Unit 4 – Solutions

Time Frame 5 weeks

Competencies
C1. Gain understanding of solutions and the dissolving process.
C2. Appreciate solutions at work in the natural environment.
C3. Understand the concepts of mole, solution, solvent, solute, solubility, and
concentration.

SOLUBILITY

Time Frame 2 sessions

I. Learning Objectives
At the end of the session, the students must be able to explain how solutions are
formed. They must be able to:
1. Define solubility;
2. Describe how a substance dissolves in a given solvent.
3. Appreciate the bounty of solutions in the human body.

II. Subject Matter

A. Topic: Types of solutions, the dissolving process.

B. References
1.Department of Education, Culture and Sports. (1991). Science and
Technology III. Quezon City: Book Media Press, pp. 129-130.
2.Brown, Theodore l., LeMay, H. Eugene Jr., and Bursten, Bruse E.,
Chemistry the Central Science, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000, pp. 474-
475.
3.Chemistry, Addison Wesley pp. 459.
4.Mapa, Fidilino, Rabago, Chemistry: Science & Technology III, pp. 236.
C. Materials
Kerosene KMnO4
Detergent sugar
Powdered charcoal Water
Sulfur powder oil
Ethyl alcohol 12 Test tubes
Powdered chalk ballpen cover
CuSO4 test tube rack
Salt

III. Learning Tasks

A. Recall and Motivation

1. What are the two components of a solution? What are the types of solution
based on solvent the solvent used? Based on the final state of the solution?

2. Demonstration
 a. Get three separate 150 ml beakers and fill each with 50 ml water.
b. Place approximately 1g each of KMnO4 crystals in the beaker, CuSO4
crystal into the second beaker and I2 crystal in the third beaker.
c. Stir each mixture with a stirring rod. Identify the solute and the solvent
in each beaker.
d. Did the crystal dissolve in water? Describe what happens in each
combination.

B. Lesson Proper
1. Activity: “Solubility in Water” (SAS 4-05)
a. Pour %ml of water into each of the 12 test tubes.

b. Into each test tube, place a small amount of each of the given
substances. To measure, fill the ball pen cover with each of the
solid and with about 1 ml each of the liquids.

c. Shake the test tube after adding each substances and then observe
whether the substance dissolves in water or not. Record your
observations.

2. Discussion / Concept Formation

a. Which substances in the activity are soluble in water?

b. Which substances are insoluble?

c. Which substances are only slightly soluble?

d. Is water really a universal solvent?

e. What relationship do you observe between the color of the

substance being dissolved and the color of the solution formed?

f. What actually happens when a solute dissolves in a solvent?

g. What do you call this process?

h. What do you observe when you place a handful of powdered

detergent in water?

i. Is there an energy change? Explain.

 j. When do you say that the dissolution involves an exothermic or an
endothermic process?

C. Generalization
1. Solubility refers to the amount of solute that can dissolve in a given
solvent at room temperature.

2. How do substances dissolve? Solvation- there is an interaction between

the solute and the solvent. The solute particles are usually surrounded by
the solvent particles. This process is called SOLVATION.

3. The nature of the solute and the solvent affects whether a substance will
dissolve. If the solute contains charged particles, it will also dissolve in a
solvent that has a tendency to have charges. On the other hand, a solute
does not have a tendency to be charged can only dissolve in a solvent that
has similar characteristics.

4. Agitation makes the solute dissolves more rapidly because it brings fresh
solvent into contact with the surface of the solute. However, agitation
affects only the rate at which a solute dissolves. It cannot influence the
amount of solute that dissolves. An insoluble substance will remain
undissolved no matter how much the system is agitated.

5. Heat change in solution process maybe endothermic or exothermic. If heat

is absorbed when a solute dissolves in a given solvent the final temperature
of the solution is higher than the temperature of the pure solvent. The
reaction is endothermic. If heat is given off when a solute dissolves in a
given solvent, the final temperature of the solution is lower than the
temperature of the pure solvent. The reaction is exothermic.

6. Rules on solubility:
a. A substance is insoluble if less than or equal to 0.1g dissolves in 1 liter
of water at room temperature.
b. A substance is slightly soluble if greater than 0.1g but less than 10g
dissolves in 1 liter of water at room temperature.
c. A substance is soluble if 10 g greater than 10g of the substance
dissolves in 1 liter of water at room temperature.

D. Application/ Valuing
Appreciation for the bounty solutions: throughout the living world, solutions
are necessary for maintenance and survival. In human body, nutrients are
transported in solutions, while waste products are removed as solutions.

E. Evaluation
Fill in the blanks:
1. When the solute particles are pulled away by the solvent molecules and
separate from the crystal, the process is known . (Solvation)
 2. When sugar dissolves in water its particles becomes more .
(disorderly)
3. In dissolving sugar, the water molecules have forces enough to overcome
the strong forces of attraction that hold molecules of sugar
together. (attractive)
4. When the solute particles absorb heta in the dissolution process, the
change is said to be . (endothermic)
5. Heat change is said to be when the final temperature of the
solution is lower than the temperature of the pure solvent. (exothermic)

F. Agreement
When 36.0g of sodium chloride is added to 100g of water at 25oC, all the salt
particles dissolves. Yet if you add one more gram of salt and stir, no matter
how vigorously or for how long, only 0.2g of the last portion dissolves in the
solution. Why?
(The solvent already contains the maximum amount of solute it can hold. In
this case, the maximum amount of sugar 100g of water can hold at 25oC is
only 100 g. if more solute is added in to the solution, the solute will no longer
dissolve.)