2.3 Piping Systems PDF

2.
3 Piping Systems
• Materials of construction and standards
• Basic Design Methodology - hydraulic design
design,
pressure integrity , mechanical integrity
• ASME B31.1 and B31.3
• Piping flexibility and support
• Piping system components – valves & fittings;
classes, ratings
• Worked Examples
Piping System
Design
A piping system is generally
considered to include the
complete interconnection of
pipes, including the in-line
components, such as fittings
and flanges.
Other items such as pumps,
heat exchangers,
exchangers valves and
some vessels are also
considered part of the
pressure system.
Nabil Al-Khirdaji, M.Eng., P.Eng. 1

Piping Activity Life Cycle
1. Scope Definition
Design 2. Design
4. Procurement 3. Asset Records

(Historical Data)
Construction
5. Fabrication, Construction & Testing
6. Handover / Acceptance
Procedures
7. Commissioning
8. Operation Auditing
Operation
9
9. In-Service
In Service Inspection
Competent Resources
10. Maintenance, Repair & Replacement
11.Alteration, Re-rating & Life Extension Training

Retirement
12. Decommissioning
13. Dismantling, Demolition & Disposal
Piping System Design

• The initial design of a piping system is
established
t bli h d by
b the
th functional
f ti l requirements
i t off
transporting a fluid from one point to another.

Piping Design & Installation
• The primary criteria in the design and installation
of a p
piping
p g system
y ((new or modifications)) include:
– Fit-For-Purpose. Meeting functional requirements
and design bases.
– Operability and Maintainability
– Mechanical Integrity. Safe installation
– Compliance with Regulations, Codes, Standards and
Specifications
– Business-focused. Minimum Life Cycle Cost.
• To be able to achieve a safe installation, first of
all, it must be safe by design.
Piping Design and Layout -1

• The purpose of piping design, layout and
the supporting elements should focus on
preventing the following:
(Paraphrased from B31.3-2006 )
1. Piping stresses exceeding allowable stresses,
2. Joint leakage,
3 Excessive thrusts and moments on connected
3.
equipment (such as pumps and compressors),
4. Resonance with imposed or fluid-flow
induced vibrations,

Piping Design and Layout -2
6. Excessive interference with thermal movement
which is otherwise adequately flexible
7. Unintentional disengagement of piping from its
supports (like a pipe shoe disengaging from a
beam),
8. Excessive piping sag in piping requiring drainage
slope,
p
9. Excessive distortion or sag of piping subject to
creep under conditions of repeated thermal cycling,
10.Excessive heat flow, exposure of supports to
temperature extremes outside of their design limits.
Piping System Design Procedure

Design Bases PFD
Design flow rate & range
Pressure drop
Velocity constraints
Hydraulic Sizing (Di)
Insulation; heat tracing
Acceptable Materials List
Eliminate materials: Specify Applicable Code

- not allowed by Code
- not compatible chemically
Final Material Selection Optimum option / LCC
- not suitable for design range
- not suitable for environment Allowable stresses
Pressure Integrity (tm) Mechanical allowances
Mfg tolerances
P&ID, Layout, Iso Drwgs
Stress analysis Loads
-Sustained loads Mechanical Integrity (t) -Pressure; - Weight
-Occasional loads -Wind / Seismic
- Flexibility Documentation -Snow / Ice
-Supports, guides, anchors -Thermal
Premises, calculations, safeguards

Piping System Sizing Criteria -1
• When sizing lines, the sizing criteria should be
minimum life y cost,, this may
f cycle y include:
– evaluation of functional requirements,
– cost of piping,
– weight,
– energy costs,
– mechanical and process limitations,
– expected lifetime of piping,
– maintenance cost, etc.
• In some cases the constraints will govern the pipe size
selection, not the life cycle cost evaluation.
Piping System Sizing Criteria -2

The following constraints must be addressed:
1 Required
1. R i d capacity/available
i / il bl driving
d i i pressure
2. Flow induced forces
3. Noise/vibration
4. Pressure surges
g
5. Material degradation - erosion,, corrosion,, cavitation
6. Liquid accumulation/slug flow
7. Solid sedimentation and accumulation

Piping System Design - 1
• The detail design is affected by such criteria as the
type of fluid being transported
transported, allowable pressure
drop or energy loss cost (pumping power), desired
velocity, available material of construction, etc.
• In the design of such systems, the factors which need
to be considered depend on the type of plant in which
the piping will be installed.
– For
F process and d power plants,
l piping
i i isi a major
j
cost component and so economy is a major
consideration.
Pressure Drop in Piping - Water

PGM Correction Factor
Design Codes and Standards
• Piping systems are design in accordance with

specific codes and standards, and in
compliance with regulatory requirements.
• The most widely used piping system standards
are:
– ASME/ANSI B31.1 code for ‘Power Piping’
– ASME/ANSI B31.3 code for ‘Process Piping’

ASME B31 Code For Pressure Piping
• Code requirements for design are mostly stated in
terms of basic design principles and formulas.
formulas These
are supplemented as necessary, with specific
requirements to assure uniform application of
principles and to guide selection and application of
piping elements.
• The Code prohibits design practices known to be
unsafe.
unsafe
• The Code contains warnings where caution, but not
prohibition, is warranted.
Historical Perspective
Design Code Development
• In the US, the development of a national pressure
piping code was discussed as early as 1915
– In March 1926, the American Standards Association
initiated project B31
– In 1935 the American Tentative Standard Code for
pressure piping, B31, was published
– In 1951,
1951 B31
B31.44 & 8 were published
– In 2002 B31.8S was published

Process Plant Piping
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code
• This
Thi coded governs allll piping
i i within
ithi the
th
property limits of facilities engaged in the
processing or handling of chemical, petroleum,
or related products.
• Examples are a chemical plant, petroleum
refinery,
fi loading
l di terminal,i l naturall gas
processing plant, bulk plant, compounding
plant, and tank farm.
ASME B31 Code For Pressure Piping

• The Code sets forth engineering requirements
deemed necessary for safe design and construction
of pressure piping.
• While safety is the basic consideration, this factor
alone will not necessarily govern the final
specifications for any piping installation.
• The designer
g is cautioned that the code is not a
design handbook. It does not do away with the
need for the designer or for competent engineering
judgment.
Code compliance is necessary but not sufficient

B31 Sections
• A number of separate sections have been prepared,
most of which have been published.
published The various
section designations are:
(1) B31.1, Power Piping
(2) B31.2, Fuel Gas Piping (withdrawn in 1988)
(3) B31.3, Process Piping
(4) B31.4, Liquid Transportation Systems for
Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous
Ammonia, and Alcohols
B31 Sections
(5) B31.5, Refrigeration Piping
(6) B31.6,
B31 6 Chemical
Ch i l Plant
Pl Piping
Pi i (never
( published)
bli h d)
(7) B31.7, Nuclear Piping (moved to BPVC Section III)
(8) B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
Systems
(9) B31.9, Building Services Piping
(10)B31.10, Cryogenic Piping (never published)
(11)B31.11, Slurry Piping

• A draft of the section for Chemical Plant Piping,
B31 6 was completed in 1974.
B31.6, 1974 However
However, it was
decided to merge this section into ASME B31.3
because the two code sections were closely related. A
joint code section, Chemical Plant and Petroleum
Refinery Piping, was published in 1976. It was at this
time that items such as fluid service categories
g (e.g.,
( g,
Category M), nonmetallic piping, and safeguarding
were introduced into ASME B31.3.
Evolution of B31.3
• In 1980, the nonmetal portions of the ASME B31.3 Code were
gathered and combined into one chapter, Chapter VIII.
• A draft code for Cryogenic Piping has been prepared by
Section Committee B31.10 and was ready for approval in
1981. Again, since the coverage overlapped with ASME
B31.3, it was decided to merge the Section Committees and
develop a single, inclusive code. This Code was issued in
1984.
• In addition, in 1984 another potentially separate code was
added as a new chapter to ASME B31.3, High-Pressure
Piping, Chapter IX.

Evolution of B31.3
• The resulting document is a Code that is very broad
in scope.
scope
– It covers fluids as benign as water and as hazardous as
mustard gas.
– It covers temperatures from cryogenic conditions to 815C
(1500F) and beyond.
– It covers pressures from vacuum and atmospheric to
340,000 kPa (50,000 psi) and higher.
• Part of the philosophy of the Code stems from this
broad coverage. There is a great deal of responsibility
placed with the owner and latitude to use good
engineering.
B31.3 - Scope
• The ASME B31.3 Code is very broad in scope since the
scope of process piping services is very broad.
broad
• ASME B31.3 states that the owner is responsible to select
the piping code most appropriate to the piping installation
• Typical examples of the types of facilities that the Code is
intended to cover:
( )
(1) chemical pplants
(2) oil refineries
(3) loading terminals
(4) bulk processing plants
(5) cryogenic piping

B31.3 - Scope
• The following items were excluded from
coverage by
b earlier
li editions
diti off ASME B31.3:
B31 3
(1) fire protection systems;
(2) sanitary and storm water systems;
(3) plumbing;
(4) piping in property set aside for transportation piping
(B31.4, B31.8, and B31.11); and
(5) piping within the jurisdiction of Section I of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (boiler
external piping).
B31.3 - Scope
• The Code excludes low pressure piping system from
its scope
scope, if they meet all of the following conditions:
(1) the pressure is less than 105 kPa (15 psi);
(2) the pressure is not less than zero (i.e. no vacuum
condition);
(3) the fluid is non-flammable, nontoxic and not
d
damaging
i to human
h tissue;
i
(4) the temperature is not less than –29C (–20F); and
(5) the temperature is not greater than 186C (366F).

B31.3 - What is Piping?
• Piping system: Interconnected piping subject to the same
set or sets of design conditions.
conditions
• Piping: Assemblies of piping components used to
convey, distribute, mix, separate, discharge, meter,
control, or snub fluid flows. Piping also includes pipe-
supporting elements, but does not include support
structures, such as building frames, bents, foundations, or
any equipment excluded from this Code.
• Piping includes piping components such as pipe, tubing,
fitting, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves, and devices such
as expansion joints, flexible joints, pressure hoses, traps,
strainers, in-line portions of instruments, and separators.
B31.3 - What is Piping?

• The definition of piping components makes it clear
that in-line
in line portions of instruments are included in the
scope and must comply with ASME B31.3 rules.
• Pipe: A pressure-tight cylinder used to convey a fluid

or to transmit a fluid pressure, ordinarily designated
pipe in applicable material specifications.
specifications Materials
designated tube or tubing in the specifications are
treated as pipe when intended for pressure service.

