Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Direct Method
Indirect Method
DIRECT FM
• In a direct FM system the instantaneous frequency is
directly varied with the information signal.
• To vary the frequency of the carrier, use an
Oscillator whose resonant frequency can be varied
is determined by components
• The oscillator frequency is thus changed by the
modulating signal amplitude.
f i f c k f vm (t )
• For example, an electronic Oscillator has an output
frequency that depends on energy-storage devices.
Baseband Wide-band
signal FM
Frequency Mixer Frequency Bandpass
VCO
Multiplier Multiplier Filter
Fixed
Oscillator
INDIRECT FM
• Angle modulation includes frequency modulation FM
and phase modulation PM.
• FM and PM are interrelated; one cannot change without
the other changing. The information signal frequency
also deviates the carrier frequency in PM.
• Phase modulation produces frequency modulation.
Since the amount of phase shift is varying, the effect is
that, as if the frequency is changed.
• Since FM is produced by PM , the later is referred to as
indirect FM.
• The information signal is first integrated and then used to
phase modulate a crystal-controlled oscillator, which
provides frequency stability.
INDIRECT FM
x(t ) Ac cos(2f c t (t ))
t
(t) 2k f m( )d
0
Indirect Method of FM Generation
• Modulating wave first used to produce a narrowband
FM wave, then frequency multiplication is used to
increase the frequency deviation to the desired level.
Indirect Method of FM Generation
Armstrong modulator
Vm(t)
fm Balanced Frequency Down
Integrator modulator multiplier converter
(x n)
Vc(t)
fc
Armstrong modulator
• For example: Let fm =15Hz and fc= 200kHz
So it need a chain of four triplers (34) and six doublers (26), ie:
n= (34) x (26)=5184, But,
n x fc=5000 x 200kHz=1000MHz
•If the input is FSK, the output is d(t), the digital data sequence.
• In this case fIN is the independent variable and VOUT is the
dependent variable (x and y axes respectively).
Vo is the output
when fIN = fc, the
nominal input
frequency.
FM Demodulation(General Principles)
V
The gradient is called the voltage conversion factor
f
i.e. Gradient = Voltage Conversion Factor, K volts per Hz.
Considering y = mx + c etc. then
VOUT = V0 + KfIN is from the frequency modulator
since V0 = VOUT when fIN = fc then we may write
VOUT V0 KVIN
where V0 represents a DC offset in VOUT.
VOUT = KVIN.
If VIN = m(t) then the output contains the message signal m(t)
(FM signal has been demodulated)
1
Often, but not always, a system designed so that K
K = 1 and VOUT = m(t)
FM Demodulation –General Principles.
METHODS
Tuned Circuit – One method (used in the early days of FM) is to
use the slope of a tuned circuit in conjunction with an envelope
detector.
44
Methods
• The tuned circuit is tuned so the fc, the nominal input
frequency, is on the slope, not at the centre of the tuned
circuits.
This gives the composite characteristics shown. Diode D2 effectively inverts the f2
tuned circuit response. This gives the characteristic ‘S’ type detector.
Phase Locked Loops PLL
• A PLL is a closed loop system which may be used for FM
demodulation.
•PLL is a negative feedback system, which can be used for indirect
frequency demodulation.
• This important circuit finds application both in analog and digital
communication (similar to a synchronous demodulator)
•The loop comprises a multiplier, a low pass filter and VCO (V/F
converter as used in a frequency modulator).
Phase Locked Loops PLL
• The input fIN is applied to the multiplier and multiplied with the
VCO frequency output fO, to produce = (fIN + fO) and = (fIN – fO).
• The low pass filter passes only (fIN – fO) to give VOUT which is
proportional to (fIN – fO).
• If fIN fO but not equal, VOUT = VIN, fIN – fO is a low frequency (beat
frequency) signal to the VCO.
• This signal, VIN, causes the VCO output frequency fO to vary and move
towards fIN.
• When fIN = fO, VIN (fIN – fO) is approximately constant (DC) and
fO is held constant, i.e locked to fIN.