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RF preamplifier
For LW
For LW and
and MW
MW DX-ing
DX-ing
The preamplifier
described
described isis a push-
push-
pull type based on a
pair of inexpensive
JFETs. With a few
changes to the circuit,
circuit,
coverage may be
extended downwards
to VLF and
and LF,
LF, or
upwards to 30 MHz
and even VHF
(150 MHz).
COMPONENTS LIST
T
3
H1
H4
Resistors:
TR1
R1, R2 = 27Ω
K1
C1
Capacitors:
C1 = 1µF solid MKT
C2,C5 = 10µF 63V radial
T2
T1 C3, C4 = 100nF
C4
D1
Semiconductors:
C3
D1 = 1N4001
R1
tives)
R2
tnemgeS )C(
979012-1
1-210979
(C) Segment
979012-1
Miscellaneous:
C2
mount
Tr1,Tr2 = Binocular core, Amidon
type BN-43-202, or Philips core
H3
H2
IN1
text).
Windings:
Tr1A = 4 turns 0.15 mm CuL wire
Figure 3. Printed cir- (SWG38/AWG36)
Transformer Tr2 is cuit board artwork has not been tested in TR1B = 12 turns 0.3 mm CuL wire
made just like Tr1, but (board not available practice. (SWG/AWG30)
with only two turns on ready-made). Alternatively, select TR1C = 12 turns 0.3 mm CuL wire
the coupling winding, a powdered-iron core, (SWG/AWG30)
rather than four. such as the Amidon T- Tr2A = 2 turns 0.15 mm CuL wire
Before removing the labels and 50-2 (red) or T-50-6 (yellow). About (SWG38/AWG36)
mounting the transformers onto the 20 turns will be needed for the ‘A’ wind- TR2B = 12 turns 0.3 mm CuL wire
(SWG/AWG30)
PCB, subject them to a final, thorough, ing on Tr2, and seven turns for the ‘A’ TR2C = 12 turns 0.3 mm CuL wire
wire-for-wire check using your ohm- winding on Tr1. You may want to (SWG/AWG30)
meter. experiment with other core types and
turns counts to optimise for the specific
MODIFYING FOR section of the shortwave spectrum you
HIGHER AND LOWER wish to cover. A tip: use Amidon’s con-
FREQUENCIES densed design information on toroid 43-202 device. Doubling the number of
A variation is to build the preamplifier cores found on this month’s Datasheets. turns in each winding is a good start-
for the shortwave bands (up to The third variation is to make the ing point for amplifiers below 200 kHz.
30 MHz). This can be accomplished amplifier cover much lower frequen- The type 73 core works down to 1 kHz,
easily enough. First, reduce C1 to cies (e.g., well down into the VLF so with a reasonable number of turns
100 nF. Second, build the transformers region). The principal changes needed should work in the 20 to 100 Hz range
on a toroid (ring) core rather than a are the cores for Tr1 and Tr2, the num- as well.
binocular one. In Dough DeMaw’s ber of turns of wire needed, and the (979012-1)
original design (op-cit.) a type FT-37-43 capacitors. The type 43 core (from Ami- References:
ferrite ring core was don) will work down 1. Small loop antennas for MW AM BCB, LF
used with the same to 10 kHz or so, but and VHF reception, Elektor Electronics
Figure 4. Naming the
12:12:2 and 12:12:4 turns wire ends of the pri- requires a lot more June and July/August 1994.
ratios. Winding lac- mary and secondary turns to work effi- 2. Published by the ARRL, 225 Main Street,
quered wire on a ferrite windings (a), and ciently in that region. Newington, CT 06111, USA. Internet:
ring core is not difficult using a toroid core to The type 73 material, www.arrl.org.
— see Figure 4b. Cores make the transformers which is found in the 3. Amidon Associates, 2216 East Gladwick,
made from 4C6 material if you want to use the BN-73-202 core, will Dominguez Hills, CA 90220, USA. Inter-
(from Philips) should preamp for VHF (b). provide an AL value of net: www.amidoncorp.com.
also be suitable for use On a toroid core, too, 8,500, as opposed to
above 50 MHz, but this the bifilar winding ‘just’ 2,890 for the BN-
technique is used. Figure 5. One turn
(left) and two turns
(right) on a binocular
4 A1
TR2 5 core.
A2
B1 A2
A1
B2
Ub
C1
C2 A1
A2 C2
B2
B1 979012 - 14
979012 - 13 C1
11
C6
5V
:100n
K3
75`
0
0
25k RS
K2 0
RIW
20 0
5_0 015 0 PBO
2
5
0
0
10 CTRD11/101
0
CTRDIV101 3
PDO
'Cl PB1
13
-0
4_0 14 YSYNC DEC 2
DEC 14
MDX PD1 Pa2 -0
HSYNC
IC5 L IC4 2
4
14
6
PD2
AT90 PB3
15
-0
14 14 7 16
3-0 0113 3 3
2 IC3 PD3 S1200 PB4 0
3 10 13 IN 10 8 17
4 4 PD4 PB5 -0
2_0 012 4017 5 4017 5 8x °
10 9
PDS
16PC
PB6
16
-0
7_0 rt.
5 7 11
R136 PB7
1_0 o- 6 5 4051
RESET
L
7
6 5 6
CT=0 CTPO 4 G8 XT1 XT 2
11 7
9 9
CT -5 CT ->5 5V
12
+ 4
IC2f C2b
T3
IC6
X1 13
E,
IC2a 3
-
5V IC2e 32-758 kHz IC 2.21
C2
10 C11
1N4148 119
K1
!RFD
9120
22p
Er 1 061iov
2
+
IRFD9120
9V
13mS *zie tekst
02 * voir texte
H
1N4148
*see text
*siehe Text
U- C) 980040 - 11
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Circuit dia-
dia-
gram of the
gram the refresh
refresh
use aa system
system of
of inter-
inter- rate meter.
rate meter. Measure-
Measure- modern
modern displays
displays use aa of the display andand it will indicate the
laced scanning. In this ments may
ments may be taken
taken 4 frame
frame frequency
frequencywell
wellin
in frame frequency used. used. It It may
may also
also be
system, the lines of suc-
the lines ivia
via an
an electronic
electronic eye
eye excess of 100
100 Hz
Hz (at the
the connected to thethe video
video output
output(or
(orVGA
VGA
cessive rasters
cessive rasters are not or via an
or an electrical time of writing -– early
early output) when
when itit will
will indicate the line
superimposed on
superimposed on each
each link.
link. 1998–- aa frequently
1998 frequency andand the
the field
field frequency.
other, but
other, but areare inter- encountered value
value is circuit is
The circuit
The is based
based on ICi, IC1, an
an
laced. 132 Hz).
132 Hz). Modern
Modern video
video enhanced RISC processor from Atmel's
enhanced RISC Atmel’s
In the past, considering the the avail-
avail- cards can produce
cards produce such
suchhigh -value
high-value AVR
AVRfamily
family(see
(seedata
data sheets
sheets in our Jan-
able bandwidth
able bandwidth and the then current current frequencies with
frame frequencies with aabandwidth
bandwidth ofof uary 1998
1998 issue). The device device makes
makes
technology, a frame frequency
frequency of of 25 Hz 250MHz.
250 MHz.These
These values
values ensure
ensure anan available 15
available 15 I/O
I/0 lines,
lines, 11 Kbyte
Kbyte flash
flash
(or 30
(or Hz) was
30 Hz) was a reasonable
reasonable value.value. absolutely stable display. memory, andand64 64 bytes
bytes EEPROM.
EEPROM. It has has
However, many
However, many people can discern discern a number of of other
other facilities
facilities as
as well,
well,
fluctuations of 25 25 per
per second
second and they, CIRCUIT
C I R C U I T DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION such as an 88-bit
-bittimer
timerand and aa watchdog.
watchdog.
therefore, experienced
therefore, experienced eye eye strain or The meter,
The meter, whose circuit diagram is is internal structure is shown in Fig-
Its internal
headache
headache whenwhenwatching
watchingtelevision
television oror shown in Figure
shown in Figure 1,
1, is highly suitable for ure 2.
ure 2.
an old computer monitor. quickly monitoring
quickly monitoring the the frame
frame fre-
fre- This article is
is not
not the place to to give
give aa
Manufacturers of of television
television sets quency of a computer
computer monitor.
monitor. All that detailed analysis of the the operation of the
have
have solved
solved this
this problem
problem by by increasing
increasing needs to be is to hold the unit in front
front
the frame frequency
frequency to to 100 Hz with the the
aid of a digital
digital buffer
buffer memory.
memory. The The
result
result is
is a stable picture.
picture. The
The solution
solution
had
had to
to be
be incorporated
incorporatedin
receiver because the
inthe
thetelevision
the transmission
television
transmission stan-stan- On the
On the CD-ROM
CD-ROM
dard cannot
cannot be be altered.
The situation
The situation was even worse worse in in This
This project
project is one of the many
many contained
contained on
computer monitors, since users spend spend the CD-ROM
CD-ROM `bilD-µC
‘µP-µC Hard&Software
Hard&Software 97-98’.
97-98'.
many hours
many hours aa day
day in
in close
close proximity of This CD-ROM
This CD-ROM contains
contains more than 100 pro-
pro-
the screen. Moreover, the definition* of resulting from
jects resulting from the
the design
design competition
competition in
a monitor is muchmuch better thanthan that
that of
of aa our July/August 19971997 issue. On the disk can
receiver. This
television receiver. Thismeans
means that
that the be found all kinds of background information,
frame frequency
frame frequency (sometimes
(sometimes called called including source codes of of several
several projects,
refresh rate) of a monitor needs to be including the present one. If you wish to pro-
much higher
much higher than
than in in a television
television gram the processor yourself, this CD-ROM is 1..V.r.2 mn r2NN4. ed F. PA r
.1.
Jeie way red.
XTAL1
-III- XTAL2
Network
a reset
reset pulse
R1-C1-IC2a-IC2b provides
NetworkRj-C1-IC2a-IC26
pulse whenwhen the
provides
the supply
supply is is
8 -BIT DATA BUS switched
switched on. on.
-L- electronic eye
The electronic eye consists
consistsof T2 and
of T2 and
GND digital bufferIC2c.
digital buffer IC2c.
PROGRAM STACK WATCHDOG TIMING AND
power supply
The power supplyisis slightly
slightly more
more
COUNTER POINTER TIMER CONTROL
A
RESET
elaborate
elaborate than usual since since it is pro-
vided
vided with
with ananelectronic
electronic on/off
on/off switch.
switch.
PROGRAM
FLASH
HARDWARE
STACK
MCU CONTROL
REGISTER
This
This automatically
automatically switches
switches off the the
supply
supply when when the the meter
meter has has not
not
INSTRUCTION TIMER/
received any input input signal
signal for
for 30
30 sec-
sec-
REGISTER
GENERAL
COUNTER onds.
onds.
PURPOSE
REGISTERS The direct
The voltage output
direct voltage output of the
4
INSTRUCTION
DECODER
z INTERRUPT
UNIT 4
mains adaptor
adaptor is is applied
applied to to capacitor
capacitor
C3 via transistor
C3 via transistor T T3. Whether this tran-
3. Whether tran-
CONTROL
EEPROM
sistor isis on
sistor on or not depends
depends on on the
the
LINES
potential at
potential at its gate.
gate. When
When S1 S1 is is
pressed, the gate
pressed, gate becomes
becomes negative
negative
STATUS
REGISTER with respect to the source and and the tran-
sistor comes on. The meter is then actu-
then actu-
H PROGRAMMING 4 SPI
ated. Shortly afterwards,
ated. Shortly afterwards,IC1 enablesT1
IC1 enables T1
LOGIC
via port
port PD6,
PD6, so that, even even when
whenS1 S1 is
is
released, the supply remains
remains on. When When
port PD6
port PD6 isis made
made low, low, the meter meter
switches itself off again.
switches itself again.
DATA REGISTER DATA DIR. DATA DIR.
PORTB REG. PORTS REG. PORTD
1111111
PORTB DRIVERS PORTD DRIVERS CONSTRUCTION
C ONSTRUCTION
conveniently built
The meter is conveniently built on on the
the
single -sided printed-circuit
single-sided printed -circuit board in in
1111161, 980040 -12
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
PBS - PB7
The on/off switch, S Sj, and the
1, and the elec-
elec-
tronic eye, TT2
tronic eye, 2 must
must be
be fitted
fitted on the
figure 2.