B31.3 - Intent
• The ASME B31.3 Code provides minimum requirements
for safety
safety. It is not a design handbook.
handbook Further,
Further it is for
design of new piping.
• While the intent of ASME B31.3 may be considered for
evaluating existing piping, piping that has been in service
is not within the scope of the Code. Other codes such as
API 570, Piping Inspection Code, should be considered
for use with piping after it has been placed in service.
• The ASME B31.3 Code does not address operation or
maintenance of piping systems.
Application of ASME B31.3

at Equipment Connections
Power boilers in accordance
With BPV Code Section I and
Boiler external piping which is
Required to conform to B31.1
Packaged equipment piping
Tubes, tube headers,

crossovers and
manifolds of fired
Pressure vessels,, heat
heaters internal to the
heaters, Exchangers, pumps
heater enclosure compressors and other
Fluid handling or
processing equipment,
Including internal piping
Legend and connections for
Piping within scope of B31.3 External piping
Piping outside the scope

Fluid Service
• Fluid service: a general term concerning the
application
li ti off a piping
i i system,
t considering
id i theth
combination of fluid properties, operating
conditions, and other factors which establish
the basis for design of the piping system.
(Refer to Appendix M of B31.3)
Classification Of Fluid Services - 1

• B31.3 segregates fluid services into four
categories:
(a) Category D fluid service is defined as “a
fluid service to which all the following apply:
1. Fluid is non-flammable and non-toxic
2. Design gauge pressure does not exceed 150
psi (1
(1.0
0 MPa)
MPa), and
3. Design temperature is between –20oF (-29
oC) and 360oF (182oC).

(b) Category M fluid service is defined as “a fluid
service in which a single exposure to a very small
quantity of a toxic fluid, caused by leakage, can
produce serious irreversible harm to persons on
breathing or bodily contact, even when prompt
restorative measures are taken.
• Th
The code
d assigns to the
h owner theh responsibility
b l for
f
identifying those fluid services which are in
categories D and M.

(c) High Pressure Fluid Service - a fluid service for
which the owner specifies the use of Chapter IX for
piping design and construction.
(d) Normal Fluid Service – a fluid service pertaining to
most piping covered by B31.3., i.e. not subject to the
rules for Category D, Category M, or High Pressure
Fluid Service
Service, and not subject to severe cyclic
conditions.

Design Pressure
Design pressure - As defined in ASME 31.3 para.
301 2:
301.2:
The design pressure of each component in a piping
system shall be not less than the pressure at the most
severe condition of coincident internal or external
pressure and temperature (minimum or maximum)
expected during service, except as provided in ASME
B31 3 para.
B31.3 para 302.2.4.
302 2 4
See also ASME B31.3 paras. 301.2.1 and 301.2.2.
Typical Design Pressure Guidelines
Max Operating Design pressure (barg)

Pressure (psi)
0 – 500 Maximum operating pressure + 50 psi
500 – 1000 Maximum operating pressure + 10%
1000 – 3000 Maximum operating pressure + 8.5% but

minimum 100 psi and maximum 150 psi
Over 3000 Maximum operating pressure + 5%

Design Temperature - 1
• Design temperature - As defined in ASME B31.3 para.
301.3: The design temperature of each component in a
ppiping
p g system
y is the temperature
p at which,, under the
coincident pressure, the greatest thickness or highest
component rating is required in accordance with para.
301.2. (To satisfy the requirements of para. 301.2 different
components in the same piping system may have different
design temperatures.).
• In establishing design temperatures, consider at least the
fluid temperatures,
temperatures ambient temperatures,
temperatures heating or
cooling medium temperatures, and the applicable
provisions of ASME B31.3 paras. 301.3.2, 301.3.3 and
301.3.4. See also ASME B31.3 para. 301.3.1.
• For uninsulated metallic pipe with fluid temperature
below 38oC (100oF),F) the metal temperature is taken
as the fluid temperature.
• For fluids at or above 38oC (100oF) and without
external insulation, the metal temperature is taken as
a percentage of the fluid temperature unless a lower
temperature is determined by test or calculation.
calculation

– For pipe, threaded and welded-end valves, fittings
and other components with a wall thickness
comparable with that of the pipe, the percentage is
95%;
– For flanges and flanged valves and fittings, the
percentage is 90%;
– For lap
lap-joint
joint flanges the percentage is 85%,
85%
– For bolting the percentage is 80%.
• With external insulation, the metal temperature
i taken
is t k as theth fluid
fl id temperature
t t unless
l service
i
data, tests, or calculations justify lower values.
• For internally insulated pipe, the design metal
temperature shall be calculated or obtained
from tests.

Occasional Variation In
Temperature And/Or Pressure - 1
• Occasional variation in temperature, pressure, or
both above operating levels are characteristic of
both,
certain services.
• If all the following criteria are met, such variations
need not be considered in determining pressure-
temperature design conditions.
• Otherwise,
Otherwise the most severe condition of coincident
pressure and temperature during the variation shall be
used to determine design conditions:
All the following criteria must be met:
1. Piping system has no pressure-containing
components of cast iron or other non-ductile
material,
2. Nominal pressure stresses shall not exceed the
yield strength at temperature,
3. Combined longitudinal stresses SL shall not
exceed the limits established in the code

4. The number of cycles (or variations) shall not
exceed d 7000 dduring
i th
the lif
life off th
the piping
i i system,
t
5. Occasional variations above design shall remain
within one of the following limits for pressure
design:
a. When the variation last no more than 10 hours
at any one time, and no more than 100 hours
per year, it is permissible to exceed the
pressure rating or the allowable stress for
pressure design by not more than 33%.
b. When the variation lasts no more than 50 hours at
any one time,
time and no more than 500 hours per
year, it is permissible to exceed the pressure rating
or the allowable stress for pressure design at the
temperature of the increased condition by not more
than 20%.

Pressure Integrity Design
• After the hydraulic design is complete and the
minimum inside diameters of the various
segments of the piping system are determined,
the piping pressure-integrity design can be
performed.
• The pressure-integrity design of a piping system
normally requires the consideration of at least
two
wo issues:
ssues:
1. Determination of the minimum or nominal
pipe wall thickness, and
2. Determination of the pressure rating of the in-
line components such as valves and fittings.
Determination of Pipe Wall Thickness -1

1. Using the minimum ID determined from the
hydraulic evaluation, select the next-larger standard
nominal
i l or outside
t id diameter
di t (OD) sizei pipe
i from
f the
th
listings in ASME B36.10M for standard wrought
steel pipe or B36.19M for stainless-steel pipe,
2. Based upon the fluid and service, select a suitable
piping material, determine the required corrosion,
erosion, joining, or mechanical strength allowances,
3. Calculate the required minimum wall thickness to
provide for pressure integrity and allowances using
equations provided in the design Code

Determination of Pipe Wall Thickness -2
4. Refer to ASME B36.10M or B36.19M to select an
appropriate nominal wall thickness or schedule.
Refer to Appendix E2 and E2M.
5. Confirm that the applicable standard manufacturing
tolerance will not reduce the nominal wall thickness
selected in step 4 below the minimum required, as
calculated in step 3.
6 Confirm that the ID of the pipe selected
6. selected, based
upon the nominal wall thickness selection in step 4,
is compatible with the minimum ID requirements
obtained from the fluid flow evaluation.
Design Criteria For Metallic Pipe - 2

• Components having specific ratings. These are
listed in ANSI, API, and industry standards (e.g.
flanges, flanged valves, etc.). These ratings are
acceptable for design pressures and temperatures,
unless limited in the code. A list of component
standards is given in Appendix E of the code.
• Components without specific ratings. These
components
co po e s aree generally
ge e y furnished
u s ed in nominal
o
thicknesses (e.g. pipe, butt-welding fittings, etc.).
Fittings are rated for the same allowable pressures
as pipe of the same nominal thickness.

Design Criteria For Metallic Pipe - 3
• Pipe and fittings are rated by the rules for pressure
design and other provisions of the code.
code
• Pressure Design – Wall Thickness
• For straight pipe under internal pressure, the formula
for minimum wall thickness (tm) is applicable for DO/t
ratio > 6.
Th more conservative
The i Barlow
B l equation i can alsol be
b
used.
Pressure Integrity
Of Piping Systems
The design process for consideration of
pressure integrity uses:
– allowable stresses,
– thickness allowances based on system
q
requirements, , and
– manufacturing wall thickness tolerances to
determine minimum wall thickness.

Pressure Design
Of Piping Components - 2
Nomenclature
tm = minimum
i i required
i d thickness,
thi k including
i l di mechanical,
h i l
corrosion and erosion allowances.
t = pressure design thickness as calculated in accordance
with para. 304.1.2
c = sum of mechanical allowances (thread or groove depth)
plus corrosion and erosion allowances.
T = pipe wall thickness (measured or minimum per
purchase specification)
d = inside diameter of pipe. For pressure design
calculations, the inside diameter of the pipe is the
maximum value allowable under purchase specifications
Pressure Design
Of Piping Components - 4
• The circumferential stress on the inside of a cylinder
under internal pressure is higher than the
circumferential stress on the outside.
• "Y" is a factor to compensate for the non-linear
reduction in allowable stress at design temperatures
above 900 degrees.
• In
I the
h creep regime,
i the
h stress distribution
di ib i through
h h
the wall becomes more constant, which is why the Y
factor is changed for temperatures in the creep
regime.

Stresses in Thin Wall Cylinders
σL = P R / 2 t σH = P R / t
Note that the hoop stress is twice the value of the longitudinal
stress, and is normally the limiting factor.
Stress-Strain Diagram
ultimate
tensile 3 necking
strength
σ UTS
Strain
yield
Hardening Fracture
strength 5
σy
2
Plastic region
Plastic ultimate tensile strength
Region strain hardening fracture
Elastic region
Elastic slope = Young’s (elastic)
modulus yield strength
σ =Eε Region
4
σ 1
E= σy Strain (ε) (e/Lo)
ε E=
ε 2 − ε1

Behaviour of Materials Under Stress
400
300
In the design of piping and
pressure vessels is generally 200
within the elastic range

100
0.000 Strain 0.1000
300
The yyield ppoint is determined
using a line parallel to the 200
linear portion of the curve and
originating at ε = 0.002 100
(The 0.2% offset method).
0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
Material Selection
Design T, oF Material Plate Pipe Forgings Fittings Bolting
SA-240- 304, SA-312- 304, SA-182- 304, SA-403- 304,
-425 to -321 Stainless Steel 304L, 347, 304L, 347, 304L, 347, 304L, 347, SA-320-B8
316, 316L 316, 316L 316, 316L 316, 316L with SA-194-8
-320 to -151 9 Nickel SA-353 SA-333-8 SA-522-1 SA-420-WPL8
-150
150 to -76
76 3 ½ Nickel SA 203D
SA-203D SA 333 3
SA-333-3 SA 350 LF63
SA-350-LF63 SA 420 WPL3
SA-420-WPL3
-75 to -51 2 ½ Nickel SA-203A SA-320-L7
with SA-194-4
-50 to -21 SA-516-55, 60 SA-333-6
to SA-20 SA-350-LF2 SA-420-WPL6
-20 to 4 SA-516-All SA-333-1or 6
5 to 32 Carbon Steel SA-285C
33 to 60 SA-516-All SA-53B SA-105
SA-515-All SA-106-B SA-181-60,70 SA-234-WP8
61 to 775 SA-193-B7
SA-455-ll
with
776 to 875 C – ½ Mo SA-204B SA-335-P1 SA-182-F1 SA-234-WP1 SA-194-2H
876 to 1000 1 Cr – ½ Mo SA-387-12-1 SA-335-P12 SA-182-F12 SA-234-WP12
1¼ Cr – ½ Mo SA-387-11-2 SA-335-P11 SA-182-F11 SA-234-WP11
1001 to 1100 2¼ Cr – 1 Mo SA-387-22-1 SA-335-P22 SA-182-F22 SA-234-WP22 SA-193-B5
with SA-194-3
1101 to 1500 Stainless Steel SA-240-347H SA-312-347H SA-182-347H SA-403-347H SA-193-B8
with SA-194-8
Incoloy SB-424 SB-423 SB-425 SB-366
Above 1500 Inconel SB-443 SB-444 SB-446 SB-366

