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# # dM 0 = z × (− ρ g z ) w dz
# #Änª½D#Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#¿ÁEºQ½ELÍ
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# #ÈF#þªÅ#Ǻ½Í
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# #1 F #Óζ½D#ÌhÆ©#lTÝP#Òj½D#¬E²PkÞD#ÎÉ# z VÐ\

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# ##Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#Ìß©F#–Q½gEªŸD#ÇÁ#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ#
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1£®|½D#n¹l˜#Ô¾xD#Óζ½D#ÌjÉ#EÉhÆ©#lTÝP#!½D#Ôó¶Æ½D#´lªçP
:(1) * 
# #=hXÍF#/ÌEÅgF#¿ºt½D#¡#E¹#/ 8 m #Ë©E²PkDÍ# 30.5 m #˽΁#ÈDnc
         8
##
FR L ##
d = 8m

##
d
3 600 ##
# #1×EŸD#£®{#NMpL#Ëо©#ÓlTݟD#Óζ½D#kDh¶Á#0F
# #1ÈDnŠD#¿²oF#ÇÁ#Óζ½D#ÌjÉ#TGP#Ôó¶Å#0O
*
# #Եߪ½EL#ÔÏgΪ½D#Óζ½D#ÕóªçP#0F
# # FR = γ   A
d
2
d d 8
# # sin θ = , L= = = 9.24 m
L sin θ sin 60
#a A = (9.24)(30.5) = 281.8 m 2 #Ë]ó¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢o#Ô\Ep¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢Á#È΢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ºPÍ
# #ÎÉ#ÈDnŠD#Õ¾©#ÔÏgΪ½D#Óζ½D#kDh¶Á#ÈK±#÷DiJ#1 γ = ρg = (1000 )(9.8) = 9800 N m3 Í
# # FR = γ   A = (9800) (281.8) = 11060 N
d 8
2 2
d 8
#Óh©Eµ##Õ¾©F# yc = = = 2.67 m #Եߪ½EL#V¾UŸD#¿ºt¾½#£®|½D#n¹l#Á#ÕóªçÏ#0O
3 3
L 9.24
# = = 3.08 m #Ô±Ep¢Á#Õ¢¾©#Ô¢ó¶Æ½D#Ìj¢É#ÈκP#ÈDnŠD#ÔÊXDÍ#ÌE…D#¡Í#1ÈDnŠD
3 3
# #1ÈDnŠD#Óh©Eµ#Õ¾©F

##
# #£®|½D#n¹lÁ#ÈκÏÍ# B = length Í# A = BH Í# FR = γ d c A
# # (Lp − Lc ) #centeroid¢½D#¿²oF#
 9  

:(2) * 
#Ô¢Ð\EƽD#Õ¾©#×DÎD#R\DmE±# U #´l‰D#¿ºs#Õ¾©#ÔLÎMÅF#¡#¬Î{ÎÁ#×EÁ#¸Î±#RÏm#«{Í
#Õ¢¢¾©#×D΢¢D#l¢¢Á#DiJÍ##1 h #/×D΢¢D#g΢¢Â©#¬E¢¢²PkD#h¢¢XÍF##1ÌE¢¢ÅgF#¿ºt¢¢½D#¡#E¢¢Â¹#/Öl¢¢cÞD
# ρ a = 1.29 kg m3 #ÒÍEp¢¢P#×D΢¢D#Ô¢¢±EU¹#ÈE¢¢L#E¢¢Â¾©#/ËQ©l¢¢o#Ñ¢¢É#E¢¢Á#Ölp¢¢Ð½D#Ô¢¢LÎMÅàD
# #B# ρ 0 = 750 kg m3 RÏn½D#Ô±EU¹Í

##
*
# ##ÈF#hYƱ#/ PA = PB #ÒF#/ B Í# A –Qó¶Æ½D#hÆ©#ÍEpQÁ#£®|½D
# # PA = P0 + ρ a gh + ρ w g ( L − h)
# #Í
# # PB = P0 + ρ0 gL
# ##×DÎD#gΩ#À΁#ÈκÏ#EÂÊÆÁÍ
ρ w − ρ0 1000 − 750
# #h = L= 5 = 1.25 cm
ρw − ρa 1000 − 1.29
# #–QLÎMÅàD#¡#«ØEŸD#ÖÎQpÁ#ÀgEªQÏ#ÖlpнD#ÔLÎMÅàD#Õ¾©F#×DÎD#kÍlÁ#hÆ©
##

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# ##ÈF# B Í# A #–Qó¶Æ¾½#hŽ#/ѽÎÅL#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁÍ
         10
1 1
# # PA + ρ a v 2 + ρ a gy A = PB + ρ a (0) 2 + ρ a gyB
2 2
# #Í
# # PC = PA + ρ a g H + ρ w gL
# #Í
# # PD = PB + ρa g H + ρ0 gL
# #ÈκÏ#Ëо©Í#/ PC = PD ##ÈF#hŽ#ÀEºoEL#FhMÁ#ÇÁ
# # PB + ρ a g H + ρ0 gL = PA + ρ a g H + ρ w gL
# #ÍF
# # PB − PA = ( ρ w - ρ0 ) gL
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#Ìß©F#Ô½gEªŸD#¡#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ
1
# # ρ a v 2 = ( ρ w − ρ0 ) gL
2
# #ÍF
2( ρ w − ρ 0 ) gL 2(1000 − 750)(9.8)(0.05)
# #v = = = 13.8 m s
ρa 1.29
:(3) * 
#R¢ÅE¹#DiJ#1#ÌE¢ÅgF#¿ºt¢½D#¡#E¹#/·MØmÍ#×EÁ#Õ¾©# U #´l‰D#¿ºs#¡#ÔLÎMÅF#ÒÎQ†
# h #g΢¢¢Âª½D#À΢¢¢#h¢¢¢XÍF#/ 998 kg m3 #×E¢¢¢ŸD#Ô¢¢¢±EU¹Í## 13550 kg m3 #·¢¢¢MØn½D#Ô¢¢¢±EU¹
# #1Ãol½D#¡#_{ΟD

##
*
 11  

# Pb = Pa + ρ w g (0.3) #£®|½D#ÈκÏ# b #hÆ©Í# Pa = Pc = P0 #ÈF#¿ºt½D#ÇÁ#§\ßÅ
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ#1 Pd = Pb = Pc + ρ Hg g (0.3 − h) #ÈF#hŽ# d #hÆ©Í
# # Pa + ρ w g (0.3) = Pc + ρ Hg g (0.3 − h)
# ##ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ
( ρ Hg − ρ w )(0.3) (13550 − 998)(0.3)
# #h = = = 0.278 m
g 9.8
:(4) * 
#Ô©lp¢¢¢L#E¢¢¢Ê©kiD#h¢¢¢\D#À΢¢¢\#SkDg#DiJ#1×E¢¢¢Á#Õ¢¢¢¾©# U #´l¢¢¢‰D#¿º¢¢¢s#¡#Ô¢¢¢LÎMÅF#Ò΢¢¢Q†
# #B–©Dkj½D#¡#¿ØEp½D#ÖÎQpÁ#–L#¸l²½D#ÈκÐo#ù#/100 rpm

##
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# ##ÈF#hŽ#£®|½D#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁ
P v2 P ω 2r 2
+z− = +z− = cont.
# #γ 2g γ 2g
# ##ÈF#hŽ# 2 Í# 1 #–Qó¶Å#kEÐQcELÍ
P1 ωr
2 2
P2 ω 2 r22
## + z1 − 1
= + z2 −
γ 2g γ 2g
2π
#–¢¢L#¸l¢¢²½D#È΢¢ºÏ#»½j¢¢LÍ#100 rpm = 100 = 10.47 rad s #Í# P1 = P2 = P0 #Ç¢¢º½Í
60
# ##–©Dkj½D#¡#×EŸD#ÖÎQpÁ
ω2 (10.47) 2
# # z1 − z2 = ( r12 − r22 ) = (0 − (0.5) 2 ) = −1.39 m
2g 2(9.8)
#EÁh¢¢Æ©# 1.39 m #kDh¢¢¶˜#Ölp¢¢Ð½D#Ç¢¢Á#Õ¢¢¾©F#Õ¢¢ÆÂнD#Ô¢¢LÎMÅàD#¡#×E¢¢ŸD#¬E¢¢²PkD#È΢¢ºÏ#Ë¢¢Ð¾©Í
# ##1ÔLÎMÅàD#kÍhP
         12

:(5) * 
#DiJ#1#ÓlØE¢ó½D#OEL#_Q±#OE¹l½D#h\F#ÀÍE\#€kàD#ÇÁ# 9 km #¬E²PkD#Õ¾©Í#ÓlØE#¿cDg#ÇÁ
#¿¢¢cDg#£®|¢¢½D#ÈF#€l¢¢²L#1¿cDh¢¢½D#—J#_Q¢¢²ÏÍ# 0.9 m × 1.6 m #Ñ¢¢É#OE¢¢M½D#gE¢¢ªLF#R¢¢ÅE¹
#~M¢¢¶Á#Õ¢¢¾©#~M¢¢¶Ï#N¢¢¹Dl½D#ÈFÍ# 1.5 km #¬E¢¢²PkD#Õ¢¢¾©#Ò΢¢ˆD#£®|¢¢½D#ÒÍEp¢¢Ï#ÓlØE¢¢ó½D
#Ôó¢oDÎL#Ej¢L#Ämߢ½D#Ó΢¶½D#Ñ¢É#E¢Á#1#OE¢M½D#¿x¢²Á#Ç¢Á# 0.84 m #Ô±Ep¢Á#hªMÏ#Òj½D#OEM½D
# #BOEM½D#_Q²Ï#Ѻ½#N¹Dl½D
0 .9 m *
##
1.8 m
##
P0 out P0in
##
Fp ##
##
0.84 m
##
#Õ¢¢¾©#Ò΢¢ˆD#£#®|¢¢½DÍ# P0out = 30.09 kPa ÒÍEp¢¢Ï# 9 km #¬E¢¢²PkD#Õ¢¢¾©#Ò΢¢ˆD#£®|¢¢½D
# #ÑÉ#OEM½D#Õ¾©#£®|½D#Óε#1 P0in = 84.31kPa #ÒÍEpÏ# 1.5 km #¬E²PkD
# # F = ( P0in − P0out ) A = (84.31 − 30.09)103 (0.9 × 1.6) = 7.8 kN
#OE¢M½D#_Q¢²½#N¢¹Dl½D#Ôó¢oDÎL#Ej¢L#Äm#ߢ½D#Ó΢¶½D#1#OE¢M½D#³x¢QÆÁ#Õ¢¾©#Ó΢¶½D#Ìj¢É#lTÝPÍ
#V¢Ð\#OE¢M½D#¿x#¢²Á#À΢\#ÄÍn¢ª½D#j¢cGL#E¢Êо©##¿x¢]¢Å#Í#OE¢M½D#~M¢¶Á#hÆ©#lTÝP#ÈF#N‘
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å
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2
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0.45
# # Fp = F × = 7.8(103 )(0.535) = 4.17 kN
0.84
 13  

(Viscosity)   ()
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# #ÒF#/Ô¶M#¿¹#Ô\EpÁ#Õ¾©#ÔªµDνD#Óζ½D#kDh¶Á
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A
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dy
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#Ô¢¢Xkg#h¢¢Æ©#η = 1.8 × 10−5 Pa s #×DÎÊ¢¢¾½Í#η = 10−3 Pa s #×E¢¢Â¾½#1# 1 poise = dyne s cm 2
#+Kinematic Viscosity,#Ñ¢¹l‰D#Ô¢XÍn¾½D#¿¢ÁEª˜#E|¢ÏF#«¢ØDΟD#´l¢ëªP#1 20 0C #ÓkDl¢\
η
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ρ
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:(6) * 
# #Ô©lpL#¿ØEÁ#ÖÎQpÁ#_óo#¿²oF#—J# 1.12 × 10−3 N s m 2 #ËQXÍn½#×EÁ#ÇÁ#Ô¶M#OEpÆP
 2y y 2 
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 h h 
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# #1 h = 0.1m ÈE¹
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dy
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2 y 2 0 4η 4(1.12 × 10−3 )
# # τ = 2η ( − 2 2
) = 2η ( − 2 2
) = = = 0.0448 N m 2
h h h h h 0.1
:(7) * 
#Ô©lp¢¢L# 200 #Ô¢¢ÏÍDnL#¿¢¢ØEÁ#ÖÎQp¢¢Á#¿²¢¢oF#—J# 25 N #Èn¢¢ÏÍ# 1m × 1m #ÌgE¢¢ªLF#b΢¢½#·¢¢½nÆÏ
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#ÀgEªÏ#Òj½DÍ# W sin 20 = 25 sin 20 #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#ÖÎQpŸD##ÌE…D#¡#ÈmνD#Óε#¿Ð¾]QL
dv dv
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dy dy
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η dv 0.05(0.02)
# # dy = A= 1 × 1 = 0.00017 m = 0.117 mm
25 sin 20 25(0.34)
:(8) * 
# #Եߪ½EL#η = 0.02 N s m 2 #ËQXÍn½#ÄEc#RÏn½#«ØEÁ#Ô©lo#«ÏmÎP#ÕóªçÏ
# # v = 100 y (0.1 − y )
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# # τ 1 = η (10 − 200 y ) = 0.01(10 − 0) = 1 N m 2
# #Í
# # τ 2 = η (10 − 200 y ) = 0.01(10 − 200(0.01)) = 0.08 N m 2
:(9) * 
#–ÏmDÎQÁ#–Ð\ν#–L#OEpÆÏ#η = 0.04 N s m 2 #ËQXÍn½#[n½#«ØEÁ#Ô©lo#«ÏmÎP#ÕóªçÏ
# #Եߪ½EL
1
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# #v = −
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 35 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬


91
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‫ن‬B$
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E2.11F


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 8
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91
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91
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91
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91
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∂v x ∂v y ∂v x

+ =0 , =0
∂x ∂y ∂x

E‫

א‬7a '
‫د‬# ‫
א‬b>-‫
و‬v x = f ( y )
‫}
'ن‬#-
x‫وא‬
∂ 2vx

ρ gx +η 2 = 0
∂y

‫'و‬
d 2vx ρ g sin θ

=−
dy 2
η

‫د
א‬04q

91
0<B".‫و‬
dv x ρ g sin θ

=− y + C1
dy η


91
e8Q'
E8<
<B"‫
א‬k‫א‬84s.‫و‬
ρ g sin θ 2

vx = − y + C1 y + C2
2η
dv x

v = 0 ‫
و‬، y = h

τ x = η = 0
La#‫
א‬:<
!0;
91
‫"ن‬.g
C1 , C2 _;)
dy


 8‫
א‬b>-
K C2 = 0
‫

و‬C1 = −h

91
‫وط‬8]‫
א‬723
=;>?".
K y = 0


;"‫
א‬E‫

א‬x
7ƒ‫א‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬ 44

ρ g sin θ h 2  y 2 y 

vx = −  h2 − h 
2η  

3
=+"‫ل
א‬A#<
‫ن‬s+
z
7ƒ‫
א?ل

א‬3
l
‫ذא
ن‬q‫و‬
h ρ g sin θ h 2  y 2 y 
h

Q = l ∫0 v x dy = l ∫  h 2 − h  dy
0 2η  
Q

;"‫
א‬E‫


א‬،‫
א?ل‬E)‫=

و‬+"‫ل
א‬A#<

91‫و‬
l
Q ρ g h3

= sin θ
l 3η
:(11)‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

<#<
t$‫!
ز‬0;.
$
0.1m
!0<

‫ل‬y‫
و‬0.4 mm
!0;.
+ ‫ن
א‬G8L

 ‫ص
א‬8‫@
;و
א‬2.
‫زم‬a‫م
א‬D#‫
<
<א
א‬Kη = 0.02037 N s m 2
@"4‫و‬D

‫ص
א
ً؟‬8‫ن
א‬B$
<
50 rpm
 8.

‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬

_;)
v = ω r
V‫و‬-
 ‫ص
א‬8‫ 
א?

א‬8
2π

، 8‫
<

א‬$‫د‬8y
Z"$
 8‫א
א‬9
1‫ض
'ن
א‬8.
K ω = (50) = 5.236 rad s
60
 45 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
dv ωr dv v ω r


T
،E‫م
א‬D
‫ن‬B$‫
و‬τ = η =η
‫د
א‬04q
‫ن‬s+
= =
V'
dy D dy D D

Y"‫
א‬9‫א‬
R R R R ωr

T = ∫0 r dF = ∫0 r τ dA = 2π ∫0 τ r 2 dr = 2π ∫0 η r 2 dr
D


‫

'ن‬Y".‫
و‬، A = π r 2
_;)
2πηω R 3 πηω 4 3.14(0.02037)(5.236)(0.05) 4
T= ∫ r dr = R = −3
= 2.62 ×10 −3 N m
D 0 2D 2(0.4 × 10 )
:(12)‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

K 600 rpm
3‫"
<א‬.g
 8.
B]‫

א‬b<
!
Yy‫و‬8
k1q


<
‫و‬$

<#<
t$D.
k1“‫א
א‬4‫وط
و‬8^ ‫
א‬M.
h = 0.0003 m
@ B
V2‫אغ
א‬8‫ذא
<’
א‬q

8?L
F1
‫ذא
ن‬q
‫وط‬8^ ‫زم
وאن
א‬a‫
א‬E‫م
א‬D
Z)'
، 0.04 Ns m 2
@"4‫و‬D

K L = 0.06 m ‫
و‬R = 0.003 m
‫אوאن‬
:‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬

‫



و‬

La#.
‫د‬04“‫
א‬EL
?#-5

dF = τ dA
dv

‫?;

'ن‬f‫ 
א‬8‫
و‬τ = η
_;)
dy
dv ω r

=
dy h

La#.
E‫م
א‬D
?#5$‫و‬

T = ∫ r dF
 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬ 46

‫
'ن‬/8‫
א‬:<

_;)
x L

=
r R

0<‫
و‬
dx L

=
dr R

‫'و‬
L

dx = dr
R


‫~

'ن‬$#".‫و‬
ωr ωr 2
T = ∫ r dF = ∫ rη dA = ∫ η (2π r dx)
h h


L ω r2 ωη R L ω ηL R 4
T =∫ η (2π r dx) = 2π ∫ r3 dr = 2π
0 h h 0 R hR 4


‫م‬D#‫ن
א‬B$
0<‫و‬
ηω L

T =π R3
2h


91
~$#".‫و‬
ηω L π (0.04) 2π

T =π R3 = (600 )(0.06)(0.003)3 = 2.13 × 10 − 4 Nm
2h 2(0.0003) 60
:(13)‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

?1

%‫ذא
ن
א‬q
K 708 kg m3
@"+C
"$‫
ز‬0.5 m
78?L
Z;.1'
Q
$

249 m
‫א‬c
0<
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-‫
و‬1000 m
0
#>-
e8Q'
?1
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و‬137 kPa
<

K‫א‬K‫

א‬t$D‫=
א‬+"
‫د
א‬04‫
<א
א‬Z)'
K154 kPa
%‫ن
א‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬

EL‫ (
و‬P2 − P1 ) A La#.
%‫
א‬EL‫
و‬ρ g (h2 − h1 ) A
La#.
;.‫ذ‬K‫
א‬EL
?#5-


‫אن

'ن‬D-*‫
و 
א‬Kτ (π D L)
La#.
‫د‬04“‫א‬

τ (π DL) = ρ g (h2 − h1 ) A + ( P2 − P1 ) A


‫

'ن‬0<‫و‬
 47 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
π π
τ (π DL) = ρ g (h1 − h2 ) D 2 + ( P1 − P2 ) D 2
4 4
D D