Figure 2. Block
Block dia- dia- enclosure of the
enclosure the meter.
meter. All other com-
All other com-
processor, so the gram of the enhanced The oscillator is
The ponents are are soldered
soldered on on totothe
thePCB. PCB.
description is
description is restricted
restricted RISC processor,
RISC processor, which
which designed around two
designed two Mind the
Mind the polarity
polarityof ofT3.T3.
to the functions
functions itit ful-
ful- is housed
housed in in aa DIL20
DIL20 separate inverters to
separate to The inductor,
inductor, L1, L1, is easily made. made. ItIt
fils in
fils
meter.
meter.
in the
When the
the present
present
the processor
ase.
case.
I
ensure stable operation
ensure
of the crystal.
operation
crystal. The
The clock
clock
applied to pin
signal is applied pin 55
consists of twotwo turns
turns of 0.3 mm
elled copper wire around
rite bead.
around aa small
mm enam-
small fer-
list
Parts list C5 C8 C9
H4
K2
Resistors: 3
H1
Resistors:
H2
R1 = 10kf2.
= 10 kΩ C IC3 IC4 IC5
R2= T2
R 2 =1MQ.
1MΩ
R4
R5
E
R
R33= 100kf2.
= 100 kΩ R3 R1
C1
R 4, R
R4, R55= 47kf2.
= 47 kΩ L1
tnemgeS )C(
1-040089
R7
R8
R9
R 6, R
R6, R77= 4.7kf2.
= 4.7 kΩ
IC1 IC2 T1
R
R88= 3.9kf2.
= 3.9 kΩ
D2
D1
R
R99= 15kf2.
= 15 kΩ
C7
C6 P1
Pi1 ==25
P 25kf2.kΩ (27
(27 kf2.)
kΩ) preset
preset poten-
poten- S1
T3
R6 R2 + -
tiometer
tiometer K1
C2 X1
H5
H3
H6
C4
Capacitors:
Capacitors: K3 C3 980040-1
IC6
Ci1 ==10
C 10[IF,
µF, 16
16 V,
V, radial
022 =
C = 22
22 pF
pF
C3,
C 3, C04
4== 4.7
4.7 [IF,
µF, 16
16 V,
V, radial
C5-09
C 5–C9 = = 0.1
0.1 [IF
µF
Inductors:
Inductors:
LLi1 ==22turns
turnsofof0.3
0.3mm
mmenamelled
enamelled
copper wire on
on aa ferrite
ferrite bead
bead 980040-1
(C) Segment
Semiconductors:
Semiconductors:
Di,
D 1, D2=
D2 =1N4148
1N4148
Tl1 =
T =BC547
BC547
T2
T 2 == SFH309-4
SFH309-4 (do not use -F
-F ver-
ver-
sion)
T
T33== IRFD9120
circuits:
Integrated circuits:
IC
IC11 =
= AT90S1200 (Order
(Order no
no
986510-1)
986510-1)
IC2
IC 2= = 74HC04 Figure 3.
Figure 3. Printed -cir-
Printed-cir-
IC on the display.
display. The measurement is cuit board for for the
IC33= 4051
= 4051
IC 4, IC
104, 5=
IC5 4017
= 4017 continued as long as the
continued the signal is pre- refresh rate
rate meter.
meter.
IC
IC66= 78L05
= 78L05 sent at the relevant input. When it is
no longer
no longer there,
there, bothboth inputs
inputs areare
Miscellaneous:
Miscellaneous: scanned again
scanned again for
for 250
250 ms. If If no
no input
input
Ki1 ==clip
K clipfor
for99 VV battery
battery signal isis detected for 30 seconds, the
K
K22= 15-pole
= 15 HD-sub-D
-pole HD -sub -D connector,
connector, meter switches
meter switches itself
itself off
off automatically.
automatically.
female, right-angled, for board
mounting (for link to to VGA
VGA connec-
Make sure
sure that
that the
theswitching
switchingoff off occurs
occurs
tor on
on computer)
computer) only when no light is incident on the the
K3
K 3= = 14 -way SIL header
14-way header meter. It is
is advisable
advisable to to cover
cover the
the meter
meter
S1 = = push-button
push-button switch,
switch, 11 make
make when it is not in use.
when
contact The source code may be found found onon
X1
X 1= = crystal 32,768 kHz the CD-ROM ‘µP-µC 'OTC Hard &Software
Hard&Software
9 V battery 97-98’
97-98' in
in directory NL/01.
directory NL/01.
LC module,
LC module, 2×16
2x16 characters
characters
[980040-1]
[980040-1]
PCB Order no.980040 (see Readers Readers
Services towards the end of this this
issue)
issue)
Programmed controller Order no.
986510-1 (see Readers Services
towards
towards thethe end
end ofof this
this issue)
issue)
A26
26 Elektor Electronics
Electronics 5/98
Visitour
Visit our Web
Website
siteat
athttp://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/elektor_uk
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/elektor uk
} restaurant lighting
0 hours: tens
hours:
0
Figure 1. The Rhine
Figure 0
0
Tower Clock
Tower Clock on
on which
which 0
0 hours
the present
the present replica is 0
0
!Lased.
based. 0
0
0 0 } tower lights(red)
tower lights (red)
0
0
0 Iminutes:
minutes: tens
tens
diodes D46-D48 portray the
D46–D48 portray the lighting of and Mode,
Mode, which
which cause
causeeither
either44-bit
-bit 0
0
the revolving
revolving restaurant, and diodes control information or or an
an88-bit
-bit (one
(one 0
D41-D45
D represent aircraft
aircraft warning byte) data
data word to be displayed. The 0
41–D45 represent warning byte) 0
lights. sequential data words are
sequential are automati-
automati- 0
0 minutes
arrangement of
The arrangement of the
thelight -emit-
light-emit- cally stored in
in an
an88-byte
-byte buffer at at each
each 0
0
ting diodes
ting diodes on the the display
display boardboard positive WRITE pulse.
positiveWRITE pulse.They
They may
may be dis-
dis- 0
0
shown in Figure
Figure 4 coincides with the the played directly
directly or in in decoded
decoded formform 000 }tower
towerlights
lights(red)
(red)
representation in
diagrammatic representation in Figure (hexadecimal
(hexadecimal or or binary
binarycode
code-to-7
-to -7 seg- 0
0
2, so that aa faithful
2, faithful small-scale
small-scale replica
replica ment). In the present application the
ment). 0 Iseconds:
seconds: tens
tens
0
is obtained.
is obtained. This
This arrangement
arrangement is, is, of
of decoder is, of course, not used. The The 0
course, not necessary: the the LEDs
LEDs may individual LEDs
LEDs of of the clock
clock can be 0
0
just as well be arranged as a tradi- tradi- enabled by the
enabled the microcontroller 0
0
horizontal bar.
tional, horizontal bar. through direct
through direct control
control of the
the eight
eight seg-
seg- 0 seconds
seconds
0
The use of a programmed
The programmed Atmel Atmel ment drivers. 0
0
saves a lot of components.
controller saves Normally,
Normally, IC IC2 can control
2 can control up to to 0
Apart from the
Apart the controller,
controller, IC1,IC1, and
and eight 77-segment
-segment displays
displays with com- com-
voltage regulator IC3, only one more
IC3, only mon anode
anode in
in multiplex.
multiplex. Since
Since the
the seg-
IC is needed: IC2.
needed: IC2.
Display driver IC2 is aa very
IC2 is very useful
circuit element,
circuit element, which
which contains all that
is needed to drive
is drive anan LED
LED display in in Figure 2. The arrange-
multi -modeoperation
multi-mode operation under
under thethe con-
con- ment of
of the
the LEDs
LEDs on
on
trol of a microprocessor or microcon- the display board
board is
is
troller. identical to that of the
The device is linked
linked to to the
themicro
micro-- original clock.
original clock.
controller viatwo
controller via twocontrol
controllines,
lines,WRITE
WRITE 980035 - 11
980035-11
Elektor Electronics
Electronics 5/98 27
5V
5V
3 R6 R3
C1 C5
R1 R2
C6 K1
220Ω
10k
47k
47k
zie tekst
* see text 4µ7 100n 100n 1
* voir texte 63V 2
* siehe Text C7
20
19 3
* SEGA
27 4
100n 1 12 12 3 5
RST P10/IN+ ID0 SEGB
13 11 1 6
IC1 P11/IN– ID1 SEGC
6 14 13
D1 INT0/P32 P12 ID2 IC2 SEGD 25 7
7 15 14 2 8
INT1/P33 P13 ID3 SEGE
8 16 10 24 9
T0/P34 P14 ID4 SEGF
2 9 17 6 26 10
T1/P35 P15 ID5 SEGG
18 5 4 11
89C1051/ P16 ID6 7218A DP
3 11 19 7 15 12
DCF77 P37 89C2051 P17 ID7 DIG1
16 13
DIG2
1 2 8 23 14
RXD/P30 WR DIG3
3 9 20 15
TXD/P31 MODE DIG4
17 16
X0 X1 DIG5
22 17
K5 D49 IC3 10 4 5 DIG6
X1 21 18
1N4001 7805 5V DIG7
18 19
DIG8
R7 C2 20
C4 C3
* 28 R5 R4
JP1 C8 C9
47p
12MHz
47p 4...22p * *
1000µ 10µ
25V 63V
5V
7
8
9
D46 D35 D21 D7
10
11
12
13 D47 D36 D22 D8
14
15
16
D48 D37 D23 D9
17
18
19
20 D38 D24 D10
980035 - 12
D44
tnemgeS )C( 1-530089 D45
D14
H2
H3
D29
R7
JP1
D49
D13
C8 D28
D12 D47 D48 D46
D27
D11
K5
D26 D40
IC3
D25 D39
D10
K1 C9
C6 D9
R4 D24 D38
R5 D8
D23 D37
D7
D22 D36
980035-1
R1
R2
R6
D6
IC2 3 D21 D35
- D5
1 D20 D34
+ D4
D19 D33
R3
C5 2
D1 D3
IC1 D18 D32
D2
C3 K2 D17 D31
C1
C4
C7
D16 D30
H4
H1
X1 C2
Figure 4. Printed-circuit boards for the clock. The control and display boards are single-sided, not
through-plated. The three boards for the display must be cut apart before any work is done.
Apart from decoupling capacitor ule) are decoupling elements on the Atmel controller is used.
C6, the display drivers needs no fur- supply line. Capacitor C1 provides a Diode D1 at the output (pin 9) of IC1
ther external components, but IC2 power-on reset; the resistor in series lights at every correctly received DCF
does. Capacitors C5 and C7 (DCF mod- with it may be omitted when an pulse and is, therefore, a useful aid in
Parts list
Parts PC 1–PC3 =
PC1-PC3 = soldering pin
soldering pin
Semiconductors:
Semiconductors: X1
X 1= = 12 MHz quartz crystal
crystal
D1,
D D46-D48
1, D 46–D48 == LED,
LED, high
high efficiency, K
Resistors:
Resistors: 1, K
K1, 2=
K2 = 20-way
20 -waybox
box header
header with pro-
pro-
Ri, green
green tective shell for board mounting
mounting
R 1, R2
R2 == 47
47 kf2
kΩ
Ω D2-D40
D 2–D40 = = LED,
LED, high efficiency, yellow
yellow K5
K = socket for connecting
connecting mains
R3 ==220
220 f2 5= mains
R D4i-D45
D 41–D45 == LED,
LED, high
high efficiency,
efficiency, red
red adaptor for board
board mounting
mounting
4, R
R4, 5, RR7
R5, 7== see
see text
R6= D 49 =
D49 1N4001
= 1N4001 JP1
JP 1== 2.54 mm pin strip and pin jumper
R 6 = 10
10 kf2
kΩ
20 -wayflatcable
20-way flatcable terminated
terminated into mating
mating
Capacitors:
Capacitors: Integrated circuits:
Integrated circuits: connectors for box
box header
header
C
Ci1 ==4.7
4.7[IF,
µF,63
63V,V, radial
radial ICi1 =
IC =89C1051
89C1051 or
or 89C2051
89C2051 (Atmel),
(Atmel), pro-
pro- Heat
Heat sink IC3 (e.g.,
sink for IC3 (e.g., Fischer CK35SA
C2
C = 4-22
4–22 pFpF trimmer grammed Order No.
grammed Order No. 986505
986505 from Dau)
Dau)
2= trimmer
C 102
IC 2= = 7218A
7218A (Intersil,
(Intersil, Harris, Plessey) DCF module
DCF module (see Stippler advert in this
3, C4
03, C4 = 47 pF
= 47 pF
C5-07
C5–C7 = = 0.1
0.1 [IF
µF IC
IC33== 7805 issue)
issue)
C8 =1000
C8= 1000[IF,
µF, 25
25 VV PCB with
PCB with programmed
programmed controller,
C Miscellaneous:
Miscellaneous: Order NoNo 980035C
980035C
C99= 10 [IF,
= 10 µF, 63
63 V,
V, radial
radial
Decoding process
Decoding process
The DCF
The DCFclock clock is
is aa compact design: it uses uses only
only 829
829 maintained by this routine: one of them them counts
counts from
from 00 to
to
bytes of machine code.code. The
The software is relatively straight- 100 (250
100 ps ×
(250 µs x 100
100 ==2525ms),
ms),andandthetheother
otherfrom
from 00 to
to 40
40
forward and
forward and consists
consists ofof two
two dissimilar
dissimilar blocks.
blocks. One
One of of (40 ×
(40 x 25
25 ms
ms == 1 s). The resultant 1 s pulse increments
1
these enables
these enables thethe reading of serial data (via P3.7) and the registers, whereupon the clock becomes available.
clock becomes available.
storing the information
storing information in various
various registers.
registers. Figure
Figure 66 When valid
When valid DCF
DCF information
information hashas been received, the the
shows the make-up of the code word word transmitted
transmitted by the contents of the hour register and minute registerregister are
are syn-
DCF
DCF transmitter.
transmitter. When
Whenaavalid
validcode
code isis read for at least two chronized.
chronized.
consecutive minutes, the data is used to set the clock. Reproducing the information on aa display
Reproducing display requires
requires
The controller
The controller maintains
maintains its
its own
own clock
clock function. After more arithmetic. First, aa byte
byte isis split into two digits, after
a reset, several registers are erased and then used used toto which
which the hexadecimal code is converted into a position.
store the information as to number of hours, minutes and For in-stance,
in -stance, decimal
decimal 77 has
has the
the hexadecimal
hexadecimal code 0111
code 0111
seconds.
seconds. and causes the seventh LED to light. light. The
The conversion
conversion is is
Also after a reset, timer 0 is set to the the 88-bit
-bit auto reload carried out by successive comparison
comparison of of the with the dig-
mode, whereupon
whereupon itit generates
generates anan interrupt
interrupt every
every 250 ps.
