Design of Tread-riser staircase

Floor finish 1 KN / m2.

Live load 3 KN / m2.
width of stair 1 m. ( Given )
material concrete M15
steel Fe415 HYSD reinforcement.
Solution : -
Assume 160 mm thick treads and risers. The uniform and point
loads are calculated as follows.
Uniform loads :
width of stair = 1 m.
self weight 0.16 x 25 = 4.0 + 0.0 KN /m.
floor finish 1 x 1 = 1.0 + 0.0 KN /m.
live load 1 x 3 = 0.0 + 3.0 KN /m.
parapet 0.75 x 0.15 x 20 = 2.25 + 0.0 KN /m.
Total 7.25 + 3.0 KN /m.
factored load = 1.5 ( 7.25 + 3 ) = 15.375 say 15.5 KN / m.
Point loads :
Self weight 0.16 x 0.175 x 25 = 0 + 0.7 KN.
floor finish of riser 0.175 x 1 = 0 + 0.175 KN.
0 + 0.875 KN.
factored point loads = 1.5 ( 0 + 0.875 ) = 1.3 KN.
The loading diagram is shown in fig.
RB = w x ℓ / 2 + P x a / ℓ
= 15.5 x 3.38 / 2 + 1.3 / 3.38 ( 0.185 + 0.435 + 0.685 + 0.935 +
1.185 + 1.435 + 1.685 + 1.935 + 2.185 + 2.435 )
= 26.20 + 5.04 = 31.24 KN.
RA = 15.5 x 3.38 / 2 + 1.3 / 3.38 ( 0.935 + 1.185 + 1.435 + 1.685 +
1.935 + 2.185 + 2.435 + 2.685 + 2.935 + 3.185 )
= 26.20 + 7.92 = 34.12 KN.
Point of zero shear from A lies at C i.e. at 7 th point load.
X dist. 34.12 31.24 X = 34.12 ( 3.38 - X )
3.38 - X dist. 31.24 65.36 X = 115.33 RA = 34.12 KN
X = 1.765 m.
Maximum moment
Muc = 34.12 x 1.765 - 1.3 ( 1.58 + 1.33 + 1.08 + 0.83 + 0.58 + 0.33 +
0.08 ) - 15.5 x 1.7652 / 2
= 28.53 KNm.
d = 160 - 15 - 5 = 140 mm.
Mu / b x d2 = 28.53 x 106 / 1000 x 1402
= 1.456 < 2.07 For M15 Fe415 , Q = 2.07
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.456)
 415 / 15
= 0.463
Ast = 0.463 x 1000 x 140 / 100
= 648 mm2.
Provide 8 mm O bar Area of one bar = 50
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 50 x 1000 / 648
= 77.2 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 75 mm c/c = 667 mm2 .
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 667 / 1000 x 140
= 0.476
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.29
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.29 x 20
= 26
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3380 / 140
= 24.14 < 26 ……………….( O.K.)
Check for shear : -
Vu = 34.16 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 34.16 x 103 / 1000 x 140
= 0.244 N / mm2 < (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( as calculated below )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 667 / 1000 x 140
= 0.476
from table 7-1 0.25 diff. 0.11
for Pt = 0.476 ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.449 N / mm2 0.024 diff. ?
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.28 for 160 mm slab depth 25 diff. -0.05
Design shear strength = 1.28 x 0.449 15 diff. ?
= 0.575 N / mm2 > ‫ﺡ‬v ……………….( O.K.)
Distribution steel :
According to IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12
% for Fe415
Using Fe415 steel ,
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 160
= 192 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar Area of one bar = 50
No. of bar = Minimum steel / m. length / Area of one bar

= 192 / 50
 =4 no. Per m. length.
3 no. 8 mm O are provided at each junction of tread and riser. In one metre length along the
span there are 3 x 2 x 4 = 24 no. 8 mm O are provided with A s = 24 x 50 = 1200 mm2.
Too much area is provided.
Note that 6 mm O mild steel reinforcement is not used here because according to the rules of
stirrups reinforcement , it should be bent around the reinforcement of diameter at least equal
to the diameter of the stirrups.
At landing , however 6 mm diameter M.S. bars can be used as distribution reinforcement , or
spacing of 8 mm O bars can be increased.
Provide 8 mm O bar Area of one bar = 50
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 50 x 1000 /192
= 260 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 250 mm c/c = 200 mm2 . distribution steel in landing portion.
Note that if landing slab could span in transverse direction ,this reinforcement would become
main reinforcement and could be designed accordingly.Not only that, but it would have
reduced the span of the stair case.
Check for development length : -
At A , Pt = 0.476 ,
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
0.476= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (Mu / b x d2 )
415 / 15

( Mu / b x d 2 ) = 1.492
Mu1 = 1.492 x 1000 x 140 x 140 x 10 -6
= 29.24 KNm.
Vu = 34.12 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 29.24 x 106 / 34.12 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
1114.07 + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
48.4 O ≤ 1114.1
which gives O ≤ 23.02 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Sketch : 450 450
10
9 160
8
Beam at landing
7 level
6
5
3 - 8 mm O ( Typical )
4
8 mm O @ 75 mm c/c
3 in the form of stirrups
Slab level
Slab level
2
1

Beam at slab level

 The loading of the stair is considered into two parts consisting of :
( i ) Uniform distributed load on tread.
( ii ) Concentrated point loads at the centres of risers.

