advent of wearable tech promises lots of it. Combine this with the
advanced targeting techniques typically put into practice, and
marketers will be able to reach consumers much more effectively.
Media teams must adopt a beta tester mentality with technologies in
their infancy and come to the table eager to leverage the fusion of
new tech and data.
Programmatic buying will become second nature.
It’s inevitable – programmatic buying, for both digital and TV, will
continue to gain significant market share in 2014. According to a
recent study, MAGNA GLOBAL expects global programmatic buying
to triple from $12 billion in 2013 to $33 billion by 2017. These increases
will be seen most aggressively in digital channels, specifically display
and online video. Agencies are getting smarter about recognizing
good inventory that delivers viewable impressions (not under the fold),
and will soon be able to buy this inventory programmatically.
And although networks and cable networks aren’t yet devoting

significant inventory to programmatic TV buying (most programmatic
TV is bought through satellite and local networks), buyers will finally
crack the code on automation, leading to a media landscape that
looks very different from how it looks now.
Banner ads aren’t going anywhere.
Despite a handful of predictions of the death (or sharp decline) of

banner ads, traditional display ads will remain strong in 2014. Even
though consumers are gobbling up mobile and online video, banner
ads are still tracking strongly.
We’ve found that static banner ads many times outperform rich
media, providing CPCs that are still unmatched by video and other
media. Regardless of where digital media is shifting as an industry –
largely to our mobile devices – banner ads remain one of the best
(and most cost-efficient) ways to target web users due to their low
CPMs and prevalent inventory.
Media plans will be screen agnostic.
Consumers certainly believe that size doesn’t matter – they are

consuming media wherever they can, on their TVs, smartphones, and
tablets. According to MAGNA GLOBAL’s 2014 ad forecast, digital
media (which includes mobile and social media) was the fastest
growing category in 2013, increasing 16% to $118 billion and reaching
a 24% global market share.
Brands are looking for cross-channel solutions that reach their

audience no matter the platform, and media planners are following
suit, altering their screen-by-screen playbook to design media plans
that are truly screen agnostic in an attempt to reach consumers
where they consume media.
Mobile will finally grow up.
“For the past five years, it seems that someone’s been saying it’s
finally the year mobile advertising begins to drive digital investment,”
said Amy Armstrong, EVP, Managing Director at ID Media. “But 2014
may finally be mobile’s year.”
Consumers have embraced mobile to a remarkable extent and

marketers have followed, targeting them with mobile-specific
strategies that include couponing, location-based services, and geo-
fencing. It’s no surprise that mobile advertising revenues almost
doubled (+85%) in 2013 to reach $16 billion (14% of all global internet
advertising), according to MAGNA.
At the same time, brands have fully adopted mobile, updating
websites and m-commerce functionality to run flawlessly on the latest
smartphones. We expect mobile budgets to increase drastically
across-the-board.
Native advertising will explode.
Forbes did it. So did Yahoo!, Buzzfeed and Mashable (to varying
degrees of success). Even the New York Times is on board. Publishers
are closing the gap between editorial and advertising by offering
native ads that blend seamlessly with original content. And they’re
working. According to a study conducted by IPG Media Lab,
consumers look at native ads 52% more frequently than banner ads.
As a result of their integration with editorial, native ads registered a 9%
higher lift in brand affinity and an 18% higher leap in purchase intent
than traditional display ads. We expect the number of agencies
utilizing native ads to increase dramatically this year.
Online video will continue to expand.
The growth of digital media doesn’t stop at mobile – online video,

too, is poised to inflate in 2014 and beyond. 89 million people in the
United States watch over 1.2 billion online videos each day, and
marketers are capitalizing on it. The channel continued to grow
healthily in 2013, according to a MAGNA report, increasing 37% year-
over-year.
With the advent of snackable video – bookmarked by the release

of Vine and Instagram’s video offerings – marketers are faced with a
new challenge: attaching ad units to brief, bite-sized videos without
annoying users. However, it’s a challenge that will yield huge
opportunity when conquered, as online video is expected to account
for more than one-third of all online advertising spending within the
next five years.
Partitions Between the
Workplace and Other Spheres
of Life Are Falling Down
William Rothwell
Technology has both the advantage and disadvantage of

knocking down communication barriers. E-mails are sent
internationally with ease; cellular phones phone hooked to satellites
make everyone reachable, even to the depth of one hundred feet
below the ocean or on the surface of the moon, at all times; and
wireless technology enables people to communicate anywhere and
anytime.
The trend will continue. Will the advent of even more advanced
technology---such as broadcast-quality video conferencing from the
desktop--human experts will be instantly available on demand.
Workplace learning will become divorced from place alone and

will be just as like to occur in an automobile, on the sofa at home, or
in an airplane as behind a desk, on a production line, or in front of a
computer screen. In many places, this has already happened, as
definitions about what constitutes the workplace learners will feel free
to seek out useful information to guide their performance whenever
they need it. By implication, learning will be just as likely to occur
during recreation as during purposeful work activity. It must
increasingly be available on demand.
Neural and Social Network
The Human Brain as the Neural
Network
Daniel Shiffmann
The Human brain can be described as a biological neural network-

--an interconnected web of neurons transmitting elaborate patterns
of electrical signals. Dendrites receive input signals, and based on
those inputs, fire an output signal via an axon. How the human brain
actually works is an elaborate and complex mystery.
Developing engaging animated systems does not require scientific

rigor or accuracy. It can simply be inspired by the idea of brain
function.
Computer scientists have long been inspired by the human brain.