µs. its 0-9.
0–9. When
When the position code has has been
been found,
found, itit is
is
At an
an interrupt,
interrupt, the
the content
content of the accumulator and the added to the display
display code
codevia
via an
an instant
instant instruction.
instruction.
program status word
program status word (PSW)
(PSW) are stored. Two registers are
A30
30 Elektor Electronics
Electronics 5/98
visit our Web
Visit Web site at
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/elektor uk
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/elektor_uk
6
year P3 miscellaneous
(8 bits) applications
1
10
month 8
(5 bits) 4
day of month 8
(6 bits) 10
minute
4 2
(7 +1 bits)
hour
(6 +1 bits) 980035 - 13
Elektor Electronics
Electronics 5/98 31
31
418/433 MHz
short-range communication
licence -exempt data transmission
licence-exempt
and remote control
control systems
systems
433.720 MHz
434.120 MHz
Range: 433.72 MHz to 434.12 MHz
EX-ISM FREQUENCIES Width: 400 kHz
A long time ago, the current SRD band Channels: 16
section at 433 MHz was part of a Raster: 25 kHz
slightly larger section reserved for ISM Specification: MPT 1340
(industrial, scientific and medical) For Vehicle Radio Keys only.
equipment producing RF radiation. Licence-exempt, max. 10 mW ERP
980038 - 11a
Mainly as a result of pressure from
licensed radio amateurs who use this
part of the band on a shared and/or
secondary basis, the use of ISM equip-
ment has been phased out, and the
band section is no longer identified as 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
such, at least not in the UK. Several
other ISM frequency bands are defined
in the UK, including 167 MHz, 83 MHz
and 40 MHz, all subject to strict regu- LPD/SRD Band
lations, the most essential of which
being very low ERP (effective radiated
433.720 MHz
434.120 MHz
Range: 417.9 MHz to 418.1 MHz
power) levels. Width: 200 kHz
The exact frequency allocation of Channels: 8
the 418 MHz and 433 MHz SRD bands Raster: 25 kHz
is shown in Figures 1a and 1b. It
should be noted that the channel divi- Specification: MPT 1340
sion and channel widths have been Low-power general telemetry,
adopted by SRD manufacturers, there telecommand and alarms.
being no strict RA regulation in this Licence-exempt, max. 0.25 mW ERP
980038 - 11b
respect.
It is expected from radio amateurs
using the 70-cm band to accept the Figure 1. Frequency
activity of low-power SRD users in this allocation and (man-
part of the band and not cause inter- ufacturer-proposed)
ference. Likewise, SRD users have to channel division of
live with interference caused by radio the two 70-cm SRD
amateurs, or prevent interference by bands available in
using low transmission rates, sure the UK.
codes, high redundancy and selective
receivers. All of this is, of course, in the
hands of the manufacturers of SRDs,
because the users are not allowed to
make changes to type-approved equip-
ment. Figure 2. Plans are
afoot to open the
886-MHz band for
A NEW SRD BAND
SRD use.
Meanwhile, because they are so small,
the 418 MHz and 433 MHz SRD bands
have become quite overcrowded. A
new band, around 886 MHz, is ‘identi- 2
fied’ by the relevant authorities for use 7 7 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 0
by SRDs (Figure 2), with reference to
CEPT Recommendation T/R 70-03. In
this band, it is planned to reserve sev-
eral channels exclusively for security
applications. Some channels in the pro- Future SRD band
posed frequency range are, however,
868.000 MHz
870.000 MHz
still in use for analogue cordless tele- Range: 868 MHz to 870 MHz
phone sets of the CT2 generation. Width: 2 MHz
For all SRD bands, the intention has Channels: 80
always been to arrive at unified regu- Raster: 25 kHz
lations. In the UK, however, the Radio-
communications Agency “has not CEPT Recommendation T/R 70-03 refers.
adopted CEPT recommendation
980038 - 12
TR 01-4 which allows general low-
200Ω
100Ω
6k8
4 R18 VCC
10Ω
R7 R14
C21 C12
12k
3M
ANT.
L1
* 47µ 10µ
C4
R5 R9
2p R12
20k
5k6
6M8
C5
D2 DATA OUT
T1 R10
33p 100k R15 IC1b
C7
R11 IC1a 47k
D1
2p 100k D3
C6
1n 2x
1N4148
1N
4148
2µH2 * 1,5 Wdg.
R8 R6
* 1,5 wdgn.
C8 C9 C10
* 1.5 turns
680Ω
18k
1n 1µ
* 1,5 spires. 4µ7
980038 - 14
0_
18
SW-DIP8
p
SW -DIPS
address, and the the remaining
remaining 44 bits bits asas
_0
1
1 9
9 1
1
A0
AO DOUT
DOUT
17
17
IN OUT data. The four data bits only appear appear at
0-0
0-
2
2 10
10 2 16
16
0 Al
A1 OSC1
OSC1 11M
M the output
output ifif the thereceived
received addressaddress
0--Ct
3 3 11
11 3
A2 OSC2
OSC2
15
15
matches the DIP switch setting in the
ADDRESS
10 450-0
09 4 12
12 4
A3 TE
TE
14
14
R.-0
cc
ago
5
6
0
13
13
14
14
5
5
6
A4
A5
HT12E--
HT12E
D3
13
13
12
12 HT433-1/T
HT433-1/T
decoder. The 44-bit
decoder.
latched andand then
-bit dataword
then used
dataword is first
usedto tocontrol
first
control exter-
exter-
D2
D2
0-0 7 15
15 7 11
nal devices (here,
(here, LEDs
LEDs are used).
used).
00
11
A6 D1
D1
8 16
16 8 10
8
A7 D0
DO START To make
To make sure the the transmission
transmission
0 arrives securely
arrives securely at at the decoder,
decoder, the
9
encoder transmits
encoder transmits the the 12 -bit serial
12-bit serial
word four times times each time time the the /TE
/TE
DATA
DATA input is
input is activated. The decoder
decoder with-with-
holds the
the data
data until
untilthree
threeidentical,
identical, suc-
suc-
5V cessive, copies
copies have
have been
been received. The
VT output
VT output then
then flags
flags the
the availability
availability of
SW-DIP8
SW -DIPS
18 valid data.
1 9 1 17
This process is very well suited suited toto
A0 VT
2 10 2 16 slow data transmission. For higher higher data
A1 OSC1
OSC1 47k
3 11 3
A2 OSC2
OSC2
15 rates, a microcontroller is an obvious obvious
alternative to special encoder/decoder
encoder/decoder
ADDRESS
4 12 4 14
A3 DIN
DIN OUT IN
5 13 5
A4 D3
D3
13 ICs. Note,
ICs. Note, however,
however, that opting for for aa
6 14 6 HT12D
HT12D 12 HT433-1/R
HT433-1/R
7 15 7
A5 D2
D2
11
microcontroller (like
microcontroller (like aa PIC)
PIC) almost
almost
8 16 8
A6 D1
D1
10
always means that you have to write
A7 D0 MP
DO
your own software aimed at achieving
secure andand reliable transmissions.
9
exchanged between
If data is to be exchanged
equipment having aa serial serial interface,
560Ω
560Ω
560Ω
560Ω
interface,
the first solution thatthat comes to mind mind is
often one as adopted in the
often the project
project
DATA
DATA 980038 - 17
980038 'Long-distance IrDA link’
‘Long-distance link' published
published in
Elektor Electronics May 1997.
May 1997.
Figure 7. Application
Application For more demanding
For demanding telemetrytelemetry
circuit
circuit for
foran
an address
address- or the HE8
or HE8 and
and larly, the
larly, the HT12D
HT12D decoder
decoder IC is found applications, special data modems modems are are
able digital link using HT12 from
HT12 from Hei-
Hei- directly at the output
output of
of the
thereceiver.
receiver. employed in
employed in combination
combination with withhighhigh--
an SRD
modulation
and frequency
SRD and frequency
modulation (FM).
(FM). A land Electronic
(D-48351
(D-48351 Ever-
swinkel, Germany.
Germany.
On the DIP
you
DIP switches in the encoder
you set the same
receiver to
receiver to be
be addressed
encoder
same address as in the
addressed (multiple
the
(multiple
end 418
end -MHz SRD
418-MHz
mission protocol
mission
SRDmodules.
protocol is
improve the data
modules. A
is then
then used
data security.
A trans-
Tel.
Tel. +49
+49 2582-7550, receivers may be addressed
addressed byby a single AX.25
AX.25protocol
protocolisisemployed,
employed, a spin-off
fax +49
+492582-7887).
2582-7887). transmitter). of the X.25 protocol which
X.25 protocol which has has been in
An example of an addressable
addressable sig-sig- In addition to the
the receiver address, use for
use for several
several years
years for for amateur
amateur
nal transmission
transmission link
link for
for the
the433
433 MHz
MHz four data bits may be applied to the packet radio.
SRD band
SRD band is shown in Figure
Figure 77 (note:
(note: input. Here,
input. Here, these
these four
four bits
bits come
come from
from
this application may notnot be
be allowed
allowed inin push-button switches.
push-button switches. By applying the MODULATION
M ODULATION
the UK). The encoder
the encoder IC IC type
typeHT12E
HT12E transmit -enable signal (/TE), the
transmit-enable TECHNIQUE -
TECHNIQUE —
supplies its data directly to the modu- encoder
encoder isis prompted
promptedtotosupply
supplyaa1212-bit
-bit A BOTTLENECK
A BOTTLENECK
lation input
input of
of the
the transmitter.
transmitter. Simi-
Simi- serial word (consisting
serial (consisting ofof 8 address While most datadata transmission modules
approved for
approved for SRD
SRD use are usually said
'FM', in practice the
to use ‘FM’, the actual mod-
ulation methodisisFSK
ulation method FSK (frequency
(frequency shift
keying). Though simple from a design
8 and technology
and technologypointpointofofview,
view,FSK FSK isis
burdened by
burdened by a large
large bandwidth
bandwidth
requirement whichisis the
requirement which the chief
chief cause of
the
the relatively short distances thatthat can be
covered. Assuming
covered. Assuming a receiver
receiver band-
width of
width of 25 kHz (at –36
-36 dBm) is is being
being
used for data transmission,
transmission, then the
highest
highest achievable datadata rate
rate using
using FSK
FSK
would be
would be aa measly
measly 500
500 bits per second!
second!
Consequently, professional applications
applications
of SRD
SRD modules
modules call for special modu-modu-
lation techniques
techniques like
like GMSK (Gaussian
(Gaussian
Minimum Shift
Minimum Shift Keying)
Keying) which
Figure 8.8. AA professional reduce the bandwidth
professional1 reduce bandwidth require-
require-
data modem designed ment by a factor of 15 and and more,
for use
for use with
withaa70 -cm
70-cm while considerably improving the the
SRD (not
SRD (not type-approved
type -approved transmission security.
transmission security.
by
by RA).