Pressure Design
of Piping Components - 5
(a) For t < D/6, internal pressure design thickness for straight
pipe shall be not less than calculated in accordance with:
PD
t=
2(SEW + PY)
Any of the following equations may be used instead:
PD (Barlow)
t=
2SE
t=
2
( √
D 1- SE - P
SE + P ) (Lame’)
P(d + 2c)
t=
2[SE – P(1 -Y)]
Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation

The following formula (B31.3) should be used
1 PD
tm = +C
MT 2(SEW + PY)
Notes:
(1) This formula should only be used for t less than D/6 and for
P/SE less than or equal to 0.385.
(2) This formula is derived from the basic formula for internal
pressure design
d i thickness
hi k from
f ASME B31
B31.33 (ASME B31
B31.4 4
and B31.8 have different formulae).
(3) Threading allowances are as follows (from ASME B1.20.1,
ASME B31.3, Sections 304.1.1 and 314):
½" - ¾" NPS 0.0571" thread allowance
1" - 2" NPS 0.0696" thread allowance

Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factor, W
• At elevated temperatures, the long term strength of weld
joints may be lower than the long term strength of the
base material.
• For welded pipe (i.e., not seamless), the product of the
allowable stress and the applicable weld quality factor SE
shall be multiplied by the weld joint strength reduction
factor, W, when determining the required wall thickness
for internal pressure per para. 304.
• The weld joint strength reduction factor is the ratio of the
nominal stress to cause failure of the weld joint to that of
the base material for the same duration.
Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factor, W
• In the absence of more applicable data (e.g., creep

testing) the factor W shall be taken as:
testing),
= 1.0 at temperatures of 510°C (950°F) and below, and
= 0.5 at 815°C (1500°F) for all materials.
The strength reduction factor shall be linearly interpolated
for intermediate temperatures.
• The designer is responsible for determining weld
joint strength reduction factors for temperatures
above 815°C (1500°F).

Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation
Where:
tm = minimum required wall thickness (inches).
g pressure
P = internal design p (psig).
(p g)
T = selected pipe wall thickness (look at pipe schedules Table)
D = outside diameter of pipe (inches).
S = allowable stresses for pipe material (psi), per tables in ASME
B31.3 (Appendix A)
E = longitudinal weld joint factor, per tables in ASME B31.3
(Appendix A- normally 1.0 for seamless pipe).
Y = temperature factor, per Table 304.1.1 in ASME B31.3
(
(Normally
ll 0.4).
0 4)
C = the sum of mechanical allowances (groove depth and threading)
plus allowances for corrosion and erosion (inches).
W = weld joint strength reduction factor
MT = factor to account for mill tolerance on pipe wall thickness.
0.875 for seamless A-106 Gr. B pipe and seamless API-5L Gr. B
pipe. 0.90 for API-5L Gr. B welded 20 inch NPS and above.
Values of Coefficient Y for t < D/6
Temperature, oC (oF)
Materials ≤ 482 510 538 566 593 ≥ 621
≤ (900) (950) (1000) (1050) (1100) ≥ (1150)
Ferritic steels 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Austenitic 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7
steels
Other ductile 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
material
Cast iron 0.0 --- --- --- --- ---

Pipe Bends
The minimum required thickness, tm, of a bend, after bending, in its
finished form, shall be determined in accordance with eqs. (2) and (3c)
where at the intrados (inside bend radius)
and at the extrados (outside bend radius)
and at the sidewall on the bend centerline radius, I = 1.0, and where
R1 = bend radius of welding elbow or pipe bend
Table A-1 (Excerpt) (B31.3 -2006)

Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals1

Table 302.3.4 (B31.3)
Longitudinal Weld Quality Factor
NOTE: It is not permitted to increase the joint quality factor by additional examination for joint 1, 2, or 4a.
Part Table A-1B (B31.3-2006) Basic Quality Factors for

Longitudinal Weld Joints in Pipes, Tubes, & Fittings, Ej
Appendix A
Spec. No. Class (or Type) Description Ej (2)
Notes
Carbon Steel
... Seamless pipe 1.00 ...
... Electric resistance welded pipe 0.85 ...
API 5L Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt, 0.95
... ...
straight or spiral seam
... Furnace butt welded 0.60 ...
Type S Seamless pipe 1.00 ...
A 53 Type E Electric resistance welded pipe 0.85 ...
Type F Furnace butt welded pipe 0.60
0 60 ...
A 105 ... Forgings and fittings 1.00 (9)
A 106 ... Seamless pipe 1.00 ...
A 134 Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt, 0.80
... ...
straight or spiral seam
A 135 ... Electric resistance welded pipe 0.85 ...
A 139 Electric fusion welded pipe, straight or 0.80
... ...
spiral seam

Example – Pressure Integrity Design -1
• Example 1. C.S. pipe is to transport 3000 gpm of water at
800 psig (5530 kPa gage) and 90oF (32oC). The design Code
i ASME B31.1,
is B31 1 andd the
th design
d i life
lif is
i 10 years. The
Th watert
has a nominal oxygen content of 1 ppm. The maximum
velocity is 10 fps. Butt-welded construction is specified.
1. Hydraulic Design:
Water flow rate = 3000 gpm /(7.49 gal/ft3) (60 sec/min)
= 6.676 ft3/sec
Required inside area of pipe Q/V = 6.676 /10 = 0.6676 ft2
= 0.6676 x 144 in2/ft2 = 96.137 in2
2
A = π Di /4
Di = √(4A/π) = √(4 x 96.137/3.1416) = √122.405 = 11.06 in
2. Pressure Integrity Design: An economical

grade
d off ffurnace seam-welded
ld d carbon-steel
b t l
pipe (ASTM A53 Grade A) is selected.
From ASME B31.3, Appendix A, Table A-1,
the allowable working stress at 90oF (32oC) is
16,000 psi (70.4 MPa).
From Table A-1B, E for A53 E = 0.8
Thus, SE = 12,800 psi

• From Fig. B2.3, the corrosion rate is estimated at 0.02

in (0.5
(0 5 mm) per year.
year
• The pressure integrity design will be based upon
ASME B31.3, Para 304.1.2 Eq. (3)
tm = (PDo)/[2(SEW + PY)] + A
• From ASME B36.10M, NPS 12 (DN 300) [12.75-in
(324
(324-mm OD)] iis tentatively
i l selected.
l d
• The total corrosion allowance of 10 x 0.02 = 0.2 in
(5mm) is calculated. Since butt-welded construction
is specified, no additional wall thickness allowance
for joining (threading, grooving, etc.) is required.
Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel In Tap

Water
Corroosion Rate, in/yr Penetratiion
0 30
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Oxygen Concentration, PPM
Effects of oxygen concentration on the corrosion of low-carbon steel

in tap water at different water temperatures

• From ASME B31.1, Table 104.1.2(A), Y = 0.4 is
selected for ferritic steels at temperatures
p at or below
o o
900 F (482 C).
• The required minimum wall thickness tm can be
calculated by the following Equation:
tm = (PDo)/[2(SEW + PY)] + A
tm = (800 x 12.75) / [2(12,800 x 1 + 0.4 x 800)] + 0.2
= 0.569
0 69 in
i (14.5
(14 mm))
• From ASME B36.10M, for NPS 12 (DN 300),
Schedule 80 pipe with a nominal wall thickness of
0.687 in (17.5 mm) is tentatively selected
ASME B36.10M – 2004 (R2010)

ASME B36.10M-2004
Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
• This Standard covers the standardization of dimensions of
welded and seamless wrought steel pipe for high or low
temperatures and pressures.
• The word pipe is used, as distinguished from tube, to
apply to tubular products of dimensions commonly used
for pipeline and piping systems.
– Pipe NPS 12 (DN 300) and smaller have outside
diameters numerically larger than their corresponding
sizes.
– In contrast, the outside diameters of tubes are
numerically identical to the size number for all sizes.
ANSI Pipe Schedules Red: wall thickness, in Black: weight, lb/ft

PIPE O.D.
5 10 20 30 40 STD. 60 80 XH 100 120
SIZE inches
.065 .109 .133 .133 .179 .179
1 1.315
.868 1.404 1.679 1.679 2.172 2.172
.065 .109 .145 .145 .200 .200
1-1/2 1.900
1.274 2.085 2.718 2.718 3.631 3.631
.065 .109 .154 .154 .218 .218
2 2.375
1 604
1.604 2 638
2.638 3 653
3.653 3 653
3.653 5 022
5.022 5 022
5.022
.083 .120 .216 .216 .300 .300
3 3.500
3.029 4.332 7.576 7.576 10.250 10.250
.083 .120 .237 .237 .281 .337 .337 .437
4 4.5
3.915 5.613 10.790 10.790 12.660 14.980 14.980 19.010
.109 .134 .280 .280 .432 .432 .562
6 6.625
7.585 9.289 18.970 18.970 28.570 28.570 36.390
.109 .148 .250 .277 .322 .322 .406 .500 .500 .593 .718
8 8.625
9.914 13.400 22.360 24.700 28.550 28.550 35.640 43.390 43.390 50.870 60.630
.134
134 165
.165 250
.250 307
.307 365
.365 365
.365 500
.500 593
.593 500
.500 718
.718 843
.843
10 10.75
15.190 18.700 28.040 34.240 40.480 40.480 54.740 64.330 54.740 76.930 89.200
.165 .180 .250 .330 .406 .375 .562 .687 .500 .843 1.000
12 12.75
22.180 24.200 33.380 43.770 53.530 49.560 73.160 88.510 65.420 107.200 125.500
.250 .312 .375 .437 .375 .593 .750 .500 .937 1.093
14 14.0
36.710 45.680 54.570 63.370 54.570 84.910 106.100 72.090 130.700 150.700
.250 .312 .375 .500 .375 .656 .843 .500 1.031 1.218
16 16.0
42.050 52.360 62.580 82.770 62.580 107.500 136.500 82.770 164.800 192.300
.250 .312 .437 .562 .375 .750 .937 .500 1.156 1.375
18 18.0
47.390 59.030 82.060 104.800 70.590 138.200 170.800 93.450 208.000 244.100

• The wall thickness tolerance for ASTM A53 pipe,

which is +0,
+0 -12.5%
12 5% is checked next:
0.687 x 0.875 = 0.601 in (15.3 mm)
This is > the calculated tm of 0.569 in (14.5 mm)
• Finally, the nominal ID is checked against the
required minimum flow ID of 11.06 in (284 mm):
12.75 – 2(0.687) = 11.376 in (289 mm)
This is > minimum required ID of 11.06 in (284 mm).
Thus, NPS 12 (DN 300) seam welded Schedule 80
pipe meeting ASTM A53 Grade A is acceptable.
3. Mechanical Integrity Design: Note that this example there

is no need to consider the effects of bending and thermal
expansion on the pipe wall.
– In most instances the pressure design will dominate in the
determination of pipe wall thickness.
– However, if the pipe span between supports is unusually
long or if the pipe has a very heavy in-line component,
such as a valve,
valve then the longitudinal bending stress may
govern the design.
– Also additional loadings such as thermal loads must be
considered if applicable

ASME B16.5-2009
Selection of In-line Components

• Example 2. An NPS 16 (DN 400) carbon-steel pipeline
operates at 840 psig (5800 kPa gage) and 740oF (393oC).
Select a standard weld-neck
weld neck flange for the service.
service
• Evaluation. Table B2.1 lists various materials of
construction for standard pipe flanges.
– Under Material Group 1.1, ASTM Specification A105,
Forgings, Carbon Steel, for Piping Components, is listed.
– Next refer to Table B2.3, which lists ASME pressure-
temperature ratings for Material Group 1.1
1 1 flanges.
flanges Note
that a Class 600 flange has a pressure-temperature rating
of 1010 psig (6970 kPa gage) at 750oF (399oC).
Since this rating exceeds the requirements of 840 psig (5800
kPa gage) at 740oF (393oC), this flange is acceptable.