τ = ρ g (h1 − h2 ) + ( P1 − P2 )
4L 4L
0 .5 0 .5
τ = 708(9.8)(249) − 17(103 ) = 214 N m 2
4000 4000

GGG

]‫ن
א‬s+
،V8•
Q‫
دא‬Y+'
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7ƒ‫

א‬V
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Ly

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‫א‬

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—-‫א]
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W1 = P1V − P2V = ( P1 − P2 )V


91
_;)
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3
;.‫ذ‬K‫
א‬EL
:<
—-‫א]
א‬

W2 = m 2 g z2 − m1 g z1 = ρ Vg z2 − ρ Vg z1 = ρ V ( z2 − z1 ) g

["‫
א‬:<
—-‫
وא]
א‬K
‫ط‬%1a
.‫[
א‬v

!
m1 = m2 , V1 = V2 = V
_;)


3


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א‬Ly

1 1 1 1 1

W3 = m v 22 − mv12 = ρ V v 22 − ρ V v12 = ρ V (v 22 − v12 )
2 2 2 2 2


91
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و‬W1 = W2 + W3
‫


'ن‬L?‫
א‬z)
'><
:<‫و‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬ 48
1

( P1 − P2 )V = ρ V (z 2 - z1 ) + ρ V (v22 − v12 )
2

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א‬E‫

א‬0"."
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E2.14F

P1 + ρ g z1 + ρ v12 = P2 + ρ g z 2 + ρ v 22
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‫د‬#c
‫د‬# ‫
א‬723
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K P + ρ g z + ρ v 2 = const.
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2

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א‬E‫د

א‬# ‫
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P1 v2 P v2

E2.15F

+ z1 + 1 = 1 + z 2 + 2
ρg 2g ρ g 2g
P P

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 8‫'س
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א‬k ‫ 
א‬8
4‫'و‬
 49 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬

‫

'ن‬2 ‫
و‬1
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‫د‬#<
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+ +y = + 1
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‫

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‫
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‫و`
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=
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‫

'ن‬، Q1 = Q2
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+ + y2 = 3 + 3 + y3
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= y3 − y2
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2
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v 2 = 2 g ( y2 − y3 )


3
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P2 = P0 + γ ( y3 − y2 )
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א‬k‫א‬i‫
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א‬،e8Q‫א‬


 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬ 50

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‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬

‫
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، PA = PB
V'
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א‬%‫א‬




PA = P0 + ρ a gh + ρ w g ( L − h)

‫و‬

PB = P0 + ρ0 gL


k‫א‬i‫ل
!د
א‬y
‫ن‬B$
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ρ w − ρ0 1000 − 750

h= L= 5 = 1.25 cm
ρw − ρa 1000 − 1.29

M".>1‫
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PA + ρ a v 2 + ρ a gy A = PB + ρ a (0) 2 + ρ a gyB
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 51 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬

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PC = PA + ρ a g H + ρ w gL

‫و‬

PD = PB + ρ a g H + ρ0 gL

‫ن‬B$
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‫ل

'ن‬B.
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PB + ρ a g H + ρ0 gL = PA + ρ a g H + ρ w gL

‫'و‬

PB − PA = ( ρ w - ρ0 ) gL


91
7a '
‫د‬# ‫~

א‬$#".‫و‬
1

ρ a v 2 = ( ρ w − ρ 0 ) gL
2

‫'و‬
2( ρ w − ρ 0 ) gL 2(1000 − 750)(9.8)(0.05)

v= = = 13.8 m s
ρa 1.29
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺌل‬

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91
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א‬%‫د
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( P + γ z ) = −(− ρ )
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 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬ 52

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א‬b>-
v = ω r
d

( P + γ z ) = ρω 2 r
dr

3
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1

P + γ z − ρω 2 r 2 = C
2


91
v = ω r
‫
و‬γ = ρ g

.‫
و‬K<B"‫
א‬t.g
C _;)
P v2

+z− = const.
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0.18 m 0.18 m



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91
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‫‪
P1 + γ z1 − ρω 2 r12 = P2 + γ z2 − ρω 2 r22‬‬
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P1 = P2 = p0
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‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪ρω 2 (r12 − r22 ) = (1000)(8) 2 (0.18) 2 − (0.36) 2 = −0.318‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫و‪^".‬אم
א ‪#‬د
‪

91
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z1 = 0.021m , z2 = 0.339 m‬‬
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d8‬א‪

KZ$8‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل)‪:(17‬‬
‫€"‪
B‹

.>1'
V‬א‪q
Kk<

U
d86‬ذא
دא‪)
I‬ل
א)
אز ‪
 8.
0‬‬
‫‪B;
/
،100 rpm‬ن
א‪8‬ق
‪
e"<
M.‬א

א‪2‬א ‪M‬؟
‬
‫
‬

‫
‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬
‫<‪#<
:‬د
א‪'

%‬ن

‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪v2 P‬‬ ‫‪ω 2r 2‬‬
‫
‬ ‫‪+z−‬‬ ‫‪= +z−‬‬ ‫‪= cont.‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪2g γ‬‬ ‫‪2g‬‬
‫و‪
1
M"?1
;"Q.‬و ‪'

2‬ن

‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬ ‫‪54‬‬

‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪ω 2 r12‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪ω 2 r22‬‬

‫
‬ ‫‪+ z1 −‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+ z2 −‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪2g‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪2g‬‬
‫‪2π‬‬
‫و‪
P1 = P2 = P0
:B‬و
‪
100 rpm = 100 = 10.47 rad s‬و‪B$
j2.‬ن
א‪8‬ق
‪
M.‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫<"‪
e‬א ‪

k‬א‪2‬א ‪

M‬‬
‫‪ω2‬‬ ‫‪(10.47) 2‬‬
‫= ‪
z1 − z2‬‬ ‫= ) ‪(r12 − r22‬‬ ‫‪(0 − (0.5) 2 ) = −1.39 m‬‬
‫‪2g‬‬ ‫)‪2(9.8‬‬
‫و ;@
‪B$‬ن
א‪-‬ع
א ‪

k‬א‪
.>1‬א;!
' 
<‪
:‬א;‪c
e8‬א
‪
<
1.39 m‬‬
‫‪-‬و
א‪

K.>1‬‬
 55 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
:(18)‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬


b
A <
!
،=+"‫ل
א‬#A
V
 "+
‫
<;س‬Y3
Y1[.
‫د‬#<
I<‫
א"^א‬:<

K71‫
'د‬/8‫א‬

M.
%‫ق
א‬8+
4‫و‬m+
،.>1‫
א‬723

ρ = 850 kg m3
@"+C
M‫
[و‬A8<
‫ذא‬q

K 0.05 m3 s
pq
0.005 m3 s :<
‫žאو‬$
=+-
‫ل‬A#<A
‫زم
;س‬a‫
א‬.>1‫
א‬8y
‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬

3
%‫ق
א‬8+
‫ن‬s+
;+'
 <
.>1‫`
'ن
א‬
1

∆P ≡ P1 − P2 = ρ g (v 22 - v12 )
2
π

8?L
3
D
_;)
A = D 2
‫
و`
'ن‬K A1v1 = A2 v 2 = Q
$‫א‬8!"*‫د
א‬#<
:<‫و‬
4
2
D 

‫د‬# ‫~

א‬$#".‫
و‬v1 =  2  v 2
E‫

א‬$‫א‬8!"*‫د
א‬#<
b>-
.>1‫א‬
 D1 


91
7a '
1 Q
2
  D 4 

∆P ≡ ρ   1 -  2  
2  A2    D1  
 

‫

'ن‬Q = 0.05 m3 s  ‫∆
و‬P = 116 0 Pa
‫

'ن‬Q = 0.005 m3 s

0<‫و‬


E‫د‬$‫"—
ز‬-
d#'
E8]#.
=+"‫ل
א‬A#<
E‫د‬$‫
'ن
ز‬z)a1

K ∆P = 116 × 103 Pa


KE8<
J<
%‫א‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬ 56

:(19) ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

!L
:<
h = 2 m
‫ع‬-‫

א‬:<
d = 10 cm
38?L
.>1'
‫ل‬aQ
k ‫
א‬:
<
;-
=+"$

=+-
‫ل‬A#<
4‫
'و‬K
/8‫

א‬bA<
!
، D = 1m
@- L
8?L
Y1‫—
'?א‬$80G

K‫א‬8"<
k ‫
א‬e"<
‫ع‬-‫>
א‬$
YB
Q‫
אא‬.>1‫ل
א‬aQ
:<
‫زم‬a‫
א‬k ‫א‬

‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬


Y1[.
‫د‬#<
:<
2 2
P1 v P v

+ z1 + = 2 + z2 +
1 2
ρg 2g ρ g 2g
v12 v 22

‫
'و‬h + =

91
~$#".‫
و‬K P1 = P2 = P0 ‫
و‬z2 = 0 ‫
و‬z1 = h
‫
'ن‬
2g 2g

‫

'ن‬$‫א‬8!"*‫د
א‬#<
:<‫
و‬K 2 gh + v12 = v 22
2
A2 d

v1 = v 2 =   v 2
، A1v1 = A2 v 2 = Q
A1 D


91
4
d

2 g h +   v 22 = v 22
D


‫
'و‬
  d 4 

v 22 1 −    = 2 g h
 D 
 

‫

'ن‬0<‫و‬
 57 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
2g h 2(9.8)(1)

v2 = 4
= 4
= 6.26 m s
d  0 .1 
1−   1−  
D  1 

=+"‫ل
א‬A#<
‫ن‬B$‫و‬
π π

Q = A2 v 2 = d 2 v 2 = (0.1) 2 (6.26) = 0.05 m3 s
4 4

‫ن‬B$
Y;6‫=
א‬+"‫ل
א‬#<
‫ن‬+
XB")‫
א‬eL
j3
t1
‫ذא‬q

Q = cD A v

4‫و‬D
EL
‫د‬4‫

و‬EOrficeF
E[G
9"+
‫ل‬aQ
=+"‫
و‬K
=+"‫<
א‬#<
3
cD
_;)

K 8‫<
א‬#<
3
cv
_;)
v V = cv v
;6‫ 
א‬8‫ن
א‬B-
:(20)‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

‫ع‬-‫

א‬.>1‫
א‬k91
‫ذא

ن
א‬q
Kk!
‫ن‬$
U
d86‫
א‬B‹

1‫!
'?א‬#-

h2 = 7 m
‫ع‬-‫

א‬.>1‫
א‬:<
‫ج‬f‫
א‬kDK‫
ون
א‬،
k ‫
א‬b?
:<
h1 = 1m
‫ق‬+


K71‫
'د‬B]‫

א‬bA<
!
،k ‫
א‬e"<
'

K.>1‫
א‬:<
}9 ‫
א‬kDK‫

א‬YB‫
א‬%‫
وא‬k ‫ 
א‬8
4‫'و‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬

‫

'ن‬2 ‫
و‬1
M"?
Y1[.
‫د‬#<
:<
 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬ 58

P1 v2 P v2

+ z1 + 1 = 2 + z 2 + 2
ρg 2g ρ g 2g


$‫א‬8!"*‫د
א‬#<
:<‫
و‬، (v12 − v 22 ) = 2 g (z 2 − z1 )
‫

'ن‬P1 = P2 = P0
‫`
'ن‬

0<‫
و‬A1v1 = A2 v 2 ‫'ن‬
  A 2 

  2  v 2 − v 2  = 2 g (z − z )
  A1  2 2
 2 1
 

‫'و‬
  A 2 

v 1 −  2 
2  = 2 g (z − z )
  A1 
2
 1 2
 

‫ن‬B-
0<‫و‬
2 g (z1 − z 2 )

v2 = 2
= 2 g h2
A 
1 −  2 
 A1 

K v 2 = 2(9.8)(7) = 11.7 m s
‫~

'ن‬$#".‫
و‬K A2 << A1 ‫
و‬z2 = −h2
_;)

Y1[.
‫د‬#<
‫"^م‬1
A
?‫

א‬%‫“‡د
א‬
P1 v2 P v2

+ z1 + 1 = A + z A + A
ρg 2g ρ g 2g


91
0<‫و‬

PA − P1 = ρ g(z1 − z A ) + ρ (v12 − v 2A )
1
2
 AA 

;"‫
א‬E‫

א‬7a '
‫د‬# ‫
א‬b>-
v1 =   v A
$‫א‬8!"*‫د
א‬#<
:<
A
 1
 2

1 2   AA 

PA − P1 = ρ g(z1 − z A ) + ρ v A   - 1
2   A1  
 

‫'و‬
 59 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
1  1 
PA − P1 = − ρ g h1 − ρ v 2A = − ρ  g h1 + v 2A 
2  2 

PA − P1 = −1000  9.8 × 1 + (11.7) 2 

1
 2 
PA − P1 = −78255 Pa


E=? ‫א‬F
YB‫
א‬%‫ن
א‬B$‫و‬
PA = P0 − 78255 Pa = 101.3 − 78.255 = 23 kPa


PA = 23 kPa
:(21)‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

=!

‫
'
אض‬Y0"$
t.g
78?L
‫ن‬$
‫ل‬aQ
h1
@ -‫אن
א‬DQ
:<
k<
‫ج‬8‰

I +
 
Ÿ 9
$5
*
YB
‫زم‬a‫
א‬H
‫ع‬-*‫
א‬3
<
K
7a '
/8‫

א‬bA<
!
، h3

KECavitationF
‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬


91
1, 2 , 3
‫

אط‬Y1[.
‫د‬#<
=;>?".
P1 v2 P v2 P v2

+ z1 + 1 = 2 + z 2 + 2 = 3 + z 3 + 3
ρg 2g ρ g 2g ρ g 2g

K v 2 = v3
‫ن‬s+
Y".‫
و‬A2 = A3
:B‫
و‬v1 A1 = v 2 A2 = v3 A3
$‫א‬8!"*‫د
א‬#<
:<‫و‬

‫ ">
'ن‬.
K z3 = −h3 = −15 cm ‫
و‬z2 = h2 = H ‫
و‬z1 = h1 = 45 cm
‫
'ن‬/#1
v32

0<‫
و‬z1 = z 3 +

91
، v1 = 0 , P3 = 0 , A1 >> A2
2g

I 
‫
א‬E83¡
 €
K v3 = 2 g ( z1 − z 3 ) = 2(9.8)(0.45 + 0.15) = 11.76 m s = v 2
 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬ 60

‫ع‬-‫
'{
א‬ „
KE Pv ≤ P2 F

 ‫

א‬:<
L'
E Pv F
^>‫ذא
ن

א‬q

‫

'ن‬Y1[.
‫د‬#<

Pv = P2

.‫
و‬K Pv = P2
‫ن‬B$
<
E H F

!
P0 v12 Pv v 22

+h + = +H +
ρ g 1 2g ρ g 2g


91
0<‫و‬

P − Pv
H= 0
v 2 101.3 × 103
+ h1 − 2 = + 0.45 −
(11.7 ) = 0.76 m 2

ρg 2 g 1000(9.8) 2(9.8)

k ‫د
א‬#G
FL"$
Y".‫
و‬2
?‫

א‬I +
:$B-
[>B‫ع
א‬-*‫א
א‬23
Z>$

3
k ‫ 
א‬8
$D-
،a;L
h 3 ، 3
?‫ع
א‬-‫
و!
ن
א‬K
‫ن‬$‫
א‬

.*
ً‫ذא‬q

K H max
‫ع‬-‫;!
'{
א‬L
-
@; ‫
و‬K v 2
، 2
?‫ 
א‬8
$D-
Y".‫و‬

‫א‬4
{
E P0 − P2 F
%‫
א‬da"Q‫

א‬¢
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!;
$8?
.
‫ن‬$‫
א‬/;!-
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K‫ن‬$‫
א‬E‫ش‬y8QF
.>1'
=$D£
:<
.>1‫א‬
:(22)‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

<
، H
@!

@.
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)ض‬L
:<
h
‫ع‬-‫?

א‬1

E[G
9"+
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‫ذא‬q
،<£
‫ض‬6‫
א‬¥$8"
‫زم‬a‫
א‬:<D‫
א‬4‫
'و‬K
9"‫
א‬723
‫ل‬aQ

k ‫وج
א‬8Q
 8
Y3

K1.5 m
78?L‫
و‬3 m
‫ض‬6‫ع
א‬-‫
وא‬0.5 m
‫ع‬-‫
و 
א‬50 mm 9"‫
א‬8?L
‫ن‬
:‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬

Z"B1
2 ‫
و‬1
M"?1

Y1[.
‫د‬#<
=;>?".
P0 v2 P v2

+ h1 + 1 = 2 + H + 2
ρg 2g ρ g 2g

 8
@>]-
x‫
وא‬v 2 = 2 g (H - h1 ) 
91
v1 = 0 ‫
و‬P1 = P2 = P0
‫`
'ن‬

$8(.
723
d8#5-
K
;‫;
א‬.‫ذ‬K‫[
א‬gm-
t€
y = (H − h1 )
‫ع‬-‫
א‬:<
d‫و‬2<

A1v1 = A2 v 2
‫د‬# .
=+"‫ل
א‬A#<
?#5$
KETorricelli's TheoremF
Y;‹-
π π

،E[‫
א‬9"‫
<)
<?

א‬A1 = d12
‫ض
و‬6‫
א‬E L
)<
A2 = d 22 _;)
4 4
dh


‫ن‬B$
0<‫
و‬A2 = A1v1
dt
 61 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
dz

A2 = − A1 2g z = − A1 2g z1 2
dt



‫ن‬s+
ً‫ذא‬q
K
:<D‫
<

א‬k ‫ع
א‬-‫ن
א‬1
>‫
א‬E
‹“‫}
א‬#-
_;)
A1


‫

'ن‬0<‫ و‬z −1 2dz = − 2g dt
A2
2( A1 A2 )

∆t =
2g
( h2 - h1 )
A1

0<‫
و‬ = 900
‫ن‬s+
h1 = 0.5 m , h2 = 3 m , d1 = 1.5 m , d 2 = 0.05 m
~$#".‫
و‬
A2


3
‫ض‬6‫
א‬¥$8"
‫زم‬a‫
א‬:<D‫ن
א‬B$
2( A1 A2 )

K ∆t =
2g
( h2 - h1 = ) 2(900)
2(9.8)
( )
3 − 0.5 = 417 sec = 6.95 min

:(23)‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

$D$‫
و‬1m
V‫و‬$
@;+8y
)'

k ‫
!=
א‬K 8 m
@8 ‫
و‬32 m
@y

)>
‫)ض‬

0")<
E[G
9"+
{
@$8-
‫אد‬8$5
K8
 Q‫
א‬d8?‫

א‬2.6 m
b>;
‫"(م‬1.

3
9"‫ل
א‬aQ
=+"‫ل
א‬A #<
‫ض
'ن‬8.
K{

 ‫!=
א‬#‫
א‬$01

0.224 m 2

W4‫
'و‬، Q = 0.6 A v

1m
‫א‬c
k ‫
!=
א‬$
YB
‫زم‬a‫
א‬:<D‫
א‬J '

K‫ض‬6‫
א‬¥$8"
‫زم‬a‫
א‬:<D‫
א‬J W

‫ﺍﻝﺤل‬


91
2
،9"‫
وא‬1
،b?‫?