U.D.L
U.D.L
U.D.L
Parapet
point
load 10Landing level
point
load 9 160
8
7
6
5
4
3
Slab level
2
1
175

230 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 900 230

1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 KN
15.5 KN/m
195 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 935
A 3380 mm B
RA = 34.12 KN RB = 31.24 KN
 check for deflection
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case
deflection calculations should be made.

check for shear

IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade

bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.01056 0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
-0.03 1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99

IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1

Overall depth of 300 or
slab , mm more 275 250 225 200
 k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
length along the
1200 mm2.

rding to the rules of

meter at least equal

n reinforcement , or

n landing portion.
ment would become
but it would have

check for development length

IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm21.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
the value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
r mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )

Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
or spans upto 10 m :

be multiplied by
in which case

‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01

150 or
175 less
 1.25 1.30

rs in tension

M40
1.9
s in compression
o IS : 1786-1985 ,

whichever is greater
compressive
V)
 Design of Single flight staircase ( beam at the end of the landing )
Riser = 200 mm
Tread = 230 mm
Nosing is provided to comply with minimum 250 mm tread size.
Height of the floor = 3.2 m. ( given )
Live load = 3 KN / m2.
Material M15 Grade concrete
Fe415 HYSD reinforcement.
Solution : -
In the present case, let us propose to provide an intermediate beam within the
step no. 10. This will approximately divide the span equally.
This beam is a cantilever beam which may not have anchorage inside , as
the level of this beam is intermediate between the floor and the ceiling .
Note the following points :
( 1 ) An R.C.C. column might be available at step no. 10. If it is so , the
beam may be cantilevered from the column. If the column is available at
step no. 9 or 11 , the position of beam BC 1 may be changed accordingly.
( 2 ) The 11th step may be at lintel level ( or 12th step ). If loft slab is
available inside the building at this position , the beam may be extended
inside to get required counterbalancing.
( 3 ) If any of the above two arrangements is not available , the beam may
be designed as a cantilever from the wall keeping proper safety.The proper
connections shall be developed to fix the beam in the wall by means of
sufficient counterbalancing. Note that masonry should not be allowed to
resist tension.
The third scheme is discussed in this example.
Design of stair :
Provide the intermediate beam in 10th step.Assume 100 mm thick waist slab.The
loads in the flight AB and landing BC are as follows :
Assume 100 mm thick waist slab. Inclined length of waist slab for one step
= √ 2302 + 2002
= 304.795 mm.
Waist slab self weight in plan
= 0.10 x 25 x 304.8 / 230
= 3.31 + 0 KN / m2.
Weight of steps
= (( 0 + 0.2 ) / 2 ) x 25
= 2.5 + 0 KN / m2.
Floor finish length for each step
= 250 ( 230 tread + 20 nosing ) + 200 ( riser )
= 450 mm.
Floor finish load
= ( 450 / 230 ) x 1 KN / m2 A
= 1.96 KN / m . 2

Parapet load is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the slab.

Parapet load is
0.15 x 0.75 x 20 / ( 1 x 1 ) = 2.25 KN / m2.
Loads on flight : AB BC
DL LL DL LL
waist slab ( sloping ) 3.31 + 0 - -
0.1 x 25 ( straight ) 2.5 + 0
steps 2.5 + 0 0 + 0
floor finish 1.96 + 0 1.0 + 0
Parapet load 2.25 + 0 2.25 + 0
live load 0 + 3 0 + 3
Total 10.023 + 3 KN / m2. 5.75 + 3
Factored load 1.5 ( 10.0 + 3.0 ) = 19.5 KN / m . 1.5 ( 5.75 + 3.0 ) = 13.13
2

The loading diagram for 1 m wide stair is shown in fig.

Assuming both the spans loaded with total loads and carrying out analysis , we get the followings :
Maximum moment at D
19.5 KN / m
19.5 x 1.38 / 2.38 = 11.3067
16.82 KN / m
13.13 x 1 / 2.38 = 5.51681
16.82
2.3 m 2.38 m
A D C
Using three moment equation for span ABC
MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MD ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2)
19.5 KN / m 16.82 KN / m

A D D C
12.89 11.91

A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 2.3 x 12.89 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 2.38 x 11.91
= 19.76 = 18.90
a1 = 1.15 m a2 = 1.19 m
MA ( 2.3 / I ) + 2MD ( 2.3 / I + 2.38 / I ) + MC ( 2.38 / I ) = - [ 6 x 19.76 x 1.15 / ( I x 2.3 ) ] - [ 6 x 18.9 x 1.
2.3MA + 9.36MD + 2.38MC = - [ 59.28 ] - [ 56.7 ]
9.36MD = - 115.98 As MA = 0 , MC = 0
MD = -12.39 KNm.
19.5 KN / m 16.82 KN / m

2.3 m 2.38 m
A D C
12.39
11.91 2.3 dist. 12.39
12.89
(-)
(+) 1.15 dist. ? 6.195
2.38 dist. 12.39
 1.19 dist. ? 6.195