RA). (980038-1)
In this instalment, we
have another look at 31
filters and their
synthesis and then turn
our attention to
modulation techniques.
980015 - 5 - 11
32 33
1 cntre=taps–1;
2 mr=0, mx0=dm(i2,m2),
my0= pm(i7,m7);
3 do firl until ce;
4 firl:mr=mr+mx0 · my0(ss),
mx0= dm(i2,m2),
my0= pm(i7,m7);
5 mr=mr+mx0*my0(rnd);
6 if mv sat mr;
FOURIER SYNTHESIS
The menu contains a program that
computes the relevant signal from a list
of frequency components (frequency,
amplitude, and phase). For example,
for a square-wave signal (duty factor is
1:1), the following table correlates the
number of the harmonics (first col-
umn) with their constituent value (sec-
ond column):
1 10 (=10/1)
3 3.3333 (=10/3)
5 2 (=10/5)
7 1.428 (=10/7)
980015 - 5 - 15
9 1.111 (=10/9)
11 0.9090 (=10/11)
13 0.7692 (=10/13)
36 oscilloscope TER1.SPP is shown in Figure 35. Note 15 0.6666 (=10/15)
that the amplitude of the overshoots
increases with rising filter order to the The result of the Fourier analysis, in
same extent as the response time. which a number of different harmon-
Other types of filter, such as Chebi- ics are included, is shown in Figure 38.
sine wave shev and Butler, encountered in ana- The corresponding experiment is car-
generator Schmitt trigger logue filter designs, are also available ried out by file XFOUR2.SPP.
in digital filter design. Unfortunately,
owing to space considerations, these A HEARING TEST
cannot be discussed here: the reader is Experiment XFMSYN2.SPP generates sig-
referred to the references at the end of nals TMP1.WAV and TMP2.WAV, which
this instalment. have the same frequency components
but with different amplitude. The oscil-
PERIODIC SIGNALS logram in Figure 39 shows the signifi-
spectrum analyser When periodic signals are viewed on a cant effect of the phase relations of the
spectrum analyser, it will be noticed frequency components. The first signal
that they contain frequency compo- has a virtually constant amplitude.
nents only at frequencies that are a During a hearing test, weak frequency
whole multiple of the fundamental fre- modulation may be detected. How-
quency. This is in accordance with the ever, when listening to signal TMP2.WAV
980015 - 5 - 16
mathematical axiom that a periodic sig- a strong amplitude modulation will be
nal is composed of a fundamental fre- discerned. Signal TMP1.WAV is a
Figure 36. A Schmitt quency and a number of harmonics. VHF/FM signal reduced by weak sig-
trigger generates a rec- Let us carry out an experiment with a nal components. It has a linear spec-
tangular signal. setup as shown in Figure 36. In this, a trum, but is symmetrical with respect
Schmitt trigger (SCHMITT.EXE) produces to a given frequency. Thus, we can no
from a sinusoidal signal a rectangular longer speak of a fundamental fre-
one whose spectrum is shown in Fig- quency with harmonics.
Figure 37. Spectra of ure 37 (experiment XFOUR1. SPP). All fre-
the sinusoidal and rec- MODULATION
tangular signals. PROCESSES
Digital signal processing is also used
more and more frequently in radio
receiver technology. For instance,
37 mobile telephones invariably use com-
plex modulation processes. An
overview of several modulation and
demodulation processes is therefore
instructive. Although these processes
are in the main classical, the overview
gives an interesting picture of the rela-
tion between spectra of various signals.
SOURCE MATERIAL
To keep the course as practical as pos-
sible, we will use readily available data
980015 - 5 - 18
whenever possible. Signals WD1L.WAV
BBC: AM AND PM
Amplitude modulation may be looked
at more closely with the aid of the
198 kHz BBC broadcast transmissions.
The carrier of this signal is mixed with
980015 - 5 - 19 a signal of 188 kHz, resulting in an out-
put of 10 kHz (see Figure 41), which is
Figure 38. Fourier readily sampled at 44.1 kHz. This
analysis of a rectan- enables amplitude modulation to be
gular signal with tested with a real audio example.
many harmonics. Figure 39. Signals It is interesting to note that the
with equal amplitude same 198 kHz signal is also phase mod-
but with different ulated to enable control data to be
phase spectra. transmitted. This is also contained in
39 the file BBC188.WAV.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
In amplitude modulation, the modu-
lating signal, s(t), is superimposed onto
the carrier frequency, fc.(ωc = 2π fc). In
case of a cosinusoidal carrier, the trans-
mitted signal is
Each of the terms in this equation pro- Figure 41. Set-up for generating an AM
vides a spectral line to the left and right signal.
of the carrier. To enable AM signals to
be investigated, the menu contains a
program AMGEN1.EXE for the generation
of AM signals with which the various
experiments may be carried out. 42 oscilloscope
[980015-5]
mixer
References
AM
Digital Processing of Signals, C.M. Rader 150 Hz
signal
and B. Gold, McGraw-Hill
spectrum analyser
Analog Interface and DSP Source-
book, 1993, ISBN 0 07 707694 X,
Alan Clements, McGraw-Hill
10 kHz
Communications Technology Hand-
book, 1997, ISBN 0 240 51461 0, 980015 - 5 - 23
Geof Lewis, Focal Press
Figure 42. Recording an AM broadcast
Digital Audio Signal Processing, 1997 IS signal.
BN 0 471 97226 6, Udo Zölzer, Wiley
When these two voltage are applied to the OP Amp, we will have a situation where there is only a Voltage A
number of
number of subjects
subjects in store store cuits.
cuits.
from the output of the Op Amp when the temperature is sufficient drat the supply voltage exceeds the which are offered
offered free free of of Tomi Engdahl’s
Tomi Engdahl's Electronics
Electronics Info Info
reference voltage of 4 5V
charge to interested readers Page at www.hut.filMisclElectronics
www.hut.fi/Misc/Electronics is
or aspiring constructors. very extensive.
extensive. Here you are sure to
Broadly speaking,
Broadly speaking, the the find diagrams
diagrams for for a wide variety variety of
sites holding electronics cir-
holding electronics cir- applications, as well as addresses of
applications, of
cuit diagrams (also (also called
called electronic -part manufacturers,
electronic-part manufacturers, and
schematics) may be divided divided even information
even information on onsubjects
subjects like
like EMC
into two
into two classes:
classes: educa-
educa- or GPS.
GPS.
tional on
tional on the one one hand,
hand, The Electronics
ElectronicsPage Pageatatwww.world-
www.world-
and hobby
and -oriented, on the
hobby-oriented, the net.net/~muldowne/schems.html
net.net/-muldowne/schems.html also also
Notice the red bar at the ouput - meaning that there is a+ voltage there. You can now see that if a buzzer other. Especially on serversservers offers an impressive
impressive collection
collection of of cir-
cir-
were to be placed at the output it would only sound when the temperature exceeded 40 degrees This
could be used for a project such as the bath -o -meter, a project which I personally did, and it worked well
at technical
technical colleges
colleges and cuit diagrams for for power
power supplies,
supplies,RF, RF,
The point was that we should have a bar graph as well, which I also did - it displayed the temperature of universities vast amounts
universities audio/video, etc.
audio/video, etc.
ffi .ffillim 44 of electronic
of electronic circuit
circuit dia-dia- Other addresses you may want want to to
grams may be be found.
found. We We turn to
turn to for
for interesting
interesting schematics
schematics are,
Ete Edt ,/rerm Go communicator Help launched our browser and among others,
others, Circuit Land
A d paid aa visit to some of these
paid these (www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/circ/circuits),
(www.uoguelph.ca/-antoon/circ/circuits),
Bookmarks ls Location. [blln.//www.eklekix.com/gfc/elect/cant/contaif
sites.
sites. Electronic Schematics (www.web- (www.web-
rralla="
eeekOeltleloizoon.
Vsp
see 1-(17F,WWW EKLEKTIX COM:SOLAR
for cmourl boards
The Circuit Cookbook
Cookbook span.com/pjohnson/schematics.htm),
span.com/pjohnson/schematics.htm), FC’s FC's
WBORIO Ackvaton
RI Comparator TCB
) Cl=
Archive at thethe university
university of Electronic Circuits
a Cell Solar Panel
SPBIBAT
Set
Vbat
Alberta (ftp.ee.
(ftp.ee. (www.eklektix.com/gfc/elect/)and
(www.eklektix.com/gfc/elect/) and Dr.Dr.
ualberta.ca/pub/cookbook/ Bob's
Bob’s Electronics Resource
index.html)
index.html) contains a (www.drbob.net/).Note,
(www.drbob.net/). Note,however,
however, that that
number of
respectable number of sub- the references
references on these these pages
pages often
often
jects in various fields, point to one and and the
thesamesamecircuit
circuit dia-
dia-
including audio, comput- comput- gram, and that that many
many designs
designs areare sim-
sim-
ers, RF,
RF, software
software as well as ply copied from databooks. None the the
Spice files. This is is definitely
definitely there's lots of interesting
less, there’s interesting stuff out
a source
source that has a lot to there, just waiting to be discovered.
-
Enevil
lI, tars
TCs
12 Volt
Satter
offer.
offer. (985037-2)
(985037-2)
The Circuits Archive at
A46
46 Elektor Electronics
Electronics 5/98
battery-resistance
battery -resistance
meter
for all kinds of battery
48 Elektor Electronics
Electronics 5/98
48
Visit our Web site at http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/elektor_uk
12k
C2
47k
R8
manganese and rechargeable metal R9 C 10µ
63V
0Ω47
220n
hydride types, cannot handle large
10k
A
3 A B 9V
discharge currents. Nickel-cadmium 1
R5
6 R10 D 5W
IC1a 100k R6
batteries can, provided they are in 2 7 2M2 D1 – CEL
IC1b 12k
good condition. The reason for this dif- 5
13
ferent behaviour lies in the internal A
14
R11 OK
C IC1d 3k9
resistance of the battery. That of a 12
Ni-Cd battery in mint condition is very R2
C1 C3
R12
10k
1k8
low, whereas that of an alkaline man- IC1 = TLC274
K1 IC2
ganese type is high, as is that of a 10µ
63V
2µ2
16V D2 7809 9V
nearly discharged Ni-Cd type. 12V
8mA5
The present circuit serves to mea- 1N4001
sure the internal resistance of a battery. C6 C5 4
47mVAC
It does so by monitoring how well the A 4V C 470mV DC IC1
10µ 11
battery is able to follow rapid varia- 0V5 AC 63V 100n
B D 0V9
tions in the discharge current. This 4V DC
the capacity of the battery, but it does Figure 1. The circuit con-
give a good idea of the condition and sists of two main sec-
quality of the tested battery. tions: an alternating-volt-
angular type. The age generator (IC1a and put of the op amp is
TEST METHOD output voltage may IC1b) and a current source then high, so that the
A test with a large, constant discharge be set, within certain (IC1c and T1). voltages at pins 13
current does not suffice to get an idea limits, with P1. The and 14 are not equal
of the quality of the battery, since it triangular-shaped and the diode does
does not show how the battery reacts voltage at the output of IC1b is shaped not light.
to variations in the load current. It is by low-pass filter R6-C3 into roughly a Power for the circuit is provided by
only when the terminal voltage of the sine wave. a standard 12 V mains adaptor con-
battery is measured under rapidly The near-sinusoidal voltage is nected to K1. The current drawn from
varying load current conditions that a superimposed on to a direct voltage. the adaptor remains small: about
good picture will emerge of how the This is done by linking the –ve input 8.5 mA. Voltage regulator IC2 converts
battery reacts. The way to do this is to of IC1a and the +ve input of IC1b to the adaptor output into a stable 9 V
test a new battery (or one of proven the junction of R1 and R2 instead of to direct voltage. Diode D2 prevents any
good quality) and note the measure- earth as is usual. The voltage at the mishaps if the mains adaptor were
ment results. Test results on other, junction is about +4 V. connected with wrong polarity.
probably older, batteries can be com- Potential divider R6-R12 reduces the
pared with those of the new battery generator output to a direct voltage of CONSTRUCTION AND
from which clear conclusions may be about 47 mV with superimposed on it CALIBRATION
drawn. an alternating voltage of 47 mV. This The impedance meter is best built on
The terminal voltage is measured complex signal is applied to current the printed-circuit board shown in Fig-
with a common or garden digital mul- source IC1c-T1. The battery, connected ure 2, which is not available ready
timeter. The varying load is provided to terminals +bat and –bat, is dis- made.
by the present circuit. The load current charged via the drain-source junction It makes sense to start with build-
consists of two parts: a 1 A direct cur- of transistor T1 and resistor R8 in the ing the power supply and checking
rent and a 100 mA alternating current. rhythm of the generator signal that that the potential across C5 is 9 V. Next,
The frequency of the alternating cur- drives the gate via op amp IC1c. The complete the circuits around IC1a and
rent is 50 Hz, since both the battery potential at the +ve input (pin 10) of IC1b, set P1 to its centre position and
and the multimeter can handle this IC1c is equal to the voltage across R8, verify with a multimeter or oscillo-
without any problem. so that a direct current of 1A and a scope that the voltages at various
The internal resistance is calculated pulsating one of 100 mA is drawn from points are in line with those specified
by simply multiplying the meter read- the battery. Capacitor C4 improves the on the circuit diagram. Make sure that
ing (with the multimeter in the rele- stability of the current source and sup- the meter is set to the correct range
vant a.c. range across the battery ter- presses any oscillations. (a.c. or d.c.) for each measurement
minals) ×10. The circuit based on IC1d is a sim- and, if an oscilloscope is used, bear in
ple indicator network that prevents mind that 470 mV rms has a peak-to-
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION any measurement errors. Note that peak value 2.8 times larger.
