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RATIFICATIO PAGE

The complete report of Basic Biology with an entitled “Respiration” that


arranged by :
name : Reni Royyatul Kholidah
ID : 1914440011
class : ICP of Biology Education
group : VI (Four)
after checked and corrected by assistant/assistant coordinator. So this report was
accepted.

Makassar, December 2019


Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Djumarirmanto, S. Pd Sari Bulan Wahyuni


ID : 1614440003

Known by
Responsibility Lectures,

Drs. H. Hamka L, M.S


ID : 19621231 1987021 005
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
All organisms and living things must carry out an activity called breathing
or having a respiratory system. Breathing is included in the characteristics of the
creature and is also commonly referred to as respiration. Respiration means that
the process of reduction, oxidation and decomposition, whether using oxygen or
not from complex organic compounds into simpler compounds and in the process
is released a certain amount of energy. Respiration is an activity of living things
which aims to produce energy from a nutritional source. The energy needed in an
organism depends on its activity, type and size or body weight. The larger the
body of the organism, the more air is needed because the number of cells in the
organism's body is also large.
Respiratory system of living things consists of three processes, namely lung
ventilation or breathing, the second and third processes involve the exchange of
gases in the body. Respiratory activities in humans and animals occur during the
day and night both when they are resting. Whereas in plants, respiration activities
are carried out at night and carry out photosynthesis during the day because during
the daytime plants can get energy from the sun but at night photosynthesis can
occur if they get or get enough light that can break down the CO2 contained in air.
Respiratory devices in animals in the form of lungs, gills, skin, and trachea,
there are even some organisms that do not have special tools so that oxygen
diffuses directly from the environment into the body. Plants also have a breathing
process, but they release oxygen (O2) and absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
surrounding air. Respiratory apparatus in plants are stomata pores in the leaves
and lenticel pores in the stems. This experiment was carried out to see and prove
whether factors that influence the process of respiration such as the type of
organism, temperature, activity, and body weight greatly affect the speed of
respiration and the amount of oxygen used during respiration.
B. Purpose
1. Proving that living organisms need oxygen for their respiration.
2. Comparing the oxygen requirements of several organisms according to the
type and size of their body weight
C. Benefit
With the existence of practicum regarding respiration, we can find out the
meaning of respiration, how respiration occurs, and the oxygen needs of several
organisms.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