6.7 5.72
MD = - 12.39 KNm
(+)
(+) VA x 2.3 -19.5 x 2.3 x 1.15 = -12.39 X dist. 17.04
(-) VA = 17.04 KN 2.3 - X dist. 27.81
VA + VD = 19.5 x 2.3 27.81 X =17.04 ( 2.3 - X )
VD = 44.85 - 17.04 44.85 X = 39.19
12.39 VD = 27.81 KN X = 0.87 m
25.22
17.04 MD = - 12.39 KNm
0.88 VC x 2.38 -16.82 x 2.38 x 1.19 = -12.39
0.87 m VC = 14.81 KN
VC + VD = 16.82 x 2.38
14.81 VD = 40.03 - 14.81
27.81
VD = 25.22 KN
Positive moments :
Mu,AD = 17.04 x 0.87 - 19.5 x 0.87 x 0.87 / 2
= 7.45 KNm.
Mu,DC = 14.81 x 0.88 - 16.82 x 0.88 x 0.88 / 2
= 6.52 KNm.
Negative moment steel :
Mu ( - ) = 12.39 KNm.
d = 100 - 15 - 5 = 80 mm.
Mu / b x d2 = 12.39 x 106 / 1000 x 802
= 1.9 < 2.07 For M15 Fe415 , Q = 2.07
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.9)
415 / 15
= 0.655
Ast = 0.655 x 1000 x 80 / 100
= 524 mm2.
Provide 10 mm O bar Area of one bar = 78.5
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 78.5 x 1000 /524
= 149.8 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c = 560 mm2 .
The extra top bars are provided for 0.3 ℓ as shown in figure.
Positive moment steel :
Mu / b x d2 = 7.45 x 106 / 1000 x 802 = 1.16 < 2.07 For M15 Fe415 , Q = 2.07
 Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.16)
415 / 15
= 0.358
Ast = 0.358 x 1000 x 80 / 100
= 286 mm2.
Provide 8 mm O bar Area of one bar = 50
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 50 x 1000 /286
= 174.8 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c = 357 mm2 .
The reinforcement will be kept the same in both , the spans , viz. AD and AC.
Larger steel is provided to match with support steel . Note that at the slab level ,
scissor type reinforcement detail is necessary.Required development length
= 56 O = 56 x 8 = 448 mm , say 450 mm. ( Table 7-6 )
Distribution steel :
According to IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12
% for Fe415
Using mild steel ,
Minimum steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 100
= 150 mm2
Provide 6 mm O bar Area of one bar = 28
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 28 x 1000 /150
= 187 mm
Provide 6 mm O bar @ 180 mm c/c = 156 mm2 .
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 26
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 357 / 1000 x 80
= 0.446
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.25
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.25 x 26
= 33
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 2300 / 80
= 28.75 < 33 ……………….( O.K.)
for negative reinforcement
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 26
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 560 / 1000 x 80
= 0.70
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.1
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.1 x 26
= 29
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 2300 / 80
= 28.75 < 29 ……………….( O.K.)
Check for shear : -
At A , Vu = 17.04 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 17.04 x 103 / 1000 x 80
= 0.213 N / mm2 < (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( as calculated below )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 357 / 1000 x 80
= 0.446
from table 7-1 0.25 diff. 0.11
for Pt = 0.446 ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.436 N / mm2 0.054 diff. ?
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3 for 100 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.436
= 0.567 N / mm2 > ‫ﺡ‬v ……………….( O.K.)
At B , Vu = 27.81 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 27.81 x 103 / 1000 x 80
= 0.348 N / mm2 < (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( as calculated below )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 560 / 1000 x 80
= 0.70
from table 7-1 0.25 diff. 0.08
for Pt =0.7 ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.524 N / mm2 0.05 diff. ?

IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1

k = 1.3 for 100 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.524
= 0.681 N / mm2 > ‫ﺡ‬v ……………….( O.K.)
At point of contraflexure ( 0.3 ℓ from D )
Vu = 27.81 - ( 0.3 x 2.3 x 19.5 )
= 14.36 KN.
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 14.36 x 103 / 1000 x 80
= 0.179 N / mm2 < (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( as calculated below )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 357 / 1000 x 80
= 0.446
from table 7-1 0.25 diff. 0.11
for Pt = 0.446 ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.436 N / mm2 0.054 diff. ?
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3 for 100 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.436
= 0.567 N / mm2 > ‫ﺡ‬v ……………….( O.K.)
Check for development length : -
At A , Pt = 0.446 ,
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
0.446= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (Mu / b x d2 )
415 / 15

( Mu / b x d 2 ) = 1.411
Mu1 = 1.411 x 1000 x 80 x 80 x 10 -6
= 9.03 KNm.
Vu = 17.04 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 9.03 x 106 / 17.04 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
688.908 + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
48.4 O ≤ 688.91
which gives O ≤ 14.23 mm ……………….( O.K.)
At point of contraflexure ( 0.3 ℓ from D )
Mu1 = 9.03 KNm.
Vu = 14.36 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 9.03 x 106 / 14.36 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
817.479 + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
48.4 O ≤ 817.48
which gives O ≤ 16.89 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Design of central beam BC1 :
Loading = 27.81 + 25.22 = 53.03 KN / m.
Clear span of the beam is 1 m . The beam is adjusted in step no. 10 as indicated in fig.
depth of the beam ( 309 + 109 ) / 2 = 209 mm
The effective depth d = 209 - 25 - 6 = 178 mm.
The effective span ℓ = 1000 + 230 / 2 ( centre of wall ) = 1115 mm or
ℓ = 1000 + 178 / 2 ( i.e. d / 2 ) = 1089 mm , whichever is less , i.e. ℓ = 1.089 m.
Mu = w x ℓ2 / 2 = 53.03 x 1.0892 / 2 = 31.45 KNm.
Vu = 1.0 x 53.03 = 53.03 KN ( based on clear span )
Mu / b x d2 = 31.45 x 106 / 230 x 1782 = 4.32 > 2.07 For M15 Fe415 , Q = 2.07
design as a doubly reinforced section.
Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 1782 x 10-6 = 15.08 KNm
 Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim = 31.45 - 15.08 = 16.37 KNm
Let the compression reinforcement be provided at an effective cover of 35 mm .
d' / d = 35 / 178
= 0.197 consider d' / d = 0.2 .
Stress in compression steel , fsc = 329 N / mm2 ( refer to table 6-6 )
Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
= 16.37 x 106 / 329 ( 178 - 35 )
= 348 mm2
Corresponding tension steel
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
= 348 x 329 / ( 0.87 x 415 )
= 317.1 mm2
Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) )
= 15.08 x 106 / ( 0.87 x 415 ( 178 - 0.42 x 0.48 x 178 ) )
= 15.08 x 106 / 361.05 ( 142.12 )
= 294 mm2
Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
= 294 + 317.1 mm2
= 611.1 mm2
Provide
Ast = 2-16 O + 2-12 O= 628 mm2 ,tension reinforcement. Top
Asc = 2 - 16 O = 402 mm2 , compression reinforcement. Bottom.
Anchorage length = Ld = 58 O = 58 x 16 = 928 mm.
To provide proper development length , reinforcement will be bent by 180º ( at top
90º bent + 90º bent at bottom ) forming the chipiya open at tip of the cantilever.
Note that all the four chipiya have different depths and are open at the tip of the cantilever.
Vu = 53.03 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 53.03 x 103 / 230 x 178
= 1.30 N / mm2 > (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( as calculated below )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 628 / 230 x 178
= 1.534
from table 7-1 0.25 diff. 0.03
for Pt = 1.53 ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.684 N / mm2 0.22 diff. ?
shear design is necessary.
Vus = Vu - ‫ﺡ‬c b d
shear force Vus = 53.03 - ( 0.684 x 230 x 178 x 10 -3 )
= 25.03 KN.
Use 6 mm O two-legged M.S. stirrups with A sv = 56 mm2.
 Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus
= 0.87 x 250 x 56 x 178 / 25.03 x 10 3
= 87 mm.
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of maximum shear reinforcement using 6 mm O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 132.4 mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 178 = 133.5 mm
( iii ) ≤132.4 mm ( maximum )