The circuit in Figure 1 consists of two diode D1 lights only when the voltages Build the remainder of the circuit
parts: a current source via which the at pins 13 and 14 of IC1d are equal or and connect a 1.5 V battery to the bat
battery is discharged and a generator very nearly so. At the onset of the terminals, whereupon D1 should light.
that controls the current source. measurement, it should be ascertained If it does not, there flows insufficient
The generator is based on opera- that this diode lights to prevent a flat current through R8, which means that
tional amplifiers IC1a and IC1b. Since battery being confused with one with the entire current source should be
only the amplitude of the generator a low internal resistance. In case of a inspected thoroughly.
output is of essence, and not its shape, flat battery, the current is small, so that Connect the multimeter, set to the
the oscillator is a straightforward tri- the potential at pin 13 is low. The out-
C6
Parts list
list
2
H4
H1
D2
Resistors:
Resistors:
980027-1
1-720089
980027-1
tnemgeS )C(
(C) Segment
K1
R
Ri1,, R 3, R
R3, R66 = kΩ
= 12 kf2
IC2
R2,
R 2, RR99 == 10 kf2
kΩ
C5
R4
R 4 = = 22 kf2
kΩ
R5
R 5 = = 100
100 kf2
kΩ
C2
R
R77 = Ω
220 f2
= 220
Ω, 5 W
R2
R1
R5
R3
R4
R8
R 8 = = 0.47
0.47 f2, W
Rio
R 10 = = 2.2
2.2 Mf2
MΩ
R8
R
Rii
11 ==3.93.9 kΩ
kn
P1 R 12 =
R12 kΩ
= 1.8 kf2
C1 C3
IC1 P1
P 1 = = 47
47 kf2
kΩ preset
preset potentiometer
potentiometer
D1
Capacitors:
Capacitors:
C1, C
C1, C66 = 10 [IF,
= 10 µF, 63 V,
V, radial
C4
R12
R10
R11
C2 =
C2 0.22 [IF
= 0.22 µF
R7
R6
R9
C3 =
C3 2.2 [IF,
= 2.2 µF, 16
16 V,
V, radial
radial
C4 =10
C4= 10µF,
µF, 63
63 VV
T
D
C5 =
C5 0.1 [IF
= 0.1 µF
T1
H2
H3
Semiconductors:
Semiconductors:
D1
D = LED,
1 = LED, low current
current
D2
D = 1N4001
2 = 1N4001
Figure 2.2.The
Figure Theprinted -
printed- T1 == BUZ10
BUZ10 or
or BUK455
BUK455
relevant
relevant a.c.a.c. range, circuit board guaran-
circuit guaran- warm. Nevertheless,
Nevertheless, itit
across R and adjust
R88 and adjustP1
P1 tees construction
tees construction it is advisable to mount
mount Integrated circuits:
circuits:
for a reading
readingof of47
47mV,
mV, without problems.
without it on a small heat
heat sink.
sink. IC
IC11 = TLC274
= TLC274
that
that is, 1/10 of the
the resis- Housing the meter IC2
IC = 7809
2 = 7809
tance value.
tance value. Set thethe in a suitable enclosure
enclosure
meter to the relevant d.c. range and is a matter
matter of
of personal
personal preference
preference Miscellaneous:
K11 = mains adaptor connector
K connector
check the direct
check direct voltage
voltage across
across R 8,
R8, which, in view of the modest dimen-
Heat sink for Ti
Heat T1
which should
should bebe about
about500
500mV. mV. The sions of
sions of the board, will not prove tootoo Connecting cables (see text)
text)
exact value
exact value is
is not
not important. difficult.
Finally, measure the frequency of
Finally, measure Heavy-duty, insulated circuit wire Mb -
the alternating
alternating current.
current. IfIf all
all is
is well,
well, (red for the + ye terminal and
+ve and black
black for
this should be about
about 50
50 Hz, but again, the -ye
–ve one)
one) terminated
terminated inin suitable
suitable check that
check that D1 lights, and
D1 lights, and shunt the
this is not terribly important:
important: 25 25 Hz
Hz or
or clips should
clips should be used for connecting the battery with
battery with a digital
digital voltmeter
voltmeter or or
100Hz
100 Hz will
willdo
do as
as well.
well. Note
Note that
that the battery to the
the meter.
meter. multimeter set to the appropriate
appropriate a.c.a.c.
frequency is affected by the the position
position A photograph of
A of the
the completed
completed range. The meter readings
readings are are best
best
P1.
of P1. impedance meter
meter is shown
shown inin Figure
Figure 3. compared with those obtained with a
Although the internal
internal resistance
resistance of battery known to be in mint
battery mint condi-
condi-
a battery isis measured
measured quite
quitequickly,
quickly, USAGE
U SAGE tion. The value of the internal
internal resis-
resis-
transistor T1 will not
T1 will not become
become unduly
unduly Connect a battery to the
the bat
bat terminals,
terminals, tance in ohms is the value of the mea-
sured alternating
sured alternating voltage
voltage in
in volts
volts
divided by
divided by 10.
10.
The meter may also be used
3 to determine the the contact
contact resis-
resis-
tance of battery holders and and con-
necting leads. Contact resistances
affect the
adversely affect the performance
of a battery. First, First, measure
directly on the battery, then on on
the terminals
terminals of of the
the battery
battery
holder, and finally at the far end end
of the connecting
connecting wires.
wires. This
This will
show quickly where the the largest
largest
losses occur.
[980027]
[980027]
3. It is advis-
Figure 3.
able to mount
mount T1 T1 on a
heat sink.
sink.
Elektor Electronics
Electronics 5/98 51
51
1
Fibre optic
data
data communication
RS232 interface
RS232 interface
with fibre optic links
with
When in 1870 John
Tyndall, an Irish
physicist working in
the USA, showed
that light can be
guided, he could
not have foreseen
foreseen
that little over a
century later an
increasing propor-
propor-
tion of the world’s
world's
communications
would bebe carried
by fibre optic
cables. Now, fibre
optics finds application not only
only in vast telecommu- The serial interface is used
host of peripheral
used to connect a
peripheral equipment
equipmentto toaa com-
com-
nication systems all over the world, but also in the puter and
puter and enables
enables relatively
relatively large
large dis-
tances toto be
be bridged.
bridged.TheTheRS232
RS232 inter-
home (hi-fi system, cable
cable television).
television). The
The RS232
RS232 face described in this article
face described article is is con-
con-
interface presented in this article enables a com-
com- nected to the serial port of a computer
and provides,
provides, apart from from the the well-
well-
puter to be connected to aa variety of peripheral
connected to known advantages,
known advantages, the the further
further benefit
benefit
equipment via fibre optic cables. electrical isolation
of electrical isolationthrough
through the the use
use of
fibre optic
optic cables.
cables.
Depending on
Depending on the
the control
control system in
use (no handshaking
handshaking via via hardware
hardwaresig- sig-
nals, but via the X XoN/X,
ON/XOFF protocol)
protocol) ser- ser-
Brief specification ial links enable a duplex connection
connection to to
Carrier fibre optic cable
cable be established withwith only
only three
three electrical
electrical
Input levels CMOS, TTL or or RS232
RS232 signals. If use is made of light signals,
Output level RS232
RS232 only two channels are required for data
Supply line 5 V regulated communication, and
communication, andthis
thisisis the
thebasis
basis ofof
the present
present article.
article.
Current drain (each interface)
interface) mA
45 mA
Each of thethe data channels, TxD and and
Maximum data rate 115,200 symbols
symbols
RxD, requires
RxD, requires itsits own
own dedicated
dedicated fibrefibre
Interface connectors sub-D
sub 25
-D 25
optic cable,
cable, which ensures complete complete
optic cables
Number of fibre optic 2
2
electrical isolation
electrical isolation between two two com-
com-
Maximum length
Maximum length of cables 2-3
2–3 metres
metres puters or between a computer and and aa
peripheral unit.
arrangement entails
The arrangement entailsfor forall
all elec-
elec-
Design by T. Giesberts
T. Giesberts trical handshake
trical handshake signals
signals (RTS, , CTS,DTR,
(RTSCTS, DTR,
MK= 452
52 Elektor Electronics 5/98
Visit our Web site at http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/elektor_uk
D25
1 1
2 D25
1 DCD 1
D9
14
14 DSR 6
2 TxD
TxD 2 TxD RxD 2
15
15 RTS 7
3 RxD
RxD 3 RxD TxD 3
16
16 CTS 8
4 RTS
4 RTS DTR 4
17
17 9
5 CTS
5 CTS GND 5
18
18
6 DSR
6 DSR
19
19
7 GND
GND 7 GND
20 DTR
20 DTR
8 DCD
8 DCD
21
21
9
9
22
22
10
10
23
Figure 1. By appropri- 23 Figure 2. If the com-
11
24
ately interlinking the 11 puter has a 9-way ser-
24
12 hardware handshake ial connector, a suit-
12
25 signals, a serial con- 25
able adaptor as shown
13 nection may be 13 here must be used.
reduced 980042
to just
- 11 three 980042 - 12
wires.
DSR and DCD) to be intercepted by the THE DESIGN from a 5 V supply line.
interface, which is effected by links on The circuit diagram of the interface is While IC3 arranges the conversion
the connectors. It also requires a suit- shown in Figure 3. Signals RTS and CTS of RS232 levels to TTL levels, IC1 and
able software protocol to be chosen. and DTS, DSR, and DCD, are interlinked IC2 arrange the transformation from
Figure 1 shows how a practical, ser- on connector K1. This arrangement dis- TTL signals to optical signals and vice
ial Xon/XOFF communication may be ables the entire hardware handshaking versa respectively.
established. If the computer is procedure. All that remains are data Circuits IC1 and IC2 are well known
equipped with a 9-way connector signals RxD (pin 3) and TxD (pin 2), in the audio world, since they are nor-
instead of a 25-way one (on which the and these signals are applied directly mally used in digital audio equipment
present circuit is based), a simple adap- to IC3. fitted with optical connectors. They are
tor must be used. Figure 2 shows how Integrated circuit IC3 contains two coupled to fil-
a suitable one may be fabricated. RS232 drivers, two RS232 receivers, ters that sup- Figure 3. The design of
and an integral voltage converter. The press any r.f. the interface is
SIMPLICITY IS THE converter enables the interface to work signals, which straightforward. Serial
WORD signals TxD and RxD
Not only is the design of the interface are carried by separate
straightforward, but the optical parts of 5V 5V
fibre optic cables.
the circuit have also been kept fairly 3 C3
R1
simple. This has resulted in a commu-
4Ω7
100n
nication system without special coding IC1
IC3 7 TOTX173
techniques, which means that each
V+ 3
data channel needs its own fibre optic K1 R2
4 R1 3 2
carrier. It would have been possible to 1
8k2
4
use only one fibre optic cable, but this 14 19 R2 20
requires a complex method of modula- 2 TxD C1 1
tion, which in the present circuit was 15 5 T1 2
100n
not felt justified. Also, the additional 3 RxD
16 18 T2 1
cost of a suitable modem (modula-
4
tor/demodulator) would be well in 17 10 ADM233LJN
5V
IC2
excess of the cost saving on one fibre 5 16 C2– 12
L1 TORX173
optic cable. 18 11 V– 17
1
In spite of its simplicity, the inter- 6 15 C2+
Figure 4. The
The printed-circuit
printed -circuit board
board for
for the
the two interfaces must be cut
Parts list into
into two
two before
before any
any work
work isis started.
started.