ASME P Numbers and Group Numbers
For Some Typical Piping Materials
Nominal Composition P-Number Group Number
Carbon Steel – 65 ksi & under 1 1
- 65 to 75 ksi 1 2
C-½ Mo & ½Cr-½Mo - 65 ksi & under 3 1
- 70 to 75 ksi 3 2
1Cr-½Mo & 1¼Cr-½Mo-Si 4 1
2¼Cr-1Mo 5A 1
5Cr-½Mo & 9Cr-1Mo 5B 1
9Cr-1Mo-V 5B 2
Type 304 & 316 Stainless Steel 8 1
Type 309 & 310 Stainless Steel 8 2
3½Ni Steel 9B 1
Al & Al Alloys 21 - 25 ---
Cu & Cu Alloys 31 - 35 ---
Ni & Ni Alloys 41 - 47 ---
Pressure-temperature Ratings for ASME B16.5

Flanges Made From Material Group 1.1
Temp. Class
oF 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20
20 to 100 285 740 990 1480 2220 3705 6170
200 260 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625
300 230 655 875 1315 1970 3280 5470
400 200 635 845 1270 1900 3170 5280
500 170 600 800 1200 1795 2995 4990
600 140 550 730 1095 1640 2735 4560
650 125 535 715 1075 1610 2685 4475
700* 110 535 710 1065 1600 2665 4440
750* 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200
800* 80 410 550 825 1235 2060 3430
850* 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230
900* 50 170 230 345 515 860 1430
950* 35 105 140 205 310 515 860
1000* 20 50 70 105 155 260 430
*For notes on use of carbon-steel materials over 700oF (371oC), see ASME B16.5, Table B2-1.1

Pressure-Temperature Ratings
Of Common Flange Materials
ASME B16.5 Table 1A

List of Material Specifications
Material Nominal Pressure– Applicable ASTM Specifications [Note (1)]
Group Designation Temperature
Forgings Castings Plates
Rating Table
1.1 C–Si 2-1.1 A 105 A 216 Gr. WCB A 515 Gr. 70
C–Mn–Si 2-1.1 A 350 Gr. LF2 ... A 516 Gr. 70
C–Mn–Si 2-1.1 ... ... A 537 Cl. 1
C–Mn–Si–V 2-1.1 A 350 Gr. LF6 CI. 1 ... ...
31⁄2 Ni 2-1.1 A 350 Gr. LF3 ... ...
1.2 C–Mn–Si 2-1.2 ... A 216 Gr. WCC ...
C–Mn–Si 2-1.2 ... A 352 Gr. LCC ...
C–Mn–Si–V 2-1.2 A 350 Gr. LF6 Cl. 2 ... ...
21⁄2Ni 2-1.2 ... A 352 Gr. LC2 A 203 Gr. B
31⁄2Ni 2-1.2 ... A 352 Gr. LC3 A 203 Gr. E
1.3 C–Si 2-1.3 ... A 352 Gr. LCB A 515 Gr. 65
C–Mn–Si 2-1.3 ... ... A 516 Gr. 65
21⁄2Ni 2-1.3 ... ... A 203 Gr. A
31⁄2Ni 2-1.3 ... A 203 Gr. D
C–1⁄2Mo 2-1.3 ... A 217 Gr. WC1 ...
C–1⁄2Mo 2-1.3 ... A 352 Gr. LC1 ...
1.4 C–Si 2-1.4 ... ... A 515 Gr. 60
C–Mn–Si 2-1.4 A 350 Gr. LF1 Cl. 1 ... A 516 Gr. 60

Example – Flange Rating
Determine required flange rating given:
– Pipe: 1 1/4 Cr – ½ Mo
– Flanges: A-182
A 182 Gr
Gr. F11
– Design Temperature: 900°F
– Design Pressure: 400 psig
Solution
1. Identify material specification of flange A-182 Gr, F11
2 Determine Material Group No
2. No. (Table 4.2)
4 2) Group 11.9
9
3. Determine class using Table 4.3 with design temperature
and Material Group No.
4. The lowest Class for design pressure of 400 psig is Class
300. It has 450 psig maximum pressure at 900 °F
Piping Design Loads
Loads are classified into three distinct types.

yp
– Sustained Loads - forces present throughout
normal operation, e.g. weight and pressure
– Occasional Loads - forces present at rare
intervals during operation, e.g. wind, seismic
load, vibration, pipe rupture, relief valve
discharge
– Expansion Loads - forces due to displacements
of the pipe, e.g. pipe thermal expansion,
settlement, differential anchor displacement

Piping Design Loads
• Each of the loads are analysed and their effects
combined
bi d and d assessed
d against
i t some li
limiting
iti
value.
• These values depend on the service of the
piping.
Dead Weight Loads

• Are the total weight of the piping (excluding
contents).
t t ) These
Th include
i l d
– the fabricated piping,
– all flanges,
– fittings and valves,
– insulation,
– any other instruments and ancillaries installed on
the piping

Live Loads
• Live loads include:
– weight of the fluid in the piping (or water if the
fluid is lighter to account for hydro testing), and
– environmental loads such as snow, ice and wind
acting on exposed piping.
• When affecting the integrity of the piping
system, the
h imposed
i d deflections
d fl i or
movements from the main structure shall be
accounted for.
Steady-state Flow Loads

• Any reaction to the fluid flow in piping (except
friction force) will produce an equal reaction in
the piping that should be considered in the design.
• These include:
– changes in flow direction (e.g. elbows, branch tees,
etc.),
– obstructions in the piping (e.g.
(e g orifice plates,
plates valves,
valves
etc.),
– changes in cross sectional area of the piping (e.g.
reducers, etc.).

B31.3 Summary Loading Conditions
Metallic and Non-metallic Piping Systems
Loading Condition ASME B31.3 ASME B31.3
Metallic Non-Metallic
Sustained loads – Hoop Stress 302.3.5(a) / 304.1.2 A 302.3.3(a) / 304.1.2
due to Internal Pressure
Sustained Loads – 302.3.5(b) /304.1.3 A 302.3.3(b) /304.1.3 /
External Pressure A 304.7.2
Sustained Loads – 302.3.5(c) 302.3.3(c)
Longitudinal
Sustained Loads – 302.3.5 / 319.4.4 A 319
Expansion
Occasional Loads- 302.3.6(a) A 302.3.4(a)
Operating
Occasional Loads- 345.2.1 / 345.4 A 345.4.2
Testing
Stresses and Failure Modes - 1

• The piping codes address the following types of stress
and the failure modes they cause:
– Excessive plastic deformation or bursting;
– Plastic instability, or incremental collapse due to plastic
cycling; and
– high strain low-cycle fatigue.
• Each of these failure modes is caused by a different
type off stress andd it
i is
i necessary to separate them
h into
i
three different categories and set different limits for
each.
• Various failure modes could affect the system
including buckling, stress corrosion and brittle fracture.

• The piping code categories and the failure modes they
guard against can be summarized as follows:
– Primary Stress Plastic deformation and bursting. Primary
stresses are limited to yield
– Secondary Stress Plastic instability leading to incremental
collapse. Secondary stresses limited to twice yield
– Peak Stress Fatigue failure collapse resulting from cyclic
loadings. Peak stresses limited by the cumulative fatigue
life (S-N curve) of the material.

• Components other than straight pipe, such as
pipe
i bends,
b d mitered
it d bends,
b d andd the
th various
i
forms of tee joints, are commonly modeled
using:
– stress intensification factors for stress
calculations, and
– flexibility characteristics for displacement
calculations.

Stresses in Pipe Wall - 1
An element of pipe wall is subjected to four stresses:
SR
SL = Longitudinal (Axial)
SL SC
Stress
ST
SC = Circumferential (Hoop)
SC
SL
Stress
SR
SR = Radial Stress
ST = Shear (Torsional) Stress
Stresses In Pipe Wall - 2

SL is the sum of three components:
1. Longitudinal stress due to internal pressure, SP
SP = P AT /AM = PD/4t
2. Bending stress due to weight of the pipe, SW
(For properly supported piping this is negligible)
3. Bending g stress due to thermal expansion,
p Sb
For straight pipe: Sb = M/Z
For curved pipe: Sb = iM/Z
SL = SP + SW + Sb

Stresses In Pipe Wall - 3
SC is primarily due to internal pressure
SC = PD/2t
SR is negligible in thin wall cylinders
ST is the sum of two components:
1. Torsional stress resulting from thermal expansion.
(This condition occurs only in multiple plane systems.)
systems )
ST = Mt /2Z
2. Direct shear stress – is usually negligible
Stresses due to Sustained Loads - the effects of pressure, weight

and other sustained mechanical loads must meet the requirements
of the following equation, showing both direct and bending
components,
PDo 1000(0.75i) MA
+ ≤ 1.0 Sh
4tn Z
P iis the
th design
d i pressure (kPa)(kP )
Do is the outside diameter (mm)
tn is the nominal wall thickness (mm)
MA is the moment due to sustained loads (N.mm)
Z is the section modulus of the pipe (mm3)
i is the stress intensification factor
Sh is the basic allowable stress at maximum temperature (kPa)

Stresses due to Occasional Loads - the effects of pressure,
weight other sustained loads and occasional loads including
earthquake loads must meet the following requirements:
PDo 1000(0.75i) MA 1000(0.75i) MB

+ + ≤ k Sh
4tn Z Z
k is 1.15 for occasional loads < 10% operating period and

1.2 for occasional loads < 1% operating period
MB is the resultant moment due to occasional loads (N.mm)
Stresses due to Expansion Loads - the effects of thermal

expansion stresses must satisfy the following equation:
1000 i MC
SE = ≤ S A + f ( S h – S L)
Z
MC is the range of resultant moments due to thermal expansion (N.mm)

SA is the allowable stress for thermal expansion stresses (kPa)
= f ( 1.25 SC + 0.25 Sh)
f is the stress range reduction factor for cyclic conditions (7000 cycles = 1)
SL is the sustained stress calculated above (kPa)

Thermal Loads
• Piping systems are subject to thermal expansion
and contraction which must be accounted for in
the design.
• The stresses which result from thermal expansion
or contraction are complex and depend on the
system configuration.
• The piping system is configured with appropriate
flexibility to accommodate the thermal movements
and stresses.
• Although calculations can be done manually, these
are typically done by computer.
Natural Piping Flexibility

• The majority of piping systems have direction
changes due to the routing through buildings and
structures, over and under roads, etc. This introduces
‘natural’ or ‘inherent’ flexibility into the pipe system.
• The ability of the pipe to bend is a function of pipe
material, nominal size, wall thickness, and length
allowed to deflect
deflect.
• The result of the pipe being able to bend is to reduce
the forces acting within the system and to reduce the
pipe stresses.