( iv ) 87 mm ( designed )
Minimum shear reinforcement of 6 mm O @ 80 mm c/c will be used .
capacity of section with minimum shear reinforcement
Vus = 0.87 fy Asv d / Sv
= ( 0.87 x 250 x 56 x 178 / 80 ) x 10 -3
= 27.10 KN > 25.03 KN ………………….( O.K.)
Check for deflection :
Basic span / d ratio = 7
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 628 / 230 x 178 = 1.534.
modification factor = 0.96 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
100 Asc / b d = 100 x 402 / 230 x 178 = 0.982
modification factor = 1.25 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-5 ,for compression reinforcement
Span / d permissible = 7 x 0.96 x 1.25 = 8.4
Actual span / d = 1089 / 178 = 6.12 ………………………( safe )
Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Clear distance between bars
= ( 230 - 50 - 2 x 16 - 2 x 12 ) / 3 = 41.33 mm
Minimum clear distance permitted
= hagg + 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 12 mm ( O of bar ) i.e. 25 mm .
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 180 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-200 , table 15 ) ………………………( safe )

The beam is designed assuming that it is fixed in the wall. Such fixity can be assumed if there is
column from which this beam can be projected. In this case, let us provide an R.C.C. beam inside th
wall and running parallel to the wall ( say from 8 th to 12 th tread ) of length 5 x 230 = 1150 mm. Th
level of this beam is at 10 th step. The depth of this beam shall be more than 209 mm say 300 mm. L
this beam be numbered as B 1. Now the bracket BC1 may be projected from this beam. The necessa
counterbalancing will be provided by the loads on beam B 1. If necessary , the length of B 1 may b
increased.

Now the beam B1 is loaded from top. In limiting conditions, the inverted arch action will provide more
loading on beam B1. The beam B1 is continuously supported by masonry wall , therefore , it is not
subjected to any shear force or bending moment , but is subjected to pure torsion due to beam BC 1.
The torsional moment on B1 is
Now the beam B1 is loaded from top. In limiting conditions, the inverted arch action will provide more
loading on beam B1. The beam B1 is continuously supported by masonry wall , therefore , it is not
subjected to any shear force or bending moment , but is subjected to pure torsion due to beam BC 1.
The torsional moment on B1 is

Tu = 1 / 2 (31.45 ) = 15.73 KNm.

Provide 3 - 16 mm O top bars and 3 - 16 mm O bottom bars in beam B 1.
Also provide 8 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 150 mm c/c.
During construction , the wall is completed upto slab level . The formwork for stair is provided . Then
required length and depth of beam BC 1 is provided by removing the masonary leaving friction grips.
Then reinforcement of beam B 1 and BC1 are Provided . The details for the beam B 1 and BC1 are shown
in fig.
Sketch : 450
450 16
15
14
13
720 12
8 mm O @ 140 mm c/c
230 11
720 10 6 mm O @ 180 mm c/c
200 9 8 mm O @ 140 mm c/c
8
100 mm thick waist slab
7
6 Beam-BC1 adjusted in step no. 10
5 10 mm O @ 140 mm c/c.
4
3
2
Plinth level
1

Beam with minimum reinforcements

Wall from foundation

BC1 2 - 16 O
2 - 16 O + 2 - 12 O chipiya + 2 - 12 O
B1
109
400 200

1000 109
230
2 - 16 O
6 mm O @ 80 mm c/c
 Average depth = (( 200 + 109 ) + 109 ) / 2 = 209 mm.

B1 BC1 3 - 16 mm O
L
WAL

300

8 9 10 11 12 8 mm O @ 150 mm c/c
STEP Nos. 3 - 16 mm O
Beam B1 - 230 x 400 overall

Remove masonry - keep friction bond

19.5 KN / m
13.13 KN /m

D B 1m C

2.3 m 2.38 m
 KN / m2.
KN / m2.