In 1943, Warren S. Mcllouch, nueroscientist, and Walter Pittts, a
logician, developed the first conceptual model of an artificial neural
network. In their paper, “A Logical Calculus of the ideas Imminent in
Nervous Activity,” they describe the concept of a neuron, single cell
living in a network of cells that receives inputs, processes those inputs,
and generates an output.
Neural Networks
Individual neurons cannot carry enough information to determine

the taste of a bite of food or the color of an object. Colour processing,
for example, depends on just four labeled lines carrying information
about red, green, blue, and yellow light. However, we can distinguish
millions of colours by comparing the relative activity in theses four
pathways. In other cases, the brain combines the activity from a
number of neurons. A good example is the discrimination of sound in
the lower frequency range. Neurons from the ear “follow” frequencies
up to 5,000 cycles per sound, but you know that a single neurons
cannot for more often than about 1,000 times per second. However,
some neurons will be firing on each wave of the sound, and the brain
must pool their activity to determine the sounds frequency.
This processing requires complex networks of neurons; neural

networks are groups of neurons that function together to carry out a
process. Neural networks are where the most complex neural
processing-- the “computing” work of the brain ---is carried out.
Sometimes, these networks involve a relatively small number of
neurons in a single area, such as groups of neurons in a part of the
rat’s brain called the hippocampus. During an experimenter-imposed
delay in maze running, these store the rat’s preceding choices and
calculate its next choice. They perform so reliably that the researcher
can use their activity to predict which way the rat will turn after the
delay.
Because researchers have found these networks to be discourage

complex and rather inaccessible, some are creating artificial neural
networks on computes.
Active Reading
Scientists Locate “Internal

Compass” in the Brains
LONDON-- The part of the brain that tells us the direction to travel
when we navigate has been identified by British scientists, a study
showed on Friday.
It has long been known that some people are better at
navigating than others, but until now it has been unclear why.
The latest study, led by researchers from University College

London (UCL), reliability of “homing signal”, in the human brain vary
among people and can predict navigational ability.
The research reveals that the part of the brain that signals which
direction you are facing, called the entorhinal region, is also used to
signal the direction in which you need to travel to reach your
destination.
In other words, the researchers have found where our “sense of

direction” comes from in the bran and worked out a way to measure
it using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In study, 16 volunteers were asked to familiarize themselves with

a simple virtual courtyard, and navigate toward certain objects
placed in four corners of the virtual room. They were then asked to
navigate the area, from memory alone, while their brains were being
scanned by an MRI machines. The scans revealed the entorhinal
region “fired up” consistently during the tasks. The stronger the signal
in the region, the better the volunteers were at finding their way
around correctly.
“Our results provide evidence to support the idea that your

internal “compass” readjusts as you move through the environment,”
Dr. Martin Chadwick, lead author of the study, said.
“For example, if you turn left then your into region should process
this shift your facing directing and goal direction accordingly”, he
added.
Our Connections and Relationships
The Story of the River

⚫ Once upon a time was a small village on the edge of a river.
The people there were good and life in the village was good.
⚫ One day a villager noticed a baby floating down the river.
The villager quickly swam out to save the baby from drowning.
⚫ The next day this same villager noticed two babies in the river.
He called for help, and both babies were rescued from the
swift waters.
⚫ And the following day four babies were seen caught in the
turbulent current. And then eight, then more, and still more!
⚫ The villagers organized themselves quickly, setting up
watchtower and training teams of swimmer who could resist
the swift waters and rescue babies. Rescue squads were soon
working 24 hurs a day. And each day the number of helpless
babies floating down the river increased.
⚫ The villagers organized themselves efficiently. The rescue
squads were now snatching many children each day. While
not all the babies, now very numerous, could be saved, the
villagers felt they were doing well to save as many they could
each day.
⚫ Indeed, the village priest blessed them in their good work. And
life in the village continued on that basis.
⚫ One day, however, someone raised the questions “But where
all these babies coming from? Let’s organize a team to head
upstream to find out who’s throwing all of these babies into
the river in the first place”.
The Story of the Rainbow