Respiration or commonly referred to as breathing is the process of breathing


free air containing O2 (oxygen) and releasing air containing CO2 (carbon dioxide)
as residual oxidation out of the body. Process (carbon dioxide) as residual
oxidation exits the body. This process of breathing oxygen is called inspiration
while the process of removing carbon dioxide is called expiration. In the process
of breathing, oxygen is the main need substance. Oxygen to breathe is obtained by
the air in the surrounding environment. Organ that plays an important role in the
process of respiration is the lungs/pulmo. Respiratory system consists of the nose /
nasal, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Respiration is
the exchange between O2 and CO2 in the lungs, precisely in the
alveoli (Utama, 2018).
External respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the lungs and blood in the “pulmonary capillaries” via the interstitial fluid.
Oxygen diffuse due to pressure gradient, into the blood and at the same time
carbon dioxide diffuses in the reverse direction. Thus the blood is changed from
“venous blood” (low in oxygen) to “arterial blood” (higher in oxygen). Internal
respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood in the
“systemic capillaries” and the cells via the interstitial fluid. Since the metabolic
cells constantly consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide, the concentration of
the oxygen will be lower and the carbon dioxide concentration will be higher at
the cells than in the arterial blood towards the cells while carbon dioxide diffuses
away from the cells towards the blood (Majumder, 2015).
Oxygen obtained by animals from their environment is used in the oxidative
phosphorylation process to produce ATP. Actually, animals can produce ATP
without oxygen. Such a process is called anaerobic respiration. However, the
process cannot produce large amounts of ATP. Respiration that can produce large
amounts of ATP is aerobic respiration (Isnaeni, 2006).
If sugar is oxidised, the reaction will be
C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Amount of CO2 produced and the amount of O2 used in aerobic respiration
are not always the same. This depends on the type of material used. Ratio between
the amount of CO2 released and the amount of O2 needed is called the Respiratory
Wuotient (RQ). For carbohydrates, the RQ value = 1. This RQ value can vary
depending on the material for respiration whether or not perfect respiration and
other conditions (Lecture team, 2019)
Small unicellular and multicellular organisms, gas exchange is carried out
quite easily through cell membranes. Because gases are dissolved in liquid, the
availability of a damp membrane has a very important meaning for the movement
of gases in and out of cells and organisms. Drought inhibits the movement of gas,
and it also has harmful effects. Single-celled organisms are entirely dependent on
diffusion for the movement and exchange of gases involved in internal respiration.
Oxygen penetrates the cell membrane to enter the arena of diffusion. Gases
originating from internal respiration diffuse through the cytoplasm and exit
through the plasma membrane. The passage of O2 and CO2 in the opposite
direction across the membrane is affected by the partial pressure of gases in the
external environment. Thus, low partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere or liquid
surrounding an organism reduces the rate of O2 diffusion into cells across the cell
membrane (Fried, 2006).
According Utama (2018), respiratory apparatus in animals or humans
include:
1. The nose or nasal function as a conduit for air to flow to and from the lungs, as
a filter for dirt and moisturize and warm the air that is inhaled into the lungs.
Nasal consists of external and internal parts. External part protrudes from the
face and is supported by the nasal bones and cartilage, protected by muscles
and skin, and covered by mucous membranes. Inner layer consists of a folded
lender membrane called nasal coral (Konka Nasalis) which amounts to three,
namely: Inferior nasal konka (lower nasal reef), konka media nasal (middle
nasal reef), and superior nasal concha (nasal cone).
Functions of the nasal organs include:
a. Works as a respiratory airway
b. As a filter for breathing air carried out by nasal hairs
c. Can warm the breathing air by the mucosa
d. Kill germs that enter the respiratory air by leukocytes found in the mucous
membranes (mucosa) or nose
2. Pharynx is a 15 cm long funnel-shaped organ composed of fibromuscular
tissue that functions as a digestive tract and also as a respiratory tract. Pharynx
is as high as Bassis cranii (occipital bassis and bassic sphenoid) to cricold
cartilage as high as Vertebrae Cervical VI. Widening part of the pharynx is
located as high as the os. Hyoideum and its narrowest part lie in the
pharyngoesophageal junction. Pharynx is an organ where the junction between
the airway and the food passage is located below the base of the skull, behind
the nasal cavity and the front mouth of the neck segment. Pharyngeal
relationships with other organizations around him include:
a. Upward contact with the nasal cavity by means of a hole called koana.
b. Forward contact with the oral cavity called itsmus fausium.
c. There are two holes down: towards the front of the pharynx and to the back
of the esophageal hole.
3. Larynx or throat is one of the respiratory tract (tractus respiratorius). Larynx
extends from the larygoesophageal junction and connects the pharynx to the
trachea. Larynx is located as high as Vertebrae Cervical IV-VI. Larynx also
acts as a sound formation. Larynx can be closed by a throat called the epiglottis
which consists of cartilage that functions when we swallow food covering the
larynx. Larynx consists of 5 other cartilages:
a. Thyroid cartilage (1 piece)
b. Arithanoid cartilage (2 pieces) in the form of a beaker
c. Cricoid cartilage (1 piece) in the form of a ring
d. Epiglottic cartilage (1 piece)
4. Bronchus or throat branch is a continuation of the trachea, there are two pieces
that are at the height of the thoracic vertebrae IV and V have a structure similar
to the trachea and coated by the same type of set. Bronchus runs down and
sideways in the direction the lungs look. Right bronchi are shorter and bigger
than the left bronchi, consisting of 6-8 rings having 3 branches.
5. Trachea or windpipe is a continuation of the larynx formed by 16-20 rings
consisting of cartilage shaped like horse's hooves (Letter C). Inside it is
covered by a vibrating hairy mucous membrane called a ciliated cell, only
moving outwards. Trachea is 9-11 cm long and at the back consists of
connective tissue covered by smooth muscle.
Trachea is flexible, so that it can contract and re-experience relaxation to the
size of the diameter of the trachea cavity, and in this situation it takes a large
enough power to expel air from the lungs. Cartilage works to prevent
blockages and ensure the continuity of air travel, despite changes in pressure
during breathing. Trachea functions as an air crossing place after passing
through the upper respiratory tract which carries clean, warm and moist air.
6. Lungs are a place of air exchange where the events of ventilation and perfusion
of blood flow can be seen here. First step in this process is ventilation, a
sequential process of inhalation and exhalation. Because not all airways have
alveoli, the area has no role in the exchange of gas and blood is called dead
space. This area of alveoli in the lungs results in an air exchange process
known as the respiratory zone. For adequate blood aeration to occur, it is
important for blood to be distributed to the lung segments where the alveoli are
well oxygenated. This is achieved through the effect of reduced alveolar
oxygen on alveolar blood flow - automatic control of pulmonary blood flow
distribution. Both ventilation and perfusion cannot stand alone. There is a
relationship between them both due to additional gravity and non-gravity
factors.
Anatomical shape of the airway and alveolar lung that has a special structure
is a consequence of the importance of the function of the lung as a place of air
exchange, metabolism of some materials, filtering unwanted material from the
circulation as well as a reservoir of blood. These unique structural characteristics
have great potential for ventilation disorders even in healthy lungs. This great
potential will be increasingly seen when metabolic needs increase. There is a
change in the integrity of intrapleura space, imbalance of hydrostatic and osmotic
pressure, malfunctioning of surfactants, other intrinsic weaknesses of the
branching system of the progressive airway system, and all things that have the
potential to damage the lung structure can cause ventilation
and diffusion (Laitupa, 2016).
CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Place and Method