, we get the followings :

/ ( I x 2.3 ) ] - [ 6 x 18.9 x 1.19 / ( I x 2.38) ]

=17.04 ( 2.3 - X )

X dist. 14.81
2.38 - X dist. 25.22
25.22 X =14.81 ( 2.38 - X )
40.03 X = 35.25
X = 0.88 m

Fe415 , Q = 2.07 Table 6-3

 Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2

For singly reinforced rectangular sections

fck fy, N / mm2

N / mm2 250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87

check for deflection

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case
deflection calculations should be made.
 check for shear
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade

bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.02376 0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01

0.016 IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1

Overall depth of 300 or
slab , mm more 275 250 225 200 175
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25

0.024
 check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm 1.0
2
1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
the value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
r mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )

Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
cated in fig. 500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O

Fe415 , Q = 2.07
 Table 6-6
STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT f sc , N
/ mm2 IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
d'/d
fy N / mm2
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
250 217 217 217 217
415 355 353 342 329
500 424 412 395 370
550 458 441 419 380
If Mu > Mu,lim : design the section either increasing the dimensions of se
Over reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The additional momen
needed is obtained by providing compression( top ) reinforcement and ad
reinforcement. Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim as explained below .
Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) )
Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
nt. Bottom. If Xu < Xu,max the section is under-reinforced ( singly reinforced )
If Xu = Xu,max the section is balanced
If Xu > Xu,max the section is over-reinforced ( doubly reinforced )
where ,
f the cantilever. Xu,max = 0.53 x d ( for Fe250 mild steel )
Xu,max = 0.48 x d ( for Fe415 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.46 x d ( for Fe500 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.44 x d ( for Fe550 HYSD steel )
Xu =( 0.87 fy Ast ) / ( 0.36 fck b )

check for shear

IS 456-2000 , Table 19
0.0264 Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade

bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
 0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1
Overall depth of 300 or
slab , mm more 275 250 225 200
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20

check for deflection

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
nforcement simply supported 20
continuous 26
on reinforcement For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case
deflection calculations should be made.
check for crackin
IS 456-2000 26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars in tension
Table 15 Clear distance Between Bars ( Clause
26.3.3 )
% redistribution to or from section considered
fy -30 -15 0 +15 +30
………………( safe ) Clear distance between bars
N / mm2 mm mm mm mm mm
an be assumed if there is a
e an R.C.C. beam inside the 250 215 260 300 300 300
gth 5 x 230 = 1150 mm. The 415 125 155 180 210 235
an 209 mm say 300 mm. Let 500 105 130 150 175 195
m this beam. The necessary
y , the length of B 1 may be

h action will provide more

all , therefore , it is not
orsion due to beam BC 1.
h action will provide more
all , therefore , it is not
orsion due to beam BC 1.

or stair is provided . Then

ary leaving friction grips.
beam B 1 and BC1 are shown

100

Beam at slab level

O @ 140 mm c/c

@ 180 mm c/c

m O @ 80 mm c/c
upto 10 m :
150 or
less
1.30
1

rs in tension

M40
1.9
s in compression
o IS : 1786-1985 ,

whichever is greater
compressive
V)
easing the dimensions of section or deign as
am ).The additional moment of resistance M u2
top ) reinforcement and additional tensile
elow .

ngly reinforced )

ubly reinforced )

‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

M40
0.30
0.38
 0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01

150 or
175 less
1.25 1.30

upto 10 m :
 Design of Single flight staircase
Riser = 200 mm
Tread = 230 mm Building inside
Nosing is provided to comply with minimum 250 mm tread size.
Height of the floor = 3.2 m. ( given )
Live load = 3 KN / m2. 1
Material M15 Grade concrete
Fe415 HYSD reinforcement.
Solution : -
Assume 180 mm thick waist slab. Inclined length of waist slab for one step
= √ 2302 + 2002 230
= 304.795 mm.
Waist slab self weight in plan
= 0.18 x 25 x 304.8 / 230
= 5.96 + 0 KN / m2.
Weight of steps
= (( 0 + 0.2 ) / 2 ) x 25
= 2.5 + 0 KN / m2.
Floor finish length for each step
= 250 ( 230 tread + 20 nosing ) + 200 ( riser )
= 450 mm.
Floor finish load
= ( 450 / 230 ) x 1 KN / m2
= 1.96 KN / m2.
Parapet load is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the slab.
Parapet load is
0.15 x 0.75 x 20 / ( 1 x 1 ) = 2.25 KN / m2.
The total distributed loads on the stair are as follows :
Loads on flight :
waist slab 5.96 + 0 KN / m2.
steps 2.5 + 0 KN / m2.
floor finish 1.96 + 0 KN / m2.
Parapet load 2.25 + 0 KN / m2.
live load 0 + 3 KN / m2.
Total 12.67 3 KN / m2.
Factored load 1.5 ( 12.67 + 3 ) = 19 + 4.5 KN / m2.
Loads on landing :
waist slab ( 150 mm ) 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 + 0 KN / m2.
floor finish 1.0 + 0 KN / m2.
parapet 2.25 + 0 KN / m2.
live load 0 + 3 KN / m2.
7 + 3 KN / m2.
Factored load 1.5 ( 7 + 3 ) = 10.5 + 4.5 KN / m2.
Also the end parapet point load
CD = 2.25 x 1.5 ( factored Value ) = 3.38 KN / m.
The loading diagram is shown in fig., for 1 m wide stair.
Maximum ( + ) ve moment
When cantilever has only dead load
MBC = w x ℓ2 / 2 + P x ℓ = 10.5 x 1.1152 / 2 + 3.75 x 1.115
= 6.53 + 4.18 = 10.71 KNm.
RA = w x ℓ / 2 - Moment @ B = ( 23.5 x 3.68 / 2 ) - ( 10.71 / 3.68 )
= 43.24 - 2.91 = 40.33 KN. ( RA + Rx ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
Point of zero shear at x = 40.33 / 23.5 = 1.72 m. ( 40.33 + 0 ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
Mu ( + ) = 40.33 x 1.72 - 23.5 x 1.72 2 / 2 ( moment is maximum when shear is zero )
= 69.37 - 34.76
= 34.61 KNm.
Vu( AB ) = 40.33 KN.
Maximum ( - ) ve moment at point B
M u ( - ) = w x ℓ2 / 2 + P x ℓ = 15 x 1.1152 / 2 + 3.75 x 1.115
= 13.51 KNm.
Vu( BA ) = w x ℓ / 2 + Moment @ B = ( 23.5 x 3.68 / 2 ) + ( 13.51 / 3.68 )
= 43.24 + 3.67 = 46.91 KN.
Vu( BC ) = w x ℓ + P = 15 x 1.115 + 3.75 = 20.48 KN.
Positive moment reinforcement :
Mu = 34.61 KNm.
d = 180 - 15 ( cover ) - 6 = 159 mm.
Mu / b x d2 = 34.61 x 106 / 1000 x 1592
= 1.37 < 2.07 For M15 Fe415 , Q = 2.07
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.37)
415 / 15
= 0.431
Ast = 0.431 x 1000 x 159 / 100
= 685 mm2.
Provide 12 mm O bar Area of one bar = 113
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 113 x 1000 /685
= 165 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar @ 160 mm c/c = 706 mm2 .
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 706 / 1000 x 159
= 0.444
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.25
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.25 x 20
= 25
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3680 / 159
= 23.14 < 25 ……………….( O.K.)
Negative moment reinforcement :
Mu ( - ) = 13.51 KNm.
d = 150 - 15 ( cover ) - 5 = 130 mm.
Mu / b x d2 = 13.51 x 106 / 1000 x 1302
= 0.8 < 2.07 For M15 Fe415 , Q = 2.07
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.8)
415 / 15
= 0.237
Ast = 0.237 x 1000 x 130 / 100
= 308 mm2.
Provide 10 mm O bar Area of one bar = 78.5
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 78.5 x 1000 /308
= 255 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 200 mm c/c = 392 mm2 .
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 7
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 392 / 1000 x 130
= 0.302
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.55
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.55 x 7
= 10.85
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 1150 / 130
= 8.85 < 10.85 ……………….( O.K.)
Check for shear : -
At A , Vu = 40.33 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 40.33 x 103 / 1000 x 159
= 0.254 N / mm2 < (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( as calculated below )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 706 / 1000 x 159
= 0.444
from table 7-1 0.25 diff. 0.11
for Pt = 0.444 ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.435 N / mm2 0.056 diff. ?
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.24 for 180 mm slab depth 25 diff. -0.05
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.435 20 diff. ?
= 0.539 N / mm2 > ‫ﺡ‬v ……………….( O.K.)
At B , Vu = 20.48 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 20.48 x 103 / 1000 x 130
= 0.158 N / mm2 < (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( as calculated below )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 392 / 1000 x 130
= 0.302
from table 7-1 0.25 diff. 0.11
for Pt = 0.302 ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.373 N / mm2 0.198 diff. ?

IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1

k = 1.3 for 150 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.373
= 0.485 N / mm2 > ‫ﺡ‬v ……………….( O.K.)
At point of contraflexure ( 0.15 ℓ from B )
Vu = 46.91 - ( 0.15 x 3.68 x 23.5 )
= 33.94 KN.
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 33.94 x 103 / 1000 x 159
= 0.213 N / mm2 < (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( as calculated below )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 706 / 1000 x 159
= 0.444
from table 7-1 0.25 diff. 0.11
for Pt = 0.444 ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.435 N / mm2 0.198 diff. ?
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.24 for 150 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.435
= 0.539 N / mm2 > ‫ﺡ‬v ……………….( O.K.)
Check for development length : -
At A , Pt = 0.444 ,
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
0.444= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (Mu / b x d2 )
415 / 15

( Mu / b x d 2 ) = 1.405
 Mu1 = 1.405 x 1000 x 159 x 159 x 10 -6
= 35.5198 KNm.
Vu = 40.33 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 35.52 x 106 / 40.33 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
1144.954 + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
48.4 O ≤ 1144.95
which gives O ≤ 23.66 mm ……………….( O.K.)
At point of contraflexure ( 0.15 ℓ from B )
Mu1 = 35.52 KNm.
Vu = 33.94 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 35.52 x 106 / 33.94 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
1360.519 + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
48.4 O ≤ 1360.52
which gives O ≤ 28.11 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Development length for negative moment reinforcement
= 56.4 x 10 = 564 mm …………………………………..( 1 )
Anchorage beyond point of contraflexure = 12 diameter
i.e. 0.15 x 3680 + 12 x 10 mm from B
= 672 mm. …………………………………..( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) anchorage required = 672 mm.
As a thumb rule provide anchorage of 1000 mm i.e. equal to the cantilever.
The negative moment reinforcement is placed in the form of alternate chipiya as shown in fig.
Distribution steel :
According to IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12
% for Fe415
In AB portion
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 180
= 216 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar Area of one bar = 50.2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 50.2 x 1000 /216
= 232 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 230 mm c/c = 218 mm2 .
In BC portion
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar Area of one bar = 50.2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 50.2 x 1000 /180
= 279 mm
10 mm O @ 200 c/c
( alternate Chipiya )
 10 mm O @ 200 c/c
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 250 mm c/c = 200 mm2 . ( alternate Chipiya )
Sketch : 1000
1000 16
15
14
Chipiya
13
12
Beam at slab level
230 11
10 8 mm O @ 230 mm c/c
200 9 12 mm O @ 160 mm c/c
8
180 mm thick waist slab
7
6
5
4
3
2
Plinth level
1