א‬1

Y1[.
‫د‬#<
=;>?".
P1 v2 P v2

+ z1 + 1 = 2 + z 2 + 2
ρg 2g ρ g 2g
 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬ 62

K
9"‫
' 
א‬k ‫ع
א‬-‫
א‬h
_;)
v 2 = 2 g h
‫

'ن‬P1 = P2 = 0 , v1 = 0

.‫و‬

La#.
9"‫
{
א‬k ‫=
א‬+-
‫ل‬A#<
?#5$

Q = 0.6 A2 v 2 = 0.6 A2 2 gh = 0.6(0.244)( 2(9.8) h = 0.595 h
dh

Q = −A
E‫

א‬h
‫ع‬-*‫=
وא‬+"‫ 
ل
א‬#A <
M.
La
Z"B1
‫
'ن‬:Bo
dt
A


3
h2
pq
h1
:<
k ‫

א‬-[
‫زم‬a‫
א‬:<D‫ن
א‬B$‫
و‬dt = − dh
‫

'ن‬0<‫و‬
Q
h2  A  h2  A 

t = ∫ h  − dh  = −1.68∫  dh 
1
 Q  h1
 h 

‫ن‬B$
A = 8(32) = 256 m 2

.‫و‬

t = −1.68∫ h 
h2  A 
dh  = 430.08 ( h2 − h1 )
1
 h 

3
‫زم‬a‫
א‬:<D‫ن
א‬B$
ً‫ذא‬q

t = 430.08 ( h2 − h1 )

‫
<žא
وא)א‬k ‫
!=
א‬$
YB
‫زم‬a‫
א‬:<D‫

א‬91
~$#".‫و‬

t = 430.08 ( 2.6 − 1.6 ) = 299 sec

K h
،b?‫ع
א‬-‫*
א‬.
A
) ‫
א‬La#
‫"ج‬9
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#Ô¢¢LÎMÅàD#«¢¢ó¶Á#Ô\Ep¢¢Á#V¢¢Ð\# 221 kPa #Ñ¢¢¶±àD#EÊ¢¢¾chÁ#h¢¢Æ©#·¢¢¾óŸD#£®|¢¢½D#ÈE¢¢¹#DiJ
#EÉh¢¢¢¢Æ©#Ô©lp¢¢¢¢½DÍ# 0.0025 m 2 #ÒÍEp¢¢¢¢Ï#Ñ¢¢¢¢oFl½D#E¢¢¢¢Êªó¶Á#Ô\Ep¢¢¢¢ÁÍ# 0.01 m 2 #ÒÍEp¢¢¢¢Ï
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##ÈK¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢±#ѽE¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢Q½ELÍ# A1v1 = A2 v 2 #ÈF#h¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢Ž##ÔÏkDlÂQ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢oÞD#Ô¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢½gEªÁ#Ç¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢Á
A2 0.0025
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# #1ÌEÅgF#¿ºt½D#¡#_{ÎÁ#E¹#/ 180 #ÔÏÍDnL#ÔÐÆUÁ#ÔLÎMÅF#¡#×EŸD#Òl‘#03
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#V¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢Ð\#/ P∆A − ( P + ∆P)∆A − ∆W sin α = ρ ∆l ∆A al
# #ÈK±#ѽEQ½ELÍ# ∆W = mg = ρ (∆l ∆A) g = γ ∆l ∆A
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#Ç¢¢º›#1 P + γ z = const. #/ÔƹEp¢¢½D#«¢¢ØDξ½#Ô¢¢±ÍlªŸD#Ô¢¢µßª½D#Õ¢¢¾©#¿x¢¢]¢Å# al = 0
#V¢¢¢Ð\#€Î¢¢¢\#¡#¬Î¢¢¢{Î#Á#«ØE¢¢¢ŸD#¬E¢¢¢µ#h¢¢¢Æ©#£®|¢¢¢½D#¢¢¢®P#Ô¢¢¢±lªŸ#Ìߢ¢¢©F#Ô¢¢¢½gEªŸD#·¢¢¢ÐMóP
      
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#¡#y¶Æ¢¢Ï#ÈF#N¢¢‘#£®|¢¢½D#ÈG¢¢L#"¢¢ªP#!¢¢½DÍ# = − ρ al #Ô¢¢½E‰D#Ìj¢¢É#¡#1 z = cont.
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#y¶Æ¢¢Ï#ÈF#N¢¢‘#/«ØE¢¢ŸD#¬kEp¢¢P#ÌE¢¢…D#¡#·¢¢Âª½D#y¢¢¶Å#E¢¢Â¾¹#Ë¢¢Ð¾©Í#1«ØE¢¢ŸD#¬kEp¢¢P#ÌE¢¢…D
# ##1E|ÏF#€Î‰D#¬Eµ#ÌE…D#¡#£®|½D
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3

##E¢Á#/Ò΢ˆD#£®|¢½D#ÎÉ#ÓkEÐp½D#³¾c#£®|½D#ÈE¹Í# 6.1m #ZÏlÊx½D#À΁#ÈE¹#DiJ#0F

# #B 3.05 m s 2 #kDh¶˜#ÓkEÐp½D#GEMQP#EÁhÆ©#ÓkEÐp½D#ÔÁh¶Á#Õ¾©F#hÆ©#£®|½D#kDh¶Á
# #BZÏlÊx½D#¡#£®{#¹F#ÎÉ#E±#/1.83 m #ZÏlÊx½D#¬E²PkD#ÈE¹#DiJ#0O
##
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##
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dP
#ÈF#h¢¢Ž#E¢¢ÊÆÁÍ# = − ρ al #Õ¢¢¾©#¿x¢¢]¢Å#ZÏlÊx¢¢½D#Ô¢¢Âµ#Õ¢¢¾©#Ô¢¢¹l‰D#Ô¢¢½gEªÁ#·¢ÐMóQL
dl
# C = 0 #È΢¢¢¢¢ºÏ#ѽE¢¢¢¢¢Q½ELÍ# l = 0 #/ P = 0 #h¢¢¢¢¢Æ©#1R¢¢¢¢¢LET# C #V¢¢¢¢¢Ð\# P = − ρ al l + C
# #1 P = − ρ all Í
γ 6.6(1000)
##¿x¢]¢Å# ρ = = = 673 kg m3 #Í# l = 6.1m #Í# al = −3.05 m s 2 # ~ÏΪQL
g 9 .8
# #1 P = − ρ all = −(673)(−3.05)(6.1) = 12500 Pa #Õ¾©
#Ô¢½E‰D#Ìj¢É#¡Í#1#ÓkEÐp¢½D#ÔÁh¶Á#ÔÏEÊÅ#ÔÊX#¡#ZÏlÊx½D#¬Eµ##¡#£®{#¹F#Wh’#0O
# #ÈκÏ#EÊÆÁÍ# P + γ z = const. #ÈF#hŽ
# # P1 + γ z1 = P2 + γ z2
##
#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ# z1 = 1.83 m , z2 = 0 #÷DiJ#/ZÏlÊx½D#¬EµÍ#Ôµ#hÆ©#ÈEQó¶Å# 2 Í# 1 #VÐ\
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å
# # P2 + γ (0) = 12500 + 6.6(1000)(1.83) = 24600 Pa
# #1 Pmax = 24.6 kPa #/ZÏlÊx½D#¡#gÎXÎÁ#£®{#¹F#ÎÉÍ
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# #1Ô¦±EŒ#ÈκP#ÔëÏÍDn½D#Ô¹l‰D#Ôй#ÈK±#ÔÐXkEc#Öε#ÄÍn©#«ØEŸD#Õ¾©#lTÝP#
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#·LEp½D#MªQ½EL#Óζ½D#Ç©#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ
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#Än¢¢¢©#È΢¢¢ºÏ#Ô¢¢¢Â¦QƟD#SE©lp¢¢¢½DÍ# ∫ r × v ρ dV = const. È΢¢¢ºÏ#Ól¶Qp¢¢¢ŸD#Ô¢¢¢½E]¾½Í
CV

# #«ØEŸD#EÊL#lTÝÏ#!½D#Öζ½D
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# ##1ÔÐLiEˆDÍ#£®|½D#TGP#ÇÁ#Öζ½D#ÄÍn©#ZQÆPÍ
      
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#Än¢ª½D#΢É#E¢Á#1#Ô¢ÐXkEc#ÃØE¢©g#Ôó¢oDÎL#ÌE¢ÅgF#¿ºt¢½D#¡#_{ΟD#×EƏÞD#RÐMUP#gDlçÏ#01
#BËÂÐÂx¢P#Än¢¾Ï#Ô¢ÁE©h½D#–¢›#Õ¢¾©# 30 cm #h¢ªMÏÍ#Ô¢LÎMÅàD#Ԣµ#«¢Á#ÒÎQp¢Á#k΢Œ#Àßc
#¿²¢oF# 30 cm #Ô±Ep¢Á#Õ¢¾©#È΢ºÏ#–ªÂQ¢‹#×E¢ŸD#Í#×E¢Æß½#Ô¢¾Qº½D#n¢¹lÁ#ÈF#€l±D
# ##1 P2 = 59.3 kPa Í# P1 = 150 kPa #1ÔÁE©h½D#–›# 50 cm #Ô±EpÁ#Õ¾©Í#ÔLÎMÅàD#Ôµ

##
# #1 − 3.61kNm #=ÔLEXäD
##
#À΢#ÈE¢¹#DiJ#1#–QØl¢½D#Ñ¢½D#N¢¾¶½D#Ç¢Á#Äh¢½D#¿¶ÆÏ#Òj½D#ÒÎØl½D#hÏkνD#¡#Äh½D#Òl‘#02
#/ 450 Pa #ÌkDh¢¢¶Á#Ë¢¢Ð±l#–¢¢L#£®¢¢{#¸l¢¢±#¿¢¢Â]QÏÍ# 4.8 mm Ìl¢¢óµÍ# 8.5 cm #ÈEÏlt¢¢½D
#=#Ô¢LEXäD#1#h¢ÏkνD#DjÉ#¡#Äh½D#Ô©lo#£oÎQÁ#hXÍF#/ 2.7 × 10−3 Ns m 2 #ËQXÍn½#¿ÁEªÁÍ
# #1 1.4 m s
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#¿¢¢¹#l¢¢›#1 8.3 × 10−5 m3 s #΢ É#Ô¢¢ÏÎÁh½D#ÓkÍh¢¢½D#¡#Äh¢¢¾½#Ñ¢¢ªÐMó½D#·±h¢¢Q½D#ÈE¢¢¹#DiJ#03
#Äh¢¢½D#Ô¢¢±EU¹#R¢¢ÅE¹#DiJ#1 9 mm #ѽD΢¢\#Ìl¢¢óµ#¯¢¢¾MÏ#Òj¢¢½D#+Aorta,#Õ¢¢kÍàD#Àߢ¢c#Äh¢¢½D
# #1 4 × 10−3 Pa s #ËQXÍn½#¿ÁEªÁÍ# 103 kg m3
# ##ՁkÍàD#Àßc#ÔóoÎQŸD#Äh½D#Ô©lo##Np\F#0F
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# #BOló|Á#ÄF#ѶM#·±hQ½D#¿É#0O
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#Ò΢¢Q’# 10 × 10−6 m #Ë¢¢º#ÑÁEp¢¢Á#×Et¢¢­#Õ¢¢¾©#ÌkDlÁK¢¢L#EÊØDj¢¢­#Õ¢¢¾©#ÓgÍg#h¢¢ÂQªP#04
#×Et¢¢¢¢®½D#Ô\Ep¢¢¢¢Á##ÈG¢¢¢¢L#÷E¢¢¢Â¾©# 10−12 m 2 #E¢¢¢¢ÊÆÁ#¿¢¢¢¢¹#Ô\Ep¢¢¢¢Á#ÔÐÅDÎó¢¢¢¢oF#SE¢¢¢¢]Q±#Õ¢¢¢¢¾©
#Àh¢¢¢¢ëª˜#×E¢¢¢¢Á#·±h¢¢¢¢P#DiJ#1#SE¢¢¢¢]Q±#Ç¢¢¢¢©#ÓkE¢¢¢¢M©#Ô\Ep¢¢¢¢ŸD#Ìj¢¢¢¢É#³x¢¢¢¢Å#ÈFÍ# 2 × 10−3 m 2
# #1ZPEƽD#Ѿº½D#£®|½D#¸l±#hXÍF#/×Et®½D#ÌjÉ#Àßc#1.2 × 10−3 m3 s
##
#E¢¢Élóµ#³x¢¢ÅÍ# 80 mm #E#¢΁#Ô¢¢Æ¶\#Ôó¢¢oDÎL#ÈD΢¢Ð\#h¢¢ÏkÍ#Ç¢¢Á#Äg#Ô¢¢ÆЩ#j¢¢cF#gDl¢¢çÏ#05
#E¢Á#/ 1.2 × 104 Pa #ÒÍEp¢Ï#h¢ÏkνD#¡l¢#–¢L#Äh¢½D#£®¢{#¸l±#ÈE¹Í# 0.3 mm #ѾcDh½D
#¿¢¢ÁEªÁ#ÈF#¢¢Q©F#B#Ô¢ ƶ‰D#Ìj¢¢É#Ôó¢¢oDÎL# 5 × 103 cm3 #Ë¢¢ÂY\#Äg#j¢¢c#à#Ämߢ¢½D#ÇÁn¢¢½D#΢¢É
# ##1 4 × 10−3 Pa s ÒÍEpÏ#Äh½D#ÔXÍn½
##
#¡l¢#–¢L#£®|¢½D#¸l¢±#¡#ÓgE¢Ïn½D#ÔMp¢Å#Ñ¢É#E¢Á#1#Ԣж±F#Ô¢LÎMÅF#Àߢc#[n½#¿ØEo#l›#06
#Àh¢¢ëªÁ#Õ¢¢¶MÏ#Ñ¢¢º½# 20 % #kDh¢¢¶˜#Ô¢¢LÎMÅàD#l¢¢óµ#³x¢¢Å#y¶Æ¢¢Ï#EÁh¢¢Æ©#Ô¢¢…EƽD#Ô¢¢LÎMÅàD
# #B÷EQLET#·±hQ½D
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#ÒÍEp¢¢Ï#E¢¢ÊÆÁ#¿¢¢¹#À΢¢#£¢¢oÎQÁÍ#/ÔÏlª¢çs# 1010 #ѽD΢¢\#Õ¢¢¾©#ÈEp¢¢ÅäD#Ãp¢¢X#Ò΢¢Q’#07
#Õ¢¢¢¾©#SDªçt¢¢½D#Ìj¢¢¢É#¿¢¢¢ÂªP#1 4 × 10−6 m #ÒÍEp¢¢¢Ï#E¢¢¢Élóµ#³x¢¢¢Å#£¢¢¢oÎQÁÍ# 2 × 10−3 m
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# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#–±ló½D#hªçL#jcGL#1 a , d , n #RLDÎU½D#Ô±lªÁ#ÎÉ#OξóŸDÍ#1˽#hªçL#Þ# C VÐ\
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# #VÐ\
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# #1 D #/ló¶½DÍ# N #/ÔÐÅEU½D#¡#SE²¾½D#gh©#/η #/ÔXÍn¾½D
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# # π1 = ρ a vb Dc F , π 2 = ρ a vb Dc N , π 3 = ρ a vb Dc η
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3

# #ÈF#
# # [ ρ ] = ML Í## [ F ] = MLT Í# [ D] = L Í# [ v] = LT Í# [η ] = ML T
−3 −2 −1 −1 −1

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1 1 1 1 1 1

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# # [π 1 ] = [ ρ a v b D c F ] = M 1+ a L1− 3a + b + c T −2 − b = M 0 L0T 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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# # π 1 = ρ −1 v -2 D −2 F
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# ##=ÑÉÍ#ÔÐØEÏnб#SÞνhÁ#EÍ#+gDh©F,#E#hªçL#Þ#!½D#SEк½D#–L#ÇÁÍ
P
#Ó΢¢¶½D#—J#£®|¢¢½D#Ó΢¢µ#–¢¢L#ÔMp¢¢Æ½D#¿¢¢U›Í#/ En = =Euler Number#l¢¢¾ÏÍF#gh¢¢©#0F
ρ v2
# ##1ÔÏkÎx¶½D
v2
#—J#ÔÏkÎx¢¶½D#Ó΢¶½D#–¢L#ÔMp¢Æ½D#¿¢U›Í#/ Fn = =Froude Number##gÍDl¢±#gh¢©#0O
gD
# ##1ÔÐLiEˆD#Óε
ρ vD
#—J#ÔÏkÎx¢¶½D#Ó΢¶½D#–¢L#ÔMp¢Æ½D#¿¢U›Í#/ Wn = #=Weber Number##¢ÏÍ##gh¢©#0[
γ
# ##1Ñ]óp½D#lPÎQ½D#Óε
ρ vD
#ÔÏkÎx¢¶½D#Ó΢¶½D#–¢L#ÔMpƽD#¿U›Í#/# R e = =Reynolds Number#mh½ÎÆÏk#gh©#0g
η
# ##ÔXÍn¾½D#Óε#—J
v
##—J#ÔЪ¢¢{ΟD#Ô©lp¢¢½D#–¢¢L#ÔMp¢¢Æ½D#¿¢¢U›Í#/ M = : Mach Number fE¢¢Á#gh¢¢©#0¢¢¢É
c
# #1SÎx½D#Ô©lo
:(14)
#Ô¢]Q±#Àߢc#«ØE¢Á#·±h¢P#Àh#¢ªÁ#E¢Êо©#h¢ÂQªÏ#ÈF#Ç¢º›#!½D#ÔÐØEÏnв½D#SEк½D#ÑÉ#EÁ
# ##BÔ¶Ð{

# #=ÔнEQ½D#SEк½D#Õ¾©#Àh몟D#DjÉ#hÂQªÏ#ÈF#Ǻ›
# #1 D /ló¶½DÍ#/η /ÔXÍn¾½D#¿ÁEªÁÍ# P #£®|½DÍ# ρ /Ô±EUº½D
      
 98

#1 π 1 , π 2 #=#Ñ¢ÉÍ# m − n = 5 − 3 = 2 #΢É#E¢#hªçL#Þ#!½D#lÁn½D#gh©#ÈF#hŽ#Ô½E‰D#ÌjÉ#¡
#Ñ¢¢¢ÉÍ# ρ , Q , D #=Ñ¢¢¢ÉÍ#Ô¢¢¢TßU½D#ÔТ¢¢oEoàD#gE¢¢¢ªLàD#E¢¢¢#!¢¢¢½D#Ókl¢¢¢ºŸD#SD®Q¢¢¢ŸD#kE¢¢¢Q
# #ÈκÏ#÷DiJ#1ÔTßU½D#ÔÐoEoàD#gEªLàD#Õ¾©#ÒÎQ†Í#EÊoEе#Ǻ›#SEй
# # π1 = Q a Db ρ c η , π 2 = Q a Db ρ c P
1 1 1 1 1 1

# #ÈF#
# # [Q ] = L T Í# [ ρ ] = ML Í## [ D] = L Í# [P] = ML T Í# [η ] = ML T
3 −1 −3 −1 −2 −1 −1

# ##ÈK±
M 0 L0T 0 = ( L3T −1 ) a1 Lb1 ( ML−3 ) c1 ML−1T −1 ,
##
M 0 L0T 0 = ( L3T −1 ) a1 Lb1 ( ML−3 ) c1 ML−1T −2
# ##ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ
0 = 1 + c1
# # 0 = 3a1 + b1 − 3c1 − 1
0 = − a1 − 1
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢ÅÍ
##
# # a1 = −1 , b1 = 1, c1 = 1 ,
# #ÈK±#ѽEQ½ELÍ
# # π 1 = Q −1D1η
# ##ÈF#hŽ#¿UŸELÍ
# # π 2 = Q −2 D 4 ρ −1P

  
 