Natural Piping Flexibility
• Natural piping flexibility should be examined
prior
i tot the
th use off other
th expansioni devices.
d i
Simplified methods can be used to determine
the flexibility of the piping system.
• The following charts on “L” bends, “Z” bends,
and expansion loops can be used for this
purpose
Preliminary Flexibility Design

• This design step consists in judging the adequacy of
the piping flexibility
flexibility, before modeling the line and
performing the flexibility stress analysis.
• A useful preliminary step, prior to stress analysis,
consists of verifying that there are no obvious layout
problems.
• Thermal expansion/contraction,
expansion/contraction ∆L,∆L for pipe runs can
be estimated and appropriate offsets and expansion
loops incorporated in the layout.

Flexibility Analysis B31.3
Formal Analysis Requirements (319.4.2)
( ) Any
(a) A piping
i i systemt which
hi h does
d nott meett the
th
criteria in Para. 319.4.1 shall be analyzed by
simplified, approximate, or comprehensive
method of analysis as appropriate.
(b) A simplified or approximate method may be
applied only if used within the range of
configurations for which its adequacy has been
demonstrated.

(c) Acceptable comprehensive methods of analysis
include analytical and chart methods which provide
an evaluation of the forces, moments, and stresses
caused by displacement strains.
(d) Comprehensive analysis shall take into account
stress intensification factors for any component
other than straight pipe.
pipe Credit may be taken of the
extra flexibility of such a component.

• Alternative rules for performing flexibility
analysis were added
added, as Appendix P P, in ASME
B31.3, the Process Piping Code, 2004 edition.
• These rules are considered to be more
comprehensive than before; they were
designed around computer flexibility analysis.
• To
T determine
d i stress range, the
h difference
diff in
i
stress states, considering all loads, is
computed.
Flexibility Calculation Methods

• The Code describes four acceptable methods to
d
demonstrate
t t adequate
d t flexibility:
fl ibilit
1. Formal analysis
2. Duplicate of a successful system
3. System that can be judged adequate by
p
comparison
4. Empirical equation for piping that meets certain
requirements

Simplified Flexibility Calculations:
Guided Cantilever Approach
dx
B’
dy
B’
A B A B
L
∆
C
C
dy C’
L
dx C
Free Expansion Constrained Expansion
Thermal Expansion - 2
∆L = α * ∆T * L
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (1/
(1/ºF
F, 1/ºC)
1/ C)
∆T = change in temperature (ºF, ºC)
L = original length
∆L = change in length
The actual change in pipe length occasioned by a
temperature change will usually be less than calculated by
th above
the b equation
ti because
b installed
i t ll d pipe
i generally
ll
experiences some restraint against freely moving in the
axial direction. The restraint may be relatively minor, such
as the small frictional drag of guides and supports in the
case of above ground installations.

Expansion Coefficients
Expansion coefficients (α) (mm/m °C x 10-3)
Material Temperature range (°C)

<0 0 - 100 0 - 200 0 - 300 0 - 400 0 - 500 0 - 600 0 -700
Carbon steel
12.8 13.9 14.9 15.8 16.6 17.3 17.9 -
0.1% - 0.2% C
Alloy steel
13.7 14.5 15.2 15.8 16.4 17.0 17.6 -
1% Cr 0.5% Mo
Stainless steel
94
9.4 20 0
20.0 20 9
20.9 21 2
21.2 21 8
21.8 22 3
22.3 22 7
22.7 23 0
23.0
18% Cr 8% Ni
Expansion (mm) = L ∆T α
L = Length of pipe between anchors (m)
∆T = Difference between ambient temperature and operating temperatures (°C)
α = Expansion coefficient (mm /m °C) x 10-3
Thermal Coefficients for Metals (ASME B31.3) [µin/in-oF]

CS 5Cr-Mo Austenitic 12Cr, UNS Copper
Temp., C-Mo-Cr Through Stainless 17Cr, 25Cr-20Ni N04400 3-1/2Ni and
°F Through 9Cr-Mo Steels 27Cr Monel Copper
3Cr-Mo 18Cr-8Ni 67Ni-30Cu
−50 5.80 5.45 8.90 5.00 ... 7.15 5.88 9.04
−25 5.85 5.51 8.94 5.05 ... 7.22 5.94 9.11
0 5.90 5.56 8.98 5.10 ... 7.28 6.00 9.17
25 5.96 5.62 9.03 5.14 ... 7.35 6.08 9.23
50 6.01 5.67 9.07 5.19 ... 7.41 6.16 9.28
70 6.07 5.73 9.11 5.24 ... 7.48 6.25 9.32
100 6.13 5.79 9.16 5.29 ... 7.55 6.33 9.39
125 6.19 5.85 9.20 5.34 ... 7.62 6.36 9.43
150 6.25 5.92 9.25 5.40 ... 7.70 6.39 9.48
175 6.31 5.98 9.29 5.45 ... 7.77 6.42 9.52
200 6.38 6.04 9.34 5.50 8.79 7.84 6.45 9.56
225 6.43 6.08 9.37 5.54 8.81 7.89 6.50 9.60
250 6.49 6.12 9.41 5.58 8.83 7.93 6.55 9.64
275 6.54 6.15 9.44 5.62 8.85 7.98 6.60 9.68
300 6.60 6.19 9.47 5.66 8.87 8.02 6.65 9.71
325 6.65 6.23 9.50 5.70 8.89 8.07 6.69 9.74
350 6.71 6.27 9.53 5.74 8.90 8.11 6.73 9.78
375 6.76 6.30 9.56 5.77 8.91 8.16 6.77 9.81
400 6.82 6.34 9.59 5.81 8.92 8.20 6.80 9.84

425 6.87 6.38 9.62 5.85 8.92 8.25 6.83 9.86
450 6.92 6.42 9.65 5.89 8.92 8.30 6.86 9.89
475 6.97 6.46 9.67 5.92 8.92 8.35 6.89 9.92
500 7.02 6.50 9.70 5.96 8.93 8.40 6.93 9.94
525 7.07 6.54 9.73 6.00 8.93 8.45 6.97 9.97
550 7.12 6.58 9.76 6.05 8.93 8.49 7.01 9.99
575 7.17 6.62 9.79 6.09 8.93 8.54 7.04 10.1
600 7.23 6.66 9.82 6.13 8.94 8.58 7.08 10.04
625 7.28 6.70 9.85 6.17 8.94 8.63 7.12 ...
650 7.33 6.73 9.87 6.20 8.95 8.68 7.16 ...
675 7.38 6.77 9.90 6.23 8.95 8.73 7.19 ...
700 7.44 6.80 9.92 6.26 8.96 8.78 7.22 ...
725 7.49 6.84 9.95 6.29 8.96 8.83 7.25 ...
750 7.54 6.88 9.99 6.33 8.96 8.87 7.29 ...
800 7.65 6.96 10.05 6.39 8.97 8.96 7.34
825 7.70 7.00 10.08 6.42 8.97 9.01 7.37
850 7.75 7.03 10.11 6.46 8.98 9.06 7.40
875 7.79 7.07 10.13 6.49 8.99 9.11 7.43
900 7.84 7.10 10.16 6.52 9.00 9.16 7.45
Example – Thermal Expansion

Pipe: carbon steel A106 Gr.B at 200 °C.
From Table, thermal expansion = 2.2 mm/m
L2 = 15 m ∆2= 33 mm
∆1= 22 mm
L1 = 10 m

Piping Flexibility (Simplified)
Deflection, ∆
X
Force, F
L = √6 E∆D/2S F = 12 E I ∆/ L3 Offset, L
For steel pipes,

X
E = 200 x 109 N/m2; S = 60 x 106 N/m2
L = 0.1√∆D F = 24 I ∆ / L3
L = Length of offset required, m
F = Force, Newton
E = Modulus of Elasticity, N/m2
I = Moment of Inertia, cm4
∆ = Deflection, mm
D = Pipe diameter, mm
S = Allowable Stress, N/m2
Example: Thermal Stress & Force

1. A 4 inch diameter (a = 3.17 in2), 25 ft long standard steel
steam pipe is installed at 60oF. The pipe temperature increases
to 220oF when in use.
Determine the thermal expansion of the pipe:
∆ L = (α)(∆ T)(L)
∆ L = (0.000 0065 in/F)(160F)(25 ft)(12in/ft) = 0.312 in
2. Assume the pipe had been anchored "rigidly" at both ends.
Determine the stress in the pipe caused by this temperature
change
S = (E)(
(E)(strain)
i ) = (E)(∆L/L)
S = (29,000,000 psi)(0.312 in)/(300 in) = 30,160 psi.
3. Determine the force this stress would exert on anchors

F = (stress)(area)
F = (30,160 psi)(3.17in2) = 95,600 pounds of force

Piping System Flexibility - 1
Piping system movement caused by thermal expansion/contraction
can typically be compensated for by using expansion loops and
di ti changes,
direction h along
l with
ith the
th proper placement
l t off piping
i i
supports and anchors.
H/2
(Min H/4) H H
H/2
L L L
Loop Offset Direction Change
The offset size (H) is a function of the pipe diameter (D) and the
length the pipe moves during a thermal cycle (∆L)
Single Offset Length for Steel Pipes

Calculate the expansion (∆) in the longer leg of a pipe with an offset between
the anchors. Read the offsets from the tables below which are shown in metres
under the nominal bore.
∆ PIPE SIZE
Expansion 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200
1mm 0.39 0.45 0.50 0.57 0.64 0.71 0.81 0.90 1.00 1.12 1.23 1.42
3mm 0.67 0.78 0.87 0.98 1.10 1.23 1.40 1.55 1.74 1.94 2.12 2.45
5mm 0.87 1.00 1.12 1.27 1.42 1.58 1.81 2.00 2.24 2.50 2.74 3.17
10mm 1.23 1.42 1.58 1.79 2.00 2.24 2.55 2.83 3.16 3.54 3.87 4.47
15mm 1.50 1.73 1.94 2.19 2.45 2.74 3.12 3.47 3.87 4.33 4.75 5.48
20mm 1.73 2.00 2.24 2.53 2.83 3.16 3.61 4.00 4.47 5.00 5.48 6.33
30mm 2.12 2.45 2.74 3.10 3.47 3.87 4.42 4.90 5.48 6.12 6.71 7.75
40mm 2.45 2.83 3.16 3.58 4.00 4.47 5.10 5.66 6.33 7.07 7.75 8.95
60mm 3.00 3.47 3.87 4.38 4.90 5.48 6.25 6.93 7.75 8.66 9.49 10.96
80mm 3.47 4.00 4.47 5.06 5.66 6.33 7.21 8.00 8.95 10.00 10.96 12.65
100mm 3.87 4.47 5.00 5.66 6.33 7.07 8.06 8.95 10.00 11.18 12.25 14.14
No pipe alignment guides should be fitted and the pipes should be supported
by hangers or sliding supports.