Beam with minimum reinforcements

Wall from foundation
Note : At plinth level a small beam over the masonry is usually provided with minimum
reinforcement and with minimum 230 mm x 230 mm size to give proper seating to the stair
case.
Building inside 230 mm thick wall

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

150 mm thick masonry Beam at Landing at

parapet 0.75 m high slab level slab level

3450 1000
230
 ( 3.75 + 0 ) KN
( 19 + 4.5 ) KN / m
(10.5 + 4.5 )

A B C

3.68 m 1.115 m

x ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
+ 0 ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
n shear is zero )

Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections

fck fy, N / mm2

N / mm2 250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87

check for deflection

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
 simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case
deflection calculations should be made.

check for shear

IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade

bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.02464 0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
-0.04 1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01

0.087 IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1

Overall depth of 300 or
slab , mm more 275 250 225 200 175
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25

0.087

check for development length

IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
 ( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm21.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
the value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
r mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )

Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O

as shown in fig.

10 mm O @ 200 c/c
( alternate Chipiya )
 10 mm O @ 200 c/c
( alternate Chipiya )
1000

150

Chipiya 8 O @ 250 mm c/c

Beam at slab level

@ 230 mm c/c

ded with minimum

seating to the stair
upto 10 m :
 150 or
less
1.30

rs in tension

M40
 1.9
s in compression
o IS : 1786-1985 ,

whichever is greater
compressive
V)
 Design of dog-legged staircase

230
1 5 9 10
UP 900

Floor A B 150 1950

20 19 15
900
11

230
300 900 2250 900 230

Rise of step = 160 mm Rise > 200 mm 175 mm to 200 mm

Tread = 250 mm Tread < 230 mm 250 mm to 280 mm
Nosing is not provided ( given )
Material M 20 Grade concrete
steel reinforcement Fe 415
Solution : -
Assume 150 mm thick waist slab. Both the landings can span on walls.
Landing A or B
Self-load 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN / m2
Floor finish = 1.00 KN / m2
Live load ( residence ) = 3.00 KN / m2
Total 7.75 KN / m2
PU = 1.5 x 7.75 = 11.63 KN / m2
Span = 1950 + 150 = 2100 i.e. 2.1 m
Consider 1 m length of slab
M = w x l2 / 8
= 11.63 x 2.12 / 8
= 6.41 KNm
Reinforcement will be in second layer, Assuming 8 mm O bars 50.2655
d = 150 - 15 (cover ) -12 - 6
= 123 mm
From table 6-3,Q= 2.76
Mu / b x d2 = 6.41 x 106 / 1000 x 1172
= 0.424 < 2.76

Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)

fy / fck

= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.468)

 250 / 15

= 50 [(1-0.93) x 15 / 250 ]
= 12.038%

Ast = 0.224 x 1000 x 117 / 100

= 148 mm2
According to IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12 % for Fe415
Minimum steel = 0.12 %
Minimum steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2 180 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 78.50 x 1000 /262
= 279 mm 279
Provide 8 mm dia bar @279 mm c/c 180.163 mm2 . 0.14647 %
Maximum spacing = 3 x d = 3 x 117
= 369 mm ……….. O.K.
Check for shear : -
Vu = w x l / 2
= 11.63 x 2.1 / 2
= 12.21 KN
Shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 12.21 x 103 / 1000 x 117
= 0.099 N / mm2 < ( ‫ ) ﺡ‬N / mm ( too small )
C
2

for Pt=0.224 ‫ﺡ‬c= 0.284489 < 0.28 ( from table 7-1 )

………… O.K.
Check for development length : -
Assuming L0 = 8 O (mild steel )
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 280 / 1000 x 117
= 0.146
From equation
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.51251
Mu1 = 0.499 x 1000 x 1172 x 10-6
= 7.75 KNm
Vu = 12.21 KN
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld Ld = 47 φ
1.3 x ( 6.83 x 106 / 12.21 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 47 O
727.1908 + 8 O ≥ 47 O
43 O ≤ 727.19
which gives O ≤ 21.17 mm ……….. O.K.
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 280 / 1000 x 117
= 0.146 0.154
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
service stress = 197.8258 modification factor = 2.936 2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 2 x 20
= 40
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 2100 / 117
= 17.07 < 40 ……….. O.K.

Design of flight : -
Span and loading on both the flights are the same. Therefore same design will be
adopted.
Loads :
Inclined length of waist slab for one step = √ 2502 + 1602
= 296.816 mm
Assuming 150 mm thick waist slab
self-load in plan = ( 296.8 / 250 ) x 0.15 x 25 = 4.45 KN / m2
Floor finish length for one step = 160 + 250
= 410 mm
floor finish = ( 410 / 250 ) x 1 = 1.64 KN / m2 250
Weight of step ( ( 0 + 160 ) / 2000 ) x 25 = 2.00 KN / m 2
160 296.8
Live load = 3.00 KN / m 2

Total = 4.45 + 1.64 + 2.00 + 3.00

= 11.09 KN / m2
Pu = 1.5 x 11.09 = 16.64 KN / m2
IS 456-2000 , clause 33.2
Landing is spanning in transverse direction. The span of stair according to discussion
made in art 13-1 and loading for 1 m width of stair is shown in fig below.