Resistors:
Resistors: 4
Ri1 ==4.7
R Ω
4.7 f2
R
R22= 8.2 kΩ
= 8.2k52
Capacitors:
C1-C3
C 1–C3 == 0.1
0.1 µF,
µF, ceramic
C K1
K1 K1
K1
C44= 4.7 µF,
= 4.7 µF, 63
63 V,
V, radial
radial
00000_91.1_1100000
C
C55= 220 µF,
= 220 µF, 25
25 V,
V, radial
radial 000000GO _91.1_1100000
010tini00000 3 0100GOtini00000 O
Inductors:
Inductors: flfjp 000
C4
IC4
C4
IC4
LL1
1== 47 pH
µH IC3 IC3
980042-1
980042-1
1-240089
1-240089
tnemgeS )C(
tnemgeS )C(
Semiconductors:
!DI***
QUM R1 %lipR1
D
D11= 1N4002
= 1N4002 C1 C
C3 3 11!1
L1 C1 Z3:-C3c3 11!1
L1 0
D1
D1
I [01 I
MEM
R2 C2
C2O' rILLL
R2 J C2
C2 IP I
circuits:
Integrated circuits:
u' u'
C5
C5
OUT OUT
IC1
IC 1== TOTX713
TOTX713 (Toshiba)
(Toshiba)
H3
H3
H4 H4
IN
+
0
0
IC
IC22= TORX173 (Toshiba)
= TORX173 (Toshiba) 'Cl
IC1 IC2
1C2 'Cl
IC1 IC2
1C2
IC3
IC 3== ADM233LJN (Analog
(Analog Devices)
Devices)
or MAX233 (Maxim)
(Maxim)
IC4
IC 4== 7805
Miscellaneous:
Miscellaneous:
K
K11= 25-way
= 25 -way female D
D-connector,
-connector,
right-angled, for board mounting
PCB Order no. 980042 (see
(see Readers
Readers
Services towards the end of this
this
issue)
issue)
980042-1
980042-1
(C) Segment
(C) Segment
The optical link and the the fibre
fibre optic
cables to
cables to be
be used
used are readily available
since they
they are identical to to those
those used
used in
good -qualityaudio
good-quality audio equipment.
equipment.
Since the
the interface draws
draws aa relatively
high current
current (about
(about45 45 mA), it has been
provided with a dedicated power sup-
ply. This
This is
is fed
fed by
by a 12
12 VV mains
mains adaptor,
and consists
consists of of capacitors
capacitors C4 C4 and
and C5,
C5, and the
the receiver (X (XoN/X,).
ON/XOFF). work
work as
as before,
before, but
but the
theelectrical
electrical con-
con-
diode D1,
D1, and voltage
voltage regulator
regulator IC4.
IC4. Note that each interface needs its its nection has successfully been replaced
replaced
Diode D
Diode D1 merely protects
1 merely protects the
the supply own power
power supply, that that is,
is, two mains
mains an optical
by an optical one.
one.
against polarity reversal. adaptors are needed.
needed. Since
Since each inter- [980042]
[980042]
draws a current
face draws current ofof about
about45 45 mA at
CONSTRUCTION
C ONSTRUCTION an input
input voltage
voltageof of9-12
9–12V, V, it may be
be
The interface is
The interface is best
best built
built on
on thethe possible to derive power
power fromfrom the
the 12
12 V Figure 5. Photograph
Photograph of the completed
printed -circuitboard
printed-circuit board shown
shown in Fig- Fig- supply in the computer. prototype.
prototype. The
The fibre optic
optic cables
cables enable
enable
4, but
ure 4, but before
before any construction is is Switch on
Switch on the
the supply
supply to the inter- communication
communication at at aa data transmission
transmission
started, the board mustmust be cut into two faces. If
faces. If all
all isis well,
well, the
the serial link will rate
rate of
of 115,200
115,200 symbols.
symbols.
as indicated. The resulting two identi-
cal boards
boards enable a complete
complete fibre
fibre optic
optic
link between
link between two two computers
computers or or
between a computer an a peripheral
unit to be established.
5
Except for IC IC3, allcomponents
3, all components are
to be soldered directly on to the rele-
vant board.
board. Mind
Mind thethe polarity
polarity ofof the
the
diode and
and the
theelectrolytic
electrolytic capacitors.
capacitors.
Also, take
take care
care not
not to confuse IC ICi1 with
IC2
IC and vice
2 and vice versa.
versa. Although these
similar, they
devices look very similar, they are not
interchangeable!
soldering the
Before soldering the pins
pinsofof K1,
K1, the
connector should
connector should be be fastened
fastenedon on the
board with
board with two
two screws, nuts and wash-
and wash-
This procedure
ers. This procedure prevents
prevents any any
undue mechanical
undue mechanical stresses.
When
When allall soldering
soldering has has been
been com-
com-
pleted, the ready for use.
the interfaces are ready
Connect them, together with the the fibre
fibre
cables in
optic cables in a serial link and select
the correct protocol for for both
both the
the driver
SERVICE
WATCHDOG
for me the big question was how to intervals, others at a particular event or UNDER THE HOOD OF
progress from that first piece of soft- state, and the rest at a rate fast enough PICXEX
ware that flashed an LED (my wife to give real-time results. In most micro- The basic idea is that you have 16
could not understand the euphoria) to controller applications, considerable CALL instructions, each associated
that ‘real’ application I always wanted programming effort is spent on the with a bit (flag). If a flag is set then its
to implement on a microcontroller. code that controls/regulates the execu- CALL instruction is executed, other-
tion of the code that makes up the wise it is skipped. This provides a
After a lot of code writing, debugging actual application. Sometimes these two mechanism to selectively execute the 16
and (re)burning of chips the system code types are so interlocked that no subroutines referred to as “tasks”. The
was doing more or less what it was clear borders exist. This situation com- flags of 8 of the tasks, called the Event-
intended to do, but I was beginning to plicates debugging in all but the very Tasks, are set/reset by any of your code.
have doubts about ease-of-use of soft- small software applications. PICXEX is So you can activate and deactivate
ware-based systems. Still, the idea of an effort to solve this problem. Despite Event tasks if and when required. The
using software appealed to me and it its simplicity and size it turned out to be flag bits associated with the other 8
was back to the drawing board. an enabling-tool for those ‘real’ micro tasks, the Time-Tasks, are set by a
controller applications. scheduler routine at time-intervals you
WHY AN OPERATING With hardware borrowed from a select, and thus we have Time-Tasks
SYSTEM? friend and lots of encouragement that are being executed at regular time
It is a well known fact that one of the from the same gentleman, PICXEX intervals.
most successful methods of system was implemented on a PIC16C73 PICXEX consists of two sections, the
design is to break the problem down from Microchip using their MPASM Task-Executive and the Time-Task
into smaller, simpler, tasks. These parts assembler and MPSIM simulator. The Scheduler.
or tasks must now be coded, keeping in code uses about 140 program loca-
mind that to function as a system their tions, 4 registers and you loose one Task Executive
execution must be co-ordinated. Some level of the stack. PICXEX is simplicity Figure 1 is a flowchart of the Task Exec-
must be executed at predetermined itself and the idea can be applied to utive. In the first section all Time-Tasks
other microcontrollers with ease. If with their flag bits set are executed. If
you have an existing assembly lan- the Scheduler sets the flag for a partic-
guage based application using any of ular Time-Task every 20 ms. the Task
the PIC16C7x range you can probably Executive will oblige and execute that
apply PICXEX to your code without task on average every 20 ms.
By L. Legrange major software surgery. Event-Tasks are executed in a similar
3 INC 3_3
SW-B 3_7
3_11
CNTLIM-16 SPEED
KEY01
BIN02 BIN03 SETPOINT
INC OUT
& WORD01
3_2
DEC
ON-DELAY
IN 3_3
3_1 BIN01 LLWORD TEMPB1
TIME #1 50 LLim
LLBYTE
0.6 HLim
TEMPB0
DEC 3_6 3_10
SW-B 3_8 LLWORD TEMPB3
KEY02 350
BIN05
& BIN06
3_5
ON-DELAY
IN
3_4 BIN04
TIME #2
LLBYTE
0.6
TEMPB0
MANUAL
980034 - 13
BIN07
LISTING 2
.....................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
clrf TIME_TASK_STATUS ; ensure no Time-Tasks active
clrf EVENT_TASK_STATUS ; ensure no Event_Tasks active
clrf EVENT_TASK_ENTRY ; reset Event-Task loop entry-point
clrf SCHED_COUNT ; clear Scheduler mask selector
XEX_ON_EVENT 3 ; start with Event-Task 3 on
goto Main_00 ; make it fly!
5
AGND
112
VDDA
113
VDDD
1
VDDAP
(ASK) transmission
transmission CONTROL LOGIC
DATAIN
a single 5 V supply.
supply. DEMODULATOR
FILTER
5,
PEAK U/D
DETECT COUNT
16 6
Figure 1. Block
Figure Block dia-
gram of
of the
the Type
Type
TDA5051Aintegrated
TDA5051A integrated
Automation
Home Automation
Modem.
Modem.
characteristics
Main characteristics
ä
Full digital
Full carrier
digital carriergeneration
generationand andshaping
shaping
ä
Modulation/demodulation
Modulation/demodulation frequency
frequencyset setbybyadjustment
adjustmentofofthe
theinter-
inter-
manufacturers
not
from manufacturers
does not
ä
Digital -to -analogue converter
Digital-to-analogue converter(DAC) (DAC)for
for rejection
rejectionof
of aliasing
aliasing com-
com-
application disturbances,
disturbances, such
such as
as com-
com-
high (6
ponents with high (6-bit)
-bit) clock rate
representatives and
ponent tolerances,
tolerances, temperature
temperature drift,
drift,
Elektor Electronics or its consultants.
ä Fully
Fully integratedoutput
integrated outputpower
powerstage stagewith
with overload
overload protection
or their representatives
supply
supply voltage
voltage drift, and
and so
so on.
on.
ä
Automatic
Automaticgaingaincontrol
controlatatreceiver
receiver input
received from
ä 8-bit
8 -bit analogue-to-digital
analogue converter (ADC)
-to -digital converter (ADC) with the mains supply
The interface with supply
(US: household AC
(US: household AC supply)
supply) is via aa
information received
äNarrow
Narrowdigital
digitalfilter
filter
ä
Digital demodulation
Digital demodulationproviding
providingbaseband
basebanddata data hybrid LC
hybrid LC network.
network. The
The output
output stage of
ä
Compliance
Compliance with
withEN50065-1
EN50065-1throughthroughsimple
simpleinterfacing
interfacingnetwork
network the modem is is capable
capable of applying aa
Ω
on information
ä
FewFew external
externalcomponents
componentsfor forlow-cost
low-costapplications
applications 120
120 dBµV
dBuV r.m.s. signal to aa (typical)
signal to (typical)30
3052
äS016
> SO16plastic
plasticpackage
package load.
load.
industries or
To
Toreduce
reduce current
current drain, the modem
the modem
electronics industries
is disabled
disabled by by aapower -down (PD)
power-down (PD)
imply practical experience by Elektor
based on
input
input pin
pin (15). When this
(15). When this happens,
happens, the
this note is based
FUNCTIONAL
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION on -chip oscillator
on-chip oscillator remains
remains active and and
and electronics
replaces
replacesthe
thebaud
baudasasthe
theunit
unit ofoftransmitted
transmitted data.
data reference driven by
reference oscillator driven by aa crystal.
crystal. controlled
controlled dynamically
dynamically by by thethemicro
micro--
in the electrical
** For
For full
full details, see Data Sheet
details, see Sheet TDA5051A
TDA5051A available from Philips
available from Philips Semiconductors or at
Semiconductors or
The
http://207.87.1.43/acrobat/datasheets/TDA5051A.pdf
A60
60 Elektor Electronics
Electronics 5/98
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Table 1. Pinning
Table 1. Pinning
Pin
Pin Symbol Description
Description
11 DATA
DATAIN
IN digital data input (active logic low)
low)
2 DATA
DATAouT
OUT digital data output (active logic low)
low) DATAIN I 16 TEST1
3
3 VVDDD
DDD supply voltage for digital circuits
circuits
DATAouT I 2 15 PD
4
4 CLK
CLKow-
OUT clock output (fosc/2)
(fOSC/2)
5 DGND
DGND ground (earth) for digital circuits
circuits VDDDI 3 711 RXIN
6
6 SCANTEST test input (logic low
low in
in application)
application) CLKOUT I 4 13 VDDA
77 OSC1
OSC1 oscillator input TDA5051 AT
DGND I 5 12 AGND
8
8 OSC2 oscillator output
9
9 APGND
APGND ground for (analogue) power amplifier SCANTEST I 6 rl I VDDAP
10
10 TX
TXPUT
OUT analogue signal output OSC1 17 711 TXOUT
11
11 VVDDAP
DDAP supply voltage for (analogue) power amplifier
OSC2I 8 APGND
12
12 AGND ground for analogue circuits
circuits
13
13 VVDDA
DDA supply voltage for analogue circuits 980048 - 12
14
14 RX
RXIN
IN analogue signal input
15
15 PD
PD power-down
power -down input
input (active
(active logic
logic high)
16
16 TEST1
TESTI test input (logic high
high in
in application)
application)
When
When thethe modem
modemisis controlled
controlledbyby so providing an easy connection
connection to to aa down resistors).