Piping Flexibility: Z-Bend Sizing
Anchor-to-Anchor Expansion Length
Min Min
Feet Feet
X
Anchor Offset Anchor
X
Moment Guide
1. Calculate total expansion Anchor-to Anchor

2. Find Minimum Leg length (Min Feet) for this amount of
expansion from chart (next slide). This represents the
minimum length for offset and minimum length of expansion
type support required on EACH side of the Z-bend.
Piping Flexibility: Z-Bend Sizing

Anchor-to-Anchor Expansion (inches)
NPS 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Minimum Offset and Each Side of Z-Bend Required (Min. Feet)
2 6 7 9 10 11 12 12 13 14
3 7 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17
4 8 10 11 13 14 16 17 18 19
6 9 11 13 15 17 19 20 22 23
8 9 12 14 17 19 20 22 24 25
10 10 13 16 18 20 23 25 27 28
12 11 14 17 20 22 24 26 28 30
14 11 14 17 20 22 25 27 29 32
16 11 14 17 20 22 25 27 30 33
18 11 14 17 20 25 26 28 31 34
20 12 15 18 20 25 27 29 32 35
24 13 15 18 21 26 28 30 33 36

Expansion Loops
Designing to a stress range SA= 103 MPa (15,000 psi)
and assuming E = 1.92 (27 9 × 106 psi),
1 92 × 105 MPa (27.9 psi) the
above equation reduces to:
L = 74.7(∆D)0.5 (Metric Units)
L = 6.225(∆D)0.5 (English Units)
This formula is based on guided-

X
cantilever beam theory in which
cantilever-beam
both ends are fixed and limited Y
Guide
pipe rotation is assumed. The loop
is symmetrical with the middle 40 D 40 D
parallel leg (X) equal to ½ of each min min
of the tangential legs (Y).
Problem 1: Expansion Loops

Problem 1:
A 200-mm ((8-in.)) diameter liquid
q process
p steel
pipe,145 m (475 ft) long steel, operates at 90°C
(194°F) and 1.55 MPa (225 psig). The expansion
caused by the process stream must be absorbed using
U-bends without damage to the pipe.
Solution 1:
St 1.
Step 1 Establish
E t bli h the
th temperature
t t differential
diff ti l (∆T).
(∆T)
Assume an installation temperature of 4.4°C (40°F).
Thus, the temperature differential would be
90°C – 4.4°C = 85.6°C (194°F – 40°F = 154°F).

Step 2. Determine the thermal expansion (∆).
∆ = αL0(∆T)
where:
∆ = thermal expansion of pipe run, mm (in.)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion, 11.7 × 10–6 mm/(mm °C),
(6.5 × 10–6 in./[in. °F])
L0 = original length of pipe run, mm (in.)
∆T = temperature differential
diff i l
∆ = 11.7 × 10–6 mm/(mm °C) × 145,000 mm × 85.6°C
(6.5 × 10–6 in./(in. °F) × 5700 in × 154°F)
∆ = 145.2 mm (5.71 in.)
Step 33. Determine

S i dimensions
di i off expansion
i loop.
l
The expansion loop is centered between anchored
supports as schematically shown in Figure 2- 3d.
X
Y
Guide
40 D 40 D
min min

L = X + 2Y = 74.7(∆D)0.5 (Metric Units)
6 225(∆D)0.5
= 6.225( 05 (English Units)
and
Y = 2X
So
L = 5X = 74.7(145.2 mm × 220 mm)0.5
= 6.225 (5.71 in. × 8.625 in.)0.5
L = 5X = 13,351 mm (43.7 ft)
X (parallel leg) = 2670 mm (8.74 ft)
Y (perpendicular leg) = 2(2670 mm) = 5340 mm (17.5 ft)
Expansion Loop Capacity - Steel Pipe

The expansion loop is a common way to absorb the temperature
expansion in steel pipes. Expansion loops can be fabricated from
standard
d d pipes
i andd elbows.
lb
Approximate Expansion Capacity - ∆L (mm)
Nominal Width of Expansion Loop - W - (m)
Pipe Size
(mm) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
25 35 130
32 25 100 210 2W W
40 20 70 150
50 65 125 200
65 50 100 150 220
80 40 75 125 190
100 35 65 115 150

Expansion Loop Capacity
(For Carbon Steel Pipes)
Pipe Stress Work Process

Code Requirements
Develop Critical Line List Past Experience
Best Industry Practice
Review Stress Isometrics

Layout
Design
&
Redesign Acceptable?
N
Y
Review Conceptual Study
Review 3-D Model
Review & Approve the Isometrics

Flexibility Calculation Methods:
The Empirical Equation
Dy /(L - U)2 ≤ 30SA /Ea (in/ft)2
Dy /(L - U)2 ≤ 208,000SA /Ea [mm/m]2
Where:
D = Pipe outside diameter (in) [mm]
L = Developed length of piping between anchors (ft) [m]
U = Straight distance between anchors (ft) [m]
y = Total displacement strain to be absorbed by the piping (in) [mm]
SA = Allowable stress range
Ea = Elastic modulus at room temperature
Need For Formal Stress Analysis

• For carbon steel piping operating in the range -
20oF to 500oF, and f = 1.0
SA = 1.25x20,000
1 25 20 000 + 00.25x20,000
25 20 000 = 3030,000
000 psii
E = 30,000,000 psi
K1 = 30x30,000/30,000,000 = 0.03
DE/(L-U)2 ≤ 0.03 (1a)
where:
D = Nominal pipe diameter,
diameter in
E = Expansion to be absorbed, in
L = Developed length of line axis, ft
U = Anchor distance (length of straight line joining
anchors), ft

Example: Need For Stress Analysis - 1
6-in Schedule 40 C.S. pipe. Design temperature T = 400o F.
2
2
A2
6 Y=2
A1
Z X
L = 6 + 10 + 2 + 8 + 6 + 2 + 4 = 38 ft
Example: Need For Stress Analysis - 2

E = 20.1 x 0.027 = 0.543
DE/(L U)2 = 6 x 0.543/(38-20.1)
DE/(L-U) 0 543/(38 20 1)2 = 0.01
0 01
which is < 0.03
Therefore, the configuration is satisfactory and a
formal stress analysis is not required.
• When piping connects to equipment nozzles which

expand and contract due to temperature, the nozzle
movement must be considered and added to the
expansion (E) calculations in the direction they
occur.

Example: Using ASME B31.3
Empirical Flexibility Criterion
Problem:
• A 10 in. piping system has the configuration
shown in Figure 1 (next slide).
• The pipe is API 5L Grade B. The pipe to
transmit a gas at 700°F. The pressure is 50
psig The installed temperature is 70oF.
psig. F

−50 5.80 5.45 8.90 5.00 ... 7.15 5.88 9.04
−25 5.85 5.51 8.94 5.05 ... 7.22 5.94 9.11
0 5.90 5.56 8.98 5.10 ... 7.28 6.00 9.17
25 5.96 5.62 9.03 5.14 ... 7.35 6.08 9.23
50 6.01 5.67 9.07 5.19 ... 7.41 6.16 9.28
70 6.07 5.73 9.11 5.24 ... 7.48 6.25 9.32
100 6.13 5.79 9.16 5.29 ... 7.55 6.33 9.39
125 6.19 5.85 9.20 5.34 ... 7.62 6.36 9.43
150 6.25 5.92 9.25 5.40 ... 7.70 6.39 9.48
175 6.31 5.98 9.29 5.45 ... 7.77 6.42 9.52
200 6.38 6.04 9.34 5.50 8.79 7.84 6.45 9.56
225 6.43 6.08 9.37 5.54 8.81 7.89 6.50 9.60
250 6.49 6.12 9.41 5.58 8.83 7.93 6.55 9.64
275 6.54 6.15 9.44 5.62 8.85 7.98 6.60 9.68
300 6.60 6.19 9.47 5.66 8.87 8.02 6.65 9.71
325 6.65 6.23 9.50 5.70 8.89 8.07 6.69 9.74
350 6.71 6.27 9.53 5.74 8.90 8.11 6.73 9.78
375 6.76 6.30 9.56 5.77 8.91 8.16 6.77 9.81
400 6.82 6.34 9.59 5.81 8.92 8.20 6.80 9.84

425 6.87 6.38 9.62 5.85 8.92 8.25 6.83 9.86
450 6.92 6.42 9.65 5.89 8.92 8.30 6.86 9.89
475 6.97 6.46 9.67 5.92 8.92 8.35 6.89 9.92
500 7.02 6.50 9.70 5.96 8.93 8.40 6.93 9.94
525 7.07 6.54 9.73 6.00 8.93 8.45 6.97 9.97
550 7.12 6.58 9.76 6.05 8.93 8.49 7.01 9.99
575 7.17 6.62 9.79 6.09 8.93 8.54 7.04 10.1
600 7.23 6.66 9.82 6.13 8.94 8.58 7.08 10.04
625 7.28 6.70 9.85 6.17 8.94 8.63 7.12 ...
650 7.33 6.73 9.87 6.20 8.95 8.68 7.16 ...
675 7.38 6.77 9.90 6.23 8.95 8.73 7.19 ...
700 7.44 6.80 9.92 6.26 8.96 8.78 7.22 ...
725 7.49 6.84 9.95 6.29 8.96 8.83 7.25 ...
750 7.54 6.88 9.99 6.33 8.96 8.87 7.29 ...
800 7.65 6.96 10.05 6.39 8.97 8.96 7.34
825 7.70 7.00 10.08 6.42 8.97 9.01 7.37
850 7.75 7.03 10.11 6.46 8.98 9.06 7.40
875 7.79 7.07 10.13 6.49 8.99 9.11 7.43
900 7.84 7.10 10.16 6.52 9.00 9.16 7.45
Example: Piping Flexibility Criterion

Initial Piping Configuration
A Y
D = 10.75 in. Z X
L = 2 + 8 + 8 + 4 = 22 ft
U = √(82 + (-10)2 + 42) = 13.42 ft
y = 7.44 ((13.42/100)) = 1.0 in

8’-00”
(Per Table C-1, ASME B31.3, thermal

expansion for carbon steel between 70oF
and 700oF = 7.44 in./100 ft.)