‫ 
אא
א‬
Energy of Moving fluids
 101 
   
##
#ÀÍàD#ÈÎÅE¢¶½D#Ç¢Á#⾪ÅÍ#1#l¢cH#—J#¿º¢s#Ç¢Á#EÊ¢¾ÏΆ#Ǻ›#ÔµE#¼l]QŸD#«ØEŸD#¿Â’
# #Ô½gEªŸEL#ÕóªçÏ#+ E ,#ÔµEó½D#®P#ÀëhªÁ#ÈF#ÔÏkDl‰D#EºÐÁEÆÏh¾½
dE & &
# #+4.1,# ## ## ## # = Q −W
dt
#«ØE¢ŸD#Ôó¢oDÎL#ÀÍj¢MŸD#¿®t¢½D#Àëh¢ªÁ# W& Í#«ØEŸD#—J#ÓkDl‰D#Ôй#·±hP#ÀhëªÁ# Q& #VÐ\
# Ws #/+Shaft,#¼l¢¢D#¿®¢¢s#–Âp¢¢µ#—J#¿®t¢¢½D#Dj¢¢É#Ãp¢¢¶ÆÏ#1#Ë¢ L#£Ð¢¢D#£¢¢oνD#Õ¢¢¾©
# #Ô½gEªŸD#ÇÁ#·±hQ½D#¿®s#OEp\#Ǻ›#1 W f #/·±hQ½D#¿®sÍ
# # ∆W f 2 = P2V2 = P2 ( A2 v 2 ∆t )
r r
# ##Ìß©F#Ô½gEªŸD#_MxP#ѽEQ½ELÍ# A2 ⋅ v 2 = A2 v 2 #VÐ\
∆W f 2 r r
## = P2 v 2 ⋅ A2
∆t
# ##ÈF#hŽ#¿UŸELÍ
∆W f 1 r r
## = P1 v1 ⋅ A1
∆t
# #EÁΩ#ÍF
r r
# # W& f = P v ⋅ A
# #ÍF
# #+4.2,# ##
r r
# W& f = ∑ P v ⋅ A =∑
P
ρ
(ρ v ⋅ A)
r r
CS CS

# ##ÈF#hŽ#Ôйl‰D#ÔµEó¾½#Ǻ½Í
dEk d 1 2 d 1 d v2
## ρ ρ
dt 2 ∫ dt ∫
= mv = dV v 2
= dV
dt dt 2 2
v2
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å# ek = #«{ÎLÍ
2
dEk d d dV
## = ∫ ρ ek dV = ∫ (ek ρ ) dV + ∫ (ek ρ )
dt dt dt dt
dV r r
# #ÈκP#ѽEQ½ELÍ# = v ⋅ A ##ÈF#EÅhXÍ#+3.1,#Ô½gEªŸD#ÇÁ#Ǻ½Í
dt
dE ∂ r r
# # k = ∫ (ek ρ ) dV + ∫ (ek ρ )(v ⋅ dA)
dt ∂t

      102
r r
#bÎóp¢¢½D#Õ¢¢¾©#¬ÎÂE¢¢L#¿¢¢ÁEºQ½D#ÀhMQp¢¢Å#ÈE¢¢QQLET# v Ô©lp¢¢½DÍ# A #Ô\Ep¢¢ŸD#R¢¢ÅE¹#DiJÍ
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#VÐ\
dEk d r r
# #+4.3,# ## ## = ∫ ek ρ dV + ∑ ek ρ ( v ⋅ A)
dt dt CV CS

#ѽEQ½ELÍ#/ÔµEó½D#»¾P#¬ÎÅ#SE©DlÁ#«Á#ÔYÐQƽD#q²Å#Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#ÖlcàD#SEµEó¾½Í
# #ÔнEQ½D#ÓkÎx½D#¡#+4.1,#Ô½gEªŸD#_MxP
d r r
# #+4.4,# ## ## Q& − W& =
dt ∫CV
e ρ dV + ∑
CS
e ρ ( v ⋅ A)

# #=ÈFÍ#Ô¾Qº½D#Óh\Í#Õ¾©#ÔµEó½D#kDh¶Á#ÑÉ# e = eP + ek + u #VÐ\
v2
# #1 W = W f + Ws ## #/ ek = # #Í# ## eP = g z
2
d  v2   v2  r r
# # Q& − W& = ∫ 

dt CV  2
+ g z + u 
 ρ dV + ∑  + g z + u  ρ ( v ⋅ A)
CS  2
 
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#+4.2,#Ô½gEªŸD#ÄDhdQoEL
P r r d  v2   v2  r r
Q& − W& s − ∑ ( ρ v ⋅ A) = ∫  + g z + u  ρ dV + ∑  + g z + u  ρ ( v ⋅ A)
CS ρ dt CV  2  CS  2 
# #+4.4,
# #ÈκÏ#EÊÆÁÍ
d  v2   P v2  r r
# # Q& − W&s =
dt ∫CV  2
 + g z + u 
 ρ dV + ∑ 

CS  ρ
+
2
+ g z + u  ρ ( v ⋅ A)
 
v 2

# ##ÈF#hŽ#ѽEQ½ELÍ# ∫CV  + g z + u  ρ dV = const. ÈκÏ#l¶QpŸD#·±hQ¾½Í
 2 
##
 v2  r r
# #+4.5,# ## ## # Q& − W&s = ∑  + g z + h  ρ ( v ⋅ A)
CS  2 
P
# ##1+Enthalpy,#RLEU½D#£®|½D#SDi#ÔЩÎƽD#ÓkDl‰D#ÑÉ# h = + u #VÐ\
ρ
 103 
   
:(1) 
#ÀgE¢¢ªÏ#Òj¢¢½DÍ# 400 C #ÓkDl¢¢\#Ô¢¢Xkg#¡# 1.4 MPa #£®|¢¢L#kE¢¢dM½D#ÒkE¢¢„#–Ll¢¢P#¿M¶Qp¢¢Ï
0

# 101kPa #ÌkDh¢¢¢¶Á#£®|¢¢¢L#kE¢¢¢dM½D#[l¢¢¢“#1 3121 J kg #EÉkDh¢¢¢¶Á#Ô¢¢¢Ð©ÎÅ#ÓkDl¢¢¢\#Ô¢¢¢Ð¹

#EÉkDh¢¢¶Á#R¢¢LET#£®¢¢{#SDi#Ô¢¢Ð©ÎÅ#ÓkDl¢¢\#Ô¢¢Ð¹#ÀgE¢¢ªÏ#Òj¢¢½DÍ# 1000 C #ÓkDl¢¢\#Ô¢¢XkhL
#ÞÍ# 60 m s #Ô©lp¢¢¢L#Ë¢¢¢ÆÁ#[l¢¢¢“Í# 15 m s #Ô©lp¢¢¢L#–¢¢¢L½D#kE¢¢¢dM½D#¿ch¢¢¢Ï#1 2676 J kg
#Àߢc#Óg΢¶²ŸD#ÓkDl¢‰D#Ԣй#RÅE¹#DiJ#1#[ÍlŠDÍ#ÀÎch½D#Ôó¶Å#¬E²PkD#–L#¸kE±#hXÎÏ
#Ô¾Qº½D#ÈDh¶±#ÀhëªÁ#ÈE¹#DiJ#ԅEƽD#Ókh¶½D#ÑÉ#EÁ#/ 7600 J h #ÒÍEpP#–L½D#ÈDkhX
# #B 0.5 kg s #ÒÍEpÏ#–L½D#Àßc
Q& 

‫ا‬ ##
1 2 ##
##
##
W& s
# ##ÈF#hŽ#ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#ÔLEQºL
v 2
 r v r  2
v  2
# # Q& − W&s = ∑  + g z + h  ρ ( v ⋅ A) =  2 + h2  ρ v 2 A 2 +  1 + h1 (− ρ v1A1 )
CS 2   2   2  
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#EÊÆÁÍ
v 2
 v  2
v −v 2
 2
# # W&s = Q& +  2 + h2  ρ v 2 A 2 −  1 + h1  ρ v1A1 = ρ v1A1  2 1 + (h2 − h1 )
2  2   2  
#EM½E¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢o#ÓkDl¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢‰D#¡#h¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¶²½D#ÈFÍ#/ m& = ρ1 A1v1 = ρ 1 A2 v 2 = 0.5 kg h #ÈF#Í
# ##ÈK±#+ Q& = 7600 J h ,
 v 2 − v12 
W& s = Q& + m&  2 + (h2 − h1 )
##  2 
# #Í
− 7600  602 − 152 
# # W&s = + 0.5  + (3121 − 2676  = 220 × 103 J s = 220 kW
3600  2 
# ##1 W = 220 kW #Ókh¶½D#ÈκP#Ëо©Í
&

      104

#Õ¢¾©#¿ÂQtÏ#¼lD#¿®s#ÀhªÁ#ÈK±#–LlPÍ#ÔM¾#Õ¾©#¿ÂQtP#ÔÁΦƟD#RÅE¹#DiJ#ÈâDÍ
#!¢¢½D#Ókh¢¢¶½D# W& p #Í#–¢¢L½D#E¢¢ÊYQÆÏ#!¢¢½D#Ókh¢¢¶½D# W&t #¿¢¢U›#1 Ws = W&t − W& p #E¢¢ÂÉ#/ÇÏh¢¢\
#À΢]QPÍ#«ØE¢Â¾½#Ԣйl‰D#Ô¢µEó½D#ÇÁ#ÔÐÂ#¹#h¶²çP#«ØEŸD#Ô¹l\#×EÆTF#¡#1#ÔM¾ó¾½#ÓEóªŸD
#ÍF#1#«ØE¢Â¾½#ԢоcDh½D#Ô¢µEó½D#SgDm#E¢˜kÍ#«ØEŸD#SEÐØnX#–L#ÔXÍn¾½D#Öε#NMpL#ÓkDl\#—J
#ZÁh¢çP#1#OÎMÅàD#©#ÔµEó½D#hÏhMQ½#ÔYÐQÅ#Óh½ÎQŸD#+ − Q& ,#ÓkDl‰D#ÇÁ#Ôй#RLlpP#E˜k
#¬E²PkD#¿¶Ï#VÐ\# hL #/+Head Loss,#h¶²½D#rFk#ÃoEL#´lªçÏ#h\#¡#ÓghMQŸD#ÔµEó½D#ÌjÉ
v2
#Ôó¢oÎQŸD#Ô©lp¢½D# v #V¢Ð\#/ α #Ô¢¹l‰D#Ô¢µE#£¢oÎQÁ#È΢ºÏÍ#1#OÎMÅàD#¡#«ØEŸD
2g
# #Եߪ½EL#ÕóªçÏ#Òj½DÍ#Ô¹l‰D#ÔµEó½#OξóŸD#_Ð]xQ½D#kDh¶Á# α Í
3
1 v
# #+4.6,# ## ## ## # α = ∫A   dA
A v
# #Եߪ½D#ÇÁ#ÔóoÎQŸD#Ô©lp½D#Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å

# #+4.7,# ## ## ## # Q = v A = ∫ v dA

# #ÍF
1
# # v=
A∫
v dA

# #ÓkÎx½D#¡#Ìß©F#ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#NQºÅÍ
P1 v12 P v2
## + α1 + z1 + hp = 2 + α 2 2 + z2 + ht + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
# #=VÐ\
W& p
# ##ÔM¾ó½D#ÇÁ#gÍnŸD#+rFl½D,#¬E²PkÞD# hp = #
m& g
W&
# ##1–L¾½#ÓEóªŸD#rFl½D# ht = t
Í
m& g
# #ÈκP# m& = ρ Q , γ = ρ g #Ç©#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ
W&t W& p
# #+4.8,# ## ## # ht = # #/# #### hp =
Qγ Qγ
 105 
   
:(2) 
#Ç¢Á#ÒkDl¢\#ÒÍÎÅ#¿©E²Á#¡#DgkEL#D×EÁ# D #EÉlóµÍ# L #E΁#Eж±F#Ô©Î{ÎÁ#ÔLÎMÅF#¿Â†
#Ô¢LÎMÅàD#¡#h¢¶²½D#rFk#ÈE¢¹#DiJ#1#ÌE¢ÅgF#_{ëÎÁ#E¹#/ v #ÔóoÎQÁ#Ô©lpL#×EŸD#ÇÁ#ÈDnc
# #ÔнEQ½D#Եߪ½EL#ÕóªçÏ
L D 2
# # hL = 0.02   v
 2g 
# Q = 0.06 m3 s #·±h¢Q½D#Àh¢ëªÁ#ÈE¢¹#DiJ#ÈDn¢ŠD#Ç¢Á# 100 m #Ô±EpÁ#Õ¾©#£®|½D#hXÍF
# #1 α1 = α 2 = 1 #jc#1 D = 0.2 m Í
1
:
##
100 m
2 ##
20 m ##
200 m
##
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å# 1, 2 #–Qó¶Æ½D#hÆ©#ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#·ÐMóQL
P1 v12 P v2
## + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
# #~ÏΪQL
Q π π
P1 = 0 , v1 = 0 , z1 = 100 m , z2 = 20 m , v 2 = , A2 = D 4 = (0.2) 4 , v 2 = 1.91m s
A2 4 4
# #Í
L D 2  200 0.2 
# # hL = 0.02   v = 0.02 (1.91) 2 = 37.2 m
 2g   2(9.8) 
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å
P2 (1.91) 2
## = 100 − 20 + + 37.2 = 42.6 m
γ 2(9.8)
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#EÊÆÁÍ
# #1 P2 = 42.6 γ = 42.6(9800) = 417900 Pa

      106

:(3) 
# #Եߪ½EL#ÕóªçÏ#ÔLÎMÅF#Àßc#OEpÆÏ#«ØEÁ#Ô©lo#«ÏmÎP#ÈE¹#DiJ
  r 2 
# # v = v max 1 −   
  r0  
 
##Ô©lp¢½D#h¢XÍF#1#Ô¢LÎMÅàD#n¢¹lÁ#Ç¢Á#Ô¢Ïn¹lŸD#Ô±Ep¢ŸD# r #Í#Ô¢LÎMÅàD#lóµ#³xÅ# r0 #VÐ\
# ##1 α #_Ð]xQ½DÍ#«ØE¾½#ÔóoÎQŸD

1 1   r 2 
# # v = ∫ v dA = 2 ∫ v max 1 −    (2π r dr )
A π r0   r0  
 
2
1 r0 r v
# # v= 2 ∫ v max (1 −   ) (2π r dr ) = max
π r0 0
 r0  2
#hŽ#Ìß©F#Ô½gEªŸD#¡#~ÏΪQ½EL#1ÖÎx¶½D#Ô©lp½D#³xÅ#ÔóoÎQŸD#Ô©lp½D#ÈκP#DiJ
# ##ÈF
3
1 r0 v 3max   r  
3 2
1 v 
# # α = ∫   dA = 2 ∫0 1 −   (2π r dr ) = 2
A v π r0  v max 3   r0  
   
 2 
:(4) 
# Q = 0.5 m3 s #·±h¢¢Q½D#Àh¢¢ëªÁÍ# d = 0.5 m #Ô¢¢LÎMÅàD#l¢¢óµ#ÈE¢¢¹#DiJ#/ÌE¢¢ÅgF#¿ºt¢¢½D#¡
#Ókh¢¢¢¢¶½D#Ñ¢¢¢¢É#E¢¢¢¢Á#1 P1 = 70 kPa #£®|¢¢¢¢½DÍ# z2 = 40 m Í# z1 = 30 m #–Q¢¢¢¢ó¶Æ½D#¬E¢¢¢¢²PkDÍ
# hL = 3 m #ÈF#€l¢¢²L#/B P2 = 350 kPa ÈE¢¢¹#DiJ#Ô¢¢M¾ó½D#Ôó¢¢oDÎL#«ØE¢¢Â¾½#Õ¢¢óªçQ½#Ô¢¢Ámß½D
# #1 α1 = α 2 = 1 Í
 107 
   
##
z ##
2 # #
# #
Q&
 z2 # #
1 # #
z1 # #

# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#–Qó¶Æ½D#hÆ©#ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#·ÐMóQL
v12 P1 P2 v 22
# # + + z1 + hp = + + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
Q π π
# Q = 0.5 m3 s , v1 = , A1 = d 2 = (0.5) 2 Í# P1 = 70 kPa , P2 = 350 kPa #V¢¢¢Ð\
A1 4 4
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#¡#lÏgE¶ŸD#ÌjÉ#~ÏΪQL#1 v1 = 2.55 m s ÈκP#EÊÆÁÍ
P2 − P1 v 22 − v12
hp = + + z2 − z1 + hL
γ 2g
(350 − 70)(1000) (2.55) − (2.55)
2 2
# # hp = + + 40 − 30 + 3
9800 2(9.8)
hp = 41.5 m
# ##ÔM¾ó½D#ÔóoDÎL#×E¾½#ÓEóªŸD#Ókh¶½D#ÈκPÍ
# # W& p = hpQγ = 41.5(0.5)(9800) = 204 × 103 W = 204 kW
:(5) 
#Ô¾x¢QÁ#Öl¢cF#ÔLÎMÅF#Àßc#lÂн# Q = 0.707 m3 s #·±hP#Àh몘#ÔLÎMÅF#Àßc#×EŸD#OEpÆÏ
 v 22 
#Ô©lo#ÑÉ# v 2 #VÐ\# hL = 0.2   #ÎÉ#h¶²½D#rFk#ÈE¹#DiJ#1 d1 = 0.3 m #EÉlóµ#EʪÁ
 2g 
#Ô¢ÁΦƟD#¿ªˆ#ÔÁmß½D#Ôж±àD#Óζ½D#ÑÉ#EÁ#/ d 2 = 0.2 m #ló¶½D#SDi#ÔLÎMÅàD#Àßc#×EŸD
# #B P1 = 70 kPa ÈE¹#DiJ#ÔQLET


      108

##
P1 A1 P2 A2 x ##
##
#kÎD#ÌE…D#¡#Öζ½D#Ô¾xŒ#ÈK±# Fx ÑÉ#«ØEŸD#EÊL#lTÝÏ#!½D#Ôж±àD#Óζ½D#RÅE¹#DiJ
# #ÑÉ#ÑXkEŠD#£®|½D#NMpL#Ѷ±àD
# # ∑ Fx = Fx + P1 A1 − P2 A2
# #Ǻ½Í
# # ∑ Fx = ∑ ρ ( v ⋅ A)v x = ρ ( − v1 A1 ) v1x + ρ ( v 2 A2 ) v 2x
r r
CS

# ##Ìß©F#Ô½gEªŸD#_MxP# v1 = v1x , v 2 = v 2x #ÈF#Í

# # Fx + P1 A1 − P2 A2 = ρ A2 v 22 − ρ A1v12
# #EÊÆÁÍ
# # Fx = P2 A2 − P1 A1 + ρ A2 v 22 − ρ A1v12 = ρ Q(v 2 − v1 ) + P2 A2 − P1 A1
##
#Ô¢¢½gEªÁ#ÄhdQp¢¢Å# P2 #£®|¢¢½D#gE¢¢‘ä#1#ÔÏkDlÂQ¢¢oÞD#Ô¢¢½gEªÁ#Ç¢¢Á# A2 v 2 = A1v1 #Èà#»¢¢½iÍ
# # 1, 2 #–Qó¶Æ½D#hÆ©#ÔµEó½D
P1 v12 P v2
## + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å# z1 = z2 #Ç©#~ÏΪQ½EL#1 α1 = α 2 = 1 #ÈF#€D±EL
 v 22 − v12 
# # P2 = P1 − γ   + hL
 2g 
# #VÐ\
π π π π
A1 = d12 = (0.3) 2 = 0.0707, A 2 = d 22 = (0.2) 2 = 0.0314 ,
4 4 4 4
##
Q 0.707 Q 0.707
v1 = = = 10 m s , v 2 = = = 22.5 m s
A1 0.0707 A2 0.0314
# #ÓkÎx½D#¡#Ìß©F#Óζ½D#_MxP#÷DiJ
# # Fx = ρ Q(v 2 − v1 ) + P2 A2 − P1 A1
##
 109 
   