Day / Date : Friday / November 29th 2019
Time : 10:50 pm – 12:00 pm
Place : Laboratory of Botany 3rd floor, State University of
Makassar
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a. Respirometer (1 piece)
b. Stopwatch digital (1 piece)
c. Spoid (1 piece)
2. Materials
a. Cockroach (Blatta orientalis) big and small
b. Grasshopper (Dissostena caroline) big and small
c. Sprouts green bean (Phasedus radiatus)
d. KHO crystal
e. Eosin solution
f. Vaseline
g. Cotton
C. Work Procedures
1. Anesthetize frogs using chloroform or ether
2. Observe frog morphology after frogs are weakened

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result
1. Table 1.1 big cockroach (Blatta Orientalis) and big grasshopper (Dissostena
caroline)
No. Organism Time (m) Scale
1 0
2 0,02
1 Big cockroach 3 0,08
4 0,14
5 0,2
1 0,03
2 0,08
2 Big grasshopper 3 0,13
4 0,18
5 0,22

2. Table 2.1 Big cockroach (Blatta Orientalis)


No. Organism Time (m) Scale
1 0,09
1 Big cockroach
2 0,18
3 0,30
4 0,32
5 0,40
6 0,49
7 0,55
8 0,62
9 0,67

10 0,74
11 0,80
12 0,85
13 0,91
14 1
15 1

3. Table 3.1 Big grasshopper (A) and big grasshopper (B) (Dissostena
caroline).
No. Organism Time (m) Scale
1 0,05
2 0,08
3 0,11
4 0,13
5 0,15
1 Big grasshopper (A) 6 0,175
7 0,21
8 0,25
9 0,27
10 0,30
11 0,32
12 0,365
13 0,40
14 0,44
15 0,47
1 0,01
2 0,21
2 Big grasshopper (B) 3 0,33
4 0,41
5 0,47
6 0,51
7 0,55
8 0,58
9 0,59
10 0,60
11 0,61
12 0,62
13 0,63
14 0,63
15 0,64

4. Table 4.1 small cockroach (Blatta Orientalis) and small grasshopper


(Dissostena caroline).
No. Organism Time (m) Scale
1 0,01
2 0,01
3 0,01
1. Small cockroach 4 0,01
5 0,01
6 0,01
7 0,01
8 0,01
9 0,01
10 0,01
11 0,01
12 0,01
13 0,02
14 0,02
1 0,01
2 Small grasshopper
2 0,01
3 0,01
4 0,01
5 0,01
6 0,02
7 0,02
8 0,02
9 0,02
10 0,025
11 0,025
12 0,025
13 0,025
14 0,025
15 0,3

5. Table 5.1 Small cockroach and small cockroach (Blatta Orientalis)


No. Organism Time (m) Scale
1 0,25
2 0,40
1. Small cockroach (A) 3 0,60
4 0,70
5 0,80
6 0,83
7 0,86
8 0,90
9 0,93
10 1
1 0,30
2 0,53
2 Small cockroach (B)
3 0,69
4 0,75
5 0,80
6 0,84
7 0,91
8 1

6. Table 6.1 small cockroach and big cockroach (Blatta Orientalis)


No. Organism Time (m) Scale
1 0,01
2 0,10
3 0,16
4 0,27
5 0,34
6 0,40
7 0,48
1. Small cockroach
8 0,52
9 0,58
10 0,61
11 0,65
12 0,70
13 0,74
14 0,77
15 0,80

1 0,0075
2 0,0075
3 0,01
2 Big cockroach 4 0,01
5 0,20
6 0,20
7 0,20

8 0,20
9 0,20
10 0,25
11 0,25
12 0,25
13 0,25
14 0,25
15 0,30

7. Table 7.1 Sprouts green bean (Phasedus radiatus)


No. Organism Time (m) Scale
1 0,11
2 0,20
3 0,28
4 0,32
5 0,37
1 Sprouts green bean
6 0,39
7 0,42
8 0,45
9 0,46
10 0,48
11 0,49
12 0,50

B. Comparison graph
1. Comparison graph respiration of big cockroach and big grasshopper

0.25

0.2

0.15
Scale

Big Cockroach
0.1
Big Grashoper

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (m)

2. Comparison graph respiration of big cockroach and big grasshopper (A) and
big grasshopper (B)
1.2

0.8
Scale

0.6 Big Cockroch


Big Grashoper (1)
0.4
Big Grashoper (2)

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (m)

3. Comparison graph respiration of small cockroach and small grasshopper

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
Scale

0.15 Small Grashoper


Small Cockroach
0.1

0.05

0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (m)

4. Comparison graph respiration of small cockroach (A) with small cockroach


(B), and small grasshopper (A) with small grasshopper (B)
1.2

0.8
Small Cockroch (1)
Scale

0.6
Small Cockroach (2)

0.4 Small Grashoper (1)


Small Grasshopper (2)
0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (m)

5. Graph of sprouts green bean


0.6

0.5

0.4
Scale

0.3
Sprouts Green Bean
0.2

0.1

0
0 5 10 15
Time (m)

C. Discussion

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