Anne Hope
Once upon a time, all the colors in the world started to quarrel; each
claimed that she was the best, the most important, the most useful,
the favorite...
Green said: “Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life

and of hope. I was chosen for grass, trees, leaves — without me all the
animals would die. Look out over the countryside and you will see that
I am in the majority.”
Blue interrupted: “You only think about the earth, but consider
the sky and the sea. It is water that is the basis of life and this is drawn
up by the clouds from the blue sea. The sky gives space and peace
and serenity. Without my peace you would all be nothing but
busybodies.”
Yellow chuckled: “You are all so serious. I bring laughter, gaiety

and warmth into the world. The sun is yellow, the moon is yellow, the
stars are yellow. Every time you look at a sunflower the whole world
starts to smile. Without me there would be no fun.”
Orange started next to blow own trumpet: “I am the color of

health and strength. I may be scarce, but I am precious for I serve the
inner needs of human life. I carry all the most important vitamins. Think
of carrots and pumpkins, oranges, mangoes and paw paws. I don’t
hang around all the time, but when I fill the sky at sunrise or sunset, my
beauty is so striking that no one gives another thought to any of you.”
Red could stand it no longer. He shouted out: “I’m the ruler of

you all, blood, life’s blood. I am the color of danger and of bravery. I
am willing to fight of a cause. I bring fire in the blood. without me the
earth would be empty as the moon. I am the color of passion and
love; the red rose, poinsettia and poppy.”
Purple rose up to his full height. He was very tall and he spoke
with great pomp: “I am the color of royalty and power. Kings, chiefs
and bishops have always chosen me for I am a sign of authority and
wisdom. People do not question me — they listen and obey.”
Indigo spoke much more quietly than all the others, but just as
determinedly: “Think of me, you all become superficial. I represent
thought and reflection, twilight and deep waters. You need me for
balance and contrast, for prayer and inner peace.”
And so, the colors went on boasting, each convinced that they
were the best. Their quarrelling became louder and louder. Suddenly
there was a startling flash of brilliant white lightning; thunder rolled and
boomed. Rain started to pour down relentlessly. The colors all
crouched down in fear, drawing close to one another for comfort.
Then Rain spoke:
“Your foolish colors, fighting among yourselves, each trying to

dominate the rest. Do you not know that God made you all? Each for
a special purpose, unique and different. He loves you all. He wants
you all. Join hands with one another and come with me. He will stretch
you across the sky in a great bow of color, as a reminder that he loves
you all, that you can live together in peace
— a promise that he is with you,

— a sign of hope for tomorrow.”
And so, whenever God has used a good rain to wash the world,
He puts the rainbow in the sky, and when we see it, let us remember
to appreciate one another.
Read the following article.
Explainer: What Is Biodiversity

and Why Does It Matter?
Fellow et al
“Why should I care about biodiversity?” This is a valid question,

particularly in a world that faces a changing climate. In addition,
there are other things to worry about such as global food shortages,
getting the kids to school on time and exercising.
What is biodiversity?
One simple but profound answer is that all of us need to breathe,

drink and eat. These are all benefits that are fundamentally provided
by biodiversity. But the reasons to pause and consider the value of
maintaining our country’s biodiversity are broader than this.
First of all, what exactly do we mean by biodiversity? Biodiversity

collectively describes the vast array of approximately 9 million unique
living organisms (including Homo sapiens) that inhabit the earth,
together with the interactions amongst them.
The concept includes every species of bacteria, virus, plant, fungi,

and animal, as well as the diversity of genetic material within each
species. It also encompasses the diverse ecosystems the species
make up and the ongoing evolutionary processes that keep them
functioning and adapting.
We can’t get by without it
Without these organisms, ecosystems and ecological processes,

human societies could not exist. They supply us with oxygen and clean
water. They cycle carbon and fix nutrients. They enable plants to grow
and therefore to feed us, keep pest species and diseases in check
and help protect against flooding and regulate the climate.
These benefits are known as ecosystem services. A functioning

natural world also provides a living for farmers, fishers, timber-workers
and tourism operators to name but a few. So, biodiversity keeps us
alive, but there are other less tangible benefits.
Recreation such as fishing or hiking, the aesthetic beauty of the

natural world and our spiritual connection with nature; the cultural
values we place on plants and animals such as the kangaroo and
emu on the Australian coat of arms - these are all benefits of
biodiversity.
Research suggests that natural environments have direct and

positive impacts on human well-being, despite the highly-urbanised
modern lifestyles that most of us live. Mental-health benefits from
exercising in natural environments have been are greater than those
gained by exercising in the synthetic environment of the gym. Mood
and self-esteem benefits are even greater if water is present.
The value that humans gain from biodiversity reminds us that,

despite being predominantly urban, we are still intrinsically part of the
natural world. We are a component of and therefore dependent on
the ecosystem. This has led to the global concerns around
anthropogenic biodiversity loss.
Biodiversity in decline
Changes in surrounding biodiversity affect all of us. Unlike other

species however, we have the chance to determine what these
effects might be. In considering our role in biodiversity, there is some
good news and some bad news. Let’s start with the bad. Globally,
biodiversity is in rapid decline. The explosion of the human population
from 2 to 7 billion in just 100 years has caused the extinction of many
species.
Scientists agree that the earth is experiencing its first

anthropogenic climate-driven global extinction event. They also
agree that this is happening at a rate too fast for species to adapt.
CSIRO research shows that by 2070, the impacts of climate change
on Australia’s biodiversity will be widespread and extreme. This loss of
biodiversity is concerning because of the growing consensus that it
goes hand-in-hand with a reduction in the stability and productivity of
ecosystems. The result may be that the services on which we rely
could be compromised in damaging ways.
Indeed CSIRO’s new report Our Future World 2012 recognises

biodiversity decline as one of the megatrends that could severely
impact Australia over the coming decades.
We have the science: policy is the next step
And the good news? In Australia, we are well-placed to meet the

challenge of biodiversity management head-on. We have substantial
national scientific expertise to draw on. On the global scale we have
a good record of effective interaction between science and policy.
The latter is particularly important.
To halt the decline in biodiversity across the continent, we must

translate accumulated knowledge on biodiversity into government
policy. This can be done through programs and on-the-ground
management. Tough decisions need to be made about where to
invest, what to manage, and which approach to take.
These decisions can be emotionally and politically charged.