#Ó΢µ#TG¢P#E¢ÆÁn¾Ï#ËÅF#"ªÏ#DjÉ#1 Fx = −1880 N #ÈF#hŽ#Ô²¾QdŸD#lÏgE¶ŸD#Ç©#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ
#¡#«ØE¢¢¢ŸD##Ô¢ ¢¹l‰#Ô¢¢¢YÐQÅ#Ô¢¢¢ÁΦƟD#¼l¢¢¢]QP#Þ#Õ¢¢¢Q\#–ÂТ¢¢½D#Ô¢¢¢Ð\EÅ# 1880 N #EÉkDh¢¢¢¶Á
# ##1ÔLÎMÅàD
:(6) 
#E¢΁##Ô¢LÎMÅF#Àߢc#Ë#¢ª±hQ½# 156 m #Ò΢¾ª½D#Ë]ó¢o#¬E¢²PkD#ÈDn¢c#Ç¢Á#×E¢Á#ÔM¾#N]pP
#ÈDn¢c#—J# 0.27 m3 s #Àh¢ëª˜#ÈDn¢ŠD#Ç¢Á#×E¢ŸD#Ô¢LÎMÅàD#[l¢‡#1 0.3 m #EÉlóµÍ# 1500 m
#Ô¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢LÎMÅàD#¡#h¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¶²½D#rFk#ÈE¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¹#DiJ#1 186 m #Ò΢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¾ª½D#Ë]ó¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢o#¬E¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢²PkD#l¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢cH

#Ókh¢¶½DÍ#Ô¢LÎMÅàD#¡#×E¢ŸD#Ô¢M¾ó½D#ËL#gÍnP#Òj½D#rFl½D#Np\F#/ hL = 0.01
(L D ) v 2 ÎÉ
2g
# #1Eж±F#Ô©Î{ÎÁ#ÔLÎMÅàD#ÈGL#E¾©#/·±hQ¾½#ԅEƽD

# #ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#ÄhdQpÅ
P1 v12 P v2
## + + z1 + hp = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
#Ìߢ¢¢¢©F#Ô¢¢¢¢½gEªŸD#_Mx¢¢¢¢P# z1 = 156 m , z2 = 186 m , v1 = v 2 = 0 , P1 = P2 = 0 #~Ï΢¢¢¢ªQL
# #VÐ\# z1 + hp = z2 + hL

# # hL = 0.01
(L D ) v 2 = 0.01
(1500 0.3) v 2 = 2.55 v 2
2g 2(9.8)
# #Í
Q 0.27
# #v =
= = 3 .8 m s
A π (0.3) 2
4
#E¢¢ÊL#gÍn¢¢P#!¢¢½D#Ókh¢¢¶½D#È΢¢ºPÍ# hp = 37.2 m #÷DiJ#1 hL = 2.55 × (3.8) 2 = 37.2 m #E¢¢ÊÆÁÍ
# ##·±hQ½D#ÔM¾ó½D
# #1 W& p = γ Q hp = (9800)(0.27)(37.2) = 98444.8 W = 98.44 kW

      110

:(7) 
#¸l¢¢±#È΢¢ºÏ#ÄEÂx¢¢½D#¿¢¢²µ#h¢¢Æ©#1#Ô¢QLET#ÓkDl¢¢\#Ô¢¢Xkg#R¢¢†#×E¢¢˜#l¢¢ó¶½D#Ô¢¢QLET#Ô¢¢LÎMÅF#Õ¢¢¾™
#OEp¢¢ÆÏÍ#ÄEÂx¢¢½D#_Q¢¢²çÏ#EÁh¢¢Æ©#1 P1 − P2 = 75 kPa ÒÍEp¢¢Ï# 2 Í# 1 #–Q¢¢ó¶Æ½D#–¢¢L#£®|¢¢½D
#1 160 kPa # 2 #Í# 1 #–Q¢ó¶Æ½D#–¢L#£®|½D#¸l±#xÏÍ# 550 m3 h #ÒÍEpÏ#·±hP#Àh몘#×EŸD
# ##1 2 Í# 1 #–Qó¶Æ½D#–L#¼EºQ\ÞD#NMpL#h¶²½D#rFk#hXÍF

##

#£#®|¢¢¢¢¢¢¢½D#¸l¢¢¢¢¢¢¢±#Õ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢óªçÏÍ#/ǹE¢¢¢¢¢¢¢o#×E¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ŸD#È΢¢¢¢¢¢¢ºÏ#·¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¾®Á#ÄEÂx¢¢¢¢¢¢¢½D#Ô¢¢¢¢¢¢¢½E\#¡
# ##Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ# P1 − P2 = ρg ( z1 − z1 ) Եߪ½EL
P1 − P2 75(103 )
#ѽE¢Q½ELÍ#×EŸD#¼l]QÏ#ÄEÂx½D#_Q²çÏ#EÁhÆ©#1 ( z1 − z1 ) = = = 7 .6 m
ρg (1000)(9.8)
# #ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#ÄDhdQoD#Ǻ›
v 2
 r r
# # Q& − W&s = ∑  + g z + h  ρ ( v ⋅ A)
CS  2 
# #ÍF
 v2   v2 
W& s = Q& +  2 + g z2 + h2  ρ v 2 A 2 −  1 + g z1 + h1  ρ v1A1
 2   2 
v −v 2 2

# # W&s = ρ Q 2 1 + (h2 − h1 ) + g ( z2 − z1 ) 
 2 
P −P 
W& s = ρ Q((h2 − h1 ) + g ( z2 − z1 ) ) = ρ Q 1 2 + g ( z2 − z1 ) 
 ρ 
# #ÍF
P −P 
# # W& s = ρ Q 1 2 + g ( z2 − z1 ) 
 ρ 
P2 − P1
#Ók#Dl¢‰D#Ԣк½Í# u1 = u2 #Ô¢QLEU½D#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXk#h½Í# h1 − h2 = + (u2 − u1 ) #VÐ\
ρ
# ##1 v1 = v 2 #ÈκP#RLEU½D#l󶾽Í# Q& = 0 ÔQLEU½D
 111 
   
W& s W& s
#/Ìߢ©F#Ô¢½gEªŸD#Ç¢Á#E¢Êо©##¿x¢]¢Å#!¢½DÍ# h = = #Ô¢µßª½EL#h¢¶²½D#rFk#ÕóªçÏ
Qγ Q ρ g
# ##ÒF
W&s  P1 − P2 
# #h = =  + ( z1 − z2 ) 
γ Q  ρg 
# ##ÍF
( P1 − P2 )
# #h = + ( z1 − z2 )
ρg
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ
160(103 )
# #h = + (7.6) = 23.9 m
103 (9.8)
:(8) 
# #1 20 m3 s #·±hP#ÀhëªÁÍ# 2500 kW #Ókh¶L#ÌEÅgF#¿ºt½D#¡#_{ÎÁ#E¹#–LlP#¿ÂªÏ

##
#Ë¢¢¢¾¹#·±h¢¢¢Q½D#¢¢¢©#h¢¢¢¶²½D#rFk#Ç¢¢¢º½Í#/D®¢¢¢w#–¢¢¢L½D#Àߢ¢¢c#h¢¢¢¶²½D#rFk#ÈE¢¢¢¹#DiJ
# #Np\F#/ D = 2 m #ÔLÎMÅàD#lóµÍ# 2.5 m ÎÉ
# ##–L½D#©#£®|½D#¸l±#0F
# #1æQÆÁ#·±hQ½DÍ#ÔQLET#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkgÍ# Q& = 0 #ÈE¹#DiJ# h #¬E²PkÞD#0O

# ##ÈF#hŽ#ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁ#0F

      112

 v2   v2 
W& s = Q& +  2 + g z2 + h2  ρ v 2 A 2 −  1 + g z1 + h1  ρ v1A1
 2   2 
v −v2 2

# # W&s = ρ Q 2 1 + (h2 − h1 ) + g ( z2 − z1 ) 
 2 
P −P 
W& s = ρ Q((h2 − h1 ) + g ( z2 − z1 ) ) = ρ Q 1 2 + g ( z2 − z1 ) 
 ρ 
#1+#Ô¢¢QLET#ÓkDl¢¢‰D#Ô¢¢Xkg#Èà,# u1 = u2 # z1 = z2 Í#+ D1 = D2 #Èà,# v1 = v 2 Í# Q& = 0 #V¢¢Ð\
# ##Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#SEк½D#ÌjÉ#~ÏΪQLÍ
# # W& s = Q ( P1 − P2 )
# #EÊÆÁÍ
W& s 2500(103 )
# # P1 − P2 = = = 125 kPa
Q 20
# ## z1 − z2 = h #/ v1 << v 2 Í# P1 = P2 = P0 #Ô½E‰D#ÌjÉ#¡#0O
##

##
# #ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#_MxPÍ
v 2
  v2 
W&1 + W&2 = Q& +  + g z2 + h2  ρ v 2 A 2 −  1 + g z1 + h1  ρ v1A1
2

 2   2 
v 2
P −P 
# # W&1 + W&2 = ρ Q 2 + 2 1 + g ( z2 − z1 ) 
 2 ρ 
W&1 + W&2  v 22 P2 − P1 
=  + + h 
ρ gQ  2g gρ 
 113 
   
#h¢¶²½D#rFk#Õ¢óªçÏÍ#1#¼EºQ\ÞD#ÔóoDÎL#¿®t½D#ÀhëªÁ# W&2 #Í#–L½D#¿®s#ÀhëªÁ# W&1 VÐ\
W&2
#/ÔÏkDlÂQ¢oÞD#Ô½gEªÁ#¡# Q = 20 m3 s #«{ÎLÍ#1 hL = #Եߪ½EL#¼EºQ\ÞD#NMpL
ρ gQ
Q 20
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#Ìß©F#Ô½gEªŸD#¡#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ#1 v 2 = = = 6.37 m s #ÈF#hŽ
A2 π
( 2) 2
4
W& v 2
P −P
# # 1 + hL = 2 + 1 2 + h
ρ gQ 2g ρg
#ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ# h = 2.5 m Í# v = 6.37 m s Í# P = P = P Í# W& = 2500 kW VÐ\
L 2 1 2 0 1

# #1 h = 13.2 m
:(9) 
#ÈκP#VЃ#ÌEÅgF#¿ºt½D#¡#Ô]{ΟD#ÔÅDÎóoÞD#lóµ#³xÅÍ#ÔM¾ó½D#Ókhµ#hXÍF
#DiJ#¿²oF#ÇÁ#×EŸD#EÊL#N]pÏ#!½D#×EŸD#Ô©lo#³ª{#ÒD#´ló½D#hÆ©#×EŸD#Ô©lo
# #1 P1 = 3 p2 = 3P0 Í#1 z2 = 4 z1 #ÈE¹

# ##

# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å# 1, 2 #–Qó¶Æ½D#Õ¾©#ѽÎÅL#Ô½gEªÁ#·ÐMóQL
P1 v12 P v2
## + + z1 + hp = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
# #Í
2 2
3P2 v P v
## + 1
+ z1 + hp = 2 + + 4 z1 + hL
2
γ 2g γ 2g
3v12 2 P0
# #1 W& p = m& ghp #ÔM¾ó½D#ÓkhµÍ# hp = − + 3 z1 + hL #ÈF#hŽ# v 2 = 2v1 #ÈF#Í
2g γ

      114
π
# # m& 2 = ρ v 2 A2 = ρ (2v1 )( D22 )
4
# #Í
π
# # m& 1 = ρ ( v1 )( D12 )
4
# #ÔÏkDlÂQoÞD#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁ#Ǻ½Í
# # m& 1 = m& 2
# ##ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ
# # D1 = 2 D2
# ##ÈF#hŽ#mh½ÎÆÏk#gh©#ÇÁÍ
ρ v1D1 ρ v 2 D 2 2 ρ v1D 2
# # Re = = =
η η η
# #h¶²½D#rFk#ÈκÏÍ
L  v 22  v2
# # hL = f   = 128η L 21
D  2g  D1 g
64
#Ô¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢½gEªŸD#¡#~ÏΪQ½E¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢LÍ##1 f = #Ñ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¶Mó½D#·±h¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢Q¾½#V¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢Ð\
Re
3v12 2 P0 π 
# hp = − + 3 z1 + hL #Ô¢¢¢¢½gEªŸD#ÄDhdQ¢¢¢¢oD#«¢¢¢¢Á# W& p = m& gh p = ρ  D12  v1 gh p
2g γ 4 
# ##1ÔM¾ó½D#Ókhµ#Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å
:(10) 
#Ë¢¢ÅmÍÍ# 3 × 10−3 N s m 2 #Ë¢¢QXÍn½#¿¢¢ÁEªÁÍ#Dl²¢¢w#ÌE¢¢ÅgF#_¢¢{ΟD#¿ØEp¢¢½D#¬kEp¢¢P#ÈE¢¢¹#DiJ
# #1¿ØEp½D#Ô©lo#hXÍF#1 D = 1cm ##ÔLÎMÅàD#lóµÍ## γ = 8 kN m3 #Ñ©ÎƽD

##
 115 
   

# #Եߪ½D# 1, 2 #–Qó¶Æ¾½#ÈF#hŽ#ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁ
P1 v12 P v2
## + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ
##
3
200(10 ) 0 110(103 ) 0
## + +0= + + 10 + hL
800 2(9.8) 800 2g
# ##ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ
# # hL = 1.25 m
# ##ÈF#hŽ#fEMpÏÍ#0ÑokDg#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁ#Ǻ½Í
32η L v
# # hL =
γ D2
# #¿ØEp¾½#ÔóoÎQŸD#Ô©lp½D#Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ
hLγ D 2 1.25(800)(0.01) 2
# #v = = = 1.04 m s
32η L 32(3 × 10 − 3 )(10)
:(11) 
#¡#¸l²½D#hXÍF#1 0.4 m #EÉlóµ#Ôж±F#ÔLÎMÅF#¡# 970 kg m3 #ËQ±EU¹#RÏm#ÒlpÏ
# #1ÔLÎMÅàD#ÇÁ# 30 m #Ô±EpÁ#Õ¾©#£®|½D
:
# ##Եߪ½EL#RÏn½D#Ô©lo#ÕóªçP
Q 0.02
# #v = = = 0.079 m s
A π (0.4) 2
4
# ##ÈF#hŽ#mh½ÎÆÏk#gh©#ÇÁÍ
v Dρ 0.079(0.4)(970)
# # Re = = = 316
η 0.97
# #Ô½gEªŸEL#£®|½D#¸l±#ÕóªçÏ
32η L v 32(0.097)(30)(0.079)
# # ∆P = = = 45.9 N m 2
D2 (0.4) 2

      116

:(12) 
# γ = 12300 N m #R¢¢¢¢ÅE¹#DiJ# ∆h #h¢¢¢¢XÍF#/ÌE¢¢¢¢ÅgF#¿ºt¢¢¢¢½D#¡#E¢¢¢¢Â¹#ÇÏlp¢¢¢¢¾X#l¢¢¢¢›
3

# #1η = 0.62 N s m 2 Í

##
:
# ##ÈF#ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁ#hŽ
P1 v12 P v2
## + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
# ##ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ
P1 P2
## + z1 = + z2 + hL
γ γ
# #ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ
 P1  P 
# # ∆h =  + z1  −  2 + z2  = hL
γ  γ 
# ##ÈF#hŽ#mh½ÎÆÏk#gh©#ÇÁÍ
v Dρ 6(0.02)(12300 9.8)
# # Re = = = 23.5
η 0.62
# ##ÈκÏ#ѽEQ½ELÍ#EжM#·±hQ½D#ÈF#"ªÏ#DjÉ
32ηL v 32(0.62)(1)(6)
# # hL = = = 2.42 m
D 2γ (0.02) 2 (12300)
 117 
   
:(13) 
#Ԣж±F#Ô¢LÎMÅF#¡# 0.048 Ns m #Ë¢QXÍn½#¿ÁEªÁÍ# 940 kg m #ËQ±EU¹#–o͹#Òl‘
2 3

# 10 m #Ô±Ep¢¢Á#Õ¢¢¾©#£®|¢¢½D#¡#ÈEx¢¢¶Æ½D#h¢¢XÍF#1ÌE¢¢ÅgF#¿ºt¢¢½D#¡#E¢¢Â¹#/ 5 cm #E¢¢Élóµ
# #1 2 × 10−3 m3 s #·±hQ½D#ÀëhªÁ#ÈE¹#DiJ#ÈEÏlˆD#ÔÏDhL#ÇÁ
##
##
0 .5 m ##
##
10 m
##
:
32ηL v
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁÍ#1 hL = #ѶMó½D#ÈEÏlY¾½
D 2γ
P1 v12 P v2
## + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
# #ÈK±#÷DiJ#1 P1 = P2 = P0 Í# v1 = 0 Í# z2 = 0 Í# z1 = 0.5 m #VÐ\
v 2 32ηL v
# # 0 .5 = +
2g D 2γ
# #ÍF
# # v 2 + 13v - 9.8 = 0
# #Եߪ½EL#£®|½D#¡#ÈEx¶Æ½D#ÕóªçÏ#1 v = 0.71m s #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#EÊÆÁÍ
32η L v 32(0.048)(10)(0.71)
# # ∆P = 2
= 2
= 4362.2 N m 2
D (0.05)
##
##

      118

:
#E¢Â¹#×E¢ÆD#Ôó¢oDÎL# 180 #ÔÏÍDnL#EÐoDk#Ô#LÎMÅàD#RÐÆU±#ÔÏlØDg#ÔLÎMÅF#¡#×EÁ#OEpÆÏ#01
0

# ##1ÌEÅgF#¿ºt½D#¡

##
##
#¿ch¢¢Á#h¢¢Æ©#£®|¢¢½D#ÈE¢¢¹Í# 20 Litre s #ÒÍEp¢¢Ï#Ô¢¢LÎMÅàD#¡#·±h¢¢Q½D#Àh¢¢ëªÁ#ÈE¢¢¹#DiJ
#kDh¢¢¶ÁÍ#ÌE¢¢…D#΢¢É#E¢¢Á#/ 0.1m3 #ÒÍEp¢¢Ï#×E¢¢ÆÞD#â¢Y\Í# 120 kN m3 #ÒÍEp¢¢Ï#×E¢¢ÆÞD
# #1+ 12197 N , θ = 4.61 0 #=ÔLEXäD,#B#×EƏÞD#Õ¾©#×EŸD#EÊL#lTÝÏ#!½D#Óζ½D
##
#E¢Â¹#/×E¢Á#Ô¹l\#æÆн#·¾ªçÁ#ÔóoDÎL#ÈDnc#Ô©Eµ#hÆ©#¿ºt½D#¿ÐóQpÁ#OEL#RMçT#02
# ##1ÌEÅgF#¿ºt½D#¡

##
#Ñ¢¾©#×E¢ŸD#ÖÎQp¢Á#¿xÏ#EÁhÆ©#_Q²Ï#VÐ\#ÈDnŠD#¡#×EŸD#ÖÎQpÁ#ÃЦÆP#Õ¾©#OEM½D#¿ÂªÏ
# ##n¹lÁÍ# 1.2 m #OEM½D#€l©#ÈE¹#DiJ#1DghŒ#E¶Â©# h #/ËÆЛ
 119 
   
#×E¢ŸD#ÖÎQp¢Á#È΢ºÏ#EÁhÆ©#Ämß½D# W #OEM½D#ÈmÍ#ÎÉ#EÁ#/£ØE‰D#ÇÁ# 0.3 m #ÒÍEpÏ#˾¶T
# #B_Q²Ï#ÈF#»sÍ#Õ¾©#OEM½D#_Mxн# h = 2.779 m
#=#Ô¢LEXäD,#1+#Ô©Ep¢½D#OkE¢¶©#ÌE¢…D#¡#·¢¾ªŸD#h¢Æ©#Änª½D#ÈκÏ#EÁhÆ©#OEM½D#_Q²Ï#=_оP,
# #1+ W = 4 × 103 N
##
# #hXÍF#/ÌEÅgF#¿ºt½D#¡#03