down resistors).
the on -chip oscillator,
on-chip the requisite
oscillator, the requisite standard microcontroller
standard microcontroller 1/0I/O port.
crystal is
crystal is connected
connected between pins 77 The digital
The digital part
part of
of the modem is TRANSMIT
T R A N S M I T MODEMODE
and 8.8. An
An external
external clock
clock (microcon-
(microcon- fully scan
fully -testable.Pins
scan-testable. Pins 66 and
and 16, The carrier frequency is generated by
troller driven by a crys- SCANTEST and
SCANTEST TEST
and TEST the scanning of a read-only memory
tal) is connected
connected Figure 2.. Typical
Ty appli- respectively,
respectively, are used
used (ROM) under
(ROM) under the
the control
controlof
ofaamicro
micro--
between pins 5 and 7;
between 7; tion diag
cation ram of the
diagram for production
production tests;
tests; controller clock
controller clock or
or the reference fre-
fre-
pin 88 must then
then bebe left
left A5051A Home
TDA5051A these pins
pins must
must be
be left
left quency provided
providedbybythe
theon -chip oscil-
on-chip oscil-
open. Modem 411 open in the
tornation Modem
Automation the functional
functional both methods provide
lator: both provide the
the accu-
accu-
All logic
All logic inputs
inputs and
and 'th power line isola-
with mode (correct
(correct levels
levels required by
racy required
racy by environmental
environmental
outputs are
outputs are compatible
compatible tionn and im proved
improved are defined internally
internally conditions.
with TTL/CMOS levels,
with TTL/CMOS nsitivity.
sensitivity. by pull-up and and pull-
pull- High-frequency
High -frequency clocking rejects the
the
TOKO
I T1002
230 V n=1
4 6
1 VA -
6V
+5 V
6.8
nF
78L05 FDB08
2 33
470 uF nF
(16 V)
7,7
47 nF +100µF
T (16 V) nF
72
VDDD VDDAP VDDA
+5 V 10
DATA! 11 13
150
RXIN 10 nF kS2
DATA0uT 14
MICRO - 10 nF
CONTROLLER TDA5051 A TXOUT BC547B
CLKOUT 10
4
PD 33
1 kS2
15 kS2
12
OSC1 OSC2 DGND APGND AGND
2.2 MO P6KE6V8:
1-
XTAL
-0-
8.48 MHz
T- 27 pF T-27 pF
P6KE6V8
47. 980048 - 13
Elektor Electronics
Electronics 5/98 61
61
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Table2.2.Electrical
Table Electrical characteristics
characteristics
Symbol Parameter
Parameter Conditions
Conditions Min Typ
Typ Max Unit
TRANSMIT
TRANSMIT MODE MODE
ffcr
cr carrier frequency ffosc
osc =
= 8.48 MHz -- 132.5
132.5 -- kHz
ttssu set-up time of the shaped burst ffosc
osc =
= 8.48 MHz -- 170
170 -- µs
ps
tthh hold time of the shaped burst ffosc
osc =
= 8.48 MHz -- 170
170 -- µs
ps
ttW(DI)(m
W(DI)(min)
in) minimum pulse
pulse width
width of
of DATA
DATA IN signal ffosc
osc =
= 8.48 MHz -- 190
190 -- µs
ps
tfkb urst)(m in)
W(burst)(min) Minimale Burst-Zeit ffosc
osc =
= 8.48 MHz -- 360
360 -- µs
ps
VVO(eff)
O(eff) output carrier
carrier signal
signalZ,=
ZL =CISPR16
CISPR16 DATAIN == Low
DATAIN Low 120
120 -- 122
122 dBµV
dBpV
Ilo(max)
O(max) power amplifier output current
current (peak DATAIN == Low
(peak value) DATAIN Low -- 160
160 -- mA
ZZoO output impedance of the power amplifier -- 55 -- Ω
Q
VVoO direct voltage output
output at
at TX
TX,-
OUT -- 2.5 -- VV
RECEIVE
RECEIVE MODE
MODE
VVi(eff)
i(eff) input (r.m.s.)
analogue input (r.m.s.) 66 (82)
(82) -- 122
122 dBµV
dBpV
VVil directvoltage
direct voltageatatRX,N
RXIN - 2.5 -- VV
R AGC
RAGC automatic gain control range -- 50
50 -- kΩ
k52
ttc(AGC)
c(AGC) automatic gain control time constant ffosc
osc =
= 8.48 MHz -- 36 -- dB
dB
BBddet
et bandwidth
detection bandwidth ffosc
osc =
= 8.48 MHz -- 33 -- kHz
BER error rate
bit error rate ffosc
osc =
= 8.48 MHz -- 10 -4
10-a -- --
aliasing components
aliasing components toto an extent extent RECEIVE
R E C E I V E MODE MODE minimum when the pin is
drain is a minimum is
which ensures that when when theythey are are fil-
fil- The input
The input signal
signal received
received by by thethe high. When
When this
this is
is so,
so, all
all functions,
functions,
tered by thethe interfacing
interfacing LC LC network, modem is applied
modem applied to to aawide -band
wide-band apart from the
apart from theclock
clock oscillator, are
are then
then
they do notnot cause
cause any any significant
significant dis- input amplifier
amplifier with automatic
automatic gain gain disabled.
disabled .
turbance. control, AGC, from -6 –6 dBdB to
to ++30
30 dB.
dB.
The data modulation
The modulation is is applied
applied This arrangement
This arrangement improves the the noise DATA
D A T A FORMAT
FORMAT
through pin
through pin11(DATAIN)
(DATAIN) and and applied
applied performance
performance and andprovides
providesaa means
means for for Transmit mode
smoothly
smoothly by by specific digital circuitry to signal level
level adjustment
adjustment to ensureensure max-
max- The data
datainput, DATAIN, is active
input,DATAIN, low,
active low,
the carrier (shaping). Harmonic com- imum sensitivityof
imum sensitivity ofthe
the88-bit
-bit ADC. which means that a burst is generated
ponents are are limited
limited in in this
this process,
process, Subsequently, the signal is passed on the
theline (TXOUT) when
line(TX0UT) pin DATA
when pin DATA, is
IN is
thus avoiding
avoiding unacceptable
unacceptable distur- distur- through the
through the ADC
ADC and and a digital band- low.
bance of the transmission channel channel (as (as pass filter so as to meet the
pass the CISPR
CISPR nor- Pin TX,
TXOUT uT is in the high-impedance
the high -impedance
laid down
laid down in in Recommendations malization and to comply with some
malization long as
state as long as the
the modem
modem is notnot trans-
CISPR16 and
CISPR16 and EN50065-1).
EN50065-1). Total Total har- additional limitations in current current appli- mitting. Successive logiclogic 1s
is are treated
treated
monic distortion is attenuated
monic distortion attenuated by by cations. After
After digital
digitaldemodulation
demodulation and and non -return to zero (NRZ) mode.
in a non-return
55 dB
55 dB when
when a typical
typical LC LC interfacing pulse shaping,
shaping, the the baseband
baseband datadatasig-
sig-
network
network isis uused*.
sed*. nal is available
availableatatpin (DATAOUT).
pin2 2(DATAD,T). Receive mode
Receive
digital -to -analogue converter
The digital-to-analogue converter Pin 14 (RX,N)
(RXIN) isisaahigh-impedance
high -impedance The data
dataoutput,
output,pin
pin DATAOUT, is
DATAOUT, is active
active
(DAC)and
(DAC) and the
the power
power stage are set to pin that
that has
has toto be
be protected
protected and and d.c.
d.c. low,which
low, whichmeans
meansthatthat the
the data
data output
output
provide a maximum
maximum signal signal level
level of of decoupled for
decoupled for the samesame reasons
reasons as is low
is low when a burst
burst isis received.
received. The The
122 dBµV
122 dBuV r.m.s.
r.m.s.atatthe
the output
output (pin
(pin 10).
10). pin
pin 10 (TX,T).
10 (TX OUT). The highhigh sensitivity
sensitivity at at pin
pin remains
remains low
low asas long
long as
as aa burst
burstisis
The output of the power power stage, pin the input
input(82-122
(82–122 dBuV)
dBµV) makes the use received.
received.
10 (TX
10 (TXT)
OUT) must
must be be connected
connected at at all
all of a 50
50 HzHz (US:
(US: 6060Hz)
Hz)rejection
rejection filter
filter –-
times to a decoupling capacitor, since
decoupling capacitor, since aa formed
formed by by the
the LC
LC interfacing network
direct voltageofof500
direct voltage mVDD exists
500mVDD exists atat this -a
–a must.
must. This
This filter
filter also
also serves
serves as as an
an
pin, even when the the modem
modem is is not
not anti-aliasing filter for for the
the internal
internal digi-
transmitting. The pin
transmitting. pin must
must also
also be pro-pro- tal processing.
tected against overvoltage and nega- Figure 3. Representa-
Figure
transient signals.
tive transient signals. TheThe direct
direct volt-
volt- POWER
P O W E R --DOWN
D O W N MODEMODE tive relationship
tive relationship
age referred to may be used used to to bias
bias a power -down input,
The power-down input,pin
pin15
15(PD)
(PD) is
is between DATA IN and
DATAIN
unipolar
unipolar transient
transient suppressor.
suppressor. high; this
active high; this means
means that
that the
the current TX
TXoup
OUT .
Direct connection
connection to the the mains sup- M.
ply (US: household
household AC AC supply)
supply) is is via
an LC
LC network for for low-cost
low-cost applica-
However, when
tions. However, when power line insu- 3
lation has to be ensured,
ensured, aa suitable
suitabler.f. r.f.
transformer should
should be used.used.
Note
Note that
that in
in the
the transmission
transmission mode, mode,
the receiving part of the modem modem is is not
not
disabled and the the transmitted
transmittedsignal signal is is
detected normally.
normally. In this mode, the
gain chosen
gain chosen before
before the onset of the
transmission is stored and and the
thea.g.c.
a.g.c. isis
set internally
set internally to to -6
–6 dBdB asas long
long as as
DATA
DATA, IN is low.
low. When
When this is not so, the the
previous
previous gain
gain setting
setting is is restored
restored auto-auto- (21 tiViDixrnro =
matically.
wrong operallori gatia46 - 10
Elektor Electronics
Electronics 5/98 63
Elektor Electronics
The ICM7218A accepts data in a serial format and dri- Pin configuration #1 (Blue)
ves common-anode displays. Data can be displayed #2 (Red)
in either hexadecimal or code-B format. The
#6 (Yellow)
ICM7218A also features a NO Decode mode where
each individual segment can be independently con- ICM7218A/B #10 (Black)
MODE WRITE
trolled. This is particularly useful in driving bar graphs. (ID0 - ID7) 8 (ID3 - ID7)
INPUT
DATA
CONTROL
INPUTS 1 1
#12 (Gn & Wh)
The Maxim ICM7218 is an alternative for both the 8 4
Applications 1
Freq. (MHz) .05 .1 .5 1. 3. 5. 10 30 50 100 200 300
1
ç Instrumentation 983005 - 11
Iron-powder material vs. frequency range
ç Test Equipment 8
Higher Q will be obtained in the upper portion of a material’s frequency range when smaller cores are used. Likewise, in the
8x8 WRITE ADDRESS
ç Hand Held Instruments 1 STATIC
RAM
8 COUNTER
lower portion of a material’s frequency range, higher Q can be achieved when using the larger cores.
ç Bargraph Displays 1
1 7
ç Panel Meters 220
4
34-t
67
5/98
Passive Components Integrated Circuits
Inductors DATASHEET 5/98 Microprocessor, Interfacing DATASHEET 5/98
AL values (µH / 100 turns) For complete part number, add Mix number to Core Size number.
Electrical characteristics (V+ = 5 V ±10%, TA = 25 °C
Range (MHz) Þ to 0.1 .05 - .5 .1 - 2 .5 - 5 1 - 30 3 - 50 5 - 100 20 - 200 50 - 300
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
Outer 26 Mix 3 Mix 15 Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 6 Mix 10 Mix 17 Mix 0 Mix
Core size diam. Yel-Wh Grey Rd-Wh Blue Red Yellow Black Grn-Wh Tan Supply Voltage V+ -20ºC ≤ TA ≤ Operating 4 6 V
µ = 75 µ = 35 µ = 25 µ = 20 µ = 10 µ=8 µ=6 µ = 3.5 µ=1
Elektor Electronics
(in.)