Navigating the complex environmental, economic and political
values can be extremely challenging.
Good resources for good policy
Despite these challenges there are things we can do. Australian

scientists are actively developing better ways to support good
governance and effective investment for improved conservation
decision-making.
The Environmental Decision hub of the Australian Government’s

National Environmental Research Program is tackling gaps in
environmental decision-making, monitoring and adaptive
management. One of the hub’s projects assessed approaches to
species relocation in Australia. Relocation is becoming more
prevalent as species experience habitat loss due to impacts such as
climate change. The scientists developed guidelines to improve
relocation’s success rates.
The Atlas of Living Australia brings together Australia’s biological

information online, making it quicker and easier to undertake
biodiversity assessments (or just look up a species you’re interested in).
It has 33 million records and is growing by the day.
A collaborative project between Indigenous Protected Area (IPA)

managers, traditional owners, the Australian government, and CSIRO
developed guidelines for IPA management plans. These connect
traditional knowledge, law and customs with international systems for
protected area management.
We urge you to take a moment and consider biodiversity. Debate

about the value of biodiversity both globally and to you as an
individual will help clarify society’s objectives for biodiversity
management. It will ensure that the changes we make help to
conserve our natural assets for future generations.
Quiz.
Discuss.
1. “Digital Society Explained”

2. “Hare and Tortoise”.
Digital society gives more transparency, participation, and

innovation. Answer the questions asked.
1. What other benefits does it bring? How are these happening in your
own context? Write in the space.
2. On digital structural change. (Effects on daily social and economic
lives people engage in more interactively)
3. On corporate social media. (More social networks for
communications and information flow)
4. On open innovation. (New form of participation gives rise to new
ways doing things. Classic values are broken and have become
modernized with new strategies.)
5. On open government. (Collaboration between the government
and citizens emerges. Democracy becomes more transparent and
active.)
6. On open access. (More access to scientific information enhances
knowledge quickly.)
7. On open and free culture. (With more virtual forums and
interactions, structural plans and blueprints are accessible
adaptable.)
1. Which among the seven media trend are still happenings? How?
2. Why did the article claim that year 2014 was mobile’s year?
3. If you were a village in the story, What would you do?
4. What is the root problem?
5. Look at your drawing. Is the root problem in the picture? Why not?
6. Are you brave enough to find out? Are you willing to take the risk
for your neighbors? How often do I think about my thinking?
7. How can make sense of my brain and its intricate connections?
Trends speculated in 2002 by William Rothwell. Discuss them.
1. Since 2002, did the trend continue? How?

2. How about the prediction? Is it happening now/ Cite them.
3. Can I live without information communications technology?
4. How did I predict the future of a technology-propelled society?
Define the terms.

1. Technology
2. social relationships
3. Ubiquity
4. 24/7
“Scientist Locate “internal Compass” in the Brain. Answer the following

question:
1. How is the “sense of direction” determined by the brain?
2. How does “internal compass” readjust?
3. What is your entorhinal region?
To do.
1. Search on the Internet Stephen Hawking and his works.
2. Get a news clip about the brain function according to Stephen
Hawking.
3. Make a research on how hawking viewed the human brain.
4. Form triads. Present your work: one will be the facilitator, recorder,
and presenter.
“Hare and Tortoise”. Then, answer the following question and discuss.
After the discussion, develop a concept map on a connection and
relationship regarding the story. Use the diagram to illustrate it.
1. how did the hare and tortoise come up with a plan?

2. Why is it hard for people to come together and combine thier
efforts?
3. What are the elements needed for effective teamwork?
Complete the table with your partner.
Who are My Brothers/Sisters How Do I Keep Them?

(Who are the people in my (How do I relate with them?)
community?)
Define the terms used in this lesson.