##
# #1ÈDnŠD#¡#×EŸD#ÈmÍ#0F
# #ÈDnŠD#Óh©Eµ#hÆ©#£®|½D#0O
#!½D#Óζ½D#kDh¶Á#ÎÉ#E±# 50 m 2 (10m × 5m) #ÒÍEpP#Óh©E¶½D#Ô\EpÁ#RÅE¹#DiJ#0¢X
# #BÈDnŠD#Óh©Eµ#Õ¾©#×EŸD#EÊL#lTÝÏ
# #1E÷ ¶¾®Á#OEM½D#Õ¶MÏ#ÕQ\#ÔÁmß½D# F #Óζ½D#kDh¶Á#0g
##
#EÉlóµ#ÖlcGL#Ô¾xQÁ# 0.5 m #EÉlóµ#ÔLÎMÅF#ÇÁ# 0.5 m3 s #Àh몘#·±hQL#×EŸD#OEpÆÏ#04
# #1¿ºt½D#¡#E¹#/Ѷ±àD#«Á# 400 #ÔÏÍDnL#¿Ð™# 0.25 m

##

      120

#Ó΢¶½D#kDh¢¶Á#΢É#E¢Á#/ 200 kPa #ÒÍEp¢Ï#+Out,#Ô¢XkEŠD#Ô¢LÎMÅàD#h¢Æ©#£®|¢½D#ÈE¹#DiJ

#=Ô¢¢LEXäD,##BE¢¢ÊÅEºÁ#¡#Ô¢¢ÁΦƟD#R¢¢ÐMUP#Õ¢¢¾©#¿¢¢ÂªP#Ñ¢¢º½#×E¢¢ŸD#E¢¢ÊL#lTÝ¢¢Ï#!¢¢½D#Ô¢¢Ámß½D
# #1+ θ = −71.270 Í# F = 33876 N
##
#1 B #h¢Æ©# 0.35 m #—J## 0.5 m #Ç¢Á# A #h¢Æ©#E¢Élóµ#y¢ì¾õµ#Ô¢ÏlØDg#ÔLÎMÅF#¡#×EÁ#Òl‘#05
#h¢Æ©#×E¢ŸD#[l¢dн# 0.225 m #Ô¢ÐÅEU½DÍ# 0.15 m #—ÍàD#l¢óµ#–Âp¢µ#—J#ÔLÎMÅàD#R©l²P#DiJ
# #=hXÍF#/1.0 m s #ÒÍEpP# D Í# A #hÆ©#×EŸD#Ô©lo#RÅE¹Í#/ D Í# C #–Qó¶Æ½D

##
# #+ 1.307 m s , 4.853 m s #=ÔLEXäD,## C Í# B #–Qó¶Æ½D#hÆ©#×EŸD#Ô©lo#0F
# #+ 0.1257 m3 s , 0.0859 m3 s #=ÔLEXäD,# D Í# C #hÆ©#×EŸD#·±hP#ÀhëªÁ#0O
#ÒÍEp¢¢¢Ï# A #h¢¢¢Æ©#£®|¢¢¢½DÍ# 10 m #kDh¢¢¢¶˜# B #Ç¢¢¢Á#Õ¢¢¢¾©F# A #Ô¢¢¢ó¶Æ½D#R¢¢¢ÅE¹#DiJ#0¢¢¢¢X
# #1+ 107746 Pa #=ÔLEXäD,# B #hÆ©#£®|½D#hXÍF#/ 10 kPa
#DiJ#1 1 m #E¢Ê¶Â©#R¢Ïn½D#Ç¢Á#Ô¢¶M#ˢо©#RM¢çw#âT# 2 m #¬E¢²PkD#—J#×E¢˜#ZÏlÊw#׿çÁ#05
# ##Õ¾©,#ÔªµDνD#Óζ½D#kDh¶Á#ÎÉ#EÁ#/ 800 kg m3 #RÏn½D#Ô±EU¹#RÅE¹
##
#=Ô¢¢¢¢¢LEXäD,#BkDh¢¢¢¢¢ˆD#Õ¢¢¢¢¢¾©#EÊ¢¢¢¢¢¾Â©#£¢¢¢¢¢cÍ#ZÏlÊx¢¢¢¢¢½D#ÈDkh¢¢¢¢¢X#Õ¢¢¢¢¢¾©#+€l¢¢¢¢¢ª½D#Óh¢¢¢¢¢\Í
# #1+ 39240 N , 2.033 m
##
#â±#ÈE¹#DiJ#1 20 m s #Ô©lpL# 0.08 m #Ìlóµ#v΁lc#Ô]Q±#ÇÁ#×DÎD#¡#×EŸD#[l“#06
#×E¢ŸD#E¢ÊL#lTÝÏ#!½D##Óζ½D#kDh¶Á#ÎÉ#EÁ#/ 0.025 m #EÉlóµ#Ó®w#Ô]Q²L#ÑÊQÆÏ#v΁lŠD
# #1+ − 176 N =ÔLEXäD,#B#Ô]Q²½D#ÌjÉ#Õ¾©
##
 121 
   
#!¢½D#Ó΢¶½D#kDh¢¶Á#hXÍF#1#ÌEÅgF#¿ºt½D#¡#_{ëÎÁ#ÎÉ#E¹#/#ÔÅEwlŠD#ÇÁ#ho#hëÐ#çs#07
# #1Eʾ©#£cÍ#EÊÉE…DÍ#/hp½D#ÇÁ#€l©#Óh\Í#¿º½#hp½D#Õ¾©#×EŸD#EÊL#lTÝÏ

##
# #+ 507668 N , 150 , 6.9 m #=ÔLEXäD,
##
#E¢Â¹#/ 30 Litre s #΢É# 240 #EÉkDh¢¶Á#Ô¢ÏÍDnL#×EƏD#ÇÁ#×EŸD#¯Ïl²P#ÀhëªÁ#ÈE¹#DiJ#08
0

#Õ¢¾©#×E¢ŸD#E¢ÊL#lTÝ¢Ï#!¢½D#Ó΢¶½D#kDh¢¶Á#hXÍF#1#Eж±F#×EƏÞD#DjÉ#«¶Ï#VÐ\#/#ÌEÅgF#_{ÎÁ
# ##B×EƏÞD

##
# #+ − 2580 N , − 12.20 =ÔLEXäD,
#Ç¢¢Á# 18 m #¬E¢¢²PkD#Õx¢¢µF#—J#Ëd|¢¢Q½# 0.04 m3 s #·±h¢¢QL#×E¢¢ŸD#Ú±E¢¢óÁ#ÓkEТ¢o#Õ¢¢¶¾QP#09
# 0.03 m #E¢Éló#µ#³x¢Å#ÔLÎMÅF#Àßc#Ú±EóŸD#ÈDnŠ#·±hQÏ#×EŸD#ÈE¹#DiJ#1#€kàD#ÖÎQpÁ
##Ú±E¢óŸD#ÈDn¢c#h¢ÏÍnP#Ô¢M¾ó½D#Õ¢¾©#N¢‘#!¢½D#Ókh¶½D#ÑÉ#EÁ#/ 100 kPa #ÌkDh¶Á#£®|L
# #BEÊL
##

      122

#kE¢¢ÐP#[l¢¢dQ½#+Ventilation Fan,#Ë¢¢ØÎÊP#Ô¢¢\ÍlÁ#lÏÍh¢¢Q½# 4 kW #Ókh¢¢¶L#k΢¢PÎÁ#¿¢¢ÂªÏ#010

#ÈF#€l²L/»¢½i#¿¢Âª½#Ô¢Ámß½D#k΢PΟD#Ókh¢µ#Np¢\F#1 15 m s #Ô#©lp¢L# 0.8 m #Ìl¢óµ#×DÎÉ
# #+ 1.017 kW #=ÔLEXäD,#1# 1.2 kg m3 #×DÎD#Ô±EU¹#jçc#1 Q& = 0 #ÓkDl‰D#Ôй

##
#Ë¢ª±½#Ó¢ƒ#Ç¢Á# 0.03 m3 s #Àh몘#×EŸD#/ÌEÅgF#¿ºt½D#¡#E¹#/ÔM¾#N]pP#011
#h¢¢XÍF#1 200 m #E¢¢΁Í# 80 mm #E¢¢Élóµ#Ô¢¢LÎMÅF#¢¢©# 50 m #Ë¢¢©E²PkD#¿¢¢MX#Ô¢¢Âµ#Õ¢¢¾©F#—J
# #1ÔM¾ó¾½#ÔÁmß½D#Ókh¶½D

##
##
#ÈE¹#DiJ#SE]Q±#ÔTßT#Àßc#/ÌEÅgF#¿ºt½D#¡#_{ÎÁ#E¹#/mEÊX#ÇÁ#×EÁ#·±hQÏ#012
#΢É#E¢ÊÆÁ#×E¢ŸD#·±h¢PÍ# D3 = 4 cm Í# D2 = 7 cm Í# D1 = 9 cm =#ѽE¢Q½D#΢]ƽD#Õ#¢¾©#EÊ{l©
#΢¢¢]ƽD#Õ¢¢¢¾©#EÉh¢¢¢Æ©#£®|¢¢¢½DÍ# Q2 = 100 m3 h Í# Q1 = 220 m3 h #=ѽE¢¢¢Q½D#΢¢¢]ƽD#Õ¢¢¢¾©
#Ë¢½jMÏ#Òj¢½D#¿®t½D#ÌE…D#hXÍF#1 P3 = 265 kPa #Í# P2 = 235 kPa #Í# P1 = 150 kPa =ѽEQ½D
#¿¢ÉE…#«Á#/–QQLET#ÓkDl\#ÔйÍ#ÓkDl\#ÔXkg#R†#Ôоª½D#RÅE¹#DiJ#+Shaft,#¼lD
# #1 W&s = −15.82 kW #=ÔLEXäD#1ÔÐLiEˆD
 123 
   

##
##
#·±h¢¢P#Àh¢¢ëª˜# 800 kg m3 #Ë¢¢Q±EU¹#ÇcE¢¢o#Õ¢¢¶Å#R¢¢Ïm# 90 cm #E¢¢Élóµ#Ô¢¢LÎMÅF#¿¢¢¶ÆP#013
# ##ÒÍEpÏ#RÏn½D#¬E²PkD#¡#h¶²½D#ÀhªÁ#ÈE¹#DiJ#1ÄÎнD#¡#¿ÐÁlL#ÈÎоÁ# 1.5
##
# 16 #¿¢¹#h¢ªL#R¢Ïn½D#e|¢½#SE¢óŒ#Óh¢©#ÔÁEµJ#gDlçÏ#1#ÔLÎMÅàD#ÇÁ# 300 m #¿º½# 420 cm
# 4.88 MW #=Ô¢¢LEXäD#1+Ô¢¢M¾,#Ôd|¢¢Á#¿¢¢¹#Ókh¢¢µ#Ñ¢¢É#E¢¢Á#1Ô¢¢LÎMÅà#D#À΢¢#Ç¢¢Á#Á΢¢¾Ð¹
# #1 6545 hp ÍF
#ÈE¢¹#DiJ#+Filter,#_¢slŸD#Dj¢#h¢¶²½D#rFk#h¢XÍF#1 20 kW #Ókh¢¶L#×EŸD#ÔM¾#gÍnP#014
# ##1_slŸD#DjÉ#NMpL#hÐ\νD#h¶²½D

##
# #+ 7.68 m #=ÔLEXäD,
#Àߢc#Ëd¢{## 1.491 N s m 2 ##Ë¢QXÍn½#¿ÁEªÁ#Í## 1259 kg m3 #ËQ±EU¹##ÇÏlp¾X#015
#£®¢¢¢{#¡#y¶Æ¢¢¢½D#kDh¢¢¢¶Á#Np¢¢¢\F#1 0.004 m3 s #·±h¢¢¢P#Àh¢¢¢ëª˜# 4 cm #E¢¢¢Élóµ#Ô¢¢¢LÎMÅF
# #1 9492 kPa #=ÔLEXäD#1 100 m #Ô±EpÁ#Õ¾©#ÇÏlp¾ˆD
##
#rFk#Np¢¢\F#1 0.05 m3 s #·±h¢¢P#Àh¢¢ª˜# 20cm #E¢¢Élóµ#Ô¢¢LÎMÅF#Àߢ¢c#×E¢¢ŸD#·±h¢¢QÏ#016
#1 f = 0.019 #ÈF#€l¢²L##Ô¢LÎMÅàD#Ç¢Á# 1km #Ô±Ep¢Á#Õ¢¾©##Ô¢LÎMÅàD#¡#×E¢ŸD#¬E¢²PkD#¡#h¶²½D
# #1 12.2 m #=ÔLEXäD

      124

#¿ºt¢¢½D#¡#Ô¢¢M¾#Ôó¢¢oDÎL#ÈDn¢¢c#Ç¢¢Á#×E¢¢ŸD#e|¢¢çÏ#/ÌE¢¢ÅgF#–]¢¢{ΟD#–¾ºt¢¢½D#¡#017
# ##1+a,

##
v2
#DiJ#1#Ô¢LÎMÅàD#¡#Ôó¢oÎQŸD#Ô©lp¢½D# v #VÐ\# 1.2 #Եߪ½EL#ÕóªçÏ#h¶²½D#rFk#ÈE¹#DiJ
2g
#¡#E¢¢¢Â¹#/ hp = 20 − 2000 Q 2 #Ñ¢¢¢É#h¢¢¢¶²½D#rFkÍ#·±h¢¢¢Q½D#Àh¢¢¢ªÁ#–¢¢¢L#Ô¢¢¢µßª½D#R¢¢¢ÅE¹
# # 0.052 m3 s #=ÔLEXäD#1 Q #·±hQ½D#ÀhªÁ#Np\F#1+b,#¿ºt½D
 125 
   
(Drag and Lift)
   
#1+Drag,#N]p¢½D#Ó΢µÍ#£®|½D#ÓζL#lTGQÏ#ÃpˆD#ÈK±#¼l]QÁ#«ØEÁ#¡#ÃpX#l®Ï#EÁhÆ©
#´l¢ªçÏÍ#1+Lift,#«¢±l½D#Ö΢¶L#ÈEÏlp¢½D#ÌE¢…D#Õ¢¾©#E¢Ïg#Ω#lTÝ¢P#!¢½D#Ö΢¶½D#¬Î¢Â‹#´lªçÏ
#lTÝ¢P#ÈF#Ç¢º›#1#N]p¢½D#Ó΢¶L#ÈEÏlp¢½D#ÌE¢…Þ#ÒmD΢Á#ÌE…D#¡##lTÝP#!½D#Öζ½D#¬Î‹
#ÀE¢‰D#Ô¢ªÐMóL#N]p¢½DÍ#«¢±l½D#Ö΢µ#lx¢]ÆP#Ǻ½Í#ÃpˆD#Õ¾©#βó½DÍ#ÈmνD#Óε#E|ÏF
#Ô­EТw#Ç¢º›Í#1#·±h¢QŸD##«ØE¢Â¾½#ѺÐÁEÆÏh½D#TGQ½D#ÔóoDÎL#h½ÎQP#!½D#Öζ½D#»¾P#Õ¾©
# #1+Pressure,#£®|½DÍ#+Shear Stress,#y¶½D#gEÊXJ#Öε#Ô½ÞhL##«±l½DÍ#N]p½D#Öε
#Õ¢¾©#E¢ÏgΩ#ÓlTÝ¢ŸD#Ö΢¶½D#ԩ΋#ÈF#EÅhXν#ÓlØE#bEÆX#Õ¾©#ÓlTݟD#Öζ½D#EÅjcF#DiJ#
#«ØE¢¢ŸD#Ô©l¢¢o#ÈàÍ#1#£®|¢¢½D#Ö΢¢µ#ÒF#/Ô\Ep¢¢ŸD#Óh¢¢\Í#Õ¢¢¾©#Ô¢¢ÏgΪ½D#Ö΢¢¶½D#Ñ¢¢É#_óp¢¢½D
#bE¢ÆˆD#Õ¢¾©F#£®|¢½D#È΢ºÏ#/+ v0 ,#l¢‰D#ÈEÏlp¢½D#Ô©lo#ÇÁ#¹F#bEƈD#Õ¾©F#+ v1 ,
# ##«MQPÍ#1ÒgEª½D#£®|½D#ÇÁ#¿µF#ÍF#N½Eo
#bE¢¢ÆˆD#Õ¢¢¾©F#N½Ep¢¢½D#£®|¢¢½D#ÈF#h¢¢Ž#Ë¢¢Ð¾©Í#1Ól¢¢sEMÁ#ѽ΢¢ÅL#Ô¢¢½gEªÁ#Ç¢¢Á#Ô¢¢YÐQƽD#Ìj¢¢É
# ##1«±l½D#Óε#¡#ÈEÂÊpÏ#bEƈD#¿²oF#NXΟDÍ
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# ##Եߪ½EL#ÕóªçP#£®|½D#Óε#ÈF#hŽ#1«±l½DÍ#N]p½D#Óε#Ô¾xŒ# F VÐ\
# # dFp = PdA
# #¢L#N]p½D#ÓεÍ
# # dFV = τ dA

      126

#¿x¢¢]¢Å#l¢¢‰D#ÈEÏlp¢¢½D#ÌE¢¢…D#Õ¢¢¾©#Òg΢¢Â©#l¢¢cHÍ#mD΢¢Á#ÌE¢¢…D#¡#–P΢¢¶½D#–PE¢¢É#¿¢¢Ð¾]QLÍ
# #ѽEQ½D#Î]ƽD#Õ¾©#/Ôо{E²Q½D#«±l½D#Óε#Õ¾©
# # dFL = − PdA sin θ − τ dA cosθ
# #Ôо{E²Q½D#N]p½D#ÓεÍ
# # dFD = − PdA sin θ + τ dA cosθ
#¿ÁEºQ½D#×DlXKL#bEƈD#Õ¾©#–Qоº½D#N]p½DÍ#«±l½D#Óε#Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#ÈF#Ǻ›Í
# #1Ìß©F#–¾{E²Q¾½
# # FL = − ∫ ( P sin θ + τ cosθ ) dA
# #Í
# # FD = ∫ (− P sin θ + τ cosθ ) dA

##
# #Եߪ½EL#N]p½D#Óε#ÕóªçP
1
# # FD = CD Ap ρ v 02
2
#Ô¢¢¢¾LE¶ŸD#Ãp¢¢¢ˆD#Ô\Ep¢¢¢Á# Ap #Í#mh¢¢¢½ÎÆÏk#gh¢¢¢©#Õ¢¢¢¾©#h¢¢¢ÂQªÏÍ#N]p¢¢¢½D#¿¢¢¢ÁEªÁ# CD V¢¢¢Ð\
# #Եߪ½EL#«±l½D#Óε#ÕóªçPÍ#1Ól‰D#Ô©lp½D# v 0 Í#+Ôó¶pŸD,
1
# # FL = CL Ap ρ v 02
2
# τ #/gE¢ÊXäD#Ö΢µ#«¢ÏmÎP#ÌE¢ÅgF#¿ºt¢½D#_{ÎÏ#1+Lift Coefficient,#«±l½D#¿ÁEªÁ# CL VÐ\
# #1ÓlØE#bEÆX#Õ¾©#ÔªµDνD
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# #1Ô²¾QdŸD#ÔÐohÆD#ÀEºså½#N]p½D#¿ÁEªÁ#Ãе#ÌEÅgF#ÀÍhˆD#_{ÎÏÍ
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:(14) 
#Ô¢¢Âµ#Õ¢¢¾©# 30 cm #E¢¢ÉlóµÍ# 30 m #E¢¢΁#Ô¢¢LÎMÅF#Ô¢¢Âµ#Õ¢¢¾©#ÑÅ΢¢Ïn²¾P#ÀE¢¢okJ#ÑØD΢¢É#«¢¢{çÍ
#R†#¡#ÔLÎMÅàD#Óh©Eµ#hÆ©#h½ÎQŸD#Änª½DÍ#ÔLÎMÅá½#Ôоº½D#N]p½D#Óε#ÎÉ#EÁ#1#ÀE©#ÕÆMÁ
#×D΢¢É#Ô¢¢¹l\#NMp¢¢L#»¢¢½iÍ# 200 C #ÓkDl¢¢\#Ô¢¢Xkg#h¢¢Æ©#Ô¢¢ÏgEª½D#Ò΢¢ˆD#£®|¢¢½D#´Íl¢¢¥
# #B 35 m s #ËQ©lo