Initial Piping Configuration
SA = ((1.0)[1.25(20,000)
)[ ( ) + 0.25(16,500)
( ) = 29, 125 ppsi
Ea = 29, 500 kpsi
29,125
K1 = 30 = 0.0296
29,500
Dy (10.75)(1.0)
= = 0.146 > 0.0296
(L – U)2 (22 – 13.42)2
Since the flexibility criterion is greater than 0.0296, the initial
piping configuration is not acceptable. We must modify the piping.

Revised Piping Configuration
A Y
D = 10.75 in. Z X
L = 2 + 14 + 8 + 6 + 4 = 34 ft
U = √(82 + (-10)2 + 42) = 13.42 ft
y = 7.44 ((13.42/100)) = 1.0 in

(Per Table C-1, ASME B31.3, thermal
8’-0”
expansion for carbon steel between 70oF

and 700oF = 7.44 in./100 ft.)

Revised Piping Configuration
SA = ((1.0)[1.25(20,000)
)[ ( ) + 0.25(16,500)
( ) = 29, 125 ppsi
Ea = 29, 500 psi
29,125
K1 = 30 = 0.0296
29,500
Dy (10.75)(1.0)
= = 0.0254 < 0.0296
(L – U)2 (34 – 13.42)2
Since the flexibility criterion is less than 0.0296, the revised piping
configuration is acceptable.
Flexibility by Using Expansion Joints

• If natural (inherent) flexibility is insufficient, or the
resultant forces are excessive,
excessive then expansion joints
are the next solution.
• There are several different types of expansion joints
and it must be decided which is the best for the pipe
system being designed.
• The positions and strengths of anchors and guides
must be considered. Different types of expansion
joint, when combined with the piping system
parameters, will impose different forces.

Design of Expansion Joints in B31.3
• Metallic bellows expansion joints are covered in
ASME 31.3
31 3 – Appendix X
X.
• The overall philosophy of

Appendix X was to adopt the
EJMA Standards with
modifications that the Code
Committee felt were necessary
to make the EJMA Standards
into Code requirements suitable
for ASME B31.3 piping
Types of Bellows Expansion Joints

Dynamic Loads
• Piping is subjected to a number of dynamic loads that
should be accounted for in the design.
design Dynamic loads
include:
– wind loads,
– seismic loads,
– hydraulic transient loads such as water hammer,
– relief valve or rupture disc discharge
discharge,
– activation of depressuring valves,
– unsteady two-phase flow.
• Dynamic loads could cause serious fatigue stresses.
Water Hammer
• When a fast-flowing fluid stops suddenly - either
because a valve has closed quickly or a pump has
stopped - the kinetic energy in the fluid dissipates by
transfer into the restraining pipe, valves, and
equipment.
• The simultaneous hammering effect as energy surges
back and forth through the piping is called water
hammer - but the fluid need not be water
water. Any liquid,
liquid
or even steam and gases, can be the medium.

Water Hammer [¶301.5]
• The pressure rise ("P") for instantaneous valve
closure is directly proportional to the fluid
fluid-velocity
velocity
("V") cutoff and to the magnitude of the surge wave
velocity ("a") and is independent of the length of the
pipe.
P = aWV /144g (Joukowsky’ formula)
a = (k/W)0.5 / (1 + d/e x k/E)0.5
where:
a = wave velocity (fps)
Water Hammer
P = pressure rise above normal (psi)
V = velocity of flow (fps)
W = weight of fluid (lb/cu ft)
k = bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid (psi)
E = Young's modulus of elasticity of pipe material
(psi)
d = inside diameter of pipe (in.)
e = thickness of pipe wall (in.)
g = acceleration due to gravity (32.2 fps/sec)

Water Hammer
For water in steel pipe
k = 294,000 psi,
E = 29,000,000 psi, and
W = 62.4 lb/ft3
a = 4660 / [1 +(k/E)(d/e)]0.5
a = 4660 / [1 + d / (100 e)]0.5
Water Hammer
Example: Check valve closes rapidly in a 12 in.
OD, 0.375 in wall pipe, water velocity of 4 fps.
For water in steel pipe
k = 294,000 psi,
E = 29,000,000 psi,
W = 62.4 lb/cu ft)
a = 4660 / [1 +(k/E)(D/t)]0.5
a = 4660 / [1 + D / (100 t)]0.5
0 5 = 4056 fps
P = 220 psi pressure rise above normal.

This pressure rise can exert a force of about 25,000 lbs.
which can cause an unrestrained pipe to move from its
normal position and damage connected vessel or exchanger

Water Hammer Chart
Water Hammer Chart
To use this chart:

1. First divide the inside diameter of the pipe by the wall
thickness.
2. Enter the chart at this value and project upward until
you intersect with the curve for either cast iron or steel
pipe.
((to the left yyou can read the velocity
y of the ppressure
wave).
3. Project horizontally to the right to intersect with the
water speed line, then project down to read the value
for the shock pressure.

Wind Loads
• Wind loads may represent an appreciable additional load
in the piping.
• The design wind velocity for the site needs to be used as
the basis in determining wind loads.
• The size and configuration of the piping affect the wind
loads. Large piping (including insulation), especially
elevated, vertical or inclined piping may be subjected to
significant wind loads.
• In addition to horizontal loads, wind may induce
vibration loads to the piping.
• The piping system should be supported properly to
account for these loads.
Wind Loads
For the case of piping under wind loading,
the following equation can be used:
F = 0.000213 V2 CD D
Where
F = linear dynamic pressure loading on projected
pipe length, lb/ft
D = pipe diameter including insulation
CD = drag coefficient, dimensionless

Drag Coefficient CD
Overview of Stress Calculations - 1

Stresses in piping are calculated by the
following general-purpose
general purpose equation:
Stress = PD / 4t + i (M/Z)
Where:
P = design pressure
D = pipe diameter
diameter, inches
t = pipe thickness, inches

i = stress intensification factor (taken from the code
for the applicable geometry, e.g. bends or tees)
M = square root of sum of squares of the three
moments acting at any point in piping system.
(Caused by sustained expansion / occasional loads).
Z = section modulus of the pipe, (≈ π r2t )
(r is the mid-surface radius of the pipe).
Stresses Due To Sustained Loads

• The longitudinal stress from pressure is
calculated by:
SL = PDo/(4t)
• The longitudinal stress due to weight is
dependent upon support locations and pipe
spans. A simplified method to calculate the
pipe stress is:
SL = 0.1 (WL2)/(nZ)

Stresses Due To Sustained Loads
Where:
SL = longitudinal stress MPa (psi)
W = distributed weight of pipe, contents, and
insulation, N/m (lbs/ft)
L = pipe span, m (ft)
n = conversion factor, 10-3 m/mm (1ft/12 in)
Z = pipe section modulus mm3 (in3)
Z = π (Do4 – Di4)/(32 Do)
(appx. Z = π r2t , where r = mid-surface radius of
pipe)
1 If pressure and weight cause the calculated

1.
bending moments (M), the allowable stress is Sh
(Sh is the hot allowable stress from the
applicable piping code).
2. If the calculated bending moments are due to
expansion the allowable stress is SA
thermal expansion,
SA = f (1.25(SC + Sh) – SL)

Allowable Stress Range
B31.33 establishes maximum allowable

B31
stress limits that can be safely
accommodated by a piping system before
failure will commence for two separate
stress loading conditions:
1 These limits are for stress levels that can
1.
cause failure from a single loading, Sh, and
2. Those that can cause failure from repeated
cyclic loadings, SA.
Allowable Stress Range

• The allowable stress range, SA, [¶302.3.5
(d)] is the stress limit for those stresses that
are repeated and cyclic in nature, or simply,
it is the allowable stress to be compared to
the calculated displacement stress range,
"SE" [¶319.4.4]. SE (a secondary stress) is
discussed in the Displacement Stress Range.
• The allowable stress range is presented in
B31.3 by two equations, (1a) and (1b):

Overview Of Stress Calculations - 4
SA = f (1.25(SC + Sh) – SL)

where:
f = cyclic reduction factor (approx. = 6N- 0.2)
N = number of full-range thermal loading cycles
SC = cold allowable stress (from the piping code)
Sh = hot allowable stress (from the piping code)
SL = the weight and pressure stress in the piping system at
the point under study
Comparison of B31.3 Cyclic

(Reduction) Factors
1.3
f ((2004))
11
1.1
f (Old)
Cyclic Factor, f
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
103 104 105 106 107 108
7,000
Number of Cycles
Ferrous materials, specified minimum tensile strength 517 MPa (75 ksi),
and at design metal temperatures 371C (700F)
All other materials

3. If the calculated bending moments are due to
pressure, weight,
i h andd wind
i d or earthquake
h k
loads, the allowable stress is = k (Sh), where
(k) is a value given by the piping code. (e.g. a
common reference, k = 1.33)
Example - Piping Design - 1
Problem: Calculate the SA for a piping system

constructed of ASTM A 106 Grade B pipe material
used in 260°C (500°F) service, and with a design
life of 18,000 thermal cycles.
From B31.3 Table A-1 for ASTM A 106 Grade B

Sc = 138 MPa (20,000
(20 000 psi),
psi) (at min.
min temp.
temp to 38
38°CC (100
(100°F))
F))
Sh = 130 MPa (18,900 psi), at 260° C (500°F)
f = 0.8 (from B31.3 Table 302.3.5), then
SA = 0.8 (1.25 x 138 MPa + 0.25 x 130 MPa) = 164 MPa
SA = 0.8 (1.25 x 20,000 psi + 0.25 x 18,900 psi) = 23,780 psi

Example - Piping Design - 2
This piping system can be expected to operate safely
provided the displacement stress range,
range SE
does not exceed SA of 164 MPa (23,780 psi) and the
number of thermal cycles is less than 18,000.
(The factor f although appropriate for the 18,000

cycles
y off this problem,
p , is also suitable for
f 22,000
,
cycles as shown in Table 302.3.5.)
Pipe Support Systems

• Pipe supports bear the dead load, live load, wind,
snow and seismic loadings,
snow, loadings as well as the loads
imposed or caused by variations in temperatures, both
ambient and the contained fluid, and fluid dynamic
forces, such as water hammer and steam hammer
• Pipe supports must prevent exceeding the stress limit
of the piping material
material, and prevent excessive forces
and moments on the equipment to which the piping is
connected.

Objectives of Piping Support System
• The objectives of a good support system are to:
((a))
Maintain
M i t i the
th pipe
i ini its
it design
d i position.
iti
(b) Minimize pipe sag.
(c) Maintain pipe slope, if required.
(d) Keep longitudinal pipe stresses below the code
allowable stress.
( ) Keep
(e) K pipe
i weight
i h reactions
i on equipment
i nozzles
l
within vendor limits.
(f) Support the pipe during maintenance activities, such
as the disassembly of flanges.
Piping Flexibility and Support

• Piping systems must have sufficient flexibility to
prevent thermal expansion from causing failure of
piping or anchors from overstress or overstrain,
leakage at joints, or excessive thrusts and moments on
connected equipment.
• Supports must be designed to meet all static as well
as dynamic operational conditions to which the piping
and equipment may be subjected.
subjected
• The support system must provide for and control
movement due to thermal expansion and contraction
of the piping and connected equipment.