1. Connectivity
2. Interdependence
3. Relationships
4. Team works
1. How do I collaborate with others?

2. Why should we be mindful of biodiversity?
3. How does the declining biodivesity affect us?
4. how do I make sense of my roles and capacities in interdependent
connections and relationships?
Lesson 8
Neutral and Social Networks
Neural is a computer system modeled on the human brain and
nervous system. While Social networking is the practice of expanding
the number of one's business and/or social contacts by making
connections through individuals, often through social media sites such
as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Google+.
Neural networks (also referred to as connectionist systems) are a

computational approach, which is based on a large collection of
neural units (AKA artificial neurons), loosely modeling the way a
biological brain solves problems with large clusters of biological
neurons connected by axons.
Each neural unit is connected with many others, and links can
be enforcing or inhibitory in their effect on the activation state of
connected neural units. Each individual neural unit may have a
summation function which combines the values of all its inputs
together. There may be a threshold function or limiting function on
each connection and on the unit itself: such that the signal must
surpass the limit before propagating to other neurons. These systems
are self-learning and trained, rather than explicitly programmed, and
excel in areas where the solution or feature detection is difficult to
express in a traditional computer program.
Neural networks typically consist of multiple layers or a cube

design, and the signal path traverses from front to back. Back
propagation is where the forward stimulation is used to reset weights
on the "front" neural units and this is sometimes done in combination
with training where the correct result is known. More modern networks
are a bit more free flowing in terms of stimulation and inhibition with
connections interacting in a much more chaotic and complex
fashion. Dynamic neural networks are the most advanced- in that
they dynamically can, based on rules, form new connections and
even new neural units while disabling others.
The goal of the neural network is to solve problems in the same

way that the human brain would, although several neural networks
are more abstract. Modern neural network projects typically work with
a few thousand to a few million neural units and millions of
connections, which is still several orders of magnitude less complex
than the human brain and closer to the computing power of a worm.
The simplest definition of a neural network, more properly

referred to as an 'artificial' neural network (ANN), is provided by the
inventor of one of the first neurocomputers, Dr. Robert Hecht-Nielsen.
He defines a neural network as:
"...a computing system made up of a number of simple, highly

interconnected processing elements, which process information by
their dynamic state response to external inputs.
In "Neural Network Primer: Part I" by Maureen Caudill, AI Expert,

Feb. 1989
Neural neworks are typically organized in layers. Layers are

made up of a number of interconnected 'nodes' which contain
an 'activation function'. Patterns are presented to the network
via the 'input layer', which communicates to one or more 'hidden
layers' where the actual processing is done via a system of
weighted connections.
Neural networks are universal approximators, and they work

best if the system you are using them to model has a high tolerance
to error. One would therefore not be advised to use a neural
network to balance one's cheque book! However, they work very
well for:
⚫ capturing associations or discovering regularities within a set of
patterns;
⚫ where the volume, number of variables or diversity of the data is
very great;
⚫ the relationships between variables are vaguely understood; or,
⚫ the relationships are difficult to describe adequately with
conventional approaches.
Social Network. Social networking is the practice of expanding the

number of one's business and/or social contacts by making
connections through individuals, often through social media sites such
as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn
A social network is a social structure made up of a set

of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets
of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. The
social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the
structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories
explaining the patterns observed in these structures. The study of these
structures uses social network analysis to identify local and global
patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics.
Social networks and the analysis of them is an
inherently interdisciplinary academic field which emerged from social
psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph theory. Georg
Simmel authored early structural theories in sociology emphasizing the
dynamics of triads and "web of group affiliations". Jacob Moreno is
credited with developing the first sociograms in the 1930s to study
interpersonal relationships. These approaches were mathematically
formalized in the 1950s and theories and methods of social networks
became pervasive in the social and behavioral sciences by the
1980s. Social network analysis is now one of the major paradigms in
contemporary sociology, and is also employed in a number of other
social and formal sciences. Together with other complex networks, it
forms part of the nascent field of network science.
Using Social Networking to Build

21st Century Skills
By Peter DeWitt
"Good people know that high stakes testing has limited value
and they keep operating anyway. They don't let testing get in the way
of doing the good work they want to do to get kids prepared for life.
“Todd Whitaker.
In education we have a habit of using terms so often that we

push staff to a place where they do not want to use them anymore,
which means they are in jeopardy of not being engaged in the
process. We have seen it with terms such as "differentiated instruction"
and "hands-on learning." If we're not careful it will happen with a very
important term which is "21st century skills."
The tendency to dislike a term after it is used too often happens

because many educators are concerned that it's merely a new twist
on an old idea. We have all heard countless staff and administrators
say that if we spend enough time in education, we will see old ideas
recycled with new names. Too many times those "new" terms are used
in sentences that begin with, "You're not using enough...differentiated
instruction or hands-on methods of learning."
The race to nowhere is paved in countless mandates and new
ideas. We can become overwhelmed with the amount of
educational information that we see in journals and cyberspace. New
ideas are being proposed all around us. Some of which are just
creative advertising on the part of textbook publishers, while others
are creative ideas that will help us keep up with our younger
generation.
However, are they really new ideas? 21st century skills are critical
thinking, communication, collaboration and creativity. For those of us
who have been educators for a long time we have always taught our
students how to think critically, communicate with others, collaborate
on projects and be creative. Long before the 21st century, that was
the basis for education for many years.
In addition, one of the best 21st century skills that we can teach
students is the art of reflection. Through reflection students can assess
their critical thinking skills and creativity. They can also work in
collaboration with other students to reflect on the work that they
completed. Reflection is an additional 21st century skill that would be
beneficial for all students, staff and administrators.
Social Network Generation