#Ë¢¢¢¢¢Q±EU¹Í# 1.81 × 10 N s m #×D΢¢¢¢¢D#Ô¢¢¢¢¢XÍn½#¿¢¢¢¢¢ÁEªÁ##È΢¢¢¢¢ºÏ#´Íl¢¢¢¢¢¦½D#Ìj¢¢¢¢¢É#¡
−5 2

v0d ρ 35(0.3)(1.2)
#h¢Ž#V¢Ð\# Re = = = 7 × 105 #mh¢½ÎÆÏk#gh©#ÈκÏÍ#1 1.2 kg m3
η 1.81 × 10 − 5
# #N]p½D#Óε#ÈκPÍ#1 CD = 0.2 #ÈF#Ô½E‰D#ÌjÉ#¡
1 1
# # FD = CD Ap ρ v 02 = (0.2)(0.3 × 30)(1.2)(35) 2 = 1323 N
2 2
# #ÎÉ#h½ÎQŸD#Änª½D#ÈK±#ÔLÎMÅàD#À΁#³xQÆÁ#Õ¾©#¿ÂªP#Óζ½D#ÌjÉ#ÈF#€l²LÍ
L 30
# # L = FD × = 1323 × = 19845 N m
2 2

      128

:(15) 
#N¢¹Dl½DÍ#Ô¢XDkh½D#Ô¢Áh¶Á#Ô\Ep¢Á#R¢ÅE¹#DiJ#1#Ôóp¢MÆÁ#€kF#Õ¢¾©#ÔXDkg#·ØEo#¼l]QÏ
#R¢¢¢ÅE¹Í# 1.26 kg m3 #×D΢¢¢D#Ô¢¢¢±EU¹Í# CD = 0.8 #N]p¢¢¢½D#¿¢¢¢ÁEªÁÍ# 0.18 m 2 #ÒÍEp¢¢¢P
# #BÔXDkh¾½#Ô©lo#ÕxµF#hXÍF#/ 373W #ÒÍEpP#N¹Dl½D#EjMÏ#Ôо|©#Ókhµ#ÕxµF

# ##Եߪ½EL#Ókh¶½D#ÕóªçP
1
# # P = FD v = CD Ap ρ v3
2
# #Եߪ½EL#Ô©lo#ÕxµF#ÈκP#EÊÆÁÍ
2P 2(373)
# #v = 3 =3 = 16 m s
CD Ap ρ 0.8(0.18)(1.26)

:(16) 
# 14 m s #Ô©lp¢L#×D΢É#kE¢ÐP#kÍl¢Ÿ# 25 m #E¢Ê©E²PkDÍ# 1m #EÉlóµ#ÔÐÅDÎóoF#ÔÆchÁ#€lªQP
#Än¢¢¢©#Np¢¢¢\F#1 µ = 1.78 × 10−5 m 2 s #×D΢¢¢D#Ô¢¢¢XÍn½#¿¢¢¢ÁEªÁ#V¢¢¢Ð\#Ò΢¢¢ˆD#£®|¢¢¢½D#¡
# ##1×DÎD#Óε#ÇÁ#ZPEƽD#ÔÆchŸD#Óh©Eµ#hÆ©#×EƏÞD

h
# ##Եߪ½EL#N]p½D#Óε#ÕóªçPÍ# L = FD #Եߪ½EL#Änª½D#ÕóªçÏ
2
1
# # FD = CD A p ρ v 2
2
# #Եߪ½EL#mh½ÎÆÏk#gh©#ÕóªçÏ#1 Ap = D h #Եߪ½EL#Ôó¶pŸD#Ô\EpŸDÍ
ρ vD 1.24(14)(1)
# #R = = = 9.75 × 105
η 1.78 × 10 −5

# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ#/ CD = 0.35 #ÈκÏ#kDh¶ŸD#DjÍ

1 1
# # L = CD ρ v 2 A p h = (0.35)(1.24)(14) 2 (1)(25)(12.5)(25) = 130000 Nm
4 4
:(17) 
#DiJ#1 2π rad s #ÔÐÅDkÍg#Ô©lpL##¤ßŠD#kÎPÎÁ#¿ÂªÏ#1#–ÏlØDg#–wlµ#ÇÁ#¤ßc#ÈκQÏ
# ##Ǻ›#VЃ#Ó®w##¤ßŠD#gΩ#Õ¾©#N]p½D#Óε#RÅE¹
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# 1100 kg m3 #Ë¢Q±EU¹#¿ØE#p¢L#×Ñ¢¾Á#DiJ#¤ß¢d¾½#Ókh¢µÍ#Ó΢µ#Än¢©#¿¢µF#Np\F#/EʾÉE…
# ##1 0.1m #ÒÍEpÏ#zlµ#¿¹#»Í#1.2 m #ÌgΩ#À΁#ÈE¹Í

# #Եߪ½EL#N]p½D#Óε#ÕóªçP
# # FD = 2  CD ρ v 2 A p  = CD ρ v 2 A p
1
2 
#mh¢¢¢¢½ÎÆÏk#gh¢¢¢©#1 Re > 10 #ÈE¢¢¢¢¹#DiJ# CD = 1.17 Í# v = ω r = (2π )(0.6) = 3.77 m s Í
3

# #ÎÉ#zl¶½D#bξ½
ρ vD 1100(3.77)(0.1)
# # Re = = = 4.147 × 105
η 10− 3
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#ÈâDÍ#
π
# # FD = CD ρ v 2 A p = 1.17(1100)(3.77) 2 ( (0.1) 2 = 144 N
4
# #Óζ½D#Än©Í
# # τ = rFD = (0.6)(144) = 86.4 Nm
# #ԅEƽD#Ókh¶½DÍ
# # P = τω = (86.4)(2π ) = 543W
:(18) 
#1 25 m s #Ô©lp¢¢¢L#R¢¢¢¹l]Q±# 0.064 m #E¢¢¢ÉlóµÍ# 57 g #E¢¢¢ÊQ¾Q¹#qÆ¢¢¢P#Ól¢¢¢¹#RLl¢¢¢ç{
#Ól¢º½D#ˢб#¼l¢]QP#Òj¢½D#kEp¢ŸD#l¢óµ#³xÅ#hXÍF#1 250 π rad s #ÔÏÍDm#Ô©lpL#SkDh±
# ##1En­#NMpL

# ###Եߪ½EL#«±l½D#Óε#ÕóªçP
1
# # FL = CL ρ v 2 A p
2
π
# ##Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#~ÏΪQ½EL#1 Ap = D 2 #/ CL = 0.3 #VÐ\
4
1 1 π
# # FL = CL ρ v 2 A p = (0.3)(1.24)(25) 2 (0.64) 2 = 0.371 N
2 2 4

      130

# #kEpŸD#lóµ#³xÅ#Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#EÊÆÁÍ#Ólº½D#Õ¾©#ÓlTݟD#Öζ½D#Õ¾©#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁ#¿x]¢Å
v2 v2 (25) 2
# # mg + FL = m , r= = = 38.3 m
r F 0.371
g + L 9 .8 +
m 0.057
:(19) 
#Ñ¢É#E¢Â±#/ CL #΢É#«¢±l½D#¿¢ÁEªÁ#ÈE¢¹#DiJ#1#ËQ¾¦˜#¤ÎMD# M #ËQ¾Q¹#SߦÁ#¿Xk#hÏlÏ
# #1 0.75 m #ÔÏÍlº½D#Ô¾¦ŸD#lóµ#³xÅ#ÈE¹#DiJ#EÊL#£MÊÐo#!½D#Ô©lp½D
:
# #Եߪ½EL#«±l½D#Óε#ÑóªçP
1
# # FL = CL ρ v 2 A p
2
#¿x]¢Å#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ#1 Mg #ÈmνD#Óζ½#ÔÏÍEpÁ#Óζ½D#ÌjÉ#ÈκP#Ô¦QÆÁ#Ô©lpL#¤ÎMʾ½Í
# #Õ¾©
1
# # Mg = CL ρ v 2 A p
2
# ##Ô©lp½D#_MxP#ѽEQ½ELÍ# A = π R 2 VÐ\
2 Mg
# #v =
CL ρ v 2 A p

:(20) 
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# #B¬E²PkÞD#ÇÁ#ǺÂQQ½
##

# ##ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ# v = ω R #Եߪ½EL#ÔÐóŠD#Ô©lp½EL#ÔëÏÍDn½D#Ô©lp½D#£MPlP
1
# # FL = CL ρ ω 2 R 3b
3
# #ÔëÏÍDn½D#Ô©lp½D#Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#ÈmνD#ÓζL#EÊPDÍEp˜Í
3Mg
# #ω =
CL ρ R 3b
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(Compressible Flow)   !" #$
#Õ¢¾©#·±h¢Q½D#Dj¢É#·¢MóÆÏ#1#Ô¢QLET#E¢ÊQ±EU¹#ÈF#kE¢MQ©EL#«ØDΟD#·±hP#Õ|Á#EÁ#¡#EÆokg#h¶½
#´l¢¢ªçP#1#£®|¢¢½D#®Q¢¢Ï#EÁh¢¢Æ©#Ô¢¢QLET#E¢¢ÊQ±EU¹#È΢¢ºP#ߢ¢±#SDmE¢¢®½D#E¢¢ÁF#/E¢¢ÁΩ#¿ØDÎp¢¢½D
#®Q¢Ï#EÁh¢Æª±#1#Ô¢½E‰D#Ô¢½gEª˜#Ë¢PkDl\#Ô¢XkgÍ#Ëó®{#«Á#«ØEŸD#Ô±EU¹#£LlP#!½D#Ô½gEªŸD
# #Եߪ½EL#SEXΟD#ÌjÉ#+ c ,#Ô©lo#ÕóªçPÍ#1SÎw#SEXÎÁ#GtÆP#«ØDΟD#¡#£®|½D
∆P ∂P
# # c2 = =
∆ρ ∂ρ
cp
#Ôªp¢¢¢½D# cV Í# c p Í# k = #V¢¢¢Ð\# P = B ρ k #Ô¢¢¢µßª½EL#Ô¢¢¢±EUº½D#«¢¢¢Á#£®|¢¢¢½D#£MPl¢¢¢ÏÍ
cV
#ÈF#h¢Ž#ѽE¢UŸD#mE¢®½D#Ô¢½E\#¡##1#R¢LET# B #Í#N¢ÐP½D#Õ¾©#RLET#ÃY\Í#£®{#hÆ©#ÔÏkDl‰D
Pg
# #ÓkÎx½D#¡#SÎx½D#Ô©lo#ÔLEQ¹#Ǻ›#1 γ = ρ g = #ÈκÏÍ# P = ρ R T
RT
Ev
# #c =
ρ
dP
#Óh¢¢¢\ÎL#rE¢¢¢¶ÏÍ#Ñ¢¢¢ÂY‰D#gh¢¢¢ÂQ½D#¿¢¢¢ÁEªÁ#+Bulk Modulus,#΢¢¢É# Ev = #V¢¢¢Ð\
dρ ρ
# ##1 N m 2

      132

:(21) 
# #1ÌEÅgF#ÀÍhˆD#¡##Ô]{ΟD#ÔнEQ½D#¤EoÍàD#¡#SÎx½D#Ô©lo#hXÍF
# #SÎx½D#Ô©lo # #Bulk Modulus # #Ô±EU¹ # #«ØEŸD
# # 1383 m s # # 1.3 × 109 N m 2 # # 680 kg m3 # #–½ÍmEˆD

# # 1507 m s 2.34 × 10 N m # # 1030 kg m3 # #l]M½D#×EÁ

9 2

##
# # 1448 m s 2.85 × 10 N m # # 13600 kg m3 # #·MØn½D
10 2

##

#Ô¢¢¢¢¶M#¡#1²¢¢¢¢oÎPDoàDÍ#²¢¢¢¢oÎLͽD#E¢¢¢¢ÂÉ#/–Q¢¢¢¢¶M#—J#Ò΢¢¢¢ˆD#´ß¢¢¢¢®½D#Ãp¢¢¢¢¶ÆÏ
#ÓkDl¢¢‰D#Ô¢¢Xkg#y¶Æ¢¢P# 10.769 km #¬E¢¢²PkD#—J#l¢¢]M½D#_ó¢¢o#Ç¢¢Á#h¢¢Q™#!¢¢½DÍ#²¢¢oÎLͽD
#ÌjÉ#hªL#ÇÁ#²oÎPDoàD#Ô¶M#F#hMPÍ#1 α = 6.5 K km #Àhª˜#¬E²PkÞD#ÓgEÏm#«Á#EÏgl
#h¢¢¢Æ©#Ô¢¢¢QLET#ÓkDl¢¢¢‰D#Ô¢¢¢Xkg#È΢¢¢ºP#V¢¢¢Ð\# 32.3 km #¬E¢¢¢²PkD#—J#h¢¢¢Q™Í#Ól¢¢¢sEMÁ#Ô¢¢¢¶Mó½D
# #Եߪ½D#Õ¾©#×EÆL#²oÎLͽD#Ô¶M#¡#£®|½D#®QÏ#1 − 550 C
g (α R )
 T0 − α ( z − z0 ) 
# # P = P0  
 T0 
# ##1EÁ#«XlÁ#hÆ©#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkg# T0 #VÐ\
# #Եߪ½EL#²oÎPDoàD#Ô¶M#¡#£®|½D#®P#ÕóªçÏ
 ( z − z0 ) g 
# # P = P0 exp −
 R T 
:(22) 
#Õ¢¢¢¾©# 15 C Í# 101.3 kPa #E¢¢¢ÂÉ#l¢¢¢]M½D#_ó¢¢¢o#h¢¢¢Æ©#ÓkDl¢¢¢‰D#Ô¢¢¢XkgÍ#£®|¢¢¢½D#ÈE¢¢¢¹#DiJ
0

# #B 2 km #¬E²PkD#Õ¾©#£®|½D#ÎÉ#EÁ#/NÐP½D

# #£®|½D#ÈκÏ#ѽEQ½ELÍ#²oÎLͽD#Ô¶M#hXÎP#¬E²PkÞD#DjÉ#Õ¾©
g (α R )
 T − α ( z − z0 ) 
# # P = P0  0 
 T0 
 133 
   
# #VÐ\
# g (α R) = 5.295 #Í# P0 = 101300 Pa #Í# T0 = 15 + 273 = 288 K #Í# z − z0 = 2000 m
# #1 P = 79500 Pa #ÈF#hŽ#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ
:(23) 
#®Q¢½D#΢É#E¢Á#1#ÓkDl¢‰D#Ô¢Xkg#SE¢MT#hÆ©# P2 #—J# P1 #ÇÁ#ÔLÎMÅF#Àßc#×DÎD#£®{#®P#DiJ
# #B# 60 Pa —J# 50 Pa #ÇÁ#£®|½D#®P#DiJ#×DÎD#Ô±EU¹#¡# pƽD
:
# #Եߪ½EL#ѽEUÁ#DmE­#ÌkEMQ©EL#×DÎD#£®{#ÕóªçÏ
# # P = ρ RT
# #ÎÉ#ËQ±EU¹#¡# pƽD#®Q½D#ÈκÏÍ
∆ρ ρ1 − ρ 2 P1 − P2 P 50 + 101.3
## = = =1− 2 =1− = 0.066
ρ ρ1 P1 P1 60 + 103.1
#Ç¢º›#ѽE¢Q½ELÍ#Ó®¢w#ÔMpÅ#ÑÉÍ# 6.6 % ##ÑÉ#Ô±EUº½D#¡#®Q¾½##ÔÏÎٟD#ÔMpƽD#ÈκPÍ
# ##1+Incompressible,##¤E®|Åß½#¿LEµ#­#Ô½E‰D#ÌjÉ#¡#×DÎD#kEMQ©D
:(24) 
#E¢¢¢ÂÉ#l¢¢¢]M½D#_ó¢¢¢o#Ç¢¢¢Á# 10.973 km #¬E¢¢¢²PkD#Õ¢¢¢¾#©#ÓkDl¢¢¢‰D#Ô¢¢¢XkgÍ#£®|¢¢¢½D#ÈE¢¢¢¹#DiJ
# #B 17.069 km #¬E²PkD#Õ¾©#£®|½D#ÎÉ#EÁ#/NÐP½D#Õ¾©# − 550 C Í# 22.6 kPa

# #£®|½D#ÈκÏ#ѽEQ½ELÍ#²oÎPDoàD#Ô¶M#hXÎP#¬E²PkÞD#DjÉ#Õ¾©
 ( z − z0 ) g 
# # P = P0 exp −
 R T 
#~ÏΪQ½E¢¢¢¢¢¢LÍ# P0 = 22600 Pa Í# T0 = −55 + 273 = 393 K Í# z − z0 = 6096 m #V¢¢¢¢¢¢Ð\
# #1 P = 8690 Pa #ÎÉ#·¾óŸD#£®|½D#ÈF#hŽ
# #---
#bE¢¢¢ÆˆD#Ô©l¢¢¢o#ÔMp¢¢¢Å#–¢¢¢L#Ô¢¢¢Ïε#Ô¢¢¢µß©#g΢¢¢XÍ#+Mach,#fE¢¢¢Á#ÒÍEp¢¢¢ÂƽD#E¢¢¢ª½D#h¢¢¢XÍ
v
#Ìj¢¢É#¿¢¢U™Í#1#fE¢¢Á#gh¢¢ªL#´l¢¢ªçP#!¢¢½DÍ# M = #ÒF#/ c #/SÎx¢¢½D#Ô©l¢¢o#—J# v /+Airfoil,
c
#fE¢Á#gh¢©#ÈE¢¹#DiJ##1#«ØE¢ŸD#Õ¢¾©#ÓlTÝ¢ŸD#Ô¢ÅÍlŸD#Ö΢µ#—J#kÎx¶½D#Öε#–L#ÔMpƽD#Եߪ½D