T-12- .125 na 60 50 8 20 17 12 7.0 3.0 +85ºC Data Retention 2 6
T-16- .160 na 61 5 44 22 19 13 8.0 3.0 Shutdown Supply Current IQ ICM7218A, B 5 300 mA
T-20- .200 na 90 6 52 27 22 16 10.0 3. Operating Supply Current IOP Decoding all 8’s, display open 200 450 µA
T-25- .250 na 100 100 70 34 27 19 12.0 4.5 No Decode, display outputs open 200 450 µA
T-30- .307 325 140 93 85 43 36 25 16.0 6.0
Display blank, driving display 200 450 µA
T-37- .375 275 120 90 80 40 30 25 15.0 4.9
Decoding all 8’s and D.P.s,
T-44- .440 360 180 160 105 52 42 33 19.0 6.5
T-50- .500 320 175 135 100 49 40 31 18.0 6.4 driving display 240 mA
T-68- .690 420 195 180 115 57 47 32 21.0 7.5 Digit Drive Current IDIG Common Anode VOUT = V+ – 2.0V –200 –300 mA
T-80- .795 450 180 170 115 55 45 32 22.0 8.5 Common Cathode VOUT = 1.0 V 50 70 mA
T-94- .942 590 248 200 160 84 70 58 32.0 10.6 IDLK
Digit leakage Current Shutdown, V+ - 2.0V
T-106- 1.060 900 450 345 325 135 116 na na 19.0
Common Anode, VOUT = 0V –10 µA
T-130- 1.30 785 350 250 200 110 96 na na 15.0
T-157- 1.57 970 420 30 320 140 115 na na na
Common Cathode, VOUT = 5V 10 µA
T-184- 1.84 1640 720 na 500 240 na na na na Peak Segment Drive Current ISEG Common Anode, VOUT = 1.5V 20 30 mA
T-200- 2.00 895 425 na 250 120 100 na na na Common Cathode, VOUT = V+ – 2.0V -10 -20
T-200A- 2.00 1550 na na na 218 180 na na na
Segment Leakage Current ISLK Shutdown, V+ = 5V
T-225A- 2.25 950 424 na na 120 100 na na na
T-225A- 2.25 1600 na na na 215 na na na na
Common Anode, VOUT = 5V –1 –50 µA
68
µ = permeability Display Scan Rate fMUX V+ = 5V 75 250 Hz
Interdigit Blanking Time tidb V+ = 5V 2 10 µs
The following equations are useful for calculating the number of turns, inductance, or the AL value of any iron powder toroidal
core. Each core has been assigned an AL value that may be found in the preceding chart. Input High Voltage VIH 2.0 V
All inputs, -20ºC ≤ TA ≤ +85ºC
Input Low Voltage VIL 0.8 V
Write Pulse Width (Low) twl 200 100 ns
desired ' L'( µH ) AL ×N 2 10 000 × ' L'( µH )
N = 100 L( µH )= AL ( µH / 100 turns ) = Write Pulse Width (High) twh 1.0 µs
AL ( µH / 100 turns ) 10 000 N2
Input Setup Time tids All inputs 250 150 ns
Input Hold Time tidh All inputs 0 -20 ns
N = number of turns L = inductance (µH) AL = inductance index (µH/100 turns)
#
READERS’
Letters
We can only
only answer
answer questions
questions or
or remarks
remarks ofof general
general interest
interest to
to our
our readers, concerning projects notnot
Box
older than
than two
two years
years and
and published
publishedin inElektor
Elektor Electronics. view of
Electronics. In view of the
the amount
amount of post received,
O . possible to
it is not possible to answer
answer all
all letters,
letters, and we
we are
are unable
unable to respond to individual wishes
wishes and
and
P. 14 requests for modifications to, or additional
additional information
informationabout,
about,Elektor
Elektor Electronics
Electronics projects.
14
exposed metal
exposed metal box
box of of the
the We
We totally
totally agree
agree with
with your find-
your find- is suitable
is suitable for
for aa programming
programming
power supply.
supply. This
This could
could leadlead ings in regard
ings regard of of this
this rather
rather voltage
voltage of
of 12.5 V (the pro-
12.5 V pro-
sparks and
to a few sparks and mysteri-
mysteri- unfortunate arrangement
unfortunate arrangement of of the
the work with
grammer does not work with
mains fuse
ous mains fuse failures
failures or or the
the earth wiring as
earth as shown
shown in in the
the 21-V types).
21-V types).
transformer overheating
transformer overheatingand and photograph you mention.
photograph mention. We We -- Are
Are you sure the
you sure the EPROM
EPROM usedused
(potentially more dangerous-
dangerous- advise all
advise all readers
readers building this
building this with the
is compatible with the 1-ms
1 -ms
the earthing
ly) the ear thing wire
wire insulation
insulation project, or
project, or planning
planning toto do
do so,
so, to
to programming algorithm
algorithm
burning.
melting and possibly burning. the safety
follow the safety guidelines as as employed by the programmer
employed
On the subject of (essential)
On (essential) earth-
earth- set out in Mr. Mr. Joy's
Joy’s letter.
letter. We
We (50-ms
(50 -ms types
types are
are not
not suit-
Earthing in Variable ing there is no indication
indication inin the
the cir-
cir- also recommend
also recommend consulting
consulting the the able)?
able)?
Power Supply diagram that
cuit diagram that the
the metal
metal box box && Safety Guidelines
Safety page which
Guidelines page which is is -- Is the correct programming
programming
Dear
DearEditor
Editor— - I Iread
read with
with interest
interest chassis should be be earthed nor is is included in
included in the
the magazine
magazine aa fewfew voltage
voltage being
being applied to the the
Variable Power Supply article
the Variable article construction.
it mentioned in the construction. times
times in every year
in every year volume.
volume. EPROM?
EPROM?Check Check the
the value
value dur-
dur-
in the March 1998 1998 issueissue of Elek-
of Elek- Also II suggest that the
Also the (usual)
(usual) ing programming with the the aid
aid
tor
tor Electronics,
Electronics, and particularly the warnings should
warnings should have
have been
been includ-
includ- of aa voltmeter.
of voltmeter.
photograph of of the
the prototype
prototypeand and ed in the construction about mak-
construction about mak- EPROM
EPROM Programmer
Programmer
the circuit diagram. sure that:
ing sure that: Dear
DearEditor
Editor— Your March
- Your March 1997
II would
would refer you to the the earth con-
con- råThe
Thebolt
bolthead
headofofthethetoroidal
toroidal issue contained a fine design for for Motorola software
software utilities
utilities
visible on
nection visible on the
the photograph
photograph transformer fixing does not
transformer an EPROM programmer,
programmer, which I'm I’m ftp
pack now by ftp
from the mains input socket socket to
to the
the touch the
touch the top
top cover.
cover. sure many of your your readers
readers hadhad Dear
Dear Editor
Editor — Viayour
- Via yourP.O.P.O. Box
Box
the fixing
top of the fixing of of the
the toroidal
toroidal å That primary side wiring
wiring should
should eagerly looked forward to. Having
forward to. Having 1414 column II would
1414 column would like
like to
to advise
advise
transformer.
transformer. have been
have segregated or
been segregated circuit I was delighted
built the circuit delighted to to readers of your
your magazine
magazine that that the
the
II would
would suggest that this connec- connec- sleeved near the secondary
sleeved secondary note that it worked spot-on,spot-on, albeit
albeit self-extracting
self -extracting archive file file
tion should be be routed
routed to to metal
metal circuits to
winding / circuits to maintain
maintain 27C512EPROMs
for 27C512 EPROMs only. only. I did
I did ‘ELEKT494’.EXE’ mentioned
`ELEKT494'.EXE' mentioned in in the
the
box/chassis by by another
another pathpath to
to safety insulation sincesince thesethese not discover this until until after
after aa few
few article ‘RS232
article interface for
`RS232 interface for
avoid becoming
avoid becoming an an effective
effective short-
short- accessible connections
accessible connections are are not
not months when when I had
I had to burn aa 68HC11’ (Elektor Electronics
68HC11' Electronics
ed turn ifif another
another piece
piece of
of earthed
earthed earthed.
earthed. 27C256 EPROM.
27C256 EPROM. That proved proved to to 1998, PC
March 1998, PC Topics
Topics supple-
supple-
touches the
equipment touches the external
external John H.H. Joy,
Joy, CC Eng
Eng MIEEMIEE impossible!
be impossible! also available
ment) is also available from
from thethe
Other EPROMs like the 27C64 and
Other and following Internet
following Internet site:
site:
the 27C128 can
the 27C128 not be
can not be pro-
pro-
grammed either.
grammed either. The control soft-soft- http://skynet.stack.nl/ftp/68hc11w
http://skynet.stack.nl/ftp/68hc11w
warethen
ware thentells
tellsmeme COULD
COULD WRITE.
NOTWRITE.
NOT g/m68hc11
g/m68hc11
IfIf I read out the EPROM,
EPROM, itit appears
appears
that one or two two bytes
bytes have
have been
been Thought I’d know!
I'd better let you know!
written in spite of this this error
error report.
report. Martin Lemke
Martin Lemke
Are you aware of this problem?
R. Becker Thank
Thankyou youfor
for this useful tip.
this useful
Actually,
Actually, somesome time
time ago ago wewe
Assuming that the
Assuming the programmer
programmer already received
already received information that
information that
handles ‘512
handles EPROMs correctly
'512 EPROMs this
this file had
had made
made it allall the
the way
way
we’d
we'd say
say that the hardware
that the hardware and
and from Munich
from Munich down
down toto aa Motoro-
Motoro-
software are
software are probably
probably okay.
okay. la BBS in
la BBS in Australia.
Australia. We We are
are
Check
Check the the following
following points:
points: pleased to see that it has has now
now
-- In the program, did you you select
select landed at a site that shouldshould bebe
the
the right EPROM type?
right EPROM type? accessible to
accessible to anyone
anyone at at the
the cost
cost
-- Are
Are you sure the
you sure the EPROM
EPROM used
used of aa local
of local phone
phone call.
call.
S
SWITCHBOARD
WITCHBOARD
WANTED AA VHF
VHF to
to UHF
UHF convertor,
convertor, or
or FOR SALE
FOR Intel Prompt
SALE Intel Prompt 48
48Develop-
Develop-
Switchboard allows PRIVATE READERS of
PRIVATE READERS of Elektor
Elektor Electronics
Electronics one
circuits, as
circuits, as I have a display unit with
with aa for 8048/8748
ment System for 8048/8748Micro
Micro-
-
FREE advertisement of up to 106 characters, including spaces, com-
VHF output,
VHF and II wish
output, and wish to connect a with manuals
controllers, with manuals £150.
£150. D.
D.
mas, numerals, etc., per month. The The advertisement
advertisement MUST
MUST relate to
electronics, and it MUST INCLUDE
INCLUDE aa private
private telephone number or TV. Mr. T.
TV. T. Collins,
Collins, 215 Arlott
Arlott Crescent,
Crescent, Fittes, 8 Elisabeth
Fittes, Elisabeth Court, Warwick
Warwick
name and
and address;
address; post
postoffice
office boxes
boxes are
are NOT
NOT acceptable.
acceptable. Oldbrook, Milton
Oldbrook, MiltonKeynes
KeynesMK6
MK62QT.
2QT. CV34 6QB. Tel.
Tel. (01926) 493092.
(01926) 493092.
Elektor
Elektor Electronics
Electronics (Publishing)
(Publishing) can
can not
not accept
accept responsibility for any
correspondence or transaction as a result of a free advertisement or FOR
FOR SALE
SALE EPROM programmer
programmer GP GP FOR SALE
FOR SALE Due to workshop
workshop clear-
clear-
of any inaccuracy in the text of such
such an
an advertisement.
advertisement. EP8000
EP8000 £75,
£75, Spectron D-586 datas-
datas- multimeters, transistor
ance: 3 multimeters, transistortester,
tester,
Advertisements
Advertisements will willbebeplaced
placedininthethe order
order inin which
which they
they are
are Intel MDS
cope £185, Intel MDS ++ ICEICE with
with counter, valve
frequency counter, valve voltmeter.
voltmeter.
received. Elektor Electronics (Publishing) reserve the right to refuse
refuse manuals
manuals etc.
etc. £100.
£100. P. Clark
Clark (01344) Phone for detailed list.
list. Ken
Ken Phillips,
Phillips,
advertisements without giving reasons or without returning
returning them.
them. 868985.
868985. phone (01376) 323164(Essex).
(01376) 323164 (Essex).
A70
70 Elektor Electronics
Elektor 5/98
5/98