As adults, we grew up in a time when we had to work as a team, think
critically and communicate with others, at the same time that we
were all being creative. We all had to do it during a time when we did
not have computers. To make life more difficult, we had chalkboards
and lacked many other resources that we have in modern times.
Although our opportunities to be creative were limited, we tried our
best to engage our students and we did not have to worry about the
distractions we do today.
Back then, we worried more about what television programs

students were watching, which distracted them from doing their
homework. Today's students are surrounded by many more
distractions than we ever thought were imaginable. Those new tools
that educators often see as distractions need to be used to positively
engage the social network generation.
With an increase in handheld devices, does the social network

generation have the same communications skills that we do? Or do
they just communicate differently? Many times I hear adults say that
students do not know how to talk with one another because they
spend too much time texting, using e-mail and Facebooking each
other. Whether we like it or not that is how students communicate with
each other these days. They actually thrive on connecting with their
peers in numerous ways.
One time I wrote a blog about the social network generation

and someone posted a comment that they thought it was ironic that
I cautioned people about social networking and then asked people
to follow me on Twitter. I actually found some irony in the situation as
well! The truth is, I have become a huge fan of Twitter and I'm inspired
by some of the tools that my students have in our schools.
The other day I was on Twitter and happened upon an

elementary chat group. It was inspiring to talk with educators from
around the world through Twitter. My favorite leadership expert Todd
Whitaker joined into the conversation. We built an instant community
of learners and ended up creating our very own professional
development session that lasted about an hour. I had the opportunity
to follow up with some educators in one-to-one conversations. They
sent me blogs that I never would have found on my own. If you're an
educator who loves education and connecting with other educators,
you should seriously consider joining Twitter.
Great conversations force us to think deeper. They inspire us to

put in some extra effort to reach a goal. Won't students benefit from
the same kind of experience? If social networking provides such a
great learning experience for adults, can't we find ways to engage
students the same way? The answer is yes! However, just like any tool,
students need to understand how to use it properly.
Social Networking...The New Way to Collaborate
Not only do we have the opportunity to teach students how to
interact with peers sitting next to them. We have a great opportunity
to teach students how to interact with peers that are all around the
world. For students who are growing up in a non-diverse area, this
ability offers students a great experience.
Using these amazing resources allows us to really teach students

to think critically, communicate with others, collaborate on projects
and be creative. In addition, students will see that we are not behind
the times because we are suing tools that we know students enjoy
and use every day. It also provides us with the opportunity to educate
students in a teacher-centered and student-centered way, which will
increase collaboration between students and teachers.
In education, the biggest concern is whether our present

situation of high stakes testing and test prep diminishes our
opportunities to focus on 21st century skills. When students are taking
an exam, they are not fully engaged in the process. They are not
showing their critical thinking skills, collaboration techniques and
creativity because they are simply picking up a pencil and filling in
bubbles on a test.
However, there are all of those other times when our students do
not have to take tests and practice test-prep. Those are the times
when students could be fully engaged in using 21st century tools and
learning 21st century skills that have really been around for a very long
time.
From using Twitter to encourage short story writing to utilizing

Delicious to organize professional development tips and favorite
articles, the number of social networking tools and websites is
increasing exponentially. We know educators use these 21st-century
tools with students in all grade levels. The question remains, however,
whether and how these tools might be used to positively affect
student understanding and achievement.
The short answer is yes, most definitely, though there are essential
innovations in pedagogy that must accompany them. The long
answer is that these tools, when chosen thoughtfully, implemented
appropriately, and combined with innovative pedagogy through
internet-connected communities, can teach students the skills
necessary to thrive in the 21st century and expand their ability to
communicate and collaborate in a global marketplace.
Consider the following questions:
• -How are teachers preparing their students for working in a global

marketplace (i.e., innovation, critical thinking, problem solving, global
awareness, and self-direction)?
• -How are teachers use technology to build collaborative skills and
creativity among your students?
• How are teachers create global digital citizens?
• -How are teachers build learning experiences that connect learning
to "real life" and encourage independent exploration?
• How can teachers teach 21st-century skills in economically
disadvantaged communities?
These questions help begin a discussion about which tools to

examine and why, what tools best fulfill the needs of each school and
district’s environment, and what kind of curriculum-based activities
can be enhanced through use of social networking tools. There are
many tools available. The key is to incorporate a holistic approach—
weaving a combination of tools throughout the curriculum and across
the pedagogy.
A 2007 study showed that teens in the U.S. spent more than 40%
of their media time on cell phones, the internet, and playing games,
yet the majority of students are "disconnected" while at school. In
addition to texting on their cell phones and using instant messaging
while online, students are leveraging personal social networking sites,
such as Club Penguin, Myspace, and Facebook, to connect and
communicate with their peers before and after school. It is clear that
today’s generation of media-savvy students know how to use these
tools for communicating, but are they really using the technology to
its fullest potential?
Social Learning Networks
As educators, it is our responsibility to take students from what