Load Calculations
• Hangers, supports, anchors and restraints must be
selected to withstand all static and dynamic loading
conditions which act upon the piping system and
associated equipment, to ensure structural integrity of
the piping, buildings or equipment.
• Piping supports and equipment must be considered as
a total system and appropriate balance calculations
made to determine load forces at critical stress points.
• Hangers and supports must be selected so as to
minimize the effect of piping system loading on the
structure.
Load Calculations
• Loading calculations to be considered include but are
not limited to:
1. The total load of pipe, fittings, valves, insulation and any
expected contents of the pipe.
2. Thermal expansion and contraction
3. Stress from cycling of equipment or process
4. Vibration transmitted to or from equipment
q p or terminal
connection.
5. Wind, snow or ice loading on outdoor piping
6. Loading due to seismic forces if required by code or
specifications.

Pipe Hangers and Support Standards
• MSS SP-58-2009 - Pipe Hangers and Supports -
Materials Design,
Materials, Design Manufacture,
Manufacture Selection,
Selection Application,
Application
and Installation. This comprehensive Standard Practice
incorporates the content of five Pipe Hanger and Support
standards (ANSI/MSS SP-69-2003, MSS SP-77-1995 (R
2000), MSS SP-89-2003, and SP-90-2000).
• MSS SP-58-2009 serves as a "complete guide" for pipe
hanger and support design, manufacture, selection, and
installation; enabling the user to specify a minimum level
of acceptance for pipe hanger design and performance, in
addition to defining the types of hangers and supports
Piping Supports - 2
• Supports and restraints are usually classified
according
di tto bboth
th direction
di i andd function.
f i
Directions are known as:
– vertical (gravity direction),
– axial (parallel to pipe run) and
– lateral normal to both vertical and axial).
)

Piping Supports - 3
• Function indicates the degree of restraint in terms of

resistance to the various load cases. For example,
– spring support will provide a force to counter a weight
load but will offer little resistance to thermal or dynamic
loads.
– snubber will resist dynamic load but not thermal or weight.
– hanger will resist only downwards motion
– anchor will resist all degrees of freedom
– restraint will resist between 1 and 5 degrees of freedom.
Support Location - 1
A key consideration in the design is the
determination of support location.
location
1. Using allowable support spacing as dictated by
the specific code, practice, or calculations, the
support points are tentatively located, taking into
consideration:
- division of straight runs,
- concentrated loads,
- elimination of excessive overhanging sections or
bends, and
- loads on terminal connections.

2. The tentative locations are compared with the
available supporting structure
structure, modified as required
required,
and recorded on the superimposed piping previously
sketched on the structural drawings.
Locating pipe supports is an iterative process in
which several support configurations are
investigated in succession, with the results of one
analysis being factored into the selection of the next
configuration, until a satisfactory solution is
reached.
3. Determine the loading and movement
conditions
diti existing
i ti att eachh supportt point.
i t
4. Based on the magnitude and direction of the
design load, selection and design of the
proper support or restraint at each selected
point along the piping system is made.

Suggested Pipe Support Spacing , ft (m)
NPS (DN) Water service Steam, gas or air service
1 (25) 7 (2.13) 9 (2.74)
2 (50) 10 (3
(3.05)
05) 13 (3
(3.96)
96)
3 (80) 12 (3.66) 15 (4.57)
4 (100) 14 (4.27) 17 (5.18)
6 (150) 17 (5.18) 21 (6.40)
8 (200) 19 (5.79) 24 (7.32)
12 (300) 23 (7.01) 30 (9.14)
16 (400) 27 (8.23) 35 (10.7)
20 (500) 30 (9.14) 39 (11.9)
24 (600) 32 (9.75) 42 (12.8)
The spans are based on a combined bending and shear stress of 1500 psi (10.35 MPa)
when the pipe is filled with water and sag of 0.125 in (3 mm) between supports.
SW Steel Pipe Support Spacing - Water

Nominal Pipe Size Pipe Span, ft-in (m)
Pipe Insulation Thickness, in (mm)
Schedule
NPS DN
None 1 (25) 1½ (40) 2 (50)
½ (15) 40 6-8 (2.03) 5-4 (1.63) 4-6 (1.37) 3-11 (1.19)

80 6-7 (2.01) 5-5 (1.65) 4-7 (1.40) 4-0 (1.22)
160 6-4 (1.93) 5-5 (1.65) 4-9 (1.45) 4-2 (1.27)
¾ (20) 40 7-5 (2.26) 6-3 (1.91) 5-6 (1.68 4-10 (1.47)
80 7-5 (2.26) 6-4 (1.93) 5-8 (1.73) 5-1 (1.55)
160 7-3 (2.21) 6-4 (1.93) 5-9 (1.75) 5-2 (1.57)
1 (25) 40 8-3 (2.51) 7-0 (2.13) 6-5 (1.93) 5-9 (1.75)
80 8-3 (2.51) 7-3 (2.21) 6-8 (2.03) 6-1 (1.85)
160 88-11 (2.46) 77-33 (2.21) 66-99 (2.06) 66-22 (1.88)
1¼ (32) 40 8-3 (2.51) 7-0 (2.13) 6-3 (1.93) 5-9 (1.75)
80 8-3 (2.51) 7-3 (2.21) 6-8 (2.03) 6-1 (1.85)
160 8-1 (2.46) 7-3 (2.21) 6-9 (2.06) 6-2 (1.88)
1½ (40) 40 9-10 (3.00) 8-9 (2.67) 8-1 (2.46) 7-3 (2.21)
80 9-10 (3.00) 9-1 (2.77) 8-6 (2.59) 7-6 (2.31)
160 9-11 (3.02) 9-2 (2.79) 8-8 (2.64) 7-11 (2.41)
2 (50) 40 10-9 (3.28) 9-10 (3.00) 9-3 (2.82) 8-7 (2.62)
80 11-1 (3.38) 10.2 (3.10) 9-9 (2.97) 9-2 (2.79)
160 11-1 (3.38) 10-5 (3.18) 10-0 (3.05) 9-6 (2.90)

Bending Stress in Empty Pipes
Support Span, ft
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
m Bending Stress, ksi
1.0
2.0
3.0
Bending
B di stress
t in
i emptyt pipe,
i
Maximum
4.0
4 0
5.0
standard weight, caused by
load between supports. Based
on single span with free ends
10..0
12..0 S = Wl2/8Z
16..0 W = weight, lbs/ft
20..0 l = distance between hangers, in.
Z = section modulus
30..0
Selection Of Pipe Supports - 1

The selection of support types is dependent
upon four criteria:
1. The temperature rating of the system,
2. The mechanism by which the pipe attaches to
the support,
3. Protective saddles that may be included with
the support, and
4. The attachment of the support to the building
or other structures.

Pipe Supports Types
• There are many types of pipe supports (MSS SP-58
lists 58 types)
types).
• The appropriate selection of the correct type of each
specific application is a must to ensure proper piping
system installation.
• Proper maintenance of pipe supports is essential to
ensure that the intended function of each support is
sustained.
Selection of
Pipe Hangers and Supports - 1
Selection of pipe hangers depends on the movement expected

Selection of
Pipe Hangers and Supports - 2
• Hangers A and B are suitable for pipe movement in
one horizontal direction
direction.
• Hangers C and D permit pipe movement in two
horizontal directions.
• Vertical and horizontal movement requires use of
hangers such as E for horizontal pipes and F for
vertical pipes.
• Cantilever support - G
• Sliding movement in two horizontal directions - H
• Base elbow support - I
Typical Applications of Variable

Spring Supports (Grinnell)
Maximum recommended variation from the operating load is 25%. A

constant support should be used when Variability exceeds 25%.

Spring Hanger Support
Spring hanger should be selected so as to

minimize the weight reaction on the pump
Variable Spring Support

The Variable Support is a spring loaded
device used for support of piping and
equipment where normal vertical
movement due to thermal changes is
anticipated, and where load transfer to
equipment is not a problem.
The key criteria in selecting the size and
series of a Variable Spring support is the
V i bilit factor.
Variability f t
Variability is the percentage change in
the supporting force of a variable spring
Unloaded variable
between the Hot (Operating Condition)
spring support and the Cold (Installed Condition).

Variable Spring Hanger
ANVIL

• The key criteria in selecting the size and series of a
Variable Spring Support is a factor known as
Variability.
• This is a measurement of the percentage change in the
supporting force of a spring between the hot
(operating) and cold (installed) positions.
• It is calculated using the following formula:
Movement X Spring Rate

Variability =
Operating Load

• The COLD LOAD is calculated by adding
(f up movement)
(for t) or subtracting
bt ti (for(f down
d
movement) the product of spring rate times
movement to or from the hot load.
• If an allowable variability is not specified,
good practice would be to use 25% as
specified by MSS-SP58.
Constant Spring Supports

Constant Spring Hanger Supports are
pprincipally
p y used to support
pp ppipesp &
ancillary equipments subjected to vertical
movement due to the thermal expansion at
locations where transfer of stress to other
supports or equipment can be critical.
According to MSS SP 58, the maximum

recommended variation from the operating
load for variable spring hangers is 25 %.
Constant Spring Hanger Supports are use
when this variation exceeds 25%.

Schematic of Constant Spring Hanger
Piping Support Failure

Why Did it Happen?

Piping Support Failure
Why Did it Happen?

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2.

Nabil Al-Khirdaji, M.Eng., P.Eng. 1

4. Procurement 3. Asset Records

5. Fabrication, Construction & Testing

11.Alteration, Re-rating & Life Extension Training

13. Dismantling, Demolition & Disposal

Piping System Design

Nabil Al-Khirdaji, M.Eng., P.Eng. 2

Piping Design and Layout -1

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Piping System Design Procedure

Acceptable Materials List

Eliminate materials: Specify Applicable Code

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Piping System Sizing Criteria -2

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Pressure Drop in Piping - Water

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Design Codes and Standards

• Piping systems are design in accordance with

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ASME B31 Code For Pressure Piping

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B31.3 - What is Piping?

• Pipe: A pressure-tight cylinder used to convey a fluid

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Application of ASME B31.3

Packaged equipment piping

Tubes, tube headers,

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Classification Of Fluid Services - 1

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Classification Of Fluid Services - 3

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Typical Design Pressure Guidelines

Max Operating Design pressure (barg)

500 – 1000 Maximum operating pressure + 10%

1000 – 3000 Maximum operating pressure + 8.5% but

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Determination of Pipe Wall Thickness -1

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Design Criteria For Metallic Pipe - 2

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within the elastic range

0.000 Strain 0.1000

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Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation

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Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factor, W

• In the absence of more applicable data (e.g., creep