      134

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#+Subsonic,#ѪÂp¢½D#R¢†#·#±h¢Q½D#ÈG¢L#À΢¶Å# M < 1 #R¢ÅE¹#DiJ#1#¤E®|¢Åß½#¿¢LEµ#­
#fE¢Á#gh¢©#ÄDhdQ¢oD#Ǻ›#1+Supersonic,#ѪÂp½D#¸Î±#·±hQ½D#ÈF# M > 1 #RÅE¹#DiJÍ
#·±h¢Q½#–Q¢ó¶Å#h¢Æ©#Ô¢µEó½D#Ô¢½gEªÁ#·¢ÐMóQL#1#¤E®|¢Åß½#¿LE¶½D#·±hQ½D#yØExc#hÏh]Q½
# ##ÈF#hŽ#/æQÆÁ#сE®|ÅD
 v12   v2 
# # Q& = −m& 1  + gz1 + h1  + m& 2  2 + gz2 + h2 
 2   2 
## m& 2
##
2 ##
##
m& 1
##
‫ ا ین‬
1 ##
#ÈK¢¢¢±#+Adiabtic,#Ã¥E¢¢¢¹#·±h¢¢¢Q½D#ÈE¢¢¢¹#DiJÍ#/ÒmE¢¢¢®½D#·±h¢¢¢Q¾½# z2 Í# z1 #¿¢¢¢ÉE…#Ç¢¢¢º›
# #ÓkÎx½D#¡#ÔµEó½D#Ô½gEªÁ#_MxPÍ# Q& = 0
 v2   v2 
# # m& 1  1 + h1  = m& 2  2 + h2 
 2   2 
# #ѽEQ½ELÍ# m& 1 = m& 2 #ÔÏkDlÂQoÞD#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁÍ
v12 v2
## + h1 = 2 + h2
2 2
# #kDh¶ŸD#ÈF#"ªP#!½DÍ
2
v
# #h + = const
2
# #1£®|ƟD#«ØEŸD#Õ¾©#·MóÆP#Þ#ѽÎÅL#Ô½gEªÁ#ÈF#/l¹j½EL#lÏhˆD
# #Եߪ½EL#ѽEUŸD#mE®¾½#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkg#ÔLEQ¹#Ǻ›
# # T = cph
# #ÈF#hŽ#Ìß©F#Ô½gEªŸD#ÇÁÍ
 135 
   
v2 T
# #1 + = t
2c pT T
kR c v2
# ##ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ# k − 1 = #ÈK±# k = p Í# c p − cV = R #ÈF#Í#1 h + ≡ ht #VÐ\
cp cV 2
k
# # cp = R
k −1
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#Ìß©F#Ô½gEªŸD#¡#~ÏΪQ½ELÍ
k −1 2 
# # Tt = T 1 + M 
 2 
#!½D#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkg#ÑÉÍ#+Static Temperature,#ÔƹEp½D#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkhL#´lªçP#!½DÍ
# #1«ØEŸD#«Á#¼l]QÁ#+Thermometer,#ÐÁÎÁT#EʾYpÐo
:(26) 
#Ò΢¢ˆD#´ß¢¢®½D#ÓkDl¢¢\#Ô¢¢Xkg#Ë¢¢Ð±#R¢¢ÅE¹#¬E¢¢²PkD#Õ¢¢¾©# M = 1.6 #Ô©lp¢¢L#ÓlØE¢¢#¼l¢¢]QP
#/Ô¢¢Ð¾º½D#ÓkDl¢¢‰D#Ô¢¢Xkg#Ñ¢¢É#ÓlØE¢¢ó½D#_ó¢¢o#Õ¢¢¾©#ÓkDl¢¢‰D#Ô¢¢Xkg#R¢¢ÅE¹#DiJ#1 − 550 C
# #1 k = 1.4 #ÈF#kEMQ©EL#_óp½D#ÓkDl\#ÔXkg#Np\F

# #Եߪ½EL#ÔƹEp½D#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkg#ÕóªçP
k −1 2 
# # Tt = T 1 + M 
 2 
# #ÈF#hŽ# T = −55 = 273 = 223K #~ÏΪQ½ELÍ
1.4 − 1
# # Tt = 2231 + 
(1.6) 2  = 337 K = 640 C
 2 
#Ç¢Á#/#–Q¢ó¶Å#–¢L#£®|¢½D#ÈK±#+#ÓkDl]¾½#ÀE¶QÅD#ÈÍg,#ÔQLET#EÐLÍÅJ#R†#·±hQ½D#ÈE¹#DiJ
# #Եߪ½EL#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkg#«Á#£MPlÏ#/ÔÏkDl‰D#EºÐÁEÆÏh½D#þ©
k k −1
T 
# # P1 = P2  1 
 T2 
# #ÒF#/ÔQLET#Ôоº½D#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkg#ÈκP#Ô½E‰D#ÌjÉ#¡Í
k −1 2   k −1 2 
# # T1 1 + M 1  = T2 1 + M2 
 2   2 

      136

# #ÓkÎx½D#¡#Ìß©F#Ô½gEªŸD#ÈκP#EÊÆÁÍ
k k −1
 k −1 2 
1+
P1 
M2 
# # = 2 
P2  1 + k − 1 M 2 
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# #ÓkÎx½D#Õ¾©#£®|ƟD#«ØEŸD#¡#Ѿº½D#£®|½D#´lëªçÅ
k k −1
k −1 2 
# # Pt = P1 + M 
 2 
#¿¢UÁ#1#«ØE¢ŸD#×DnXF#¿¹#hÆ©#EQLET#ÈκÏ#Þ#hµ#VÐ\#/Ôоº½D#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkg#Ç©#³¾Q“Í
# #Եߪ½EL#£®|ƟD#«ØE¾½#Ôоº½D#Ô±EUº½D#ÕóªçP#/Ѿº½D#£®|½D
1 k −1
k −1 2 
# # ρt = ρ 1 + M 
 2 
#ÈK¢¢±#Ô¢¢QLET##E¢¢ÐLÍÅJ#R¢¢†#·±h¢¢Q½D#ÈE¢¢¹#DiJ#1#ÔЪ¢¢{ΟD#ÍF#ÔƹEp¢¢½D#Ô¢¢±EUº½D# ρ V¢¢Ð\
#£®|¢ÆŸD#·±h¢Q½D##E¢ÅEÐ\F#³¢wÎÅ#1#·±h¢Q½D#·E¢ÆÁ#¿¢¹#¡#Ô¢QLET#ÈκP#Ôоº½D#Ô±EUº½D
#È΢ºP#EÁh¢Æ©#«ØE¢ŸD#·±h¢P#¡#Ô¢ó¶Å#h¢Æ©#ÈκQP#!½D#´Íl¦½D#gιl½D#"ªÏ#1gιl½EL
# #ÔнEQ½D#Եߪ½EL#ѹl‰D#£®|½D#´ëlªçÅ#1Ô©lp½D#ÄhªÆP
ρ v2
# #q =
2
# #Եߪ½EL#fEÁ#ghªL#£MPlÏ#Òj½DÍ
k
# # q = PM 2
2
# #Եߪ½EL#£®|½D#RLET#ÕóªçÏ#1EÂØDg#·¾óŸD#£®|½D#ÎÉ#EÆÉ# P VÐ\
Pt − P
# # Cp = 1
2
ρ v2
#®Q¢Ï#1#¤E®|¢Åß½#¿LEµ#­#_MxÏ#·±hQ½D#ÈF#"ªP#!½DÍ# C p = 1 #ÈκÏ# M = 0 #EÁhÆ©Í
#¤E®|¢ÅÞD##kE¢TH#ÈF#Dj¢É#"¢ªÏ#1 M = 0.3 #_Mx¢Ï#EÁh¢Æ©#Óh¢\νD#Ç¢©#Ô¥Î]¾Á#Ô¶ÏlóL# C p
# #1 0.3 #ÇÁ#¿µD#fEÁ#gh©#ÈκÏ#EÁhÆ©#Ô]{DÍ#­#_MxP#·±hQ¾½
#·±h¢Q½D#Ô¢½E\#¡#1#¼E¢ºQ\D#Óε#gÎXÍ#¡#ÔLÎMÅF#Àßc#£®|ƟD#·±hQ½D#lTF#ÔoDkg#Ǻ›
# ##ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ# ρ v = const. #ÓkÎx½D#¡#ÔÏkDlÂQoÞD#Ô½gEªÁ#ÈκP#Ã¥Eº½D
 137 
   
dρ dv
## + =0
ρ v
# #Ô½gEªŸD#ÇÁÍ
2
v
# #h + = cont.
2
# #Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å#ѽEUŸD#mE®¾½# h = c pT Ô½gEªŸDÍ
kRdT
## + vd v = 0
k −1
#y¶½D#gEÊXJ#ÈF##fEMpÏÍ#–#ÑokDg#Ô½gEªÁ#ÇÁ#hŽ#VÐ\#/ D #EÉlóµ#ÔLÎMÅF#¡#·±hQ¾½Í
# #ÎÉ#ÔLÎMÅàD#kDhX##hÆ©
ρ v2
# #τ w = f
8
# ##ÔLÎMÅF#Àßc#£®|ƟD#«ØEŸD#·±hQ½#Ôо{E²Q½D#Ô½gEªŸD#Õ¾©#¿x]¢Å
f ρ v2
# # ρ v dv + dP + =0
2D
##
v τw v + ∆v ##
∆x
P P + ∆P ##
:(27) 
#Ó΢µ#Np\F#/ cD = 0.95 #ÎÉ# M = 0.7 #fEÁ#ghªL#¼l]QP#Ólº½#N]p½D#¿ÁEªÁ#ÈE¹#DiJ
#£®|¢¢¢¢¢½D#ÈE¢¢¢¢¢¹Í# D = 10mm #E¢¢¢¢¢Élóµ#ÈE¢¢¢¢¢¹#DiJ#×D΢¢¢¢¢D#¡#Ól¢¢¢¢¢º½D#Õ¢¢¢¢¢¾©#N]p¢¢¢¢½D
# #1 P = 101kPa

# #Եߪ½EL#N]p½D#Óε#ÕóªçP
1
# # FD = CD ρ v 2 Ap
2
# #Եߪ½EL#ѹl‰D#£®|½DÍ
1 1
# # q = PM 2 = (101 × 103 )(0.7) 2 = 34.6 kPa
2 2
# #ÈF#hŽ#EÊÆÁÍ

      138
π
# # FD = CD qAp = 0.95(34.6 × 103 )( (0.01) 2 = 2.6 N
4
:(28) 
P
# ##1 = R T #ѽEUŸD#mE®¾½#VÐ\# 150 C #ÓkDl\#ÔXkg#hÆ©#×DÎD#¡#SÎx½D#Ô©lo#hXÍF
ρ

# R = 278 J (kg K ) #V¢¢Ð\#/ c = k R T #Ô¢¢µßª½EL#mE¢¢®½D#Dj¢¢É#¡#SÎx¢¢½D#Ô©l¢¢o#Õ¢óªçP
#!¢½DÍ# 150 C #ÓkDl¢\#ÔXkg#hÆ©#×DÎD#¡#SÎx½D#Ô©lo#ÈκP#ѽEQ½ELÍ#×DÎʾ½# k = 1.4 Í
# #1 c = 340 m s #ÑÉ#/ 288 K #ÀgEªçP
:(29) 
#ÓkDl¢\#Ô¢Xkg#V¢Ð\#/12 km #¬E¢²PkD#Õ¾©# 1400 km h #Ô©lpL#gkκÅι#ÓlØE#¼l]QP
# #1×DÎD#·±hP#ÔªÐM#hXÍF#ÃT#/ÓlØEó½D#ËL#óP#Òj½D#fEÁ#gh©#hXÍF#1 − 560 C #×DÎD

# #Եߪ½EL#SÎx½D#Ô©lo#ÕóªçP
# # c = k R T = 1.4(278)(217) = 295 m s
1000
#fE¢¢¢Á#gh¢¢¢©#È΢¢¢ºÏ#ѽE¢¢¢Q½ELÍ# 1400 km s = 1400( ) = 389 m s #ÓlØE¢¢¢ó½D#Ô©l¢¢¢oÍ
3600
v 389
# ##1+Ultrasonic,#ѪÂp½D#¸Î±#·±hQ½D#»½jL#ÈκÏÍ# M = = = 1.32
c 295
:(30) 
#£®|¢¢¢¢¢½DÍ# 288 K #×D΢¢¢¢¢D#ÓkDl¢¢¢¢¢\#Ô¢¢¢¢¢Xkg#V¢¢¢¢¢Ð\# 200 m s #Ô©lp¢¢¢¢¢L#ÓlØE¢¢¢¢¢#¼l¢¢¢¢¢]QP
# #1ÓlØEó½D#+Nose,#ÔÁh¶Á#hÆ©#Ô±EUº½DÍ#£®|½DÍ#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkg#hXÍF#1 P = 101.3 kPa

v v 200
# #M = = = = 0.588
c kRT 1.4(287)(288)
# #+Óh¹Dl½D,#ÔÁh¶ŸD#ÓkDl\#ÔXkg#ÈκP#EÊÆÁÍ
k −1 2 1.4 − 1
# # Tt = T (1 + M ) = 288(1 + (0.588) 2 ) = 307.9 K
2 2
# #ÔÁh¶ŸD#hÆ©#Ô±EUº½DÍ
 139 
   
k − 1 2 1 k −1 101.3(1000) 1 .4 − 1
# # ρt = ρ (1 + M ) = (1 + (0.588) 2 ) 2.5 = 1.45 kg m 3
2 287(288) 2
# #ÓlØEó½D#ÔÁh¶Á#¡#£®|½DÍ
k − 1 2 k k −1 1 .4 − 1
# # Pt = P(1 + M ) = 101.3(103 )(1 + (0.588) 2 )3.5 = 128 kPa
2 2

      140

:
# − 44 C #ÓkDl¢‰D#ÔXkg#VÐ\#10 km #¬E²PkD#Õ¾©# M = 1.5 #fEÁ#ghªL#ÓlØE#¼l]QP#01
0

# #=hXÍF#1 30.5 kPa #£®|½DÍ

# #1 km h #Óh\ÎL#ÓlØEó½D#Ô©lo 0#F
1Ôоº½D#ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkg 0#O
1Ѿº½D#£®|½D 0#S

#ÒG¢L#/ 150 C #ÓkDl¢‰D#Ô¢Xkg#VÐ\#l]M½D#_óo#Õ¾©# 800 km h #Ô©lpL#ÓkE#Ё#óQP#02

# #BfEÁ#gh©#q²ÆLÍ# − 400 C ÓkDl‰D#ÔXkg#Ëб#¬E²PkD#Õ¾©#óP#ÈF#N‘#Ô©lo
##
#¿ØE¢¢o#«¢¢±g#h¢¢Æ©#ÔкÐQ¢¢oßL#Ô¢¢Æ¶\#¡##Ô¢¢QMUÁ#Ól¢¢LJ#¡l¢¢#–¢¢L#£®|¢¢½D#¸l¢¢±#Np¢¢\D#03
#DiJ#/ 10−3 m3 s #·±h¢¢¢P#Àh¢¢¢ëª˜# 1100 kg m3 #Ë¢¢¢Q±EU¹Í# 2 × 10−3 Pa s #Ë¢¢¢QXÍn½#¿¢¢¢ÁEªÁ
#ÔÂжQp¢¢ŸD#Ô¢¢LÎMÅá½#£®|¢¢½D#¸l¢¢±#Õ¢¢óªçÏ#1 0.5 mm #E¢¢ÉlóµÍ# 20 cm #Ô¢¢Æ¶‰D#À΢¢#ÈE¢¢¹
0.079 16 ρ v2 L
#·±h¢¢¢¢¢Q¾½# f = − 0.25
#
Í #Ñ¢¢ ¢¢¢¶Mó½D#·±h¢¢¢¢¢Q¾½# f = #V¢¢ ¢¢¢Ð\# ∆ P = f #Ô¢¢¢¢¢µßª½EL
Re Re D
#Ìj¢#Wh¢’#DiE¢Á# 2 × 104 Pa #Ç¢Á#¹F#Eó®{#¿Â]QP#Þ#Ôƶ‰D#RÅE¹#DiJÍ#1Oló|ŸD
# #BÔƶ‰D
##
#Ìj¢#ÓlTÝ¢Á#È΢ºP#Öζ½D#ÒF#_ë{Í#ÃT#/hÅÎL#gh©Í#gÍD#l±#gh©Í#mh½ÎÆÏk#gh©#Np\F#04
# γ = 70 dyne cm Í# ρ = 1 g cm 2 Í# D = 1cm Í# v = 1m s #V¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢Ð\#Ô¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ÁΦƟD
# #Bη = 10−2 N s m 2 Í
 141 
   

## ###################################

##
##
##

      142

##
# #n¹lŸEL#l›#kΌ#ÀÎ\#Ô\Ep¾½#ÑÅEU½D#Änª½D#ÌEÅgF#ÀÍhˆD#_{ÎÏ
##

##
##
 143 
   

##
##

      144

##
 145 
   

##
##
##

      146

:
% 
##
1- Engineering Fluid Mechanics, J. A. Roberon and C. T. Crowe, 5th edition,
Hougton Mifflin Company, 1993.

2- Fluid Mechanics, L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, Pergamon Press, 1959.

3- Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics, B. R. Munson, and D.F. Young, 5th ,

Wiley, New York, 2006.
 147 
   
Act ############### 

Action

/
Actual 
Additional 
Aircraft 
Airfoil 
Analysis 
Apparent  ! / 
Apply "#$
Approach %&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Approximate '(
Area %)&&&&&&&*
Assume +&&&&&&&&,-
Bottom ./
Boundary 01
Bracket 23/
Bubble %4
Build 5#
Carry 67
Carry 67
Cavitations %&&&&4 /8&&&&9
Characteristics :<= / :-;
Coefficient of Viscosity %<> **
Compare ?@
Components :#A*
Compressible B$C DEF
Compute G)7

      148

Conditions HI
Conduit/ Duct / Channel J/
Connect ;3
Consider KL
Construct ?(3E
Continuity %@6,M
Contribute N )
Control NE
Correlate OP
Cross section Q$*
Cylinder %R3$M
Dam 1M
Decrease S&& / &&
Density %&&&&&&TA
Depth "64
Design N6U
Detect 8VE
Determine 01 /1W
Develop 6 /@3$
Diameter $/
Difference X&&&&&&&&&&
Dimension 1YP
Discharge Z&&&&&&&-
Discuss [/&&&&&&
Distance %)&&&&&&*
Distribution Q\3
 149 
   
Drag G])&&&&&
Drain ^U
Either *
Elevation .-@
Equation %>0*
Error $L
Establish VY/_M
Evaluate N / G)7
Express `(Y /G,E
Flow "1
Fluid Q*
Follow Q#,
Force OC
Function %>0
Given a$Y*
Gradual b@1
Height .-@
Horizontal W
Incompressible B$C DEF c
Increase 1<
Indicate
V
Initial 1,P
Involve a4 6,V
Involved %; d
Irrotational e@0
f
Know ^
Laminar -]; / #

      150

Leave i, / gh

Length J3
Lift Q
Linear $L
Loss ?1
Maximum aU/W
Mean OM3,* / 5
Measurements :M/
Minimum /W
Number 014
Obtain a4 U7
Operation %64
Orifice % %],
Parameter OM
Pattern Oj
Permit 6)
Pipe @3M*
Plate 3>
Power @1/
Pressure OC
Produce k,
Pump %#6 / %lm*
Radius $/ 8UR
Reduce to n J
Relationship %/o4
Represent TF
 151 
   
Required G$,
Reservoir ?<L
Resistance %**
Respectively G,> a4
Respond Gp,)
Rotation ?@0
qSatisfy "7
Section r<
Several 01,* / .3,*
Shear S/
Shown (3*
Similar BPV,*
Solution 
Space %)* / rm
Specify 017 /s
Stagnation 03A@
State %>
Stationary DAM
Steady ,)* / Nt,*
Stream uv / @
Streamlines ?)> H3$L
Stress 0w
Substitute +3(
Surface $M
System %*3t*
Terminal x
Therefore yd

      152

Thickness z6YM
Through JoL
Top %6/
Tube %P3#RW
Tunnel "-R
Turbine (&w4 \&f W &M @&* G#)P @1 %*) sP
Turbulent $m*
Uniform Nt,*
Variable
C,*
Velocity %4M
Vertical MW@
Viscous g<>
Volume Np
Weight ?\
Whether (64

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