they already know to the next level of critical thinking. In other words,
today’s students are using these tools to connect, but are they
creating enough, collaborating on projects, or inventing new ideas?
Students need guidance, and here is where we can best use
practiced methodologies of teaching to our advantage. What needs
to be incorporated across the curriculum is a social learning network—
if we focus only on the "social" and "network," we are missing the mark.
A true social learning network incorporates innovative pedagogy
through internet-connected communities, digital resources, and a
series of Web 2.0 tools that empower students to master the curriculum
and to learn issues beyond the classroom.
On an individual level, social networking tools can be used in

specific assignments, such as using email to correspond with
classmates about a history project or blogging about a science
experiment. Here, students are learning to utilize the technology to
accomplish a particular task. What should be encouraged is the next
level of communication—collaboration. Within a social learning
network, students can collaborate using tools such as email, blogs,
and wikis to create, invent, and showcase their work in a way that
unlocks intrinsic motivation and advances learning outcomes.
One of the most critical skills students need to learn prior to

graduation is the ability to collaborate. Traditional pedagogy calls for
students to learn on an individual level and be tested on an individual
level. These skills are important and the majority of employers still
consider reading and mathematical competencies as key
differentiating factors in hiring. Yet, research of Labor Statistics
indicates as many as 70% of the new jobs recently created are
positions that require interactions between people and involve
judgment, insight, and collaboration.
The Partnership for 21st Century Skills, built a framework for
educational institutions outlining the skills necessary for students to
succeed during school and postgraduation. The framework begins
with a basic understanding of core subjects (i.e., math, science,
history), with key 21st-century themes woven throughout the
curriculum, such as global awareness and health literacy. From there,
the framework suggests three overarching student outcomes,
including life and career skills; learning and innovation skills; and
information, media, and technology skills. Ultimately, the Partnership is
advocating for educators and students to consider the implication of
skills beyond the basic subject areas that are critical to success in the
21st century.
Incorporating a true social learning network with pedagogy
embedded can serve as a support system for 21st-century learning.
Using this environment, projects based on specific subject areas can
address a number of skills recommended by the framework designed
by the Partnership as well as by multiple state standards and the newly
revised NETS-S from ISTE.
The Film History Project
Demonstrating how a social network for learning can address a

number of the skills Martha Barnes has developed an activity for her
students called the Film History Project. Helping her students to
improve their information, media, and technology skills as well as
inspiring creativity and innovation, Barnes plans to launch the
program for the 2008–2009 school year. Bringing together several
schools to participate, the program will involve high school students
helping to teach video and editing skills to her elementary students.
Leveraging ePals, Inc.’s free, online email service for K–12 and
videoconferencing tools, she is incorporating social networking tools
within a safe and constructive environment to promote mentoring
and the use of media skills to engage her students in learning about
history. Giving her students the opportunity to communicate and
collaborate with their peers from other schools, as well as older
students, helps to broaden their points of view and teaches them
different ways to approach and solve problems.
In addition to providing opportunities for collaboration and

teaching 21st-century skills, another aspect of a social learning
network is the potential to build global awareness among students.
Educators can choose to utilize Web 2.0 tools and other online
programs, some of which are available at no cost, to match students
with other students around the world. Enhancing social and cross-
cultural skills, communicating and collaborating with their peers on a
worldwide level helps to transition students into digital citizens,
ultimately preparing them for working in a global marketplace.
Global Coalition
Building global awareness and increasing cultural literacy, Mike

Casey, is part of Global Coalition, a project developed by Bill Reilly,
an educator. His students take part in a global newscast. His students
communicate with their peers through the same ePals online email
service mentioned above and also utilize videoconferencing tools to
discuss issues of global importance, including a mahogany
reforestation project his class is spearheading in the Belize rainforest.
Enhancing social studies and English lessons, Casey’s students

have been able to learn about other cultures and communicate with
them using Web 2.0 technologies (the ePals service has a language
translator, helping students to communicate regularly and across
cultures). Casey reported that the internet and computers are
relatively new to their school—they gained access to the internet in
October 2006. The introduction of an online social network for learning
enabled their students to enter "into a world without borders, where
students from all races, cultures and scholastic settings could learn
together through productive and educational exchanges."
Participating in this program and being able to teach his

students how to use technology and online tools to implement a
project helps build their media literacy skills as well as leadership and
responsibility skills, ultimately helping to prepare them for success in
the 21st century.
The key to 21st-century learning comes from the combination of

innovative pedagogy and a global community with the networking
tools that students are using outside the classroom. These tools may
seem foreign at first, but most educators quickly find using them to be
effective for creating meaningful learning experiences.
The first step is to examine the needs of each student, narrowing

down which combination of tools would be best with the curriculum
and pedagogy for the class. Consider what tools, when implemented
together in a holistic and thoughtful manner, can encourage
collaboration, spark creativity, teach 21st-century skills, and address
the needs and challenges of different socioeconomic environments.
In addition, consider how social networking tools can help broaden
students’ perspectives and cultural awareness. And, discuss with
colleagues how best to prepare students for working in an increasingly
global marketplace. There is more to this than students just
communicating with their peers. Educators can give students real,
authentic learning experiences through participating in a social
learning network.
Application
Trends, Networks And Critical Thinking (TNCT) in 21st century
provides efficiency in learning, it enables us to think critically and
wisely under pressured situations. It is important in making decisions.
Armed with knowledge and attitude of this subject molds an
individual to be a competent and accurate part of society. Interesting
topics and situations learned from this subject can be applied in every
students life. We can learn skill from this as well that can be used in
daily living. It provides general awareness of whats happening in our
surrounding. It gives an idea on how a productive citizen cope against
global concerns and issues. It teach us how to appreciate
technological advances and how to properly utilize them. It's a very
interesting subject for every student and studying it further may even
provide enjoyable and fruitful results.
Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking (TNCT) in the 21st century