16.64 KN / m
11.63 KN / m 11.63 KN / m

RA = KN 24.82 RB = KN 24.82
0.525 2.25 0.525 525 = 900 / 2 +75
3.3
 RA = RB = 0.525 x 11.63 + 16.64 x 2.25 / 2
= 6.11 + 18.72
= 24.83 KN
Mu = 24.83 x 3.3/2 - 11.63 x (3.3/2) 2 / 2 - ( ( 16.64 - 11.63 ) x ( 2.25/2 ) 2 ) / 2
= 40.97 - 15.83 - 3.17
= 21.9581 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q= 2.76

drequired = √M / Q x b
= √21.97 x 10 6 / 2.22 x 1000
= 89.19543 mm, Assume 10 mm dia bar
dprovided = 150 - 15 - 6
= 130 mm, ……….. O.K.
Mu / b x d = 21.97 x 10 / 1000 x (129)2
2 6

= 1.30
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck

= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.32)

250 / 15

= 50 [(1-0.77) x 15 / 250 ]
= 39.192%

Ast = 0.687 x 1000 x 129 / 100

= 509.492 mm2 509.492
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 / m
= 113.04 x 1000 / 886
= 154 mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar@ 154 mm c/c 510 mm2.
Minimum steel is 0.15 % for mild steel and 0.12 % for HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
Distribution steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m2 /m
= 50.24 x 1000 /225
= 279 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bar @ 279 mm c/c 180.163 mm2 .
Check for shear : -
Vu = 24.82 KN
 Shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 24.83 x 103 / 1000 x 129
= 0.191 N / mm2 < (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( too small )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.39
from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.7 ‫ﺡ‬c= 0.433799 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3 for 150 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.524
= 0.564 N / mm2 ………… O.K.
Check for development length : -
Assuming L0 = 12 O (mild steel )
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.39
From equation
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
we get , Mu1 / b x d2 = 1.30047
Mu1 = 1.344 x 1000 x 1292 x 10-6
= 21.98 KNm
Vu = 24.82 KN
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd = O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1 47
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 22.37 x 106 / 24.83 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 47 O
1171.204 + 8 O ≥ 47 O
42.4 O ≤ 1171.2
which gives O ≤ 29.51 mm ………… O.K.
From Crossing of bars, the bars must extend upto 47 x 10 = 470
say 500 mm.
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.39
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.34174 Service stress = 240.461 1.34174
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.62 x 20
= 26.8348
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3300 / 129
= 25.38 < 26.8348 ………… O.K.
The depth could be reduced
Check for cracking : -
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is sm
= 3 x 129 390 mm or 300 mm
spacing provided = 154 mm < 300 mm ……….. O.K.
Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm which
= 5 x 129 650 mm
spacing provided = 279 mm < 450 mm ……….. O.K.
 Rise > 200 mm 175 mm to 200 mm
Tread < 230 mm 250 mm to 280 mm

to 200 mm
to 280 mm

Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections

fy, N / mm2
fck N / mm2
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
 25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87

nd 0.12 % for Fe415

check for shear

IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ﺡ‬C, N / mm2
Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade
bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
The above given table is based on the following formula
Design shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
15.854 5.91936
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
 Maximum shear stress , ‫ﺡ‬C, N / mm2
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ‫ﺡ‬c )max N / mm2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7
check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm 2
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 , the
value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction M1 /
V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )

Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
Tension bars Compression bars
fy N / mm2
15 20 15 20
250 55 26 44 37
415 56 47 45 38
500 69 58 54 46

check for deflection

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.
check for cracking
(a)The horizontal distance between parallel main
reinforcement bars ( spacing )shall not be more than three
 times the effective depth of solid slab or
300 mm whichever is smaller.
(b)The horizontal distance between parallel
reinforcement bars ( spacing ) provided against
shrinkage and temperature (distribution bar) shall not be more
than five times the effective depth of a solid
slab or 450 mm whichever is smaller.

IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1

Overall depth of 300 or
slab , mm more 275 250 225 200
78.5398 k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20

sketch :
The reinforcements for both the flights are shown in fig.
500
500

Provide 8 mm dia bar @279 mm c/c

Provide 10 mm dia bar@ 154 mm c/c
150 mm thick waist slab
 150 mm thick waist slab
Provide 8 mm dia bar @ 279 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm dia bar@ 154 mm c/c

Flight-B

Provide 8 mm dia bar @ 27

Provide 10 mm dia bar@ 154 mm c/c

150 mm thick waist slab

Provide 8 mm dia bar @279 mm c/c Flight-A

φ
or 300 mm whichever is small
or 300 mm 300 mm

h of slab or 450 mm whichever is small

or 450 mm 450 mm
N / mm2

M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01

1+5xβ-1)

ss than 1.0
m2
M40
4.0

n tension
M40
1.9
mpression
786-1985 , the

er is greater &
For checking development length , l0
ssive reaction M1 / may be assumed as 8 O for HYSD
bars ( usually end anchorage is not
provided ) and 12 O for mild steel ( U
hook is provided usually whose
anchorage length is 16 O.

s upto 10 m :

plied by
se deflection
 150 or
175 less
1.25 1.30
 150

Provide 8 mm dia bar @279 mm c/c

Provide 10 mm dia bar@ 154 mm c/c

Provide 8 mm dia bar @ 279 mm c/c

a bar@ 154 mm c/c