subject provides area of knowledge where deep understanding is
required, it will help us to discover and differentiate relationships
between causes and consequences. This subject may also be
applied in facing challenges addresses by the world today. With this
subject, the learners will be able to perform competently and
accurately. It offers interesting topics that we can apply in real life
situations. We will learn many skills that we can use for daily living. By
studying this subject, we will become aware of what is happening
around us. We will have an idea on how to become a productive
citizen and how to stand against social issues and concerns.
Summary
In Trends Networks and critical thinking we understand what is
the true meaning of Trends, How to spot a trends,differentiate the fad
and trend. We also understand the different types of networks like
local networks, Global networks like migration and climate refugees.
In planetary Networks we understand what is climate change, the
effects of having a climate change, the global warming and the
greenhouse effect we can also be aware on what is the solutions of
having a climate change. We also understand deeper what is
democracy like political corruption, The purposes of having ICT or
Information Communication Technology in our lives and neutral and
social networks.
References
Bremmer, Ian. "How to Lead in Ambiguous Times." Strategy and
Business. February 2015, 2. Accessed May 6, 2016.
http://www.strategybusiness.com/article/00306.
Burkitt, Frank. "A Strategist’s Guide to the Internet of Things." Strategy
and Business. November 2014, 10. Accessed May 6, 2016.
http://www.strategybusiness.com/article/00294.
Lancefield, David R. V. When_Megatrends_Collide.pdf. May 6, 2015.
http://www.strategybusiness.com/media/file/00309

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Trends, Networking, And Critical

Thinking In the 21st Century

A pattern of gradual change in a condition, output, or process,

A trend is a sequential pattern of change in recorded data. A

It is a way of doing new things individually or one society then

A trend is a behavior or new way of doing things and it has a big

MEGATRENDS AND MICROTRENDS

Megatrends. They are a larger pattern of broad trends that

Microtrends. It advocates localization as opposed to

Twitter is a free social networking microblogging service that allows

Facebook – is the most common social network website where

Facebook is a popular free social networking website that allows

Trend analysis is the widespread practice of collecting

Trend Spotting is the identification of new trends or attempting

Trend Spotter - is a person who notices and reports on new

Projecting Trends - assumes the future will be a logical extension

Enablers an empowering influence and encourages the drivers

Friction is a resistance to change that occurs naturally and

Differentiate a trend from fad

Both trends and fads can play an important role in an

Trend is significant, have broad implications in all aspects of

Trends- Trends have a much longer lifespan than fads.they can

Rapid change is a constant feature of our lives. As Gordon(2008)

According to Euromonitor, the global beauty industry is looking

Barbalova highlighted several key trends in beauty today,

Throughout these many cultures and times, each “fashion

A Chinese woman’s foot was considered beautiful if it was small,

“Giraffe necks” are common in a tribe living close to the border of

“What was considered beautiful for an aristocratic Elizabethan

The supporting argument behind this statement begins with the

Accessible green space is also good for our psychological well-

My colleagues and I wanted to know whether the positive effects

To explain this finding, we suggested that exposure to the natural

Feeling and being part of a larger ecosystem requiring concern

It may also help us to focus on the functionality of our busies-- what

If research continues to support these findings, particularly in

Cornish (2004) and Canton (2006) defined trends as collage of

1. Trends are a complex synthesis of information from a wide variety

Trending is an important skill in the 21st century affording those inclined

The trend reward portable music players, on the other hand,

Fad is something, such as an interest or fashion that is very popular

Classic examples of fad.

The Not-So-Sweet Truth About

1. Sugar in any form causes obesity and disease when consumed in

Now back to biochemistry. Since there is no chemical bond

High doses of free fructose have been proven to literally punch

3. HFCS contains contaminants including mercury that are not

When HFCS is run through a chemical analyzer or a

4. many independent medical and nutrition experts DO NOT support

5. HCFS is almost always a marker of poor-quality, nutrient-poor

While debate may rage about the biochemistry and physiology

1. we are consuming HFCS and sugar in pharmacologic quantities

THE ICE BUCKET CHALLENGE: A

FAST FACTS: ALS and the Ice Bucket Challenge

August 25, 2014

Manila, Philippines- You has definitely seen at least one of those

These viral videos try to raise awareness about a disease called

What Does ALS MEAN?

ALS stands for Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a disease that affects

“LATERAL” refers to the areas in the spinal cord where portions of

What Does ALS do the Body?

ALS causes the progressive degeneration of the motor neurons,

What Are the Symptoms of ALS?